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class="extiw" title="de:Philosophische Anthropologie">the corresponding article</a> in German. (September 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions.</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_German#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand German">adding a topic</a> to this template: there are already 2,064 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_German_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You must provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Philosophische Anthropologie]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|de|Philosophische Anthropologie}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Philosophical_anthropology" title="Talk:Philosophical anthropology">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about philosophical anthropology. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anthropology (disambiguation)">Anthropology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Philosophical anthropology, sometimes called anthropological philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is a discipline dealing with questions of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a> of the human person.<a href="#cite_note-abc-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/440px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3070"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man">Vitruvian Man</a> or the perfect man by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></figcaption></figure> Philosophical anthropology is distinct from Philosophy of Anthropology, the study of the philosophical conceptions underlying anthropological work.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancient_Christian_writers:_Augustine_of_Hippo">1.1 Ancient Christian writers: Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Modern_period">1.2 Modern period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Philosophical_anthropology_as_independent_discipline">1.3 Philosophical anthropology as independent discipline</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1920s_Germany">1.4 1920s Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#From_the_1940s">1.5 From the 1940s</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Anthropology_of_interpersonal_relationships">2 Anthropology of interpersonal relationships</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Michael_D._Jackson's_study_of_intersubjectivity">2.1 Michael D. Jackson's study of intersubjectivity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#P._M._S._Hacker's_Tetraology_on_Human_Nature">2.2 P. M. S. Hacker's Tetraology on Human Nature</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes">4 Notes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">4.1 References</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bibliography">5 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading">6 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> identified the human <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, affirming that the material body is its prison from which the soul yearns for to be liberated because it wants to see, know and contemplate the pure <a href="/wiki/Hyperuranion" title="Hyperuranion">hyperuranic</a> ideas. According to the <a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a>, after death, souls <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration of the soul">transmigrate</a> from a body to another. Therefore Plato introduced an irreducible <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">mind–body dualism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> defined man as a living <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a> that is the union of body and soul, in a relationship where the body is matter and soul is immanent form within the so called theory of <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphism</a>. Man is a type of animal with a specific characteristic that makes him superior to other animals: rationality. The soul is not something of extraneous to the body, but it is the principle that organizes, structures, gives life and <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form#Aristotelian_forms" title="Substantial form">form</a> to the body's matter. The Aristotelian soul's conception is described in the treaty <a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a> from a theoretical point of view, and in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> from a practical one.<a href="#cite_note-abc-3">[3]</a> Christian thought developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">creatio ex nihilo</a> according to which all what exists is a <a href="/wiki/Contingency_(philosophy)" title="Contingency (philosophy)">contingent</a> creature of God, including matter. The Platonic <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ra" title="Khôra">khôra</a> ended to be a region out of the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>' power. Time started to be conceived within a linear and not yet a cyclic <a href="/wiki/Becoming_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Becoming (philosophy)">becoming</a>. Christianity also developed the notion of <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> in order to explain the Most Holy Trinity and the co-existence of the <a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">human and divine nature</a> (essence) in the unique person of Christ. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Christian_writers:_Augustine_of_Hippo">Ancient Christian writers: Augustine of Hippo</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Christian writers: Augustine of Hippo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Christian anthropology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was one of the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">ancient Latin</a> authors with a very clear anthropological vision,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] although it is not clear if he had any influence on <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a>, the founder of philosophical anthropology as an independent discipline, nor on any of the major philosophers that followed him. Augustine has been cited by <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidegger">Heidegger</a> as one of the early writers to inquire on time-consciousness and the role of seeing in the feeling of "<a href="/wiki/Being-in-the-world" class="mw-redirect" title="Being-in-the-world">Being-in-the-world</a>".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Augustine saw the human being as a perfect unity of two substances: soul and body.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He was much closer in this anthropological view to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-MAS-9">[9]</a> In his late treatise <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_III/Moral_Treatises_of_St._Augustin/On_Care_to_Be_Had_for_the_Dead/Section_5" class="extiw" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Care to Be Had for the Dead/Section 5">On Care to Be Had for the Dead</a> sec. 5 (420 AD) he insisted that the body is essential part of the human person: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In no wise are the bodies themselves to be spurned. (...) For these pertain not to ornament or aid which is applied from without, but to the very nature of man.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></blockquote> Augustine's favourite figure to describe body-soul unity is marriage: caro tua, coniux tua – your body is your wife.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Initially, the two elements were in perfect harmony. After the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo#Original_sin" title="Augustine of Hippo">fall of humanity</a> they are now experiencing dramatic combat between one another. They are two categorically different things: the body is a three-dimensional object composed of the four elements, whereas the soul has no spatial dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Soul is a kind of substance, participating in reason, fit for ruling the body.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> To be a human is to be a composite of soul and body, and that the soul is superior to the body. The latter statement is grounded in his <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_classification" title="Hierarchical classification">hierarchical classification</a> of things into those that merely exist, those that exist and live, and those that exist, live, and have intelligence or reason.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> According to N. Blasquez, Augustine's dualism of substances of the body and soul doesn't stop him from seeing the unity of body and soul as a substance itself.<a href="#cite_note-MAS-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Following Aristotle and other ancient philosophers, he defined man as a rational mortal animal – animal rationale mortale.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Augustine also believed in the otherworldly Life of the soul and in the final <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_flesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the flesh">resurrection of the flesh</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Philosophical anthropology as a kind of thought, before it was founded as a distinct philosophical discipline in the 1920s, emerged as post-<a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> thought striving for emancipation from <a href="/wiki/Christian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian religion">Christian religion</a> and Aristotelic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Apostolopoulou1992p49-19">[19]</a> The origin of this liberation, characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, has been the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian skepticism">Cartesian skepticism</a> formulated by <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> in the first two of his <a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a> (1641). <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804) taught the first lectures on anthropology in the European academic world. He specifically developed a conception of pragmatic anthropology, according to which the human being is studied as a free agent. At the same time, he conceived of his anthropology as an empirical, not a strictly philosophical discipline.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Both his philosophical and his anthropological work has been one of the influences in the field during the 19th and 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Grolier_1981p768-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buber1943PM-22">[22]</a> After Kant, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> is sometimes considered the next most important influence and founder of anthropological philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> During the 19th century, an important contribution came from <a href="/wiki/Post-Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Kantian">post-Kantian</a> <a href="/wiki/German_idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="German idealist">German idealists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Grolier_1981p768-21">[21]</a> as well from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_anthropology_as_independent_discipline">Philosophical anthropology as independent discipline</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophical anthropology as independent discipline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Since its development in the 1920s, in the milieu of Germany <a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a>, philosophical anthropology has been turned into a philosophical discipline, competing with the other traditional sub-disciplines of philosophy such as <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It is the attempt to unify disparate ways of understanding behaviour of humans as both creatures of their <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environments</a> and creators of their own <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a>. Although the majority of philosophers throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">history of philosophy</a> can be said to have a distinctive "<a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>" that undergirds their thought, philosophical anthropology itself, as a specific discipline in philosophy, arose within the later modern period as an outgrowth from developing methods in philosophy, such as phenomenology and <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>. The former, which draws its energy from methodical reflection on human experience (first person perspective) as from the philosopher's own personal experience, naturally aided the emergence of philosophical explorations of human nature and the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_Germany">1920s Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1920s Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Max Scheler</a>, from 1900 until 1920 had been a follower of <a href="/wiki/Husserl" class="mw-redirect" title="Husserl">Husserl</a>'s phenomenology, the hegemonic form of philosophy in Germany at the time. Scheler sought to apply Husserl's phenomenological approach to different topics. From 1920 Scheler laid the foundation for philosophical anthropology as a philosophical discipline, competing with phenomenology and other philosophic disciplines. Husserl and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (1889–1976), were the two most authoritative philosophers in Germany at the time, and their criticism to philosophical anthropology and Scheler have had a major impact on the discipline. Scheler defined the human being not so much as a "<a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> animal" (as has traditionally been the case since <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>) but essentially as a "loving being". He breaks down the traditional <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Conception_(idea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception (idea)">conception</a> of the human person, and describes the personal being with a <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_(theology)" title="Tripartite (theology)">tripartite</a> structure of <a href="/wiki/Lived_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Lived body">lived body</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, and spirit. <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> are not <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intentional</a> acts of the person, which he <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categorises</a> as "intentional feelings."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Scheler based his philosophical anthropology in a Christian metaphysics of the spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkoszewska2004p129-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Helmuth Plessner</a> would later emancipate philosophical anthropology from Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkoszewska2004p129-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Helmuth Plessner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Arnold Gehlen</a> have been influenced by Scheler, and they are the three major representatives of philosophical anthropology as a movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_1940s">From the 1940s</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From the 1940s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a>, a neo-Kantian philosopher, was the most influential source for the definition and development of the field from the 1940s until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Schilpp67p73-28">[28]</a> Particularly influential has been Cassirer's description of man as a <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic animal">symbolic animal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schilpp67p73-28">[28]</a> which has been reprised in the 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Durand" title="Gilbert Durand">Gilbert Durand</a>, scholar of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">symbolic anthropology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)" title="Imaginary (sociology)">imaginary</a>. In 1953, future pope <a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojtyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyla">Karol Wojtyla</a> based his dissertation thesis on Max Scheler, limiting himself to the works Scheler wrote before rejecting Catholicism and the Judeo-Christian tradition in 1920. Wojtyla used Scheler as an example that phenomenology could be reconciled with Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some authors have argued that Wojtyla influenced philosophical anthropology.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[a]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] In the 20th century, other important contributors and influences to philosophical anthropology were <a href="/wiki/Paul_H%C3%A4berlin" title="Paul Häberlin">Paul Häberlin</a> (1878–1960), <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> (1878–1965),<a href="#cite_note-Buber1943PM-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/E.R._Dodds" class="mw-redirect" title="E.R. Dodds">E.R. Dodds</a> (1893–1979), <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> (1900–2002), <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a> (1901–85), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a> (1903–93), <a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a> (1904–97), Hans-Eduard Hengstenberg (1904–98), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (1905–80), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a> (1878–1944), <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a> (1908–61), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a> (1913–2005), <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a> (1923–2015), <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a> (1929–), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> (1930–2002), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blumenberg" title="Hans Blumenberg">Hans Blumenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> (1930–2004), <a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Emerich Coreth</a> (1919–2006), <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Polo" title="Leonardo Polo">Leonardo Polo</a> (1926–2013), and <a href="/wiki/P._M._S._Hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="P. M. S. Hacker">P. M. S. Hacker</a> (1939- ). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Anthropology_of_interpersonal_relationships">Anthropology of interpersonal relationships</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anthropology of interpersonal relationships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> A large focus of philosophical anthropology is also interpersonal relationships, as an attempt to unify disparate ways of understanding the behaviour of humans as both creatures of their <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environments</a> and creators of their own values.<a href="#cite_note-abc-3">[3]</a> It analyses also the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> that is in play in human relationships – of which <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a> is a major theme. Intersubjectivity is the study of how two individuals, subjects, whose experiences and interpretations of the world are radically different understand and relate to each other.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Recently anthropology has begun to shift towards studies of intersubjectivity and other existential/phenomenological themes. Studies of language have also gained new prominence in philosophy and sociology due to language's close ties with the question of intersubjectivity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_D._Jackson's_study_of_intersubjectivity">Michael D. Jackson's study of intersubjectivity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Michael D. Jackson's study of intersubjectivity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The academic <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(anthropology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson (anthropology)">Michael D. Jackson</a> is another important philosophical anthropologist. His research and fieldwork concentrate on existential themes of "being in the world" (<a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a>) as well as interpersonal relationships.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His methodology challenges traditional anthropology due to its focus on first-person experience. In his most well known book, Minima Ethnographica which focuses on intersubjectivity and interpersonal relationships, he draws upon his ethnographic fieldwork in order to explore existential theory. In his latest book, Existential Anthropology, he explores the notion of control, stating that humans anthropomorphize inanimate objects around them in order to enter into an interpersonal relationship with them. In this way humans are able to feel as if they have control over situations that they cannot control because rather than treating the object as an object, they treat it as if it is a rational being capable of understanding their feelings and language. Good examples are prayer to gods to alleviate drought or to help a sick person or cursing at a computer that has ceased to function. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="P._M._S._Hacker's_Tetraology_on_Human_Nature">P. M. S. Hacker's Tetraology on Human Nature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: P. M. S. Hacker's Tetraology on Human Nature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A foremost Wittgensteinian, <a href="/wiki/P._M._S._Hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="P. M. S. Hacker">P. M. S. Hacker</a> has recently completed a tetralogy in philosophical anthropology: "The first was Human Nature: The Categorical Framework (2007), which provided the stage set. The second was The Intellectual Powers: A Study of Human Nature (2013), which began the play with the presentation of the intellect and its courtiers. The third The Passions: A Study of Human Nature (2017), which introduced the drama of the passions and the emotions. The fourth and final volume, The Moral Powers: A Study of Human Nature (2020), turns to the moral powers and the will, to good and evil, to pleasure and happiness, to what gives meaning to our lives, and the place of death in our lives. This tetralogy constitutes a Summa Anthropologica in as much as it presents a systematic categorical overview of our thought and talk of human nature, ranging from substance, power, and causation to good and evil and the meaning of life. A sine qua non of any philosophical investigation, according to Grice, is a synopsis of the relevant logico-linguistic grammar. It is surely unreasonable that each generation should have to amass afresh these grammatical norms of conceptual exclusion, implication, compatibility, and contextual presupposition, as well as tense and person anomalies and asymmetries. So via the tetralogy I have attempted to provide a compendium of usage of the pertinent categories in philosophical anthropology to assist others in their travels through these landscapes." </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in anthropology">List of important publications in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> (opposite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Tugendhat" title="Ernst Tugendhat">Ernst Tugendhat</a> (2007) Anthropologie statt Metaphysik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Kant%27s_Anthropology" title="Introduction to Kant's Anthropology">Introduction to Kant's Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> K. Wojtyla's anthropological works: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK._Wojtyla1993" class="citation book cs1">K. Wojtyla (1993). <a href="/wiki/Love_and_Responsibility" title="Love and Responsibility">Love and Responsibility</a>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-445-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-445-6"><bdi>0-89870-445-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Responsibility&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-89870-445-6&rft.au=K.+Wojtyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Wojtyla1979" class="citation book cs1">K. Wojtyla (1979). The Acting Person: A Contribution To Phenomenological Anthropology. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-0969-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-0969-6"><bdi>90-277-0969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acting+Person%3A+A+Contribution+To+Phenomenological+Anthropology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=90-277-0969-6&rft.au=K.+Wojtyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 64em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Fikentscher (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PxF5BvtIAC&pg=PA74">pp.74, 89</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Cassirer (1944) </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedzhidova2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Medzhidova, Nargiz (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128153242/https://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5%2CNo.4%2CSerial.20%2Cpp.22-37.pdf">"Comparative analysis of modern philosophical and anthropological concepts"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metafizika_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metafizika Journal (page does not exist)">Metafizika Journal</a> (in Russian). 5 (4): 22–37. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2617-751X">2617-751X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2616-6879">2616-6879</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1117709579">1117709579</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metafizikajurnali.az/storage/images/site/files/Metafizika-20/Metafizika.Vol.5%2CNo.4%2CSerial.20%2Cpp.22-37.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metafizika+Journal&rft.atitle=Comparative+analysis+of+modern+philosophical+and+anthropological+concepts&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=22-37&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1117709579&rft.issn=2616-6879&rft.eissn=2617-751X&rft.aulast=Medzhidova&rft.aufirst=Nargiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetafizikajurnali.az%2Fstorage%2Fimages%2Fsite%2Ffiles%2FMetafizika-20%2FMetafizika.Vol.5%252CNo.4%252CSerial.20%252Cpp.22-37.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/philosophy-of-anthropology/">"Anthropology, the Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthropology%2C+the+Philosophy+of+%26%23124%3B+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fphilosophy-of-anthropology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Husserl, Edmund. Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness. Tr. James S. Churchill. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1964, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Heidegger, Being and Time Trs. Macquarrie & Robinson. New York: Harpers, 1964. 171. Articulating on how "Being-in-the-world" is described through thinking about seeing: "The remarkable priority of 'seeing' was noticed particularly by Augustine, in connection with his Interpretation of concupiscentia." Heidegger, quoting the Confessions: "Seeing belongs properly to the eyes. But we even use this word 'seeing' for the other senses when we devote them to cognizing... We not only say, 'See how that shines', ... 'but we even say, 'See how that sounds'". </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Gianni (1965), pp. 148–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Hendrics (1954), p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-MAS-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAS_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAS_9-1">b</a> Massuti, p.98. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, De cura pro mortuis gerenda <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Ecclesiasticorum_Latinorum" title="Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum">CSEL</a> 41, 627 [13–22]; PL 40, 595: Nullo modo ipsa spernenda sunt corpora. (...) Haec enim non-ad ornamentum vel adiutorium, quod adhibetur extrinsecus, sed ad ipsam naturam hominis pertinent; Contra Faustum, 22.27; PL 44,418. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, Enarrationes in psalmos, 143, 6; <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 40, 2077 [46] – 2078 [74]); De utilitate ieiunii, 4, 4–5; CCL 46, 234–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, De quantitate animae 1.2; 5.9 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, De quantitate animae 13.12: Substantia quaedam rationis particeps, regendo corpori accomodata. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_(Augustine)" class="mw-redirect" title="De libero arbitrio (Augustine)">On the free will</a> (De libero arbitrio) 2.3.7–6.13 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Mann, p. 141–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> El concepto del substantia segun san Agustin, pp. 305–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> De ordine, II, 11.31; CCL 29, 124 [18]; <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">PL</a> 32,1009; De quantitate animae, 25, 47–49; CSEL 89, 190–194; PL 32, 1062–1063 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Couturier (1954), p. 543 </li> <li id="cite_note-Apostolopoulou1992p49-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Apostolopoulou1992p49_19-0">^</a> Apostolopoulou, Georgia The Problem of Religion in Helmuth Plessner's Philosophical Anthropology, in Reimer, A. James and Siebert, Rudolf J. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC8RAQAAIAAJ">The Influence of the Frankfurt school on contemporary theology: critical theory and the future of religion</a>, pp.42–66. Quotation from p.49: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Philosophical anthropology is a kind of thought arising in times of crisis. The main anthropologists, Max Scheler and Helmuth Plessner, share the same opinion [that it] has appeared as a consequence of the shaking of the Middle Age's order, the roots of which were Greek tradition and Christian religion.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Thomas Sturm, Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (Paderborn: Mentis, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-Grolier_1981p768-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grolier_1981p768_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grolier_1981p768_21-1">b</a> Grolier (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SesZAAAAMAAJ">The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 21</a> p. 768 </li> <li id="cite_note-Buber1943PM-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buber1943PM_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buber1943PM_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber1943" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber, Martin</a> (1943), Das Problem des Menschen [The Problem of Man] (in German)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Problem+des+Menschen&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Poolla Tirupati Raju (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cYtAAAAYAAJ">The concept of man: a study in comparative philosophy</a> p. 490 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Feuerbach interpreted philosophical anthropologism as the summary of the entire previous development of philosophical thought. Feuerbach was thus the father of the comprehensive system of anthropological philosophy.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Judith Deutsch Kornblatt, Richard F. Gustafson (1996) Russian religious thought <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqwGUM4tFoEC&pg=PA140">p. 140</a> quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In modern thought, according to Buber, Feuerbach was the most important contributor to philosophical anthropology, next to Kant, because he posited Man as the exclusive object of philosophy...</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> TURNBULL, Jamie. Kierkegaard and the Limits of Philosophical Anthropology. A Companion to Kierkegaard, p. 468-479, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Fischer (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfTwdJYsx-AC&pg=PA64">p.64</a>, quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Ende der 1920er Jahre prominent geworden, weil damals aus verschiedenen Denkrich- tungen und Motiven die Frage nach dem Menschen in die Mitte der philosophischen Problematik rückte. Die philosophische Anthropologie wurde so zu einer neuen Disziplin in der Philosophie neben den eingeführten Subdisziplinen der Erkenntnistheorie, der Ethik, der Metaphysik, der Ästhetik</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkoszewska2004p129-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkoszewska2004p129_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkoszewska2004p129_27-1">b</a> Wilkoszewska, Krystyna (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHY5Q4lgY4sC&pg=PA129">Deconstruction and reconstruction: the Central European Pragmatist Forum</a>, Volume 2, p.129 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schilpp67p73-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schilpp67p73_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schilpp67p73_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilpp1967" class="citation cs2">Schilpp, ed. (1967), The philosophy of Martin Buber, p. 73, <q>It was a neo-Kantian philosopher, Ernst Cassirer, who perhaps more than anyone else contributed to the definition and development of philosophical anthropology in recent decades. Particularly relevant here is Cassirer's conception of man as a symbolizing and mythologizing animal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+Martin+Buber&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTymieniecka2002" class="citation cs2">Tymieniecka, Anna-Teresa (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGONF4dUwOwC">Phenomenology world-wide</a>, Springer, p. 487, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402000669" title="Special:BookSources/9781402000669"><bdi>9781402000669</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenomenology+world-wide&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781402000669&rft.aulast=Tymieniecka&rft.aufirst=Anna-Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGONF4dUwOwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöchler1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (1982), "The Phenomenology of Karol Wojtyla. On the Problem of the Phenomenological Foundation of Anthropology", Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 42 (3): 326–34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2107489">10.2307/2107489</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2107489">2107489</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenology+of+Karol+Wojtyla.+On+the+Problem+of+the+Phenomenological+Foundation+of+Anthropology&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=326-34&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2107489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2107489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6chler&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988">. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgaësse,_Paul_SJ2004" class="citation book cs1">Agaësse, Paul SJ (2004). L'anthropologie chrétienne selon saint Augustin : image, liberté, péché et grâce. Paris: Médiasèvres. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-900388-68-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-900388-68-6"><bdi>2-900388-68-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27anthropologie+chr%C3%A9tienne+selon+saint+Augustin+%3A+image%2C+libert%C3%A9%2C+p%C3%A9ch%C3%A9+et+gr%C3%A2ce&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=M%C3%A9dias%C3%A8vres&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-900388-68-6&rft.au=Aga%C3%ABsse%2C+Paul+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzurmendi,_Joxe1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (1997). Gizakiaren filosofia ilustratutik antropologia filosofikora. Donostia: Jakin. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-922537-4-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-922537-4-6"><bdi>84-922537-4-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gizakiaren+filosofia+ilustratutik+antropologia+filosofikora&rft.place=Donostia&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Jakin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=84-922537-4-6&rft.au=Azurmendi%2C+Joxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Blasquez, N, El concepto del substantia segun san Agustin, "Augustinus" 14 (1969), pp. 305–350; 15 (1970), pp. 369–383; 16 (1971), pp. 69–79.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer, Ernst</a> (1944) An Essay on Man</li> <li>Couturier Charles SJ, (1954) La structure métaphysique de l'homme d'après saint Augustin, in: Augustinus Magister, Congrès International Augustinien. Communications, Paris, vol. 1, pp. 543–550</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Donceel" title="Joseph Donceel">Donceel, Joseph F.</a>, Philosophical Anthropology, New York: Sheed&Ward 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson, Étienne</a>, (1955) History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages, (2nd ed., reprinted 1985), London: Sheed & Ward, pp. 829, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7220-4114-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7220-4114-4">0-7220-4114-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fischer_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim Fischer (philosopher)">Fischer, Joachim</a> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfTwdJYsx-AC&pg=PA63">Der Identitätskern der Philosophischen Anthropologie</a> (Scheler, Plessner, Gehlen) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Peter_Kr%C3%BCger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Peter Krüger (page does not exist)">Krüger, Hans-Peter</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gesa_Lindemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gesa Lindemann (page does not exist)">Lindemann, Gesa</a> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfTwdJYsx-AC">Philosophische Anthropologie im 21. Jahrhundert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fikentscher" title="Wolfgang Fikentscher">Fikentscher, Wolfgang</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PxF5BvtIAC&pg=PA74">Modes of thought: a study in the anthropology of law and religion</a></li> <li>Gianni, A., (1965) Il problema antropologico, Roma .</li> <li>Hendrics, E. (1954) Platonisches und Biblisches Denken bei Augustinus, in: Augustinus Magister, Congrès International Augustinien. Communications, Paris, vol. 1.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpp,_Heinrich1950" class="citation book cs1">Karpp, Heinrich (1950). Probleme altchristlicher Anthropologie. Biblische Anthropologie und philosophische Psychologie bei den Kirchen-vatern des dritten Jahrhunderts. Gütersloh: G. Bertelsmann Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probleme+altchristlicher+Anthropologie.+Biblische+Anthropologie+und+philosophische+Psychologie+bei+den+Kirchen-vatern+des+dritten+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.pub=G.+Bertelsmann+Verlag&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Karpp%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lucas Lucas, Ramon, Man Incarnate Spirit, a Philosophy of Man Compendium, USA: Circle Press, 2005.</li> <li>Mann, W.E., Inner-Life Ethics, in:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustiniantradi0000unse/page/138">The Augustinian Tradition</a>. Philosophical Traditions. G. B. Matthews (ed.). Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press. 1999. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustiniantradi0000unse/page/138">138–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20999-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20999-0"><bdi>0-520-20999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustinian+Tradition&rft.place=Berkeley-Los+Angeles-London&rft.series=Philosophical+Traditions&rft.pages=138-152&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-20999-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustiniantradi0000unse%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophical+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li> <li>Masutti, Egidio, (1989), Il problema del corpo in San Agostino, Roma: Borla, p. 230, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-263-0701-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-263-0701-6">88-263-0701-6</a></li> <li>Mondin, Battista, Philosophical Anthropology, Man: an Impossible Project?, Rome: Urbaniana University Press, 1991.</li> <li>Pulina Giuseppe, Dizionario di antropologia filosofica, Diogene Multimedia, Bologna 2022.</li> <li>Thomas Sturm, Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. Paderborn: Mentis, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3897856085" title="Special:BookSources/3897856085">3897856085</a>, 9783897856080</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Padilla_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Jesús Padilla Gálvez">Jesús Padilla Gálvez</a>, Philosophical Anthropology. Wittgenstein’s Perspective. Berlin, De Gruyter, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110321555" title="Special:BookSources/9783110321555">9783110321555</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110321821/html">[1]</a> Review<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/philosophical-anthropology-wittgenstein-s-perspective-2/">[2]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in anthropology">List of important publications in anthropology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Agassi" title="Joseph Agassi">Joseph Agassi</a>, Towards a Rational Philosophical Anthropology. The Hague, 1977.</li> <li>Anicius Manlius Severinus <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, The Consolation of Philosophy, Chicago: The Great Books foundation 1959.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, I and Thou, New York: Scribners 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, The Knowledge of Man: A Philosophy of the Interhuman, New York: Harper&Row 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, Between Man and Man, New York: Macmillan 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt, New York: Vintage Books 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Chicago – London: Encyclopædia Britannica 1952.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teilhard_de_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin</a>, The Phenomenon of Man, New York: Harper&Row 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, l'Ecriture et la Difference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fischer_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joachim Fischer (philosopher)">Joachim Fischer</a>, Philosophische Anthropologie. Eine Denkrichtung des 20. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, New York: Basic Books 1975.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, To Have or To Be, New York: Harper&Row 1976.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, A Treatise of Human Nature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>, The Phenomenon of Life. Chicago, 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, The Sickness unto Death. 1848.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>, Der innere Bezug von Anthropologie und Ontologie. Das Problem der Anthropologie im Denken Martin Heideggers. Hain: Meisenheim a.G., 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>, "The Relation between Man and World. A Transcendental-anthropological Problem," in: Analecta Husserliana, Vol. 14 (1983), pp. 181–186.</li> <li>Stanislaw Kowalczyk, An Outline of the Philosophical Anthropology. Frankfurt a.M. etc., 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(anthropology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Jackson (anthropology)">Michael Jackson</a>, Minima Ethnographica and Existential Anthropology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Landmann" title="Michael Landmann">Michael Landmann</a>, Philosophische Anthropologie. Menschliche Selbstdeutung in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Berlin, 3rd ed., 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>, Anthropologie structurale. Paris, 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, New York: Dover Publication 1959 (vol. I-II).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a>, Insight: A Study on Human Understanding, New York-London: Philosophical Library-Longmans 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a>, Dependent Rational Animals. 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a>, Homo Viator: Introduction to a Metaphysics of Hope, London: Harper&Row, 1962.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a>, Problematic Man, New York: Herder and Herder 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, La Phenomenologie de la Perception</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, One Dimensional Man, Boston: Beacon Press 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>, Existence and Existent: An Essay on Christian Existentialism, Garden City: Image Books 1957.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25651/1.2022.0005">Gerhard Medicus (2017). Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind, Berlin VWB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_N%C3%A9doncelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Nédoncelle (page does not exist)">Maurice Nédoncelle</a>, Love and the Person, New York: Sheed & Ward 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a>, Happiness and Contemplation. New York:Pantheon, 1958.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a>, "Josef Pieper: An Anthology". San Francisco:Ignatius Press, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a>, Death and Immortality. New York:Herder & Herder, 1969.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a>, "Faith, Hope, Love". Ignatius Press; New edition, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a>, The Four Cardinal Virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance. Notre Dame, Ind., 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Polo" title="Leonardo Polo">Leonardo Polo</a>, Antropología Trascendental: la persona humana. 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Polo" title="Leonardo Polo">Leonardo Polo</a>, Antropología Trascendental: la esencia de la persona humana. 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>, Spirit in the World, New York: Herder and Herder, 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>, Hearer of the Word</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a>, Hominisation: The Evolutionary Origin of Man as a Theological Problem, New York: Herder and Herder 1965.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_R%C3%B6lli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Rölli (page does not exist)">Marc Rölli</a>, Anthropologie dekolonisieren, Frankfurt, New York: Campus 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a>, Soi-meme comme un autre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a>, Fallible Man: Philosophy of Will, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company 1967.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Paul Ricoeur</a>, Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and Involuntary, Evanston: Northwestern University Press 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, Being and Nothingness: An Essay in Phenomenological Ontology, New York: The Citadel Press 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, Existentialism and Humanism, New York: Haskell House Publisher 1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, Nausea, New York: New Directions 1959.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Olavi_Siirala" title="Martti Olavi Siirala">Martti Olavi Siirala</a>, Medicine in Metamorphosis Routledge 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>, Ethics, Indianapolis: Hackett 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a>, Anamnesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojtyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyla">Karol Wojtyla</a>, The Acting Person, Dordrecht-Boston: Reidel Publishing Company 1979.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Wojtyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Wojtyla">Karol Wojtyla</a>, Love and Responsibility, London-Glasgow: Collins, 1981.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&oldid=1257373876">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&oldid=1257373876</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_anthropology&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 16:03 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فلسفة علم الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة علم الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99fi_antropologiya" title="Fəlsəfi antropologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəlsəfi antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философска антропология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философска антропология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_filos%C3%B2fica" title="Antropologia filosòfica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antropologia filosòfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofick%C3%A1_antropologie" title="Filozofická antropologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozofická antropologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophische_Anthropologie" title="Philosophische Anthropologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophische Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofiline_antropoloogia" title="Filosoofiline antropoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filosoofiline antropoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolog%C3%ADa_filos%C3%B3fica" title="Antropología filosófica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antropología filosófica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="انسان‌شناسی فلسفی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌شناسی فلسفی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie_philosophique" title="Anthropologie philosophique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthropologie philosophique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa_filos%C3%B3fica" title="Antropoloxía filosófica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antropoloxía filosófica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9D%B8%EA%B0%84%ED%95%99" title="철학적 인간학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철학적 인간학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दार्शनिक मानवशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दार्शनिक मानवशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi_filosofis" title="Antropologi filosofis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antropologi filosofis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_filosofica" title="Antropologia filosofica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antropologia filosofica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философиялык антропология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Философиялык антропология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofisk%C4%81_antropolo%C4%A3ija" title="Filozofiskā antropoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filozofiskā antropoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофска антропологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозофска антропологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antr%C3%B4p%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia_fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fika" title="Antrôpôlôjia filôzôfika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antrôpôlôjia filôzôfika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijsgerige_antropologie" title="Wijsgerige antropologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wijsgerige antropologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E5%AD%A6" title="人間学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人間学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafiy_antropologiya" title="Falsafiy antropologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Falsafiy antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_filozoficzna" title="Antropologia filozoficzna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antropologia filozoficzna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_filos%C3%B3fica" title="Antropologia filosófica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antropologia filosófica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философская антропология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философская антропология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologjia_filozofike" title="Antropologjia filozofike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antropologjia filozofike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofick%C3%A1_antropol%C3%B3gia" title="Filozofická antropológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozofická antropológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofska_antropologija" title="Filozofska antropologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filozofska antropologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofinen_antropologia" title="Filosofinen antropologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filosofinen antropologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefi_antropoloji" title="Felsefi antropoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Felsefi antropoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філософська антропологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософська антропологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哲學人類學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 16:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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