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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Four Games</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Four_Games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Four Games subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Four_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_Myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_Myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Origin Myths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_Myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pythian_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pythian_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pythian Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pythian_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nemean_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nemean_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nemean Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nemean_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isthmian_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isthmian_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Isthmian Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isthmian_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Athletes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Panhellenic Games</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Hellenistiese_spele" title="Pan-Hellenistiese spele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pan-Hellenistiese spele" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenische_Spiele" title="Panhellenische Spiele – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Panhellenische Spiele" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuegos_Panhel%C3%A9nicos" title="Xuegos Panhelénicos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xuegos Panhelénicos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Панэлінскія гульні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панэлінскія гульні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocs_panhel%C2%B7l%C3%A8nics" title="Jocs panhel·lènics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jocs panhel·lènics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhel%C3%A9nsk%C3%A9_hry" title="Panhelénské hry – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panhelénské hry" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6lleshellenske_fester" title="Fælleshellenske fester – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fælleshellenske fester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenische_Spiele" title="Panhellenische Spiele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panhellenische Spiele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhelleni_m%C3%A4ngud" title="Panhelleni mängud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Panhelleni mängud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos_Panhel%C3%A9nicos" title="Juegos Panhelénicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juegos Panhelénicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuthelenaj_Ludoj" title="Tuthelenaj Ludoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tuthelenaj Ludoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panheleniar_Jokoak" title="Panheleniar Jokoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panheleniar Jokoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بازی‌های پان‌هلنیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازی‌های پان‌هلنیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux_panhell%C3%A9niques" title="Jeux panhelléniques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeux panhelléniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B8%B0" title="범그리스 경기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범그리스 경기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giochi_panellenici" title="Giochi panellenici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giochi panellenici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="המשחקים הפאן-הלניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשחקים הפאן-הלניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quattuor_certamina_sacra" title="Quattuor certamina sacra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quattuor certamina sacra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1nhell%C3%A9n_j%C3%A1t%C3%A9kok" title="Pánhellén játékok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pánhellén játékok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhelleense_Spelen" title="Panhelleense Spelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Panhelleense Spelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrzyska_panhelle%C5%84skie" title="Igrzyska panhelleńskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Igrzyska panhelleńskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogos_Pan-Hel%C3%A9nicos" title="Jogos Pan-Helénicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jogos Pan-Helénicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Панэллинские игры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панэллинские игры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhel%C3%A9nske_hry" title="Panhelénske hry – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panhelénske hry" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Панхеленске игре – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панхеленске игре" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhelleeniset_kisat" title="Panhelleeniset kisat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Panhelleeniset kisat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhellenska_spelen" title="Panhellenska spelen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Panhellenska spelen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Панеллінські ігри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панеллінські ігри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Four distinct Ancient Greek sports festivals</div> <p><b>Panhellenic Games</b> is the collective term for four separate religious festivals held in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> that became especially well known for the athletic competitions they included. The four festivals were: the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, which were held at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a>, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and honored <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a>, occurring at <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a> and also honoring Zeus;<sup id="cite_ref-:32_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, finally, the <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a> set in Isthmia and held in honor of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The places at which these games were held were considered to be "the four great panhellenic sanctuaries."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these Games took place in turn every four years, starting with the Olympics. Along with the fame and notoriety of winning the ancient Games, the athletes earned different crowns of leaves from the different Games. From the Olympics, the victor won an olive wreath, from the Pythian Games a laurel wreath, from the Nemean Games a crown of wild celery leaves, and from the Isthmian Games a crown of pine.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Greece_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panhellenic Games is located in Greece Southern"><img alt="Panhellenic Games is located in Greece Southern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southern_Greece_location_map.svg/240px-Southern_Greece_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southern_Greece_location_map.svg/360px-Southern_Greece_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southern_Greece_location_map.svg/480px-Southern_Greece_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="924" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.303%;left:30.93%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia"><img alt="Olympia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div>Olympia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:21.818%;left:51.163%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi"><img alt="Delphi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div>Delphi</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.212%;left:62.558%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isthmia_(ancient_city)" title="Isthmia"><img alt="Isthmia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div>Isthmia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.152%;left:56.047%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea"><img alt="Nemea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:6px;left:-3em"><div>Nemea</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Greece_location_map.svg" title="File:Southern Greece location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Locations of the four Panhellenic Games in southern Greece.</div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a>, the four year cycle starting with the Olympic Games, was one of the ways the Ancient Greeks measured time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Games took place over a four-year cycle that began with the Olympic Games in the first year. The Nemean Games were held in year two, the Pythian Games in year three, and the Isthmian Games in year four.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were structured this way so that individual athletes could participate in all of the Games. The dial on the <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a>, a mysterious artefact from ancient Greece that appears to have had calendar functions among other uses, was organized to track the Olympiad and suggests that four Games occurred on different years.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participants could come from all over the Greek world, including the various <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>. Substantial wealth was required to pay for training, transportation, lodging, and other expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, competitors often were funded by their hometowns or private patrons, and many of them traveled together from one competition to another, winning cash awards as they went.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main events at each of the Games were <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_wrestling" title="Amateur wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pankration</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(ancient_sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (ancient sports)">stadion</a></i> and various other foot races, and the <a href="/wiki/Pentathlon" title="Pentathlon">pentathlon</a> (made up of wrestling, <i>stadion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin_throw" title="Javelin throw">javelin throw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throw</a>). Except for the chariot race, all the events were performed nude.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Olympic Games was the original and the pinnacle of all the games in the circuit, each festival might have had its own events but had to include all the events that took place at the Olympics, according to Young.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the athletes the opportunity to compete in the same core events at all the Games in the Panhellenic circuit. </p><p>The Games were hugely popular not only for their three-day sporting competitions but also because they brought many spectators from all over, according to classics historian Jason König. This allowed for people to partake in other activities like religious events, speeches, and even musical performances.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Long jump depiction, ceramic pottery, ancient Greek art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg/250px-Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg/330px-Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg/500px-Long_jump_Ancient_Greeece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek long jump. Athlete preparing to jump, with one mid-jump.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Olympic Games were the oldest of the four, said to have begun in 776 BC. It is more likely though that they were founded sometime in the late 7th century BC. They lasted until the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a>, a Christian, abolished them as heathen in AD 393. The Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games most likely began sometime in the first or second quarter of the 6th century BC. </p><p>The Olympic Games are also known as the Stephanitic Games (derived from <i>stephanos,</i> the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> word for crown), because winners received only a <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> for victory. No financial or material prizes were awarded, unlike at other ancient Greek athletic or artistic contests, such as the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a>, at which winners were awarded many <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphorae</a> of first-class Athenian olive-oil. Though victors received no material awards at the Games, they were often showered with gifts and honours on returning to their <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Four_Games">The Four Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Four Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_Games">Olympic Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Oenomaus, Hippodamia, and Olympian gods, Chariots, Olympic Games" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png/250px-Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png/330px-Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png/500px-Oenomaus_and_Hippodamia.png 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>King Oenomaus, Hippodamia, and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods</a>. Possibly refers to the establishment of the Olympic Games in honour of Oinomaos;</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Olympian_1" title="Olympian 1">Pindar’s Olympian 1</a>, the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> can be traced to <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Tantalus" title="Tantalus">Tantalus</a>. Pelops seeks to win the hand of <a href="/wiki/Hippodamia_(daughter_of_Oenomaus)" title="Hippodamia (daughter of Oenomaus)">Hippodameia</a> in marriage. King <a href="/wiki/Oenomaus" title="Oenomaus">Oenomaus</a>, Hippodameia’s father, knows of a prophecy that declares his death to be at the hands of his son in law. King Oenomaus decides the only way for him to marry his daughter is to take part in a chariot race that has killed many other suitors. Pelops asks a favor of Poseidon to bestow upon him a chariot fast enough to bring him victory. <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> granted him a golden chariot and winged horses. With this chariot, Pelops won the race and was able to marry Hippodameia. It is also claimed that Pelops had <a href="/wiki/Myrtilus" title="Myrtilus">Myrtilus</a> sabotage King Oenomaus’ chariot which caused him to lose the race and die during the process.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his victory, Pelops organized a festival to take place at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> with chariot races and other Games in tribute to the gods and to honor King Oenomaus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Olympic Games took place every four years at the site of Olympia in Greece. It is thought that first recorded Games were in 776 BC<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is possible that they could have been around for many years before this according to scholar David C. Young.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Olympics were the first established Games for approximately 200 years before the remaining Panhellenic Games came into creation.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Games take place in Olympia, the festival held and sacrifices/offerings are in honor of Zeus, the winner of the Games receives an <a href="/wiki/Olive_wreath" title="Olive wreath">olive wreath</a>. This comes from the myth (as told by Pausanias) that Heracles started the Olympic Games and planted an olive tree that became sacred to the Greeks and from which the Olympic victors' wreaths were cut.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pindar's version of the Olympics, the chariot race was the first of the events at creation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Pausanias' versions, the foot race is the only event until the fourteenth Olympic Festival. Then another race is added that is longer than the original race.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Olympic Games was the original and the pinnacle of all the games in the Circuit, each Festival may have its own events but it must include all the events that took place at the Olympics, according to Young.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives the athletes the opportunity to compete in the event at all the Games in the Panhellenic circuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_Myths">Origin Myths</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin Myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another origin story from <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> was that <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> challenged his younger brothers to a foot race. The winner of the race would receive an olive branch as a reward since they were in such high supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pausanias attributes another origin myth to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>. It is thought he started the Olympic Games in honor of his victory defeating his father, <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pythian_Games">Pythian Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pythian Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi,_060172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stadium of the Pythian games at Delphi, modern ruin, tourism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi%2C_060172.jpg/250px-Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi%2C_060172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi%2C_060172.jpg/330px-Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi%2C_060172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi%2C_060172.jpg/500px-Stadium_of_the_Pythian_games_at_Delphi%2C_060172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Stadium of the Pythian Games at Delphi</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a> were established in 582 BC in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> to honor the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, these games occurred every eight years and there was just one contest—the singing of a hymn to Apollo, accompanied on the cithara.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pythian Games were the second most important of the Panhellenic Games and took place in late August of the third year of every Olympiad.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is some debate about the start of the Pythian Festival amongst historians. Some historians believe Pausanias who dates the first Pythian festival to 586 BC. This argument is because there are few references to the date in Pindar’s poems whereas Pausanias more clearly articulates numbered festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Games include a mix of athletic events that took place at the previous Olympic Games, and musical events. The prize to the winner of the Pythian Games is a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a><sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as bay laurel, <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">Laurus nobilis</a>). </p><p>In Pausanias' <i>Description of Greece</i>, he lists <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes_of_Sicyon" title="Cleisthenes of Sicyon">Cleisthenes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> as the winner of the first Pythian Games chariot race.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleisthenes is also credited with the creation of the Pythian Games. He sought after a suitor for to wed his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Agariste_of_Sicyon" title="Agariste of Sicyon">Agariste</a>. He organized a competition for those who thought of themselves as worthy to compete in athletic competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These competitions evolved into the Pythian Festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nemean_Games">Nemean Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nemean Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a> were established at the sanctuary of Zeus in <a href="/wiki/Nemea" title="Nemea">Nemea</a> in 573 BC. These Games are held every other year, every second and fourth year, in the same years that the Isthmian Games are held, though at different times during the years.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nemean Games were held in July, whereas the Isthmian were held in April or May.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nemean Games have two origination stories. Pausanias tells of the most recognized myth that the Games were originally funeral Games to honor the death of baby <a href="/wiki/Opheltes" title="Opheltes">Opheltes</a>, the infant son of <a href="/wiki/Lykourgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lykourgos">Lykourgos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydike</a>. Lykourgos was told of a prophecy that his son could not touch the ground until he walked. Lykourgos appointed a slave to take care of his son and prevent him from being set down. One day the <a href="/wiki/Seven_against_Thebes" title="Seven against Thebes">Seven Against Thebes</a> came across the slave and baby Opheltes and asked for a drink. The slave set the babe on the ground amongst wild celery to assist the Seven. Opheltes was attacked by a snake and killed, thus fulfilling the prophecy. The Nemean Games were held in his honor with the prize to the victor being a wreath of wild celery.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heracles, Nemean Lion, vase, pottery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg/250px-Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg/330px-Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg/500px-Near_Sakonides_-_ABV_172_extra_-_Peleus_and_Atalante_-_Herakles_and_the_lion_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_2241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5017" data-file-height="3293" /></a><figcaption>Herakles wrestling the Nemean lion vase</figcaption></figure> <p>The second origination is that of Heracles first of ten labors by King <a href="/wiki/Eurystheus" title="Eurystheus">Eurystheus</a>. He was tasked with bringing back the skin of the lion that stalked the hills of Nemea. Heracles came to a village, Cleonae where he met Molorchus. Molorchus agreed to make a sacrifice to Heracles if he did not return after 30 days, and Zeus if he did. Heracles found the lion and followed him to his cave. He blocked on entrances then went in after the lion and attacked. Heracles returned to Molorchus' home on the 30th day and they made a sacrifice to Zeus.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Games are said to be in honor of both Zeus and Heracles each year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isthmian_Games">Isthmian Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isthmian Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a> started near Corinth in 582 B.C., the same year as the Pythian Games began in Delphi. They are held every second and fourth year, just like the Nemean Games, but in the spring<sup id="cite_ref-:42_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (April or May).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The winner of the Isthmian Games originally received a pine crown, but in the Classical era dry celery was substituted.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pausanias attributes the origin of the Games to King <a href="/wiki/Sisyphus" title="Sisyphus">Sisyphus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sisyphus held the Games at a funeral in honor of <a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melikertes</a> (later changed to <a href="/wiki/Palaimon" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaimon">Palaimon</a>), a boy who drowned in the gulf. According to Pausanias, Palaimon was killed because <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> found out his parents were raising baby <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> which brought down her wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palaemon_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palaemon-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palaemon_chevauchant_un_dauphin,_mosaique_greco-romaine,_5%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_avant_JC,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie,_Antakya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palaemon_chevauchant_un_dauphin%2C_mosaique_greco-romaine%2C_5%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_avant_JC%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Antakya.JPG/220px-Palaemon_chevauchant_un_dauphin%2C_mosaique_greco-romaine%2C_5%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_avant_JC%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Antakya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palaemon_chevauchant_un_dauphin%2C_mosaique_greco-romaine%2C_5%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_avant_JC%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Antakya.JPG/330px-Palaemon_chevauchant_un_dauphin%2C_mosaique_greco-romaine%2C_5%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_avant_JC%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Antakya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Palaemon_chevauchant_un_dauphin%2C_mosaique_greco-romaine%2C_5%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_avant_JC%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie%2C_Antakya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Palaimon shown riding a dolphin after his mother jumps into the sea while holding him to save him from Hera.<sup id="cite_ref-Palaemon_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palaemon-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus</a> credit the origin of the Isthmian Games with <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>. Theseus was travelling to Athens when he heard of Sinis. Sinis was a conqueror and a thief. He would kill his victims by tying them to the top of fir trees that he pulled down, then letting them spring back which caused the victim to launched into the air and fall back down to the ground. Theseus killed Sinis in the same manner. He then held the funerary Games in honor of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch also credits Theseus with holding the Games in honor of Poseidon, since they were typically held in his sanctuary in Corinth.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletes">Athletes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Athletes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to archaeologist, H.W. Pleket, in the early days of the Olympic Games, before the formation of local or the remaining "Big Four" festivals, the athletes mostly came from the wealthy class of Greek male athletes. This is because the cost training and traveling would be too great for those of low birth to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pleket and historian <a href="/wiki/David_Stone_Potter" title="David Stone Potter">David Stone Potter</a> describe a view from <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> saying how he would rather breed horses for racing than take part in the gymnastic events because it was "not to be pursued by one of low estate."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the games progressed, less wealthy athletes were able to eventually take part in the Festival by being sponsored by their home towns or wealthy backers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the less wealthy had to work their way up through the local festivals in order to prove themselves. </p><p>Young describes how the men were divided into different class groups for the Games however, the division was different at different festivals. These groups consisted of boys, youths and men but sometimes may just be broken into men and boys.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Norman Gardiner makes the point that physical fitness and athletics is incredibly important in the Ancient Greek world because every male is required to take part in the Greek military. Because of the environment of warfare, physical fitness was essential to men's life.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spartan_running_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Female athlete figure, Spartan female, bronze figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/250px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/330px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spartan_running_girl.jpg/500px-Spartan_running_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze figure of a running girl. Spartan. The short chiton bearing one breast which matches the outfit that Pausanias says was worn by athletes competing in the <a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the majority of those that participated in the Games is overwhelmingly free Greek men, there is evidence that there were female athletes as well that participated in the Panhellenic Games, often as chariot race horse owners. Historian, Georgia Tsouvala, gives three examples of inscriptions from lesser polis festivals that provide evidence of female athletes that were members of the gymnasia.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsouvala also points out, while it's not common for women to have been able to partake in any form of physical education in ancient Greece, there are some states where it's encouraged like <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many ancient Greek works from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, there are reverences made to Spartan women taking part in traditionally male activities like boar hunting, <a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">pancration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discus_throw" title="Discus throw">discus throwing</a> to name a few.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsouvala points out that other than as chariot horse owners, it was likely that girls and women would take part in footraces in the festivals in honor of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia" title="Iphigenia">Iphigeneia</a>. There was also evidence discovered in Naples that held inscriptions detailing young women who participated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">stadion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">dolichos</a></i> foot races.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The male athletes that participated in the Panhellenic Games did so nude.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was common and not viewed as something shameful or indecent because Ancient Greeks did not have the same views on nudity as is common in Western <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian</a> views, according to David Young.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young also points out the etymology of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a></i> which breaks down to its core word <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnos">gymnos</a></i> which means naked, so literally "to train naked."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Young points out that men believed there was nothing indecent about the nude form, women were not allowed to be nude because it led to promiscuity. However, in Plutarch's <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Lycurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Lycurgus">Life of Lycurgus</a>,</i> its discussed how Spartan women were encouraged to participate in all the activities they normally would naked except for some festivals that where singing and dancing with men was permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agonothetes" title="Agonothetes">Agonothetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_of_Xanthos" title="Hermogenes of Xanthos">Hermogenes of Xanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_in_Ancient_Greece" title="Running in Ancient Greece">Running in Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorodokoi" title="Theorodokoi">Theorodokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoroi" title="Theoroi">Theoroi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panhellenic_Games&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:52-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/ancient-Olympic-Games">"Ancient Olympic Games | Greece, History, Events, Running, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-05-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ancient+Olympic+Games+%7C+Greece%2C+History%2C+Events%2C+Running%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fancient-Olympic-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/Pythian-Games">"Pythian Games | Olympic, Athletic & Musical | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pythian+Games+%7C+Olympic%2C+Athletic+%26+Musical+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2FPythian-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/Nemean-Games">"Nemean Games | Olympic, Panhellenic & Athletic | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Nemean+Games+%7C+Olympic%2C+Panhellenic+%26+Athletic+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2FNemean-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/Isthmian-Games">"Isthmian Games | Panhellenic, Athletic Competitions, Corinth | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Isthmian+Games+%7C+Panhellenic%2C+Athletic+Competitions%2C+Corinth+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2FIsthmian-Games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Panhellenism" in <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary,</i> p.1106 (3rd ed., 2003). Panhellenism was the notion that "what the Greeks have in common as Greeks, and what distinguishes them from barbarians, is more important than what divides them." Id.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Olympic_Museum_Educational_and_Cultural_Services2013" class="citation web cs1">The Olympic Museum Educational and Cultural Services (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Document-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics/The-Olympic-Games-in-Antiquity.pdf">"The Olympic Games in Antiquity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>stillmed.olympic.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stillmed.olympic.org&rft.atitle=The+Olympic+Games+in+Antiquity&rft.date=2013&rft.au=The+Olympic+Museum+Educational+and+Cultural+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstillmed.olympic.org%2Fmedia%2FDocument%2520Library%2FOlympicOrg%2FDocuments%2FDocument-Set-Teachers-The-Main-Olympic-Topics%2FThe-Olympic-Games-in-Antiquity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Olympiads were referred to according to the winner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">stadion</a></i> sprint at the Olympic Games, e.g., "the third year of the eighteenth Olympiad, when Ladas of Argos won the <i>stadion.</i>" Tony Perrottet, <i>The Naked Olympics</i> (2004) at 145. Pausinias uses such references frequently in <i>Description of Greece.</i> E.g., "I found that the combat took pace when Pisistratus was archon at Athens in the 4th year . . . of the Olympiad in which Eurybotus, the Athenian, won the footrace." Pausinias, <i>Description of Greece</i> 2.24.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223000504/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/14/the-worlds-oldest-computer-is-still-revealing-its-secrets/">"The world's oldest computer is still revealing its secrets - The Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 2020-02-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/14/the-worlds-oldest-computer-is-still-revealing-its-secrets/">the original</a> on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+oldest+computer+is+still+revealing+its+secrets+-+The+Washington+Post&rft.date=2020-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fspeaking-of-science%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2Fthe-worlds-oldest-computer-is-still-revealing-its-secrets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsouvala2021" class="citation cs2">Tsouvala, Georgia (2021-04-08), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190937638.003.0009">"Female Athletes in the Late Hellenistic and Roman Greek World"</a>, <i>New Directions in the Study of Women in the Greco-Roman World</i>, Oxford University PressNew York, pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>172, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190937638.003.0009">10.1093/oso/9780190937638.003.0009</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093763-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093763-8"><bdi>978-0-19-093763-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Directions+in+the+Study+of+Women+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.atitle=Female+Athletes+in+the+Late+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Greek+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190937638.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-093763-8&rft.aulast=Tsouvala&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190937638.003.0009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Parrottet, n. 7 above at p. 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See Parrottet, n. 7 above at pp.6-7, 25, 155–156. See also, "Olympic Games" in <i>The Classical Tradition,</i> p.654 (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, David C. (2004). <i>A brief history of the Olympic games</i>. Brief histories of the ancient world. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1129-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1129-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-1129-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+Olympic+games&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Brief+histories+of+the+ancient+world&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1129-4&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrb09"><i>Greek Athletics</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3944-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3944-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-3944-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrb09">10.3366/j.ctvxcrb09</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Athletics&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrb09%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3944-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrb09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See Parrottet, n.7 above at 14, 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvangelia2024" class="citation web cs1">Evangelia (2024-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympioi.com/greek-heroes/pelops">"Pelops | Served as a Meal to the Gods Then Resurrected"</a>. <i>Olympioi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympioi&rft.atitle=Pelops+%7C+Served+as+a+Meal+to+the+Gods+Then+Resurrected&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft.au=Evangelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympioi.com%2Fgreek-heroes%2Fpelops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162">"Pindar, Olympian, Olympian 1 For Hieron of Syracuse Single Horse Race 476 B. C."</a> <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pindar%2C+Olympian%2C+Olympian+1+For+Hieron+of+Syracuse+Single+Horse+Race+476+B.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span> See also <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary,</i> note 5 above at p. 1066.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, David (2004). <i>A Brief History of the Olympic Games</i> (1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405111294" title="Special:BookSources/9781405111294"><bdi>9781405111294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781405111294&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+5.7&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160#note2">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, Elis 1, chapter 7"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+Elis+1%2C+chapter+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext.jsp%3Fdoc%3DPaus.%2B5.7%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%23note2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span> Perrottet, note 7 above at p.180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160:book=5:chapter=8:section=6">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, Elis 1, chapter 8, section 6"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+Elis+1%2C+chapter+8%2C+section+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D8%3Asection%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pythian Games" in <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary,</i> note 5 above at p.1285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1978" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Stephen G. (1978-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25010728">"The Date of the First Pythiad"</a>. <i>California Studies in Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">127–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25010728">10.2307/25010728</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0068-5895">0068-5895</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010728">25010728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Studies+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+the+First+Pythiad&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft.issn=0068-5895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25010728%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25010728&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F25010728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.%2010.7.6&lang=original">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, Phocis and Ozolian Locri, chapter 7, section 6"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+Phocis+and+Ozolian+Locri%2C+chapter+7%2C+section+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPaus.%252010.7.6%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=6:chapter=126">"Herodotus, The Histories, Book 6, chapter 126"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Herodotus%2C+The+Histories%2C+Book+6%2C+chapter+126&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Nemean Games" and "Isthmian Games" in <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary,</i> note 5 above, at pp. 773, 1033.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:alphabetic+letter=A:entry+group=36:entry=archemorus-bio-1#:~:text=When%20the%20Seven%20heroes%20on,and%20buried%20by%20the%20Seven.">"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Abaeus, Arcesila'us, Archemo'rus"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=A+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+biography+and+mythology%2C+Abaeus%2C+Arcesila%27us%2C+Archemo%27rus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic%2Bletter%3DA%3Aentry%2Bgroup%3D36%3Aentry%3Darchemorus-bio-1%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWhen%2520the%2520Seven%2520heroes%2520on%2Cand%2520buried%2520by%2520the%2520Seven.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nemeangames.org/en/opheltes/">"Opheltes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opheltes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnemeangames.org%2Fen%2Fopheltes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160:book=2:chapter=15&highlight=opheltes">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, Corinth, chapter 15"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+Corinth%2C+chapter+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D15%26highlight%3Dopheltes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Herakles/lion.html">"Hercules' First Labor: the Nemean Lion"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Hercules%27+First+Labor%3A+the+Nemean+Lion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2FHerakles%2Flion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Isthmian Games" in <b>The Oxford Classical Dictionary,</b> note 5 above at p. 773.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.%202.1.3&lang=original">"Pausanias, Description of Greece, Corinth, chapter 1, section 3"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Pausanias%2C+Description+of+Greece%2C+Corinth%2C+chapter+1%2C+section+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPaus.%25202.1.3%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=isthmia&highlight=palaimon">"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, ISTHMIA Corinthia, Greece"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Classical+Sites%2C+ISTHMIA+Corinthia%2C+Greece.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Disthmia%26highlight%3Dpalaimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palaemon-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palaemon_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palaemon_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Palaimon.html">"Palaemon (Palaimon) - Greek Sea-God, Protector of Sailors (Roman Portunus)"</a>. <i>www.theoi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=Palaemon+%28Palaimon%29+-+Greek+Sea-God%2C+Protector+of+Sailors+%28Roman+Portunus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FPontios%2FPalaimon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.%203.16.2&lang=original">"Apollodorus, Library, book 3, chapter 16, section 2"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Apollodorus%2C+Library%2C+book+3%2C+chapter+16%2C+section+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DApollod.%25203.16.2%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.%20Thes.%208&lang=original">"Plutarch, Theseus, chapter 8"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch%2C+Theseus%2C+chapter+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPlut.%2520Thes.%25208%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.%20Thes.%2025&lang=original">"Plutarch, Theseus, chapter 25"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch%2C+Theseus%2C+chapter+25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPlut.%2520Thes.%252025%26lang%3Doriginal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrb09"><i>Greek Athletics</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3944-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3944-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-3944-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrb09">10.3366/j.ctvxcrb09</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Athletics&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrb09%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3944-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctvxcrb09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotter2011" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David Stone (2011). <i>The victor's crown a history of ancient sport from Homer to Byzantium</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199912209" title="Special:BookSources/9780199912209"><bdi>9780199912209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+victor%27s+crown+a+history+of+ancient+sport+from+Homer+to+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199912209&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Perrottet, note 7 above at p.52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1910" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Edward Norman (1910). <i>Greek Athletic sports and festivals</i>. London: MacMillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Athletic+sports+and+festivals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Edward+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See Parrottet, n. 7 above at pp.6-7, 25, 155–156. See also, "Olympic Games" in <i>The Classical Tradition,</i> Note 10 above at p.654 (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/gymnasium">"gymnasium | Etymology of gymnasium by etymonline"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=gymnasium+%7C+Etymology+of+gymnasium+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fgymnasium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0047:chapter=14:section=2">"Plutarch, Lycurgus, chapter 14, section 2"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch%2C+Lycurgus%2C+chapter+14%2C+section+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0047%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APanhellenic+Games" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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events"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-sport_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multi-sport events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multi-sport_events617" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">Multi-sport events</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Global85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Global</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Paralympic_Games" title="Summer Paralympic Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Games" title="Arafura Games">Arafura Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fi_sportif" title="Défi sportif">Défi sportif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_World_Games" title="IBSA World Games">IBSA World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_Global_Games" title="INAS Global Games">INAS Global Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_Athletic_Association_of_America#World_Dwarf_Games" title="Dwarf Athletic Association of America">World Dwarf Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics_World_Games" title="Special Olympics World Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Abilitysport_Games" title="World Abilitysport Games">World Abilitysport Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Army_Games" title="International Army Games">International Army Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack_World_Championship" title="Lumberjack World Championship">Lumberjack World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_World_Games" title="Military World Games">Military World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Air_Games" title="World Air Games">World Air Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Firefighters_Games" title="World Firefighters Games">World Firefighters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Police_and_Fire_Games" title="World Police and Fire Games">World Police and Fire Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth and students</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games" title="FISU World University Games">FISU World University Games</a> <i>(Universiade)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_School_Sport_Games" title="World School Sport Games">World School Sport Games</a> <i>(Gymnasiade)</i></li> <li>International Youth Green Games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Children%27s_Games" title="International Children's Games">International Children's Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELL_Student_Games" title="SELL Student Games">SELL Student Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Interuniversity_Games" title="World Interuniversity Games">World Interuniversity Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Youth_Games" title="Commonwealth Youth Games">Commonwealth Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPLP_Games" title="CPLP Games">CPLP Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_International_Sports_Festival" title="University International Sports Festival">University International Sports Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercommunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Games" title="Arab Games">Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_World_Games" title="Croatian World Games">Croatian World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Games" title="Gay Games">Gay Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Solidarity_Games" title="Islamic Solidarity Games">Islamic Solidarity Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusofonia_Games" title="Lusofonia Games">Lusofonia Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Armenian_Games" title="Pan-Armenian Games">Pan-Armenian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Transplant_Games" title="World Transplant Games">World Transplant Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Eskimo_Indian_Olympics" title="World Eskimo Indian Olympics">World Eskimo Indian Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Indigenous_Games" title="World Indigenous Games">World Indigenous Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Polonia_Games" title="World Polonia Games">World Polonia Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIT_World_Sports_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="CSIT World Sports Games">CSIT World Sports Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_Tour" title="Dew Tour">Dew Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_Sports_Olympiad" title="Mind Sports Olympiad">Mind Sports Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCI_Cycling_World_Championships" title="UCI Cycling World Championships">UCI Cycling World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Beach_Games" title="World Beach Games">World Beach Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Combat_Games" title="World Combat Games">World Combat Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Games" title="World Masters Games">World Masters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SportAccord_World_Mind_Games" title="SportAccord World Mind Games">World Mind Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Nomad_Games" title="World Nomad Games">World Nomad Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Skate_Games" title="World Skate Games">World Skate Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Urban_Games" title="World Urban Games">World Urban Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Games" title="X Games">X Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Para_Games" title="African Para Games">African Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Youth_Games" title="African Youth Games">African Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Africa_University_Games" title="All-Africa University Games">All-Africa University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_University_Games" title="West African University Games">West African University Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pan American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapan_American_Games" title="Parapan American Games">Parapan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Pan_American_Games" title="Junior Pan American Games">Junior Pan American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas_Masters_Games" title="Americas Masters Games">Americas Masters Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>Central American and the Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_and_Caribbean_Games" title="Central American and Caribbean Games">Central American and Caribbean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Games" title="Central American Games">Central American Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALBA_Games" title="ALBA Games">ALBA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Games" title="Bolivarian Games">Bolivarian Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CANUSA_Games" title="CANUSA Games">CANUSA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Indigenous_Games" title="North American Indigenous Games">North American Indigenous Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Outgames" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Outgames">North American Outgames</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Games" title="South American Games">South American Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Beach_Games" title="South American Beach Games">South American Beach Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FISU_America_Games" title="FISU America Games">South American University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Youth_Games" title="South American Youth Games">South American Youth Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Games" title="Caribbean Games">Caribbean Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pan Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Para_Games" title="Asian Para Games">Asian Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Beach_Games" title="Asian Beach Games">Asian Beach Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Indoor_and_Martial_Arts_Games" title="Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games">Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Youth_Games" title="Asian Youth Games">Asian Youth Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southeast Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEA_Games" title="SEA Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">ASEAN School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">ASEAN University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">ASEAN Para Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Games" title="Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Games" title="South Asian Games">South Asian Games</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Asian_Games" title="West Asian Games">West Asian Games</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Games" title="Black Sea Games">Black Sea Games</a></i><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Masters_Games" title="European Masters Games">European Masters Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Championships_(multi-sport_event)" title="European Championships (multi-sport event)">European Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Para_Championships" title="European Para Championships">European Para Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Para_Youth_Games" title="European Para Youth Games">European Para Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="European Youth Olympic Festival">European Youth Olympic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuroGames" title="EuroGames">EuroGames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Universities_Championships" title="European Universities Championships">European Universities Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Universities_Games" title="European Universities Games">European Universities Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_of_the_Small_States_of_Europe" title="Games of the Small States of Europe">Games of the Small States of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Erasmus_Games" title="International Erasmus Games">International Erasmus Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="Australian Youth Olympic Festival">Australian Youth Olympic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Games" title="Micronesian Games">Micronesian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Mini_Games" title="Pacific Mini Games">Pacific Mini Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Games" title="Arafura Games">Arafura Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Games" title="Arab Games">Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Deaf_Games" title="Asia Pacific Deaf Games">Asia Pacific Deaf Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Masters_Games" title="Asia Pacific Masters Games">Asia Pacific Masters Games</a></li> <li>Isles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Island_Games" title="Indian Ocean Island Games">Indian Ocean Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Games" title="Island Games">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_des_%C3%AEles" title="Jeux des îles">Jeux des îles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Games" title="Canada Games">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BC_Games_Society" title="BC Games Society">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Games" title="Ontario Games">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Games" title="Quebec Games">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Games" title="Saskatchewan Games">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada_Summer_Games" title="Western Canada Summer Games">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_Colombia" title="National Games of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Games_of_America" title="State Games of America">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAU_Junior_Olympic_Games" title="AAU Junior Olympic Games">amateur juniors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Olympics" title="Senior Olympics">seniors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior_Games" title="Warrior Games">Warrior Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games" title="National Congress of State Games">NCSG</a>,<br />United States<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Sports_Festival" title="Alabama Sports Festival">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Games" title="California State Games">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_State_Games" title="Sunshine State Games">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_State_Games" title="Bay State Games">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show-Me_State_Games" title="Show-Me State Games">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_State_Games" title="Big Sky State Games">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhusker_State_Games" title="Cornhusker State Games">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Games" title="Empire State Games">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Games_of_North_Carolina" title="State Games of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_of_Texas" title="Games of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger_State_Games" title="Badger State Games">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Games" title="Bangladesh Games">Bangladesh</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Games" title="All-China Games">All-China Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_China" title="National Games of China">National Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Games" title="National Peasants' Games">National Peasants' Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Youth_Games" title="China National Youth Games">National Youth Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_India" title="National Games of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khelo_India_Youth_Games" title="Khelo India Youth Games">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelo_India_University_Games" title="Khelo India University Games">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Week_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sports Week (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sports_Festival_of_Japan" title="National Sports Festival of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukma_Games" title="Sukma Games">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_Nepal" title="National Games of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Games_of_Pakistan" title="National Games of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Games" title="Philippine National Games">National Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Para_Games" title="Philippine National Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palarong_Pambansa" title="Palarong Pambansa">Student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Pinoy" title="Batang Pinoy">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Biennial_Games" title="Singapore Biennial Games">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival" title="Korean National Sports Festival">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival" title="Korean National Sports Festival">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Sports_Festival" title="Korean National Sports Festival">Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_National_Games" title="Thailand National Games">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_National_Youth_Games" title="Thailand National Youth Games">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_National_Games" title="Vietnam National Games">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li>National Games (Taiwan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Youth_Olympic_Days" title="Polish Youth Olympic Days">Poland (youth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WheelPower" title="WheelPower">WheelPower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical1200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical<sup>1</sup></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern Olympics<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(in order, from 1900 BC to 1859 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(ancient)" title="Tailteann Games (ancient)">Tailteann Games (ancient)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Panhellenic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludi_Romani" title="Ludi Romani">Roman Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Olimpick_Games" title="Cotswold Olimpick Games">Cotswold Olimpick Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_Magog_Games" title="Gog Magog Games">Gog Magog Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Olympian_Games" title="Wenlock Olympian Games">Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zappas_Olympics" title="Zappas Olympics">Zappas Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives to the<br />Modern Olympics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Games" title="Aryan Games">Aryan Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Games" title="Friendship Games">Friendship Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GANEFO" title="GANEFO">GANEFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwill_Games" title="Goodwill Games">Goodwill Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Allied_Games" title="Inter-Allied Games">Inter-Allied Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Games" title="Islamic Games">Islamic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Classic" title="Liberty Bell Classic">Liberty Bell Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Olympiad" title="People's Olympiad">People's Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Olympiads" title="International Workers' Olympiads">Workers' Olympiads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad" title="Spartakiad">Spartakiad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct regional or<br />community events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Indoor_Games" title="Asian Indoor Games">Asian Indoor Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Asian_Martial_Arts_Games" title="2009 Asian Martial Arts Games">Asian Martial Arts Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_Games" title="Baltic Sea Games">Baltic Sea Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Games" title="Black Sea Games">Black Sea Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Games" title="Central African Games">Central African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Championship_Games" title="Far Eastern Championship Games">Far Eastern Championship Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FESPIC_Games" title="FESPIC Games">FESPIC Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GANEFO" title="GANEFO">Games of the New Emerging Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Games" title="Pacific Ocean Games">Pacific Ocean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR" title="Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR">Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailteann_Games_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Tailteann Games (Irish Free State)">Tailteann Games (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Games" title="West African Games">West African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Islamic_Games" title="Women's Islamic Games">Women's Islamic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_World_Youth_Games" title="1998 World Youth Games">World Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWAS_World_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="IWAS World Games">IWAS World Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_Palsy_Games" title="Cerebral Palsy Games">Cerebral Palsy Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Games" title="South African Games">South African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Rose_State_Games" title="Prairie Rose State Games">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Games" title="Kingdom Games">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_(Albania)" title="Spartakiad (Albania)">Spartakiad of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartakiad_of_the_Peoples_of_the_USSR" title="Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR">Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starty_nadezhd" title="Starty nadezhd">youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Winter_sports38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Paralympic_Games" title="Winter Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FISU_World_University_Games" title="FISU World University Games">Winter University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIS_Games" title="FIS Games">FIS Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Games" title="Nordic Games">Nordic Games</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Winter_Games" title="Commonwealth Winter Games">Commonwealth</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Scout_Winter_Games" title="World Scout Winter Games">World Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Memorial_Winter_Games" title="Kennedy Memorial Winter Games">Kennedy Memorial</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Winter_Games" title="New Zealand Winter Games">New Zealand Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_World_Masters_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter World Masters Games">Winter World Masters Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Winter_Games_of_China" title="National Winter Games of China">National Winter Games of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Asian Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="European Youth Olympic Festival">European Youth Olympic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_X_Games_Europe" title="Winter X Games Europe">Winter X Games Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Chinese_Winter_Youth_Games" title="Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games">Russian–Chinese Winter Youth Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Defunct</li> <li><sup>2</sup> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Sub-national</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_State_Games#Member_Games" title="National Congress of State Games">51 component games</a> 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