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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B2" title="جاشوا رید جیدینقز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاشوا رید جیدینقز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joshua Reed Giddings" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joshua Reed Giddings" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joshua Reed Giddings" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B2" title="جوشوا ريد جيدنجز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوشوا ريد جيدنجز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joshua Reed Giddings" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q119323#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="View the content page [c]" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Joshua+Reed+Giddings%22">"Joshua Reed Giddings"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Joshua+Reed+Giddings%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Joshua+Reed+Giddings%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Joshua+Reed+Giddings%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Joshua+Reed+Giddings%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Joshua+Reed+Giddings%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Joshua Giddings</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Joshua_Reed_Giddings_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="4232" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean of the United States House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Linn Boyd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">John S. Phelps</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 5, 1842 – March 3, 1859</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchins_(politician)" title="John Hutchins (politician)">John Hutchins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Ohio16 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span> (1842–1843)<br /><span data-sort-value="Ohio20 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">20th district</a></span> (1843–1859)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 3, 1838 – March 22, 1842</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Whittlesey" title="Elisha Whittlesey">Elisha Whittlesey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Ohio16 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1826–1827</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joshua Reed Giddings</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1795-10-06</span>)</span>October 6, 1795<br /><a href="/wiki/Athens,_Pennsylvania" title="Athens, Pennsylvania">Tioga Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 27, 1864<span style="display:none">(1864-05-27)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> (before 1834)<br /><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (1834–1848)<br /><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> (1848–1854)<br /><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition</a> (1854–1856)<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1856–1864)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joshua Reed Giddings's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg/128px-Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg/192px-Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg/256px-Appletons%27_Giddings_Joshua_Reed_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joshua Reed Giddings</b> (October 6, 1795 – May 27, 1864) was an American attorney, politician and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a>. He represented Northeast <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from 1838 to 1859. He was at first a member of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> and was later a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, helping found the party. </p><p>Giddings is noted as a leading abolitionist of his era. He was <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">censured</a> in 1842 for violating the <a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">gag rule against discussing slavery in the House of Representatives</a> when he proposed a number of Resolutions against federal support for the <a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">coastwise slave trade</a>, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Creole_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole case"><i>Creole</i> case</a>. He quickly resigned, but was overwhelmingly re-elected by his Ohio constituents in a special election to fill the vacant seat. He returned to the House and served a total of nearly twenty more years as representative. </p><p>Giddings is one of the main reasons that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> was, before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, one of the most anti-slavery regions of the country. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joshua Reed Giddings was born in <a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford County, Pennsylvania">Bradford County, Pennsylvania</a> at Tioga Point, now <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Pennsylvania" title="Athens, Pennsylvania">Athens</a>, on October 6, 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family moved that same year to <a href="/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York" title="Canandaigua, New York">Canandaigua, New York</a>, where they spent the next ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> In 1806 his parents Elizabeth (née Pease) and Joshua Giddings moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Ashtabula_County,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula County, Ohio">Ashtabula County, Ohio</a>, which was then sparsely settled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here they settled on Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a>, which "provided him with the occupational and social mobility so characteristic of the early nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> where Giddings lived for most of the rest of his life. Many settlers from New England went there. As the Reserve was widely famous for its radicalism, Giddings may have been inspired in his first stirrings of passion for antislavery. </p><p>Giddings first worked on his father's farm and, although he received no systematic education, devoted much time to study and reading.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 17 he joined a <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> regiment for the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. He served for five months, including battles against <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> allies of the British. </p><p>After 1814 Giddings was a <a href="/wiki/Schoolteacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoolteacher">schoolteacher</a>. He married Laura Waters, daughter of a Connecticut emigrant, in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> One of their children, Grotius Reed Giddings (1834–1867), was Major of the 14th United States Infantry in the American Civil War. </p><p>Giddings later read law with <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Whittlesey" title="Elisha Whittlesey">Elisha Whittlesey</a> in preparation for a career as an attorney. He made some money through <a href="/wiki/Land_speculation" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speculation">land speculation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv">: xiv </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1821 Giddings was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the bar</a> in Ohio. He soon built up a large practice, particularly in criminal cases. From 1831 to 1837 he was in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>, a future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Weld">Theodore Weld</a>, the two formed the local antislavery society.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xv">: xv </span></sup> </p><p>Giddings and his friend Wade were both elected to Congress, where they were outspoken opponents of slavery throughout their careers. Wade was elected president of the Senate during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson administration</a>. He would have succeeded to the presidency of the United States had one more senator voted for the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> of Andrew Johnson. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giddings_brady_1955-65rr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giddings_brady_1955-65rr.jpg/220px-Giddings_brady_1955-65rr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Giddings_brady_1955-65rr.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Giddings c. 1855–64 by Matthew Brady</figcaption></figure> <p>Giddings was first elected to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a>, serving one term from 1826 to 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a>, in which Giddings lost a great deal of money, caused him to cease practicing law. He ran for federal office and was elected to Congress, "with instructions to bring abolition into national focus in any way possible".<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xvi">: xvi </span></sup> Consistently re-elected to office, from December 1838 until March 1859, he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, representing first <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">Ohio's 16th district</a> until 1843, and then <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">Ohio's 20th district</a> until 1859. Giddings ran first as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>, then as a <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free-soiler</a>, next as a candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a>, and finally as a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>. From 1838 until 1843, his district included the city of Youngstown. From 1843 to 1853, the boundaries were shifted northwest to include Cleveland and Youngstown was subtracted from his constituency; from 1853, Cleveland was again swapped for Youngstown. </p><p>For the start of the 1841 session Giddings and some of his colleagues, <a href="/wiki/Seth_M._Gates" title="Seth M. Gates">Seth M. Gates</a> of New York, <a href="/wiki/William_Slade_(politician)" title="William Slade (politician)">William Slade</a> of Vermont, <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_J._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherlock J. Andrews">Sherlock J. Andrews</a> of Ohio, and others, constituted themselves a Select Committee on Slavery, devoted to driving that institution to extinction by any parliamentary and political means, legitimate or otherwise. Not being an official committee, they met their operating expenses out of their own pockets. The expenses included the board and keep of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dwight_Weld" title="Theodore Dwight Weld">Theodore Dwight Weld</a>, the prominent Abolitionist lecturer, who researched and helped prepare the speeches by which the members excited public opinion against slavery at every opportunity. Their headquarters was in Mrs. Sprigg's boarding-house, directly in front of the Capitol, where Gates, Slade, Giddings, Weld, and the influential abolitionist minister <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Leavitt" title="Joshua Leavitt">Joshua Leavitt</a>, lived during sessions of Congress; others gradually joined them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xvi">: xvi </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> of Massachusetts was not a member of the committee, but acted as a powerful ally. </p><p>Giddings found an early opportunity to attack slavery when on February 9, 1841, he delivered a speech upon the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole War">Seminole War</a> in Florida, insisting that it was waged in the interest of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmanPeckColby1906_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmanPeckColby1906-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Creole_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Creole case"><i>Creole</i> case</a> of 1841, American slaves had revolted and forced the brig <i>Creole</i> into <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau, Bahamas</a>, where they gained freedom as Britain had abolished slavery in its territories in 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern slaveholders argued for the federal government to demand the return of the slaves or compensation. </p><p>Giddings emphasized that slavery was a state institution, with which the Federal government had no authority to interfere; he noted that slavery only existed by specific state enactments. For that reason, he contended that <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Slavery in the District of Columbia">slavery in the District of Columbia</a> and in the Territories was unlawful and should be abolished, as these were administered by the federal government. Similarly, he argued that the <a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">coastwise slave trade</a> in vessels flying the national flag, like the international slave trade, should be rigidly suppressed as unconstitutional, as the states had no authority to extend slavery to ships on the high seas, and the federal government had no separate interest in it. He also held that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> had no power to pass any act that in any way could be construed as a recognition of slavery as a national institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office,_Chestnut_%26_Walnut_Streets,_Jefferson_(Ashtabula_County,_Ohio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office%2C_Chestnut_%26_Walnut_Streets%2C_Jefferson_%28Ashtabula_County%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/220px-Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office%2C_Chestnut_%26_Walnut_Streets%2C_Jefferson_%28Ashtabula_County%2C_Ohio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office%2C_Chestnut_%26_Walnut_Streets%2C_Jefferson_%28Ashtabula_County%2C_Ohio%29.jpg/330px-Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office%2C_Chestnut_%26_Walnut_Streets%2C_Jefferson_%28Ashtabula_County%2C_Ohio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office%2C_Chestnut_%26_Walnut_Streets%2C_Jefferson_%28Ashtabula_County%2C_Ohio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Giddings Law Office in Ohio (1936 Nat'l Park Service photo)</figcaption></figure> <p>His statements in the <i>Creole</i> case attracted particular attention, as he had violated the House's <a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">gag rule</a> barring antislavery petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. government attempted to recover the slaves from the <i>Creole</i>, initiating an international scuffle with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> under President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>, asserted that as the slaves were on an American ship, they were under the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of the U.S., and by U.S. law they were <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 21, 1842, before the case was settled, Giddings introduced a series of resolutions in the House of Representatives. He asserted that in resuming their natural rights of personal liberty, the slaves violated no law of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111–2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111–2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contended the U.S. should not try to recover them, as it should not take the part of a state. For offering these resolutions, Giddings was attacked by numerous critics. The House formally <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">censured</a> him for violating the gag rule, and he was not permitted to speak in his own defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Esquire_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esquire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned, appealing to his constituents, who immediately reelected him by an overwhelming margin of 7,469 to 383 in the special election to fill his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was the widest margin of victory that had ever been achieved in a contest for a seat in the House of Representatives, in any Congress. The House abandoned any thought of disciplining Giddings, and his colleagues on the Select Committee on Slavery discovered that his impunity extended to them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increasing anti-slavery agitation, the House repealed its "gag rule" three years later on December 3, 1844. </p><p>Giddings' daughter Lura Maria, an active <a href="/wiki/Garrisonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrisonian">Garrisonian</a>, convinced her father to attend the meetings held by Garrison's followers, which heightened his anti-slavery position. <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> was a spiritual as well as political leader. In the 1850s Giddings also adopted other progressive ideas, identifying with perfectionism, spiritualism, and religious radicalism. He claimed that his antislavery sentiments were based on a higher <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, rather than just on the rights of the Constitution. Giddings called the <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">caning of</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> in the Senate by an opponent a crime "against the most vital principles of the Constitution, against the Government itself, against the sovereignty of Massachusetts, against the people of the United States, against Christianity and civilization." Many of these views were reflected in his noted "<a href="/wiki/American_Infidelity" title="American Infidelity">American Infidelity</a>" speech of 1858. </p><p>Giddings often used violent language, and did not hesitate to encourage bloodshed. He talked about the justice of a slave <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> and the duty of Northerners to fully support such an insurrection. He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> and advised escaping slaves to shoot at their potential captors. </p><p>Giddings led the Congressional opposition by Free State politicians to any further expansion of slavery to the West. Accordingly, he condemned the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation of Texas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, all of which contributed to expansion of slavery in the West. Following the war with Mexico, Giddings cast the only ballot against a resolution of thanks to General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>. </p><p>With increasing political activism related to slavery, Giddings shifted from the Whig party to the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>, "which undoubtedly cost him a seat in the United States Senate", with the Whigs opposing him.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xviii">: xviii </span></sup> In 1854–55, he became one of the leading founders of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican party</a>. Giddings campaigned for <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, although Giddings and Lincoln disagreed over the uses of extremism in the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">anti-slavery movement</a>. Before the Civil War, he helped support the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> to help fugitive slaves reach freedom. He was widely known (and condemned by some) for his egalitarian racial beliefs and actions. </p><p>On the eve of the war, a Virginia newspaper offered $10,000 for his seizure and shipment to <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, or $5,000 for his head alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxii">: xxii </span></sup> </p><p>In 1859 he was not renominated by the Republican Party to Congress. Giddings retired from Congress after a continuous service of more than twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19112_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19112-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861 he was appointed by Lincoln as U.S. <a href="/wiki/Consul_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul general">consul general</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and served there until his death at <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> on May 27, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at Oakdale Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Ohio" title="Jefferson, Ohio">Jefferson, Ohio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_legacy">Honors and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joshua R. Giddings Elementary School in Washington, DC was constructed in 1887 and named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It closed in the 1990s and now is a sports club and gym.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua R. Giddings Law Office">His law office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Ohio" title="Jefferson, Ohio">Jefferson, Ohio</a> has been preserved as a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A life-size bronze depiction of Giddings is featured inside the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGiddingsc._1842" class="citation book cs1">Giddings, Joshua R. (c. 1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ASPC0001980200"><i>Pacificus: The Rights and Privileges of the Several States in Regard to Slavery. being a series of essays, published in the Western Reserve Chronicle, (Ohio) after the election of 1842</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacificus%3A+The+Rights+and+Privileges+of+the+Several+States+in+Regard+to+Slavery.+being+a+series+of+essays%2C+published+in+the+Western+Reserve+Chronicle%2C+%28Ohio%29+after+the+election+of+1842.&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Joshua+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FASPC0001980200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddings1842" class="citation book cs1">Giddings, Joshua R. (1842). <i>An expose of the circumstances which led to the resignation by the Hon. Joshua R. Giddings of his office of representative in the Congress of the United States, from the sixteenth Congressional district of Ohio, on the 22d March, 1842</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+expose+of+the+circumstances+which+led+to+the+resignation+by+the+Hon.+Joshua+R.+Giddings+of+his+office+of+representative+in+the+Congress+of+the+United+States%2C+from+the+sixteenth+Congressional+district+of+Ohio%2C+on+the+22d+March%2C+1842&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Joshua+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddingsc._1844" class="citation book cs1">Giddings, Joshua R. (c. 1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002040219363"><i>The rights of the free states subverted, or, An enumeration of some of the most prominent instances in which the federal Constitution has been violated by our national government, for the benefit of slavery, by a Member of Congress</i></a>. Enumeration of some of the most prominent instances in which the federal constitution has been violated by our national government for the benefit of slavery. pp. 16 pages<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rights+of+the+free+states+subverted%2C+or%2C+An+enumeration+of+some+of+the+most+prominent+instances+in+which+the+federal+Constitution+has+been+violated+by+our+national+government%2C+for+the+benefit+of+slavery%2C+by+a+Member+of+Congress&rft.series=Enumeration+of+some+of+the+most+prominent+instances+in+which+the+federal+constitution+has+been+violated+by+our+national+government+for+the+benefit+of+slavery&rft.pages=16+pages&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Joshua+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dyale.39002040219363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Speeches in Congress</i> (1853)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddings1858" class="citation book cs1">Giddings, Joshua R. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exilesoffloridao00gidd"><i>The Exiles of Florida: or, The Crimes Committed by Our Government against the Maroons, who Fled from South Carolina and other Slave States, Seeking Protection under Spanish Laws</i></a>. Follett, Foster and Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exiles+of+Florida%3A+or%2C+The+Crimes+Committed+by+Our+Government+against+the+Maroons%2C+who+Fled+from+South+Carolina+and+other+Slave+States%2C+Seeking+Protection+under+Spanish+Laws&rft.pub=Follett%2C+Foster+and+Company&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Giddings&rft.aufirst=Joshua+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexilesoffloridao00gidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted with introduction by Arthur Thompson, University of Florida Press, 1964.</li> <li><i>History of the Rebellion: Its Authors and Causes</i> (1864).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archival_material">Archival material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archival material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana State Library">Indiana State Library</a> has a collection of his correspondence and memoirs. "The collection consists primarily of memoirs of Joshua R. Giddings. Also included are family correspondence (mainly between father and daughter Laura Giddings), journal entries by the elder Giddings, diaries of Laura, photographs, and a biography of Giddings by his daughter."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_R._Giddings_Law_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua R. Giddings Law Office">Joshua R. Giddings Law Office</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cyclopaedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U11DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA329"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography</i></a>. Vol. II. James T. White & Company. 1921. p. 329<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Cyclopaedia+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=James+T.+White+%26+Company&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU11DAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1964" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Arthur W. (1964). "Introductory". <i>The Exiles of Florida</i>. By Giddings, Joshua. University of Florida Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introductory&rft.btitle=The+Exiles+of+Florida&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhio_General_Assembly1917" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio General Assembly</a> (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qesAAAAMAAJ&q=Giddings&pg=PA262"><i>Manual of legislative practice in the General Assembly</i></a>. State of Ohio. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+legislative+practice+in+the+General+Assembly&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=State+of+Ohio&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Ohio+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qesAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DGiddings%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Gilbert Hobbs, <i>The Anti-Slavery Impulse 1830–1844</i>. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, etc., 1933, 1964, pp. 177–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmanPeckColby1906-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmanPeckColby1906_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1906">Gilman, Peck & Colby 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esquire-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esquire_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a45781154/rashida-tlaib-house-censure/">"The House Censured Rashida Tlaib for Political Speech Plain and Simple"</a>. <i>Esquire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire&rft.atitle=The+House+Censured+Rashida+Tlaib+for+Political+Speech+Plain+and+Simple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquire.com%2Fnews-politics%2Fpolitics%2Fa45781154%2Frashida-tlaib-house-censure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111–2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19111–2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTLFKrmJPgcC&q=%22children+of+the+enterprise%22+musson">Gerald Horne, <i>Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. Before Emancipation</i></a>, New York University (NYU) Press, 2012, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, Gilbert Hobbs, <i>The Anti-Slavery Impulse 1830–1844</i>. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., New York, etc., 1933, 1964, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm19112-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm19112_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77411584/hon-joshua-r-giddings/">"Hon. Joshua R. Giddings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Times-Union" title="Brooklyn Times-Union">Brooklyn Times-Union</a></i>. May 28, 1864. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2021</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Times-Union&rft.atitle=Hon.+Joshua+R.+Giddings&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1864-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F77411584%2Fhon-joshua-r-giddings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2008" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Gabriela (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/8410">"Historic Schools in Washington, DC: Preserving a Rich Heritage"</a>. <i>Digital Repository at the University of Maryland</i>. University of Maryland: 31–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Repository+at+the+University+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=Historic+Schools+in+Washington%2C+DC%3A+Preserving+a+Rich+Heritage&rft.pages=31-33&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrum.lib.umd.edu%2Fhandle%2F1903%2F8410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinelli2017" class="citation news cs1">Cinelli, Pattie (April 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hillrag.com/2017/04/13/new-sport-health/">"The New Sport & Health"</a>. <i>Hill Rag</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hill+Rag&rft.atitle=The+New+Sport+%26+Health&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Cinelli&rft.aufirst=Pattie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhillrag.com%2F2017%2F04%2F13%2Fnew-sport-health%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001396">"Giddings, Joshua Reed, Law Office"</a>. <i>National Register Digital Assets</i>. National Park Service. May 30, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+Digital+Assets&rft.atitle=Giddings%2C+Joshua+Reed%2C+Law+Office&rft.date=1974-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F74001396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini2019" class="citation book cs1">Pacini, Lauren R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107321740"><i>Honoring their memory : Levi T. Scofield, Cleveland's monumental architect and sculptor</i></a>. Cleveland [Ohio]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-48036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-48036-7"><bdi>978-0-578-48036-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107321740">1107321740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honoring+their+memory+%3A+Levi+T.+Scofield%2C+Cleveland%27s+monumental+architect+and+sculptor&rft.place=Cleveland+%5BOhio%5D&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107321740&rft.isbn=978-0-578-48036-7&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Lauren+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1107321740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndiana_State_Library" class="citation web cs1">Indiana State Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511220336/https://www.in.gov/library/finding-aid/4390.htm">"Giddings, Joshua R. (finding aid)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in.gov/library/finding-aid/4390.htm">the original</a> on May 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giddings%2C+Joshua+R.+%28finding+aid%29&rft.au=Indiana+State+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.in.gov%2Flibrary%2Ffinding-aid%2F4390.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Giddings,_Joshua_Reed" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Giddings, Joshua Reed">Giddings, Joshua Reed</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giddings%2C+Joshua+Reed&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1-2&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span> This work in turn cites: <ul><li>Buel, <i>Joshua R. Giddings</i> (Cleveland, 1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Julian">Julian, George Washington</a>, <i>Life of Joshua R. Giddings</i> (Chicago, 1892). Julian was his son-in-law.</li></ul></li> <li>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1906). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Giddings, Joshua Reed"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Giddings,_Joshua_Reed">"Giddings, Joshua Reed" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giddings%2C+Joshua+Reed&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifejoshuargidd00juligoog">Julian, George Washington. <i>The Life of Joshua R. Giddings</i></a>, A.C. McClurg & Company, 1892</li> <li>Stewart, James Brewer, <i>Joshua R. Giddings and the Tactics of Radical Politics</i>, (Cleveland, 1970).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian1892" class="citation news cs1">Julian, George W. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjoshuargid00juli">"The Life of Joshua R. Giddings"</a>. A.C. McClurg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Joshua+R.+Giddings&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Julian&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofjoshuargid00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlum1936" class="citation book cs1">Ludlum, Robert P. (1936). <i>Joshua R. Giddings, Antislavery Radical (1795-1844)</i>. Ph.D. diss., Cornell University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joshua+R.+Giddings%2C+Antislavery+Radical+%281795-1844%29&rft.pub=Ph.D.+diss.%2C+Cornell+University&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Ludlum&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolberg1952" class="citation book cs1">Solberg, Richard W. (1952). <i>Joshua Giddings, Politician and Idealist</i>. Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joshua+Giddings%2C+Politician+and+Idealist&rft.pub=Ph.D.+diss.%2C+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Solberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1970" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, James Brewer (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joshuargiddingst0000stew"><i>Joshua R. Giddings and the Tactics of Radical Politics</i></a></span>. Press of Case Western Reserve University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780829501698" title="Special:BookSources/9780829501698"><bdi>9780829501698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joshua+R.+Giddings+and+the+Tactics+of+Radical+Politics&rft.pub=Press+of+Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780829501698&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=James+Brewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoshuargiddingst0000stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gamble, Douglas A. (Winter 1979). "Joshua Giddings and the Ohio Abolitionists: A Study in Radical Politics". <i>Ohio History</i>. <b>88</b>: 37–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History&rft.atitle=Joshua+Giddings+and+the+Ohio+Abolitionists%3A+A+Study+in+Radical+Politics&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=37-56&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joshua_Reed_Giddings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/41107">Works by Joshua Reed Giddings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11721">Works by Joshua Reed Giddings</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%20Reed%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Giddings%2C%20J%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joshua%20Reed%20Giddings%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joshua%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joshua%20Giddings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joshua%20Reed%20Giddings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joshua%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Reed%20Giddings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%20Reed%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Giddings%2C%20J%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Giddings%2C%20J%2E%20Reed%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joshua%20Giddings%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joshua%20Reed%20Giddings%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joshua%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joshua%20Giddings%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joshua%20Reed%20Giddings%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joshua%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20R%2E%20Giddings%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%20Reed%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%20R%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joshua%20Giddings%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Giddings%2C%20Joshua%22%29%20OR%20%28%221795-1864%22%20AND%20Giddings%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Joshua Reed Giddings</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressG000167" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000167">"Joshua Reed Giddings (id: G000167)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Joshua+Reed+Giddings+%28id%3A+G000167%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DG000167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Giddings, Joshua Reed"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Giddings,_Joshua_Reed">"Giddings, Joshua Reed" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Giddings%2C+Joshua+Reed&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJoshua+Reed+Giddings" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8079198">Joshua Reed Giddings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Whittlesey" title="Elisha Whittlesey">Elisha Whittlesey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Ohio">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">Ohio's 16th congressional district</a> </b><br />1838–1842 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Ohio">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">Ohio's 16th congressional district</a> </b><br />1842–1843 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Mathews_(American_politician)" title="James Mathews (American politician)">James Mathews</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Ohio">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">Ohio's 20th congressional district</a> </b><br />1843–1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchins_(politician)" title="John Hutchins (politician)">John Hutchins</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Linn Boyd</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean of the United States House of Representatives</a> </b><br />1855–1859 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">John S. Phelps</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives16" title="Template:OhioRepresentatives16"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives16" title="Template talk:OhioRepresentatives16"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives16" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives16"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_16th_congressional_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 16th congressional district">Ohio's 16th congressional district</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Whittlesey" title="Elisha Whittlesey">Whittlesey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mathews_(American_politician)" title="James Mathews (American politician)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Cummins" title="John D. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hoagland" title="Moses Hoagland">Hoagland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Johnson_(Ohio_congressman)" title="John Johnson (Ohio congressman)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_(congressman)" title="Edward Ball (congressman)">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydnor_B._Tompkins" title="Cydnor B. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Cutler" title="William P. Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._White" title="Joseph W. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Danford" title="Lorenzo Danford">Danford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_T._Updegraff" title="Jonathan T. Updegraff">Updegraff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Taylor" title="Joseph D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriah_Wilkins" title="Beriah Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Geddes" title="George W. Geddes">Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriah_Wilkins" title="Beriah Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Owens_(congressman)" title="James W. Owens (congressman)">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Warwick" title="John G. Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_P._Ohliger" title="Lewis P. Ohliger">Ohliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Pearson" title="Albert J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Danford" title="Lorenzo Danford">Danford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Gill" title="Joseph J. Gill">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capell_L._Weems" title="Capell L. Weems">Weems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollingsworth" title="David Hollingsworth">Hollingsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Francis" title="William B. Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._McCulloch" title="Roscoe C. McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Himes" title="Joseph H. Himes">Himes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McSweeney_(Ohio_politician)" title="John McSweeney (Ohio politician)">McSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._McClintock" title="Charles B. McClintock">McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Thom" title="William R. Thom">Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seccombe" title="James Seccombe">Seccombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Thom" title="William R. Thom">Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_H._Carson" title="Henderson H. Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Thom" title="William R. Thom">Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_H._Carson" title="Henderson H. Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McSweeney_(Ohio_politician)" title="John McSweeney (Ohio politician)">McSweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Bow" title="Frank T. Bow">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Regula" title="Ralph Regula">Regula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boccieri" title="John Boccieri">Boccieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Renacci" title="Jim Renacci">Renacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gonzalez_(politician)" title="Anthony Gonzalez (politician)">Gonzalez</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_19th_and_20th_congressional_districts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20" title="Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives19-20" title="Template talk:OhioRepresentatives19-20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_19th_and_20th_congressional_districts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's <span data-sort-value="Ohio19 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">19th</a></span> and <span data-sort-value="Ohio20 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">20th</a></span> congressional districts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Ohio19 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">Ohio 19</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_H._Leavitt" title="Humphrey H. Leavitt">Leavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kilgore_(politician)" title="Daniel Kilgore (politician)">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Swearingen" title="Henry Swearingen">Swearingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stokely" title="Samuel Stokely">Stokely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Tilden" title="Daniel R. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowell_(Ohio_politician)" title="John Crowell (Ohio politician)">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Newton" title="Eben Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wade" title="Edward Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Riddle" title="Albert G. Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Northway" title="Stephen A. Northway">Northway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._F._Dick" title="Charles W. F. Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Aubrey_Thomas" title="W. Aubrey Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Raymond_Bathrick" title="Ellsworth Raymond Bathrick">Bathrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Cooper" title="John G. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Kirwan" title="Michael J. Kirwan">Kirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Carney" title="Charles J. Carney">Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Williams" title="Lyle Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Feighan" title="Ed Feighan">Feighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fingerhut" title="Eric Fingerhut">Fingerhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_LaTourette" title="Steve LaTourette">LaTourette</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Ohio20 !"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">Ohio 20</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchins_(politician)" title="John Hutchins (politician)">Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Parsons" title="Richard C. Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Townsend" title="Amos Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Paige" title="David R. Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crouse" title="George W. Crouse">Crouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Smyser" title="Martin L. Smyser">Smyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_A._Taylor" title="Vincent A. Taylor">V. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._White_(politician)" title="William J. White (politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_B._Beach" title="Clifton B. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_O._Phillips" title="Fremont O. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Beidler" title="Jacob A. Beidler">Beidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Paul_Howland" title="L. Paul Howland">Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_(Ohio_politician)" title="William Gordon (Ohio politician)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Mooney" title="Charles A. Mooney">Mooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner_G._Norton" title="Miner G. Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Mooney" title="Charles A. Mooney">Mooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Sweeney" title="Martin L. Sweeney">Sweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Feighan" title="Michael A. Feighan">Feighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V._Stanton" title="James V. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Oakar" title="Mary Rose Oakar">Oakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_deans" title="Template:US House deans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_deans" title="Template talk:US House deans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_deans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House deans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Deans of the United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hartley" title="Thomas Hartley">Hartley</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barry_Grove" title="William Barry Grove">Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanford_(American_politician)" title="Richard Stanford (American politician)">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davenport_(Connecticut_politician)" title="John Davenport (Connecticut politician)">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton_Jr." title="Thomas Newton Jr.">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCoy_(congressman)" title="William McCoy (congressman)">McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_(politician)" title="Lewis Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett" title="Horace Everett">Everett</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Mills</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount" title="James Henderson Blount">Blount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Harmer" title="Alfred C. Harmer">Harmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Bingham" title="Henry H. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalzell" title="John Dalzell">Dalzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Atkinson_Jones" title="William Atkinson Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Allen_Cooper" title="Henry Allen Cooper">Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Haugen" title="Gilbert N. Haugen">Haugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pou" title="Edward W. Pou">Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">Sabath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Patman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Whitten" title="Jamie Whitten">Whitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Rogers" title="Hal Rogers">Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">← 1844</a>) <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joshua R. Giddings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1848 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000073695510">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42218128">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/211282/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBVQ4QVrd93Fq6Qj7yh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1157880924">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87142149">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070508313">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007356932605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000167">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/142278858">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t72g1p">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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