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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French–Spanish_colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French–Spanish_colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 French–Spanish colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French–Spanish_colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_territorial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_territorial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 United States territorial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_territorial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slave_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Slave rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_New_Orleans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_New_Orleans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Battle of New Orleans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_New_Orleans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War–Reconstruction_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War–Reconstruction_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Civil War–Reconstruction era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War–Reconstruction_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jim_Crow_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jim_Crow_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Jim Crow era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jim_Crow_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_Rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Civil Rights movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drainage_and_flood_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage_and_flood_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Drainage and flood control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage_and_flood_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Hurricane Katrina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Rita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Rita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Hurricane Rita </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Rita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-disaster_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-disaster_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Post-disaster recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-disaster_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Ida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Ida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 Hurricane Ida </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Ida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Elevation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_and_residential_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_and_residential_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Historic and residential architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_and_residential_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tallest_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tallest_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Tallest buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tallest_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threat_from_tropical_cyclones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threat_from_tropical_cyclones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Threat from tropical cyclones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threat_from_tropical_cyclones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sexual orientation and gender identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourist_and_convention_business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourist_and_convention_business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourist and convention business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourist_and_convention_business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_and_military_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_and_military_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Federal and military agencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_and_military_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_contemporary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture and contemporary life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and contemporary life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_contemporary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Entertainment and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Dialect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 National protected areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Colleges and universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Primary and secondary schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Public transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Streetcars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Streetcars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.1 Streetcars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Streetcars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.3 Ferries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Bicycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxi_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxi_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Taxi service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxi_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.7 Modal characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">New Orleans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%91_%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ኑ ኦርሌንዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኑ ኦርሌንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niw%C4%93orl%C4%93anas" title="Niwēorlēanas – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niwēorlēanas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نيو أورلينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيو أورلينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Orleans" title="Nueva Orleans – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nueva Orleans" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A8la-Orl%C3%A8ans" title="Novèla-Orlèans – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Novèla-Orlèans" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Orleans" title="Nueva Orleans – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nueva Orleans" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyu-Orlean" title="Nyu-Orlean – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nyu-Orlean" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیو اورلئان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیو اورلئان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="নিউ অর্লিন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউ অর্লিন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Новы Арлеан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новы Арлеан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Новы Арлеан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Новы Арлеан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ню Орлиънс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ню Орлиънс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlea%C3%B1s_Nevez" title="Orleañs Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orleañs Nevez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Orleans" title="Nova Orleans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova Orleans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нью-Орлеан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нью-Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nteel_Biih%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81_Hatsoh" title="Tónteel Biihílį́ Hatsoh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tónteel Biihílį́ Hatsoh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Νέα Ορλεάνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νέα Ορλεάνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Orleans" title="Nueva Orleans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Orleans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Orleano" title="Nov-Orleano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nov-Orleano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Orleans" title="Nueva Orleans – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Nueva Orleans" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیواورلئان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیواورلئان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nouvelle-Orl%C3%A9ans" title="La Nouvelle-Orléans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Nouvelle-Orléans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" title="New Orleans, Louisiana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="New Orleans, Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Orle%C3%A1ns" title="Nova Orleáns – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nova Orleáns" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%8A%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نيۊاؤرلئان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نيۊاؤرلئان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="뉴올리언스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴올리언스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%95%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Նոր Օռլեան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր Օռլեան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="न्यू ओर्लियंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यू ओर्लियंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" title="New Orleans, Louisiana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="New Orleans, Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-Orleans" title="New-Orleans – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="New-Orleans" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6,_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ওরলেন্স পারিশ, লুইসিয়ানা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ওরলেন্স পারিশ, লুইসিয়ানা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ног Орлеан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ног Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="ניו אורלינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניו אורלינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ನ್ಯೂ ಒರ್ಲೀನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯೂ ಒರ್ಲೀನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" title="New Orleans, Louisiana – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="New Orleans, Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ახალი ორლეანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალი ორლეანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouv%C3%A8l_%C3%92leyan" title="Nouvèl Òleyan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nouvèl Òleyan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жаңы Орлеан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаңы Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="У Орлеан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="У Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Aurelia" title="Nova Aurelia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nova Aurelia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABorle%C4%81na" title="Ņūorleāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņūorleāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujasis_Orleanas" title="Naujasis Orleanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujasis Orleanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orleans_Nova,_Louisiana" title="Orleans Nova, Louisiana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Orleans Nova, Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="New Orleans (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="New Orleans (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Њу Орлеанс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Њу Орлеанс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ന്യൂ ഓർലിയൻസ് നഗരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂ ഓർലിയൻസ് നഗരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="न्यू ऑर्लिन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यू ऑर्लिन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نيو اورلينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيو اورلينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="نیواورلئان (لوئیزیانا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیواورلئان (لوئیزیانا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuoba_Orleans" title="Nuoba Orleans – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nuoba Orleans" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шинэ Орлеан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинэ Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_(stad)" title="New Orleans (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="New Orleans (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niej-Orleans" title="Niej-Orleans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Niej-Orleans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="ニューオーリンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューオーリンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нью-Орлеан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нью-Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2va_Orleans" title="Nòva Orleans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòva Orleans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="У Орлеан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="У Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_Orlean" title="Yangi Orlean – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi Orlean" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="اورلینز پارش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اورلینز پارش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Orlean" title="Nowy Orlean – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowy Orlean" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Orle%C3%A3es" title="Nova Orleães – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Orleães" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_(Louisiana)" title="New Orleans (Louisiana) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="New Orleans (Louisiana)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Новый Орлеан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новый Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="न्‍यू आर्लीन्‍स – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="न्‍यू आर्लीन्‍स" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Uorlean" title="Nowy Uorlean – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nowy Uorlean" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3" title="نیوئۆرلەنس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیوئۆرلەنس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Њу Орлеанс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њу Орлеанс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" title="New Orleans, Louisiana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="New Orleans, Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூ ஓர்லென்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூ ஓர்லென்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Яңа Орлеан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яңа Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="นิวออร์ลีนส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวออร์ลีนส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Новий Орлеан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Новий Орлеан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="نیو اورلینز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیو اورلینز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9ngi_Orl%C3%A9an" title="Yéngi Orléan – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Yéngi Orléan" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%27_Orlean" title="Uz' Orlean – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uz' Orlean" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%89%AF" title="新奧爾良 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新奧爾良" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="New Orleans" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%89%AF" title="新奥尔良 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新奥尔良" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Easy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Big Easy (disambiguation)">The Big Easy (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nola_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nola (disambiguation)">Nola (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="City of New Orleans (disambiguation)">City of New Orleans (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Orleans (disambiguation)">New Orleans (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consolidated city-parish in Louisiana, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">New Orleans</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">La Nouvelle-Orléans (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) Nouvèl Orleans (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole language">Louisiana Creole</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">Consolidated city-parish</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/288px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/432px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg/576px-New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4712" data-file-height="3121" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Central_Business_District" title="New Orleans Central Business District">Central Business District</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%28square%29.jpg/93px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%28square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%28square%29.jpg/140px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%28square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%28square%29.jpg/186px-%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%28square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1237" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Street" title="Bourbon Street">Bourbon Street</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson_Square_at_Dusk,_September_2017_(square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jackson_Square_at_Dusk%2C_September_2017_%28square%29.jpg/93px-Jackson_Square_at_Dusk%2C_September_2017_%28square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jackson_Square_at_Dusk%2C_September_2017_%28square%29.jpg/140px-Jackson_Square_at_Dusk%2C_September_2017_%28square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Jackson_Square_at_Dusk%2C_September_2017_%28square%29.jpg/186px-Jackson_Square_at_Dusk%2C_September_2017_%28square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)">St. Louis Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_(square).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_%28square%29.jpg/93px-CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_%28square%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_%28square%29.jpg/140px-CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_%28square%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_%28square%29.jpg/186px-CanalStPearlyThomas951Night_%28square%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2112" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">New Orleans streetcar</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div style="height:65px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Superdome_from_Garage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Superdome_from_Garage.jpg/154px-Superdome_from_Garage.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Superdome_from_Garage.jpg/231px-Superdome_from_Garage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Superdome_from_Garage.jpg/308px-Superdome_from_Garage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Superdome" title="Caesars Superdome">Superdome</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div style="height:65px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:UNO_University_Center_Front_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNO_University_Center_Front_%28cropped%29.JPG/130px-UNO_University_Center_Front_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNO_University_Center_Front_%28cropped%29.JPG/195px-UNO_University_Center_Front_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/UNO_University_Center_Front_%28cropped%29.JPG/260px-UNO_University_Center_Front_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1408" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">University of New Orleans</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_(4117534034)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mississippi_River_%284117534034%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Mississippi_River_%284117534034%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mississippi_River_%284117534034%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Mississippi_River_%284117534034%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mississippi_River_%284117534034%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Mississippi_River_%284117534034%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="566" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection" title="Crescent City Connection">Crescent City Connection</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Orleans,_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of New Orleans"><img alt="Flag of New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/100px-Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/150px-Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/200px-Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Orleans" title="Flag of New Orleans">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_New_Orleans,_Louisiana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of New Orleans"><img alt="Official seal of New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/100px-Seal_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/200px-Seal_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_New_Orleans" title="Seal of New Orleans">Seal</a></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of New Orleans"><img alt="Official logo of New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/New_Orleans_Logo.png/100px-New_Orleans_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/New_Orleans_Logo.png/150px-New_Orleans_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/New_Orleans_Logo.png/200px-New_Orleans_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="289" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"The Crescent City", "The Big Easy", "The City That Care Forgot", "NOLA", "The City of Yes", "Hollywood South", "The Creole City"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="300" data-zoom="9" data-lat="29.99985" data-lon="-89.92428" data-overlays="["_18da0ef860ae1a8e34ce9e4975b0742fd99917b1"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/29.99985/-89.92428/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,29.99985,-89.92428,300x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=New_Orleans&revid=1259749041&groups=_18da0ef860ae1a8e34ce9e4975b0742fd99917b1" width="300" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,29.99985,-89.92428,300x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=New_Orleans&revid=1259749041&groups=_18da0ef860ae1a8e34ce9e4975b0742fd99917b1 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of New Orleans</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Orleans is located in Louisiana"><img alt="New Orleans is located in Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Louisiana_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1157" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.642%;left:73.601%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>New Orleans</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Louisiana</div>Show map of Louisiana</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="New Orleans is located in the United States"><img alt="New Orleans is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.243%;left:61.136%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="New Orleans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>New Orleans</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Orleans&params=29_58_34_N_90_4_42_W_region:US-LA_type:city(383997)">29°58′34″N 90°4′42″W / 29.97611°N 90.07833°W / 29.97611; -90.07833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parish</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Orleans (coterminous)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1718; 306 years ago (1718)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a> (1674–1723)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/LaToya_Cantrell" title="LaToya Cantrell">LaToya Cantrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_City_Council" title="New Orleans City Council">New Orleans City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2016-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">Consolidated city-parish</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">349.85 sq mi (906.10 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">169.42 sq mi (438.80 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">180.43 sq mi (467.30 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,755.2 sq mi (9,726.6 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−6.5 to 20 ft (−2 to 6 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2020Census-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">Consolidated city-parish</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">383,997</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,267/sq mi (875/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">963,212 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,563.8/sq mi (1,376.0/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,270,530 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">45th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">New Orleanian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">Consolidated city-parish</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$27.333 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">$94.031 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(Americas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (Americas)">CST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(Americas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (Americas)">CDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_504" title="Area code 504">504</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22-55000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1629985">1629985</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nola.gov">nola.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> New Orleans<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-parish</a> located along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in the southeastern region of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. With a population of 383,997 according to the 2020 U.S. census,<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[8]</a> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Louisiana" title="List of municipalities in Louisiana">most populous city in Louisiana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a> region;<a href="#cite_note-henrylouismencken-10">[9]</a> the third-most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>; and the twelfth-most populous city in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a>. Serving as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_United_States" title="List of ports in the United States">major port</a>, New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. New Orleans is world-renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans" title="Music of New Orleans">distinctive music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Creole cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">unique dialects</a>, and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras</a>. The historic heart of the city is the <a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a>, known for its <a href="/wiki/French_architecture#America" title="French architecture">French and Spanish Creole architecture</a> and vibrant <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">nightlife</a> along <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Street" title="Bourbon Street">Bourbon Street</a>. The city has been described as the "most unique" in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-gmc-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-hurrbayou-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-forusa-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-msn-14">[13]</a> owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage.<a href="#cite_note-multi-15">[14]</a> Additionally, New Orleans has increasingly been known as "Hollywood South" due to its prominent role in the film industry and in pop culture.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Founded in 1718 by French colonists, New Orleans was once the territorial capital of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a> before becoming part of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> of 1803. New Orleans in 1840 was the third most populous city in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and it was the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum era</a> until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The city has historically been very vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>, due to its high rainfall, low lying elevation, poor natural drainage, and proximity to multiple bodies of water. State and federal authorities have installed <a href="/wiki/Drainage_in_New_Orleans" title="Drainage in New Orleans">a complex system of levees and drainage pumps</a> in an effort to protect the city.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> New Orleans was <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">severely affected</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in late August 2005, which flooded more than 80% of the city, killed more than 1,800 people, and displaced thousands of residents, causing a <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans diaspora">population decline</a> of over 50%.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Since Katrina, major <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">redevelopment</a> efforts have led to a rebound in the city's population. Concerns have been expressed about <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>, new residents buying property in formerly close-knit communities, and displacement of longtime residents.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Additionally, high rates of violent crime continue to plague the city with New Orleans experiencing 280 murders in 2022, resulting in the highest per capita homicide rate in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The city and Orleans Parish (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: paroisse d'Orléans) are <a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">coterminous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coextensive-28">[27]</a> As of 2017, Orleans Parish is the third most populous parish in Louisiana, behind <a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">East Baton Rouge Parish</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Parish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-US_Department_of_Commerce-29">[28]</a> The city and parish are bounded by <a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany Parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Borgne" title="Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines Parish</a> to the south, and Jefferson Parish to the south and west. The city anchors the larger <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans metropolitan area</a>, which had a population of 1,271,845 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Greater New Orleans is the most populous <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan statistical area</a> (MSA) in Louisiana and, since the 2020 census, has been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">46th most populous</a> MSA in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nicknames">Etymology and nicknames</h2></div> Before the arrival of European colonists, the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> people called the area of present-day New Orleans Bulbancha, which translates as "land of many tongues".<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> It appears to have been a contraction of balbáha a̱shah, which means "there are foreign speakers". In his book Histoire de la Louisiane, <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Simon_Le_Page_du_Pratz" title="Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz">Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz</a> wrote that the indigenous name referred to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and that the use of the same name for the settlement relates to Native American concepts of the close interaction between rivers and their surrounding land.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The name of New Orleans derives from the original French name, La Nouvelle-Orléans, which was given to the city in honor of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a>, who served as <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>'s regent from 1715 to 1723.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a> The French city of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> itself is named after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a>, originally being known as Aurelianum. Thus, by extension, since New Orleans is also named after Aurelian, its name in Latin would translate to Nova Aurelia. Following the defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, France formally transferred the possession of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a>, with which France had secretly signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> a year earlier, in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> of 1763. The Spanish renamed the city Nueva Orleans (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˌnweβa oɾleˈans]</a>), which was used until 1800.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The United States, which had <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">acquired possession</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a> in 1803, adopted the French name and anglicized it to New Orleans. New Orleans has several nicknames, including these: <ul><li>Crescent City, alluding to the course of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mississippi_River" title="Lower Mississippi River">Lower Mississippi River</a> around and through the city.<a href="#cite_note-NOCVBnicknames-37">[36]</a></li> <li>The Big Easy, possibly a reference by musicians in the early 20th century to the relative ease of finding work there.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[38]</a></li> <li>The City that Care Forgot, used since at least 1938,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> referring to the outwardly easygoing, carefree nature of the residents.<a href="#cite_note-:1-39">[38]</a></li> <li>NOLA, the acronym for New Orleans, Louisiana.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">History of New Orleans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Orleans" title="Timeline of New Orleans">Timeline of New Orleans</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French–Spanish_colonial_era">French–Spanish colonial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana (New Spain)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">Gulf Coast campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1801)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)">Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)</a></div> La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) was founded in the spring of 1718 (May 7 has become the traditional date to mark the anniversary, but the actual day is unknown)<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">French Mississippi Company</a>, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</a>, on land inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Chitimacha" title="Chitimacha">Chitimacha</a>. It was named for <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[34]</a> His title came from the French city of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natchez_Massacre_location.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Natchez_Massacre_location.png/143px-Natchez_Massacre_location.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Natchez_Massacre_location.png/215px-Natchez_Massacre_location.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Natchez_Massacre_location.png/286px-Natchez_Massacre_location.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Natchez_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Natchez Revolt">Revolt of the Natchez</a>, a Native American people, began in 1729 in what is now <a href="/wiki/Natchez_National_Historical_Park" title="Natchez National Historical Park">Natchez National Historical Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>.</figcaption></figure> As a French colony, <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">Louisiana</a> faced struggles with numerous <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American tribes</a>, who were navigating the competing interests of France, Spain, and England, as well as traditional rivals. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a>, whose traditional lands were along the Mississippi near the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez, Mississippi</a>, had a series of wars culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez Revolt</a> that began in 1729 with the Natchez overrunning <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rosalie" title="Fort Rosalie">Fort Rosalie</a>. Approximately 230 French colonists were killed and the Natchez settlement destroyed, causing fear and concern in New Orleans and the rest of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In retaliation, then-governor <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Perier_(governor)" title="Étienne Perier (governor)">Étienne Perier</a> launched a campaign to <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">completely destroy</a> the Natchez nation and its Native allies.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> By 1731, the Natchez people had been killed, enslaved, or dispersed among other tribes, but the campaign soured relations between France and the territory's Native Americans leading directly into the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars</a> of the 1730s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayarré1854450-44">[43]</a> Relations with Louisiana's Native American population remained a concern into the 1740s for governor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Rigaud,_marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnial" title="Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial">Marquis de Vaudreuil</a>. In the early 1740s traders from the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> crossed into the Appalachian Mountains. The Native American tribes would now operate dependent on which of various European colonists would most benefit them. Several of these tribes and especially the <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> would trade goods and gifts for their loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The economic issue in the colony, which continued under Vaudreuil, resulted in many raids by Native American tribes, taking advantage of the French weakness. In 1747 and 1748, the Chickasaw would raid along the east bank of the Mississippi all the way south to <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a>. These raids would often force residents of French Louisiana to take refuge in New Orleans proper.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Inability to find labor was the most pressing issue in the young colony. The colonists turned to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">sub-Saharan African slaves</a> to make their investments in Louisiana profitable. In the late 1710s the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> imported enslaved Africans into the colony. This led to the biggest shipment in 1716 where several trading ships appeared with slaves as cargo to the local residents in a one-year span. By 1724, the large number of blacks in Louisiana prompted the institutionalizing of laws governing slavery within the colony.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> These laws required that slaves be baptized in the Roman Catholic faith, slaves be married in the church; the slave law formed in the 1720s is known as the <a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a>, which would bleed into the antebellum period of the American South as well. Louisiana slave culture had its own distinct Afro-Creole society that called on past cultures and the situation for slaves in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Afro-Creole was present in religious beliefs and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a> language. The religion most associated with this period was called <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In the city of New Orleans an inspiring mixture of foreign influences created a melting pot of culture that is still celebrated today. By the end of French colonization in Louisiana, New Orleans was recognized commercially in the Atlantic world. Its inhabitants traded across the French commercial system. New Orleans was a hub for this trade both physically and culturally because it served as the exit point to the rest of the globe for the interior of the North American continent. In one instance the French government established a chapter house of sisters in New Orleans. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ursulines_in_New_Orleans" title="History of the Ursulines in New Orleans">Ursuline sisters</a> after being sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Company of the Indies">Company of the Indies</a>, founded a convent in the city in 1727.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> At the end of the colonial era, the Ursuline Academy maintained a house of 70 boarding and 100 day students. Today numerous schools in New Orleans can trace their lineage from this academy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg/220px-Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg/330px-Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg/440px-Archives_nationales_d%E2%80%99outre-mer_-_Louisiane_-_Adrien_de_Pauger_-_1724_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5352" data-file-height="4131" /></a><figcaption>1724 plan for Saint Louis Parish Church, New Orleans, Louisiana, by <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Pauger" title="Adrien de Pauger">Adrien de Pauger</a></figcaption></figure> Another notable example is the street plan and architecture still distinguishing New Orleans today. French Louisiana had early architects in the province who were trained as military engineers and were now assigned to design government buildings. Pierre Le Blond de Tour and <a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Pauger" title="Adrien de Pauger">Adrien de Pauger</a>, for example, planned many early fortifications, along with the street plan for the city of New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> After them in the 1740s, Ignace François Broutin, as engineer-in-chief of Louisiana, reworked the architecture of New Orleans with an extensive public works program. French policy-makers in Paris attempted to set political and economic norms for New Orleans. The city acted autonomously in much of its cultural and physical aspects, but stayed in communication with the foreign trends as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French colony</a> of Louisiana was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a>, following <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="France in the Seven Years' War">France's defeat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. After the French relinquished West Louisiana to the Spanish, New Orleans merchants attempted to ignore Spanish rule and even re-institute French control on the colony. The citizens of New Orleans held a series of public meetings during 1765 to keep the populace in opposition of the establishment of Spanish rule. Anti-Spanish passions in New Orleans reached their highest level after two years of Spanish administration in Louisiana. On October 27, 1768, a mob of local residents, spiked the guns guarding New Orleans and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Rebellion_of_1768" title="Louisiana Rebellion of 1768">took control of the city from the Spanish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECumminsKheher_SchaferHaasKurtz201470-51">[50]</a> The rebellion organized a group to sail for Paris, where it met with officials of the French government. This group brought with them a long memorial to summarize the abuses the colony had endured from the Spanish. King Louis XV and his ministers reaffirmed Spain's sovereignty over Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-Presas-52">[51]</a> Nearly all of the surviving 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of the Vieux Carré (<a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a>) dates from the Spanish period, notably excepting the <a href="/wiki/Old_Ursuline_Convent,_New_Orleans" title="Old Ursuline Convent, New Orleans">Old Ursuline Convent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, New Orleans was an important <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> for <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> aid to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American revolutionaries</a>, and transporting military equipment and supplies up the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Beginning in the 1760s, <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">Filipinos</a> began to settle in and around New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez_y_Madrid,_Count_of_G%C3%A1lvez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez</a> successfully directed a southern campaign against the British from the city in 1779.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_territorial_era">United States territorial era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Creoles">Dominican Creoles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg/220px-Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg/330px-Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg/440px-Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>Flag raising in the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Place d'Armes</a> (now Jackson Square), New Orleans, after the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States, December 20, 1803</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> in 1800 restored <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a> control of New Orleans and Louisiana, but <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> sold both to the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> in 1803.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Africans</a>. Later immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>. Major <a href="/wiki/Commodity_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodity crops">commodity crops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> were cultivated with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slave</a> labor on nearby large <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations</a>. Between 1791 and 1810, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dominicans">St. Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, both <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> (affranchis or gens de couleur libres), arrived in New Orleans; a number brought their slaves with them, many of whom were native Africans or of full-blood descent.<a href="#cite_note-Lachance1988-57">[56]</a> While Governor <a href="/wiki/William_C.C._Claiborne" class="mw-redirect" title="William C.C. Claiborne">Claiborne</a> and other officials wanted to keep out additional <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free black</a> people, the French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. In addition to bolstering the territory's French-speaking population, these refugees had a significant impact on the culture of Louisiana, including developing its sugar industry and cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> As more refugees were allowed into the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dominicans">St. Dominican</a> refugees who had first gone to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> also arrived.<a href="#cite_note-AAM-59">[58]</a> Many of the white <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Francophones</a> had been deported by officials in Cuba in 1809 as retaliation for <a href="/wiki/Bonapartist" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonapartist">Bonapartist</a> schemes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin200954-60">[59]</a> Nearly 90 percent of these immigrants settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites, 3,102 free people of color (of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> European and African descent), and 3,226 slaves of primarily African descent, doubling the city's population. The city became 63 percent black, a greater proportion than <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>'s 53 percent at that time.<a href="#cite_note-AAM-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slave_rebellion">Slave rebellion</h4></div> On January 8-11, 1811, about 500 enslaved Africans in St. Charles and St. John the Baptist parishes rose up in rebellion against their enslavers, killing two white men in the process. They proceeded to march south toward New Orleans and were eventually controlled by the local militia, with numerous casualties on both sides. The uprising has been called the "largest slave rebellion in US history."<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_New_Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans_(1815)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of New Orleans (1815)">Battle of New Orleans (1815)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plan of the city and suburbs of New Orleans : from an actual survey made in 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Plan_of_the_city_and_suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the city and suburbs of New Orleans: from a survey made in 1815<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> During the final campaign of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the British sent a force of 11,000 in an attempt to capture New Orleans. Despite great challenges, General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, with support from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, successfully cobbled together a force of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Militia">militia</a> from Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> regulars, a large contingent of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> state militia, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <a href="/wiki/American_pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="American pioneers">frontiersmen</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> (the latter led by the <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a>), to decisively defeat the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham" title="Edward Pakenham">Sir Edward Pakenham</a>, in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815.<a href="#cite_note-Groom2007-63">[62]</a> The armies had not learned of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, which had been signed on December 24, 1814 (however, the treaty did not call for cessation of hostilities until after both governments had ratified it. The U.S. government ratified it on February 16, 1815). The fighting in Louisiana began in December 1814 and did not end until late January, after the Americans held off the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> during a ten-day <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">siege of Fort St. Philip</a> (the Royal Navy went on to capture <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, before the commanders received news of the peace treaty).<a href="#cite_note-Groom2007-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg/220px-Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg/330px-Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg/440px-Hippolyte_Sebron_-_Bateaux_A_Vapeur_G%C3%A9ants_1853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Mississippi River <a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Mississippi" title="Steamboats of the Mississippi">steamboats</a> at New Orleans, 1853</figcaption></figure> As a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a>, New Orleans played a major role during the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum</a> period in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. The port handled commodities for export from the interior and imported goods from other countries, which were warehoused and transferred in New Orleans to smaller vessels and distributed along the Mississippi River watershed. The river was filled with steamboats, flatboats and sailing ships. Despite its role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, New Orleans at the time also had the largest and most prosperous community of free persons of color in the nation, who were often educated, middle-class property owners.<a href="#cite_note-pbsjazz-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Dwarfing the other cities in the Antebellum South, New Orleans had the U.S.' largest slave market. The market expanded after the United States ended the international trade in 1808. Two-thirds of the more than one million slaves brought to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> arrived via <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migration</a> in the domestic slave trade. The money generated by the sale of slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper South">Upper South</a> has been estimated at 15 percent of the value of the staple crop economy. The slaves were collectively valued at half a billion dollars. The trade spawned an ancillary economy—transportation, housing and clothing, fees, etc., estimated at 13.5 percent of the price per person, amounting to tens of billions of dollars (2005 dollars, adjusted for inflation) during the antebellum period, with New Orleans as a prime beneficiary.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> According to historian Paul Lachance, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">the addition of white immigrants [from Saint-Domingue] to the white creole population enabled French-speakers to remain a majority of the white population until almost 1830. If a substantial proportion of free persons of color and slaves had not also spoken French, however, the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> community would have become a minority of the total population as early as 1820.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009159-67">[66]</a></blockquote> After the Louisiana Purchase, numerous <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">Anglo-Americans</a> migrated to the city. The population doubled in the 1830s and by 1840, New Orleans had become the nation's wealthiest and the third-most populous city, after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> German and Irish immigrants began arriving in the 1840s, working as port laborers. In this period, the state legislature passed more restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumissions</a> of slaves and virtually ended it in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-manumission-69">[68]</a> In the 1850s, white Francophones remained an intact and vibrant community in New Orleans. They maintained instruction in French in two of the city's four school districts (all served white students).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009166-70">[69]</a> In 1860, the city had 13,000 free people of color (gens de couleur libres), the class of free, mostly <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">mixed-race</a> people that expanded in number during French and Spanish rule. They set up some private schools for their children. The census recorded 81 percent of the free people of color as <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>, a term used to cover all degrees of mixed race.<a href="#cite_note-manumission-69">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Mostly part of the Francophone group, they constituted the artisan, educated and professional class of African Americans. The mass of blacks were still enslaved, working at the port, in domestic service, in crafts, and mostly on the many large, surrounding <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> plantations. Throughout New Orleans' history, until the early 20th century when medical and scientific advances ameliorated the situation, the city suffered repeated <a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">epidemics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> and other tropical and <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious diseases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In the first half of the 19th century, yellow fever epidemics killed over 150,000 people in New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> After growing by 45 percent in the 1850s, by 1860, the city had nearly 170,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-nystrom-73">[72]</a> It had grown in wealth, with a "per capita income [that] was second in the nation and the highest in the South."<a href="#cite_note-nystrom-73">[72]</a> The city had a role as the "primary commercial gateway for the nation's booming midsection."<a href="#cite_note-nystrom-73">[72]</a> The port was the nation's third largest in terms of tonnage of imported goods, after Boston and New York, handling 659,000 tons in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-nystrom-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War–Reconstruction_era">Civil War–Reconstruction era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans in the American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StarvingNewOrleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/StarvingNewOrleans.jpg/250px-StarvingNewOrleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/StarvingNewOrleans.jpg/375px-StarvingNewOrleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/StarvingNewOrleans.jpg/500px-StarvingNewOrleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3515" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>The starving people of New Orleans under Union occupation during the Civil War, 1862</figcaption></figure> As the Creole elite feared, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> changed their world. In April 1862, following the city's occupation by the Union Navy after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Gen. Benjamin F. Butler</a> – a respected Massachusetts lawyer serving in that state's militia – was appointed military governor. New Orleans residents supportive of the Confederacy nicknamed him "Beast" Butler, because of an order he issued. After his troops had been assaulted and harassed in the streets by women still loyal to the Confederate cause, his order warned that such future occurrences would result in his men treating such women as those "plying their avocation in the streets", implying that they would treat the women like prostitutes. Accounts of this spread widely. He also came to be called "Spoons" Butler because of the alleged looting that his troops did while occupying the city, during which time he himself supposedly pilfered silver flatware.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Significantly, Butler abolished French-language instruction in city schools. Statewide measures in 1864 and, after the war, 1868 further strengthened the English-only policy imposed by federal representatives. With the predominance of English speakers, that language had already become dominant in business and government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009166-70">[69]</a> By the end of the 19th century, French usage had faded. It was also under pressure from Irish, Italian and German immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009180-75">[74]</a> However, as late as 1902 "one-fourth of the population of the city spoke French in ordinary daily intercourse, while another two-fourths was able to understand the language perfectly,"<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> and as late as 1945, many elderly Creole women spoke no English.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The last major French language newspaper, <a href="/wiki/L%27Abeille_de_la_Nouvelle-Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orléans">L'Abeille de la Nouvelle-Orléans</a> (New Orleans Bee), ceased publication on December 27, 1923, after 96 years.<a href="#cite_note-Brasseaux2005-78">[77]</a> According to some sources, Le Courrier de la Nouvelle Orleans continued until 1955.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> As the city was captured and occupied early in the war, it was spared the destruction through warfare suffered by many other cities of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> eventually extended its control north along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and along the coastal areas. As a result, most of the southern portion of Louisiana was originally exempted from the liberating provisions of the 1863 <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> issued by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Large numbers of rural ex-slaves and some free people of color from the city volunteered for the first regiments of Black troops in the War. Led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ullman" title="Daniel Ullman">Daniel Ullman</a> (1810–1892), of the 78th Regiment of New York State Volunteers Militia, they were known as the "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">Corps d'Afrique</a>". While that name had been used by a militia before the war, that group was composed of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>. The new group was made up mostly of former slaves. They were supplemented in the last two years of the War by newly organized <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>, who played an increasingly important part in the war.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Violence throughout the South, especially the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_Riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis Riots of 1866">Memphis Riots of 1866</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Riot">New Orleans Riot</a> in the same year, led Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Act">Reconstruction Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, extending the protections of full citizenship to freedmen and free people of color. Louisiana and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> were put under the authority of the "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Military_District" title="Fifth Military District">Fifth Military District</a>" of the United States during Reconstruction. Louisiana was readmitted to the Union in 1868. Its Constitution of 1868 granted <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal male suffrage</a> and established universal <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public education</a>. Both blacks and whites were elected to local and state offices. In 1872, lieutenant governor <a href="/wiki/P.B.S._Pinchback" class="mw-redirect" title="P.B.S. Pinchback">P.B.S. Pinchback</a>, who was of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed race</a>, succeeded <a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Warmouth" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry C. Warmouth">Henry Clay Warmouth</a> for a brief period as Republican governor of Louisiana, becoming the first governor of African descent of a U.S. state (the next African American to serve as governor of a U.S. state was <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a>, elected in Virginia in 1989). New Orleans operated a racially integrated <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Public_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Public Schools">public school system</a> during this period. Wartime damage to <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a> and cities along the Mississippi River adversely affected southern crops and trade. The federal government contributed to restoring infrastructure. The nationwide financial recession and <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> adversely affected businesses and slowed economic recovery. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg/177px-White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg/266px-White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg/354px-White_and_black_dockworkers_rest_on_cotton_bales_in_New_Orleans_in_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2113" /></a><figcaption>Black and white <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_dock_workers_and_unionization" title="New Orleans dock workers and unionization">dockworkers</a> resting on cotton bales.</figcaption></figure> From 1868, elections in Louisiana were marked by violence, as white insurgents tried to suppress black voting and disrupt <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> gatherings. The disputed 1872 gubernatorial election resulted in conflicts that ran for years. The "<a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a>", an insurgent paramilitary group that supported the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, was organized in 1874 and operated in the open, violently suppressing the black vote and running off Republican officeholders. In 1874, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a>, 5,000 members of the White League fought with city police to take over the state offices for the Democratic candidate for governor, holding them for three days. By 1876, such tactics resulted in the white <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a>, regaining political control of the state legislature. The federal government gave up and withdrew its troops in 1877, ending <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>. In 1892 the racially integrated unions of New Orleans led a <a href="/wiki/1892_New_Orleans_general_strike" title="1892 New Orleans general strike">general strike in the city</a> from November 8 to 12, shutting down the city & winning the vast majority of their demands.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jim_Crow_era">Jim Crow era</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a> passed <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> laws, establishing <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in public facilities. In 1889, the legislature passed a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> incorporating a "<a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a>" that effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> freedmen as well as the propertied people of color <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumitted</a> before the war. Unable to vote, African Americans could not serve on juries or in local office, and were closed out of formal politics for generations. The Southern U.S. was ruled by a white Democratic Party. Public schools were <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racially segregated</a> and remained so until 1960. New Orleans' large community of well-educated, often French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Free_persons_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Free persons of color">free persons of color</a> (gens de couleur libres), who had been free prior to the Civil War, fought against Jim Crow. They organized the Comité des Citoyens (Citizens Committee) to work for civil rights. As part of their legal campaign, they recruited one of their own, <a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a>, to test whether Louisiana's newly enacted Separate Car Act was constitutional. Plessy boarded a commuter train departing New Orleans for <a href="/wiki/Covington,_Louisiana" title="Covington, Louisiana">Covington, Louisiana</a>, sat in the car reserved for whites only, and was arrested. The case resulting from this incident, <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a>, was heard by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 1896. The court ruled that "<a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>" accommodations were constitutional, effectively upholding Jim Crow measures. In practice, African American public schools and facilities were underfunded across the South. The Supreme Court ruling contributed to this period as the <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">nadir of race relations</a> in the United States. The rate of <a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">lynchings</a> of black men was high across the South, as other states also disfranchised blacks and sought to impose Jim Crow. Nativist prejudices also surfaced. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism#Anti-Italianism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Italianism">Anti-Italian</a> sentiment in 1891 contributed to the <a href="/wiki/March_14,_1891_lynchings" class="mw-redirect" title="March 14, 1891 lynchings">lynchings of 11 Italians</a>, some of whom had been acquitted of the murder of the police chief. Some were shot and killed in the jail where they were detained. It was the largest mass lynching in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gambino2000-84">[83]</a> In July 1900 the city was swept by white mobs rioting after Robert Charles, a young African American, killed a policeman and temporarily escaped. The mob killed him and an estimated 20 other blacks; seven whites died in the days-long conflict, until a <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">state militia</a> suppressed it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg/220px-EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg/330px-EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg/440px-EsplanadeBurgundy1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9648" data-file-height="7622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Avenue,_New_Orleans" title="Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans">Esplanade Avenue</a> at Burgundy Street, looking lakewards (north) towards <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> in 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg/220px-RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg/330px-RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg/440px-RationingBoardNOLAVachonC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="4108" /></a><figcaption>1943 waiting line at wartime Rationing Board office in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png/220px-Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png/330px-Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png/440px-Nixon_in_New_Orleans_August_1970_-_Royal_at_Iberville_Streets_heading_to_Canal_Street.png 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in New Orleans, August 1970. Royal at Iberville Streets, heading to Canal Street.</figcaption></figure> New Orleans' economic and population zenith in relation to other American cities occurred in the antebellum period. It was the nation's fifth-largest city in 1860 (after New York, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and Baltimore) and was significantly larger than all other southern cities.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2003–175-85">[84]</a> From the mid-19th century onward rapid economic growth shifted to other areas, while New Orleans' relative importance steadily declined. The growth of railways and highways decreased river traffic, diverting goods to other transportation corridors and markets.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2003–175-85">[84]</a> Thousands of the most ambitious <a href="/wiki/Person_of_color" title="Person of color">people of color</a> left the state in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> around <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and after, many for <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> destinations. From the late 1800s, most censuses recorded New Orleans slipping down the ranks in the list of largest American cities (New Orleans' population still continued to increase throughout the period, but at a slower rate than before the Civil War). In 1929 the <a href="/wiki/1929_New_Orleans_streetcar_strike" title="1929 New Orleans streetcar strike">New Orleans streetcar strike</a> during which serious unrest occurred.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> It is also credited for the creation of the distinctly Louisianan <a href="/wiki/Po%27_boy" title="Po' boy">Po' boy</a> sandwich.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> By the mid-20th century, New Orleanians recognized that their city was no longer the leading urban area in the South. By 1950, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> exceeded New Orleans in size, and in 1960 <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> eclipsed New Orleans, even as the latter's population reached its historic peak.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2003–175-85">[84]</a> As with other older American cities, highway construction and suburban development drew residents from the center city to newer housing outside. The 1970 census recorded the first absolute decline in population since the city became part of the United States in 1803. The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans metropolitan area</a> continued expanding in population, albeit more slowly than other major <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> cities. While the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Orleans" title="Port of New Orleans">port</a> remained one of the nation's largest, automation and <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">containerization</a> cost many jobs. The city's former role as banker to the South was supplanted by larger peer cities. New Orleans' economy had always been based more on trade and financial services than on manufacturing, but the city's relatively small manufacturing sector also shrank after World War II. Despite some economic development successes under the administrations of <a href="/wiki/DeLesseps_Story_Morrison" title="DeLesseps Story Morrison">DeLesseps "Chep" Morrison</a> (1946–1961) and <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Schiro" title="Victor H. Schiro">Victor "Vic" Schiro</a> (1961–1970), metropolitan New Orleans' growth rate consistently lagged behind more vigorous cities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_Rights_movement">Civil Rights movement</h4></div> During the later years of Morrison's administration, and for the entirety of Schiro's, the city was a center of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights movement">Civil Rights movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> was founded in New Orleans, and lunch counter sit-ins were held in <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street</a> department stores. A prominent and violent series of confrontations occurred in 1960 when the city attempted school desegregation, following the Supreme Court ruling in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954). When six-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a> integrated <a href="/wiki/William_Frantz_Elementary_School" title="William Frantz Elementary School">William Frantz Elementary School</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Ward_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Ward of New Orleans">Ninth Ward</a>, she was the first child of color to attend a previously all-white school in the South. Much controversy preceded the <a href="/wiki/1956_Sugar_Bowl" title="1956 Sugar Bowl">1956 Sugar Bowl</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_Stadium" title="Tulane Stadium">Tulane Stadium</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/1955_Pittsburgh_Panthers_football_team" title="1955 Pittsburgh Panthers football team">Pitt Panthers</a>, with African-American fullback <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Grier_(Pittsburgh_Panthers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby Grier (Pittsburgh Panthers)">Bobby Grier</a> on the roster, met the <a href="/wiki/1955_Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football_team" title="1955 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football team">Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fcflu-89">[88]</a> There had been controversy over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race, and whether Georgia Tech should even play at all due to Georgia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Griffin" title="Marvin Griffin">Marvin Griffin</a>'s opposition to racial integration.<a href="#cite_note-Mulé-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> After Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the state's Board Of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to engage in racially integrated events, Georgia Tech's president <a href="/wiki/Blake_R._Van_Leer" title="Blake R. Van Leer">Blake R. Van Leer</a> rejected the request and threatened to resign. The game went on as planned.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The Civil Rights movement's success in gaining federal passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> renewed constitutional rights, including voting for blacks. Together, these resulted in the most far-reaching changes in New Orleans' 20th century history.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Though legal and civil equality were re-established by the end of the 1960s, a large gap in income levels and educational attainment persisted between the city's White and African American communities.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-95">[94]</a> As the middle class and wealthier members of both races left the center city, its population's income level dropped, and it became proportionately more African American. From 1980, the African American majority elected primarily officials from its own community. They struggled to narrow the gap by creating conditions conducive to the economic uplift of the African American community. New Orleans became increasingly dependent on tourism as an economic mainstay during the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Barthelemy" title="Sidney Barthelemy">Sidney Barthelemy</a> (1986–1994) and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Morial" title="Marc Morial">Marc Morial</a> (1994–2002). Relatively low levels of educational attainment, high rates of household poverty, and rising crime threatened the city's prosperity in the later decades of the century.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-95">[94]</a> The negative effects of these socioeconomic conditions aligned poorly with the changes in the late-20th century to the economy of the United States, which reflected a post-industrial, knowledge-based paradigm in which mental skills and education were more important to advancement than manual skills. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drainage_and_flood_control">Drainage and flood control</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drainage_in_New_Orleans" title="Drainage in New Orleans">Drainage in New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg/250px-LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg/375px-LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg/500px-LPD18USSNewOrleansPassingNewOrleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>A view of the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Central_Business_District" title="New Orleans Central Business District">New Orleans Central Business District</a>, as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Orleans_(LPD-18)" title="USS New Orleans (LPD-18)">USS New Orleans (LPD-18)</a> in foreground (2007)</figcaption></figure> In the 20th century, New Orleans' government and business leaders believed they needed to drain and develop outlying areas to provide for the city's expansion. The most ambitious development during this period was a drainage plan devised by engineer and inventor <a href="/wiki/A._Baldwin_Wood" title="A. Baldwin Wood">A. Baldwin Wood</a>, designed to break the surrounding swamp's stranglehold on the city's geographic expansion. Until then, urban development in New Orleans was largely limited to higher ground along the natural river levees and <a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">bayous</a>. Wood's pump system allowed the city to drain huge tracts of swamp and marshland and expand into low-lying areas. Over the 20th century, rapid <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, both natural and human-induced, resulted in these newly populated areas subsiding to several feet below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> New Orleans was vulnerable to flooding even before the city's footprint departed from the natural high ground near the Mississippi River. In the late 20th century, however, scientists and New Orleans residents gradually became aware of the city's increased vulnerability. In 1965, flooding from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Hurricane Betsy</a> killed dozens of residents, although the majority of the city remained dry. The rain-induced <a href="/wiki/May_8th_1995_Louisiana_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood">flood of May 8, 1995</a>, demonstrated the weakness of the pumping system. After that event, measures were undertaken to dramatically upgrade pumping capacity. By the 1980s and 1990s, scientists observed that extensive, rapid, and ongoing <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion_in_Louisiana" title="Coastal erosion in Louisiana">erosion of the marshlands and swamp surrounding New Orleans</a>, especially that related to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River%E2%80%93Gulf_Outlet_Canal" title="Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal">Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal</a>, had the unintended result of leaving the city more vulnerable than before to hurricane-induced catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surges</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg/220px-Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg/330px-Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg/440px-Katrina_2005-08-29_1445Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> at its landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drainage_in_New_Orleans" title="Drainage in New Orleans">Drainage in New Orleans</a></div> New Orleans was catastrophically affected by what Raymond B. Seed called "the worst engineering disaster in the world since <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a>", when <a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">the federal levee system failed</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> on August 29, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-98">[97]</a> By the time the hurricane approached the city on August 29, 2005, most residents had evacuated. As the hurricane passed through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast region</a> that day, the city's <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1965" title="Flood Control Act of 1965">federal flood protection</a> system failed, resulting in the worst <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> disaster in American history at the time.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Floodwalls and <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> constructed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> failed below design specifications and 80% of the city flooded. Tens of thousands of residents who had remained were rescued or otherwise made their way to shelters of last resort at the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Superdome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz Superdome">Louisiana Superdome</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Morial_Convention_Center" title="New Orleans Morial Convention Center">New Orleans Morial Convention Center</a>. More than 1,500 people were recorded as having died in Louisiana, most in New Orleans, while others remain unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-184_Katrina1-101">[100]</a> Before Hurricane Katrina, the city called for the first mandatory evacuation in its history, to be followed by another mandatory evacuation three years later with <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav" title="Hurricane Gustav">Hurricane Gustav</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Rita">Hurricane Rita</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a></div> The city was declared off-limits to residents while efforts to clean up after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> began. The approach of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a> in September 2005 caused repopulation efforts to be postponed,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Ninth_Ward" title="Lower Ninth Ward">Lower Ninth Ward</a> was reflooded by Rita's storm surge.<a href="#cite_note-184_Katrina1-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-disaster_recovery">Post-disaster recovery</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_New_Orleans" title="Reconstruction of New Orleans">Reconstruction of New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg/220px-Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg/330px-Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg/440px-Navy-FloodedNewOrleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view from a United States Navy helicopter showing floodwaters around the Louisiana Superdome (stadium) and surrounding area (2005)</figcaption></figure> Because of the scale of damage, many people resettled permanently outside the area. Federal, state, and local efforts supported recovery and rebuilding in severely damaged neighborhoods. The U.S. Census Bureau in July 2006 estimated the population to be 223,000; a subsequent study estimated that 32,000 additional residents had moved to the city as of March 2007, bringing the estimated population to 255,000, approximately 56% of the pre-Katrina population level. Another estimate, based on utility usage from July 2007, estimated the population to be approximately 274,000 or 60% of the pre-Katrina population. These estimates are somewhat smaller to a third estimate, based on mail delivery records, from the Greater New Orleans Community Data Center in June 2007, which indicated that the city had regained approximately two-thirds of its pre-Katrina population.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 2008, the U.S. Census Bureau revised its population estimate for the city upward, to 336,644.<a href="#cite_note-New_Orleans_2010-105">[104]</a> Most recently, by July 2015, the population was back up to 386,617—80% of what it was in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Several major tourist events and other forms of revenue for the city have returned. Large conventions returned.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> College bowl games returned for the <a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NCAA_football_bowl_games" title="2006–07 NCAA football bowl games">2006–2007 season</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a> returned that season. The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Hornets">New Orleans Hornets</a> (now named the Pelicans) returned to the city for the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_New_Orleans_Hornets_season" title="2007–08 New Orleans Hornets season">2007–2008 season</a>. New Orleans hosted the <a href="/wiki/2008_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2008 NBA All-Star Game">2008 NBA All-Star Game</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII" title="Super Bowl XLVII">Super Bowl XLVII</a>. Major annual events such as <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Voodoo Experience">Voodoo Experience</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">Jazz & Heritage Festival</a> were never displaced or canceled. A new annual festival, "The Running of the Bulls New Orleans", was created in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Ida">Hurricane Ida</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Hurricane Ida</a></div> On August 29, 2021, coincidentally the 16th anniversary of the landfall of Hurricane Katrina, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Hurricane Ida</a>, a category 4 hurricane, made landfall near <a href="/wiki/Port_Fourchon,_Louisiana" title="Port Fourchon, Louisiana">Port Fourchon</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida_tornado_outbreak" title="Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak">Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak</a> caused damage.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png/250px-Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png/375px-Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png/500px-Satellite_image_of_New_Orleans_in_April_2024.png 2x" data-file-width="7150" data-file-height="8050" /></a><figcaption>A true-color image captured by <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">Sentinel-2A</a> in April 2024, New Orleans positioned at the bottom right of the image. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a> prominently occupies the central area of the image, while the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> can also be observed coursing through the city</figcaption></figure> New Orleans is located in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a>, on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, approximately 105 miles (169 km) upriver from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>, the city's area is 350 square miles (910 km2), of which 169 square miles (440 km2) is land and 181 square miles (470 km2) (52%) is water.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation">Elevation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drainage_in_New_Orleans" title="Drainage in New Orleans">Drainage in New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg/250px-New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg/375px-New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg/500px-New_Orleans_Levee_System.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Vertical cross-section, showing maximum levee height of 23 feet (7.0 m)</figcaption></figure> New Orleans was originally settled on the river's natural <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> or high ground. After the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1965" title="Flood Control Act of 1965">Flood Control Act of 1965</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> built floodwalls and man-made <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Over time, pumping of water from marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas. Today, half of the city is at or below local mean sea level, while the other half is slightly above sea level. Evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> A 2007 study by <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University</a> suggested that "51%... of the contiguous urbanized portions of Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard parishes lie at or above sea level," with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground. The average elevation of the city is currently between 1 and 2 feet (0.30 and 0.61 m) below sea level, with some portions of the city as high as 20 feet (6 m) at the base of the river levee in <a href="/wiki/Uptown,_New_Orleans" title="Uptown, New Orleans">Uptown</a> and others as low as 7 feet (2 m) below sea level in the farthest reaches of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">Eastern New Orleans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> A study published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">ASCE</a> <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hydrologic_Engineering" title="Journal of Hydrologic Engineering">Journal of Hydrologic Engineering</a> in 2016, however, stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...most of New Orleans proper—about 65%—is at or below mean sea level, as defined by the average elevation of Lake Pontchartrain<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></blockquote> The magnitude of subsidence potentially caused by the draining of natural marsh in the New Orleans area and southeast Louisiana is a topic of debate. A study published in <a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a> in 2006 by an associate professor at Tulane University claims: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">While erosion and wetland loss are huge problems along Louisiana's coast, the basement 30 feet (9.1 m) to 50 feet (15 m) beneath much of the Mississippi Delta has been highly stable for the past 8,000 years with negligible subsidence rates.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></blockquote> The study noted, however, that the results did not necessarily apply to the Mississippi River Delta, nor the New Orleans metropolitan area proper. On the other hand, a report by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> claims that "New Orleans is subsiding (sinking)":<a href="#cite_note-ASCE-117">[116]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Large portions of Orleans, <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a> parishes are currently below sea level—and continue to sink. New Orleans is built on thousands of feet of soft sand, silt, and clay. Subsidence, or settling of the ground surface, occurs naturally due to the consolidation and oxidation of organic soils (called "marsh" in New Orleans) and local groundwater pumping. In the past, flooding and deposition of sediments from the Mississippi River counterbalanced the natural subsidence, leaving southeast Louisiana at or <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. However, due to major flood control structures being built upstream on the Mississippi River and levees being built around New Orleans, fresh layers of sediment are not replenishing the ground lost by subsidence.<a href="#cite_note-ASCE-117">[116]</a></blockquote> In May 2016, NASA published a study which suggested that most areas were, in fact, experiencing subsidence at a "highly variable rate" which was "generally consistent with, but somewhat higher than, previous studies."<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_New_Orleans" title="Wards of New Orleans">Wards of New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_Orleans" title="Neighborhoods in New Orleans">Neighborhoods in New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Orleans.bourbon.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Street" title="Bourbon Street">Bourbon Street</a>, New Orleans, in 2003, looking towards Canal Street</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Colorful_houses_in_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>New Orleans contains many distinctive neighborhoods.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Central_Business_District" title="New Orleans Central Business District">Central Business District</a> is located immediately north and west of the Mississippi and was historically called the "American Quarter" or "American Sector". It was developed after the heart of French and Spanish settlement. It includes <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lafayette Square, New Orleans">Lafayette Square</a>. Most streets in this area fan out from a central point. Major streets include <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street</a>, Poydras Street, Tulane Avenue and Loyola Avenue. Canal Street divides the traditional "<a href="/wiki/Downtown_New_Orleans" title="Downtown New Orleans">downtown</a>" area from the "<a href="/wiki/Uptown_New_Orleans" title="Uptown New Orleans">uptown</a>" area. Every street crossing Canal Street between the Mississippi River and <a href="/wiki/Rampart_Street" title="Rampart Street">Rampart Street</a>, which is the northern edge of the French Quarter, has a different name for the "uptown" and "downtown" portions. For example, <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue" title="St. Charles Avenue">St. Charles Avenue</a>, known for its street car line, is called <a href="/wiki/Royal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Royal Street, New Orleans">Royal Street</a> below Canal Street, though where it traverses the Central Business District between Canal and Lee Circle, it is properly called St. Charles Street.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Elsewhere in the city, Canal Street serves as the dividing point between the "South" and "North" portions of various streets. In the local <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parlance" class="extiw" title="wikt:parlance">parlance</a> downtown means "downriver from Canal Street", while uptown means "upriver from Canal Street". Downtown neighborhoods include the French Quarter, <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Tremé</a>, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="7th Ward of New Orleans">7th Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Marigny" title="Faubourg Marigny">Faubourg Marigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bywater,_New_Orleans" title="Bywater, New Orleans">Bywater</a> (the Upper Ninth Ward), and the Lower <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Ward_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Ward of New Orleans">Ninth Ward</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uptown_New_Orleans" title="Uptown New Orleans">Uptown</a> neighborhoods include the Warehouse District, the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Lower Garden District, New Orleans">Lower Garden District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Garden District, New Orleans">Garden District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Channel,_New_Orleans" title="Irish Channel, New Orleans">Irish Channel</a>, the University District, <a href="/wiki/Carrollton,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrollton, Louisiana">Carrollton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gert_Town,_New_Orleans" title="Gert Town, New Orleans">Gert Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau,_New_Orleans" title="Fontainebleau, New Orleans">Fontainebleau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor,_New_Orleans" title="Broadmoor, New Orleans">Broadmoor</a>. However, the Warehouse and the Central Business District are frequently called "Downtown" as a specific region, as in the Downtown Development District. Other major districts within the city include <a href="/wiki/Bayou_St._John_(neighborhood)" title="Bayou St. John (neighborhood)">Bayou St. John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid-City_New_Orleans" title="Mid-City New Orleans">Mid-City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentilly,_New_Orleans" title="Gentilly, New Orleans">Gentilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakeview,_New_Orleans" title="Lakeview, New Orleans">Lakeview</a>, Lakefront, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">New Orleans East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans" title="Algiers, New Orleans">Algiers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic_and_residential_architecture">Historic and residential architecture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_New_Orleans" title="Buildings and architecture of New Orleans">Buildings and architecture of New Orleans</a></div> New Orleans is world-famous for its abundance of architectural styles that reflect the city's multicultural heritage. Though New Orleans possesses numerous structures of national architectural significance, it is equally, if not more, revered for its enormous, largely intact (even post-Katrina) historic built environment. Twenty National Register Historic Districts have been established, and fourteen local historic districts aid in preservation. Thirteen of the districts are administered by the New Orleans Historic District Landmarks Commission (HDLC), while one—the French Quarter—is administered by the Vieux Carre Commission (VCC). Additionally, both the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, and the HDLC have landmarked individual buildings, many of which lie outside the boundaries of existing historic districts.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Housing styles include the <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_house" title="Shotgun house">shotgun house</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">bungalow</a> style. Creole cottages and townhouses, notable for their large courtyards and intricate iron balconies, line the streets of the French Quarter. American townhouses, double-gallery houses, and Raised Center-Hall Cottages are notable. <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue" title="St. Charles Avenue">St. Charles Avenue</a> is famed for its large <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">antebellum homes</a>. Its mansions are in various styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">American Colonial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> styles of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate architecture</a>. New Orleans is also noted for its large, European-style Catholic cemeteries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tallest_buildings">Tallest buildings</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_Orleans" title="List of tallest buildings in New Orleans">List of tallest buildings in New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg/550px-New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg/825px-New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg/1100px-New_Orleans_Skyline_from_Uptown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Central_Business_District" title="New Orleans Central Business District">Central Business District</a> of New Orleans</figcaption></figure> For much of its history, New Orleans' skyline displayed only low- and mid-rise structures. The soft soils are susceptible to subsidence, and there was doubt about the feasibility of constructing high rises. Developments in engineering throughout the 20th century eventually made it possible to build sturdy foundations in the foundations that underlie the structures. In the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/2_Canal_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Canal Street">World Trade Center New Orleans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Tower" title="Plaza Tower">Plaza Tower</a> demonstrated skyscrapers' viability. <a href="/wiki/One_Shell_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="One Shell Square">One Shell Square</a> became the city's tallest building in 1972. The oil boom of the 1970s and early 1980s redefined New Orleans' skyline with the development of the Poydras Street corridor. Most are clustered along <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street</a> and Poydras Street in the Central Business District. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Stories </th> <th>Height </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/One_Shell_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="One Shell Square">One Shell Square</a></td> <td>51</td> <td>697 ft (212 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Place_St._Charles" title="Place St. Charles">Place St. Charles</a></td> <td>53</td> <td>645 ft (197 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Tower" title="Plaza Tower">Plaza Tower</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>531 ft (162 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy_Centre" title="Energy Centre">Energy Centre</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>530 ft (160 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_and_Trust_Tower" title="First Bank and Trust Tower">First Bank and Trust Tower</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>481 ft (147 m) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_preparedness_for_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans">Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans</a></div> <div style="width:100%;"></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg/250px-Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg/375px-Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg/500px-Snow_in_New_Orleans_by_evreniz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Snow falls on <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue" title="St. Charles Avenue">St. Charles Avenue</a> in December 2008.</figcaption></figure>The climate of New Orleans is <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfa), with short, generally mild winters and hot, humid summers; in the 1991-2020 climate normals the USDA hardiness zone is 9b, with the coldest temperature in most years being about 27.6 °F (−2.4 °C). The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 54.3 °F (12.4 °C) in January to 84 °F (28.9 °C) in August. Officially, as measured at New Orleans International Airport, temperature records range from 11 to 105 °F (−12 to 41 °C) <a href="/wiki/December_1989_United_States_cold_wave" title="December 1989 United States cold wave">on December 23, 1989</a>, and August 27, 2023, respectively; Audubon Park has recorded temperatures ranging from 6 °F (−14 °C) on <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1899" title="Great Blizzard of 1899">February 13, 1899</a>, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_New_Orleans/Baton_Rouge,_LA_(LIX)-121">[120]</a> Dewpoints in the summer months (June–August) are relatively high, ranging from 71.1 to 73.4 °F (21.7 to 23.0 °C).<a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KMSY-122">[121]</a> The average precipitation is 62.5 inches (1,590 mm) annually; the summer months are the wettest, while October is the driest month.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_New_Orleans/Baton_Rouge,_LA_(LIX)-121">[120]</a> Precipitation in winter usually accompanies the passing of a cold front. There are a median of over 80 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 9 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and less than 8 nights with freezing lows annually, although it is not uncommon for entire winter seasons to pass with no freezing temperatures at all, such as the 2003-04 winter, the 2012-13 winter, the 2015-16 winter and the consecutive winters of 2018-19 and 2019–20. It is rare for the temperature to reach 20 or 100 °F (−7 or 38 °C), with the last occurrence of each being January 17, 2018, and August 27, 2023, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NWS_New_Orleans/Baton_Rouge,_LA_(LIX)-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> New Orleans experiences snowfall only on rare occasions. A small amount of snow fell during the <a href="/wiki/2004_Christmas_Eve_Snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm">2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm</a> and again on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> (December 25) when a combination of rain, sleet, and snow fell on the city, leaving some bridges icy. The <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_1963_snowstorm" title="New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm">New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm</a> affected New Orleans and brought 4.5 inches (11 cm). Snow fell again on December 22, 1989, during the <a href="/wiki/December_1989_United_States_cold_wave" title="December 1989 United States cold wave">December 1989 United States cold wave</a>, when most of the city received 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm). The last significant snowfall in New Orleans was on the morning of December 11, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans_International_Airport" title="Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport">Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport</a> (1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-125">[b]</a> extremes 1946–present)<a href="#cite_note-127">[c]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 (29) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 (32) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105 (41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 (31) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 (29) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105 (41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.7 (26.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.9 (28.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5 (30.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.9 (33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.2 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.6 (35.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.7 (35.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.3 (34.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.8 (32.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 (26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">97.6 (36.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.5 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.5 (25.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.3 (29.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.0 (32.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.4 (33.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.3 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.1 (31.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.6 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.2 (21.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.8 (18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.5 (25.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.3 (12.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.0 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 (17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.1 (25.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.4 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.9 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.0 (28.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.8 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.6 (13.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.5 (21.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.1 (7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7 (9.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.3 (12.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.0 (20.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.7 (23.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5 (24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3 (17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.7 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (9.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62.5 (16.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5 (−1.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.0 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.1 (8.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.3 (14.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.4 (19.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.7 (8.7) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 (3.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (0.3) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.6 (−2.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (−10) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (−9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41 (5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 (10) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 (16) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 (16) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 (6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (−12) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11 (−12) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #3AFF3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.18 (132) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.13 (105) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.36 (111) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.22 (133) </td> <td style="background: #29FF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.64 (143) </td> <td style="background: #00D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.62 (194) </td> <td style="background: #00FD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.79 (172) </td> <td style="background: #00F700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.91 (176) </td> <td style="background: #36FF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.11 (130) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.70 (94) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.87 (98) </td> <td style="background: #49FF49; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.82 (122) </td> <td style="background: #33FF33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">63.35 (1,609) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000CE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C5C505; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.0 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.5 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.9 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">278.9 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">274.3 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.1 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">251.9 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.7 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.8 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,648.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF63; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-128">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-NWS_New_Orleans/Baton_Rouge,_LA_(LIX)-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_txt-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO_1961–90_KMSY-122">[121]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Park,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Park, New Orleans">Audubon Park, New Orleans</a> (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 (29) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 (30) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 (34) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104 (40) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">101 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97 (36) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 (29) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">104 (40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3 (17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 (20.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.5 (23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 (27.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.9 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.9 (34.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.0 (34.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.1 (32.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6 (28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9 (22.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.4 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80.7 (27.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.4 (13.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.4 (15.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2 (18.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.6 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.7 (28.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.2 (29.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5 (29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.8 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7 (17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.7 (14.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.8 (22.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.5 (8.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.5 (10.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.0 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9 (23.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9 (24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7 (18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.6 (12.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62.9 (17.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 (−11) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 (−14) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 (8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 (12) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 (16) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60 (16) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 (9) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (−11) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 (−14) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #43FF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.95 (126) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.14 (105) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.60 (117) </td> <td style="background: #3BFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.99 (127) </td> <td style="background: #32FF32; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.39 (137) </td> <td style="background: #00DE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.37 (187) </td> <td style="background: #00B100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.77 (223) </td> <td style="background: #00FC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.80 (173) </td> <td style="background: #1FFF1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.72 (145) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.58 (91) </td> <td style="background: #6BFF6B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.78 (96) </td> <td style="background: #53FF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.51 (115) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.60 (1,641) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.1 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">114.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: NOAA<a href="#cite_note-NWS_New_Orleans/Baton_Rouge,_LA_(LIX)-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threat_from_tropical_cyclones">Threat from tropical cyclones</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg/250px-Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg/375px-Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg/500px-Hurricanes_Category_3_or_greater_within_100_miles_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Hurricanes of Category 3 or greater passing within 100 miles, from 1852 to 2005 (<a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Hurricanes</a> pose a severe threat to the area, and the city is particularly at risk due to its low elevation, the city being surrounded by water from the north, east, and south, and Louisiana's sinking coast.<a href="#cite_note-Katrina-131">[127]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>, New Orleans is the nation's most vulnerable city to hurricanes.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Indeed, portions of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans</a> have been flooded by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Isle_Hurricane_of_1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Isle Hurricane of 1909">Grand Isle Hurricane of 1909</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-133">[129]</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Hurricane_of_1915" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Hurricane of 1915">New Orleans Hurricane of 1915</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/1947_Fort_Lauderdale_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane">1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Flossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane Flossy">Hurricane Flossy</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> in 1956, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Hurricane Betsy</a> in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Hurricane Georges</a> in 1998, Hurricanes <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Katrina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</a> in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Gustav" title="Hurricane Gustav">Hurricane Gustav</a> in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Isaac_(2012)" title="Hurricane Isaac (2012)">Hurricane Isaac</a> in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Zeta" title="Hurricane Zeta">Hurricane Zeta</a> in 2020 (Zeta was also the most intense hurricane to pass over New Orleans) and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ida" title="Hurricane Ida">Hurricane Ida</a> in 2021. The flooding from Betsy was significant and in a few neighborhoods severe, and that from Katrina was disastrous for the majority of the city.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> On August 29, 2005, storm surge from Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic failure of the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1965" title="Flood Control Act of 1965">federally designed and built</a> levees, flooding 80% of the city.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> A report by the American Society of Civil Engineers says that "had the levees and floodwalls not failed and had the pump stations operated, nearly two-thirds of the deaths would not have occurred".<a href="#cite_note-ASCE-117">[116]</a> New Orleans has always had to consider the risk of hurricanes, but the risks are dramatically greater today due to coastal erosion from human interference.<a href="#cite_note-barry-140">[136]</a> Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been estimated that Louisiana has lost 2,000 square miles (5,000 km2) of coast (including many of its barrier islands), which once protected New Orleans against storm surge. Following Hurricane Katrina, the Army Corps of Engineers has instituted massive levee repair and hurricane protection measures to protect the city. In 2006, Louisiana voters overwhelmingly adopted an amendment to the state's constitution to dedicate all revenues from off-shore drilling to restore Louisiana's eroding coast line.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> U.S. Congress has allocated $7 billion to bolster New Orleans' flood protection.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>, levees and floodwalls surrounding New Orleans—no matter how large or sturdy—cannot provide absolute protection against overtopping or failure in extreme events. Levees and floodwalls should be viewed as a way to reduce risks from hurricanes and storm surges, not as measures that eliminate risk. For structures in hazardous areas and residents who do not relocate, the committee recommended major <a href="/wiki/Flood_mitigation#Protection_of_individual_properties" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood mitigation">floodproofing</a> measures—such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least the 100-year flood level.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1769</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,190</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1778</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,060</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1791</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,497</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+79.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,242</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+213.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">27,176</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+57.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+69.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">102,193</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+121.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">116,375</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">168,675</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">191,418</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">216,090</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">242,039</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">287,104</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">339,075</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">387,219</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">458,762</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">494,537</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">570,445</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">627,525</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">593,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">557,515</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">496,938</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">484,674</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">343,829</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−29.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">383,997</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 (est.)</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">364,136</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population given for the City of New Orleans, not for Orleans Parish, before New Orleans absorbed suburbs and rural areas of Orleans Parish in 1874, since which time the city and parish have been coterminous. Population for Orleans Parish was 41,351 in 1820; 49,826 in 1830; 102,193 in 1840; 119,460 in 1850; 174,491 in 1860; and 191,418 in 1870. Source: U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-144">[140]</a> Historical Population Figures<a href="#cite_note-New_Orleans_2010-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-2014CensusEst-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopEstCities-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-DinHarkins1996-148">[144]</a> 1790–1960<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> 1900–1990<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> 1990–2000<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> 2010–2013<a href="#cite_note-QF-152">[148]</a> 2020 estimate<a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-153">[149]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> From the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 U.S. census</a> to 2014 census estimates the city grew by 12%, adding an average of more than 10,000 new residents each year following the official decennial census.<a href="#cite_note-2014CensusEst-145">[141]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, there were 383,997 people, 151,753 households, and 69,370 families residing in the city. Prior to 1960, the population of New Orleans steadily increased to a historic 627,525. Beginning in 1960, the population decreased due to factors such as the cycles of oil production and tourism,<a href="#cite_note-Hollander_2008-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frey_1987-155">[151]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] and as <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> increased (as with many cities),<a href="#cite_note-Fussell_2007-156">[152]</a> and jobs migrated to surrounding parishes.<a href="#cite_note-Katz_2006-157">[153]</a> This economic and population decline resulted in high levels of poverty in the city; in 1960 it had the fifth-highest poverty rate of all U.S. cities,<a href="#cite_note-Spain_1979-158">[154]</a> and was almost twice the national average in 2005, at 24.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Fussell_2007-156">[152]</a> New Orleans experienced an increase in <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation" title="Residential segregation">residential segregation</a> from 1900 to 1980, leaving the disproportionately Black and African American poor in older, low-lying locations.<a href="#cite_note-Katz_2006-157">[153]</a> These areas were especially susceptible to flood and storm damage.<a href="#cite_note-Kates_2006-159">[155]</a> The last population estimate before Hurricane Katrina was 454,865, as of July 1, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> A population analysis released in August 2007 estimated the population to be 273,000, 60% of the pre-Katrina population and an increase of about 50,000 since July 2006.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> A September 2007 report by The Greater New Orleans Community Data Center, which tracks population based on U.S. Postal Service figures, found that in August 2007, just over 137,000 households received mail. That compares with about 198,000 households in July 2005, representing about 70% of pre-Katrina population.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> In 2010, the U.S. Census Bureau revised upward its 2008 population estimate for the city, to 336,644 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-New_Orleans_2010-105">[104]</a> Estimates from 2010 showed that neighborhoods that did not flood were near or even greater than 100% of their pre-Katrina populations.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-163">[159]</a> Katrina displaced 800,000 people, contributing significantly to the decline.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2011-164">[160]</a> Black and African Americans, renters, the elderly, and people with low income were disproportionately affected by Katrina, compared to affluent and White residents.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2007-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morse_2008-166">[162]</a> In Katrina's aftermath, city government commissioned groups such as Bring New Orleans Back Commission, the New Orleans Neighborhood Rebuilding Plan, the Unified New Orleans Plan, and the Office of Recovery Management to contribute to plans addressing depopulation. Their ideas included shrinking the city's <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">footprint</a> from before the storm, incorporating community voices into development plans, and creating <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">green spaces</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2007-165">[161]</a> some of which incited controversy.<a href="#cite_note-Olshanski_2008-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reardon_2008-168">[164]</a> A 2006 study by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> determined that as many as 10,000 to 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">undocumented immigrants</a>, many from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, resided in New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-undoc-169">[165]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimated at least 35,000 undocumented immigrants lived in New Orleans and its metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">New Orleans Police Department</a> began a new policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on February 28, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans&action=edit">[update]</a>, 90.3% of residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a>, while 4.8% spoke Spanish, 1.9% Vietnamese, and 1.1% spoke French. In total, 9.7% population age 5 and older spoke a <a href="/wiki/Mother_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother language">mother language</a> other than English.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hondurans_in_New_Orleans" title="Hondurans in New Orleans">Hondurans in New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_Orleans" title="Italians in New Orleans">Italians in New Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_New_Orleans" title="Vietnamese in New Orleans">Vietnamese in New Orleans</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Historic racial and ethnic composition </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-:5-173">[169]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census1-175">[171]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census1-175">[171]</a></th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-census1-175">[171]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a> </td> <td>n/a</td> <td>33.0%</td> <td>34.9%</td> <td>54.5%</td> <td>69.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>—<a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic</a> </td> <td>31.61%</td> <td>30.5%</td> <td>33.1%</td> <td>50.6%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-176">[e]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a> </td> <td>53.61%</td> <td>60.2%</td> <td>61.9%</td> <td>45.0%</td> <td>30.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race) </td> <td>8.08%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>4.4%<a href="#cite_note-fifteen-176">[e]</a></td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a> </td> <td>2.75%</td> <td>2.9%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pacific Islander </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two or more races </td> <td>3.71% </td> <td>1.7% </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Orleans Parish, Louisiana – Racial and ethnic composition <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) </th> <th>Pop 2000<a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-177">[172]</a> </th> <th>Pop 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-178">[173]</a> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-179">[174]</a> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>128,971 </td> <td>104,770 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">121,385 </td> <td>26.59% </td> <td>30.47% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">31.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>323,392 </td> <td>204,866 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">205,876 </td> <td>66.72% </td> <td>59.58% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">53.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>852 </td> <td>827 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">761 </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>0.24% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>10,919 </td> <td>9,883 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">10,573 </td> <td>2.25% </td> <td>2.87% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>88 </td> <td>105 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">125 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Other race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>961 </td> <td>967 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2,075 </td> <td>0.20% </td> <td>0.28% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed race or Multiracial</a> (NH) </td> <td>4,765 </td> <td>4,360 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">12,185 </td> <td>0.98% </td> <td>1.27% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>14,826 </td> <td>18,051 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">31,017 </td> <td>3.06% </td> <td>5.25% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">8.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>484,674 </td> <td>343,829 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">373,977 </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td>100.00% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">100.00% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_New_Orleans.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_(5560463750).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_%285560463750%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_%285560463750%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_%285560463750%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_%285560463750%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_%285560463750%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_New_Orleans_%285560463750%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in the Greater New Orleans area, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Other</figcaption></figure> Growing into a predominantly Black and African American city by race and ethnicity since 1990,<a href="#cite_note-census1-175">[171]</a> in 2010 the racial and ethnic makeup of New Orleans was 60.2% Black and African American, 33.0% <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>, 2.9% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> (1.7% Vietnamese, 0.3% Indian, 0.3% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean), 0.0% <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander</a>, and 1.7% people of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">two or more races</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-180">[175]</a> People of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino American</a> origin made up 5.3% of the population; 1.3% were Mexican, 1.3% Honduran, 0.4% Cuban, 0.3% Puerto Rican, and 0.3% Nicaraguan. In 2020, the racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 53.61% Black or African American, 31.61% <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic white">non-Hispanic white</a>, 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian and Alaska Native</a>, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.71% multiracial or of another race, and 8.08% Hispanic and Latino American of any race.<a href="#cite_note-:5-173">[169]</a> The growth of the Hispanic and Latino population in New Orleans proper from 2010 to 2020 reflected national demographic trends of diversification throughout regions once predominantly non-Hispanic white.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Additionally, the 2020 census revealed the city now has a more diverse population than it did before Katrina, yet 21% fewer people than it had in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Hispanic and Latino American population had also grown in the Greater New Orleans area alongside Black and African American residents, including in <a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terrytown,_Louisiana" title="Terrytown, Louisiana">Terrytown</a> in Jefferson Parish and Eastern New Orleans and Mid-City in New Orleans proper.<a href="#cite_note-HispboomKENNER-183">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Janet Murguía">Janet Murguía</a>, president and chief executive officer of the <a href="/wiki/UnidosUS" title="UnidosUS">UnidosUS</a>, stated that up to 120,000 Hispanic and Latino Americans workers lived in New Orleans. In June 2007, one study stated that the Hispanic and Latino American population had risen from 15,000, pre-Katrina, to over 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> After Katrina the small <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian American</a> population expanded. Portuguese speakers were the second most numerous group to take <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English as a second language">English as a second language</a> classes in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans, after Spanish speakers. Many Brazilians worked in skilled trades such as tile and flooring, although fewer worked as day laborers than other Hispanic and Latino Americans. Many had moved from Brazilian communities in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">northeastern United States</a>, and Florida and Georgia. Brazilians settled throughout the metropolitan area; most were undocumented. In January 2008, the New Orleans Brazilian population had a mid-range estimate of 3,000 people. By 2008, Brazilians had opened many small churches, shops and restaurants catering to their community.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> Among the growing <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a> community, the earliest <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a> to live within the city arrived in the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> The Vietnamese American community grew to become the largest by 2010 as many fled the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity">Sexual orientation and gender identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_(27762662225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_%2827762662225%29.jpg/220px-Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_%2827762662225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_%2827762662225%29.jpg/330px-Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_%2827762662225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_%2827762662225%29.jpg/440px-Bourbon_Pub_%26_Parade_-_We_stand_in_pride_with_Pulse_Nightclub_-_New_Orleans_Pride_Parade_2016_%2827762662225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5641" data-file-height="3812" /></a><figcaption>2016 New Orleans Pride</figcaption></figure> New Orleans and its metropolitan area have historically been popular destinations for <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a> In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> survey determined New Orleans was one of the largest cities in the American South with a significant LGBT population.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> Much of the LGBT community in New Orleans lives near the Central Business District, Mid-City, and Uptown; several gay bars and nightclubs are present in those areas.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg/220px-Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg/330px-Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg/440px-Stlouiscathedralnight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans">Cathedral-Basilica of St. Louis, King of France</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG/220px-BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG/330px-BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG/440px-BethIsraelCarondeletFrontA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption>Beth Israel synagogue building on Carondelet Street</figcaption></figure> New Orleans' colonial history of French and Spanish settlement generated a strong <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> tradition. Catholic missions ministered to slaves and free people of color and established schools for them. In addition, many late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants, such as the Irish, some Germans, and Italians were Catholic. Within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_Orleans" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans</a> (which includes not only the city but the surrounding parishes as well), 40% percent of the population was Roman Catholic since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> Catholicism is reflected in French and Spanish cultural traditions, including its many <a href="/wiki/Parochial_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Parochial schools">parochial schools</a>, street names, architecture and festivals, including <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>. Within the city and metropolitan area, <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a> is also reflected in the Black and African cultural traditions with Gospel Mass.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> Influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>'s prominent <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> population, New Orleans also has a sizable non-Catholic Christian demographic. Roughly the majority of Protestant Christians were <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a>, and the city proper's largest non-Catholic bodies were the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Missionary_Baptist_Convention_of_America" title="National Missionary Baptist Convention of America">National Missionary Baptist Convention of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">non-denominationals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.">National Baptist Convention</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.">National Baptist Convention of America</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:22-195">[190]</a> New Orleans displays a distinctive variety of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a>, due in part to <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with African and Afro-Caribbean Roman Catholic beliefs. The fame of voodoo practitioner <a href="/wiki/Marie_Laveau" title="Marie Laveau">Marie Laveau</a> contributed to this, as did New Orleans' Caribbean cultural influences.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobeNorthernmost-198">[193]</a> Although the tourism industry strongly associated Voodoo with the city, only a small number of people are serious adherents. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Dog_Park_at_NOLA_City_Park_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Popp Fountain in City Park, a meeting place for The Religious Order of Witchcraft</figcaption></figure> New Orleans was also home to the occultist <a href="/wiki/Mary_Oneida_Toups" title="Mary Oneida Toups">Mary Oneida Toups</a>, who was nicknamed the "Witch Queen of New Orleans". Toups' coven, The Religious Order of Witchcraft, was the first coven to be officially recognized as a religious institution by the state of Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> They would meet at Popp Fountain in <a href="/wiki/City_Park_(New_Orleans)" title="City Park (New Orleans)">City Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> Jewish settlers, primarily <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a>, settled in New Orleans from the early nineteenth century. Some migrated from the communities established in the colonial years in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>. The merchant <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cohen_Labatt" title="Abraham Cohen Labatt">Abraham Cohen Labatt</a> helped found the first Jewish congregation in New Orleans in the 1830s, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Portuguese Jewish</a> Nefutzot Yehudah congregation (he and some other members were <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, whose ancestors had lived in Portugal and Spain). <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> from eastern Europe immigrated in the late 19th and 20th centuries. By the beginning of the 21st century, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> lived in New Orleans. This number dropped to 7,000 after Hurricane Katrina, but rose again after efforts to incentivize the community's growth resulted in the arrival of about an additional 2,000 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> New Orleans synagogues lost members, but most re-opened in their original locations. The exception was <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(New_Orleans)" title="Congregation Beth Israel (New Orleans)">Congregation Beth Israel</a>, the oldest and most prominent <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> synagogue in the New Orleans region. Beth Israel's building in Lakeview was destroyed by flooding. After seven years of holding services in temporary quarters, the congregation consecrated a new synagogue on land purchased from the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> Congregation Gates of Prayer in <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beth_Israel_7_years-202">[197]</a> A visible religious minority,<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> constituted 0.6% of the religious population as of 2019 according to <a href="/wiki/Sperling%27s_BestPlaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperling's BestPlaces">Sperling's BestPlaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-205">[200]</a> The Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 estimated that there were 6,150 Muslims in the city proper. The Islamic demographic in New Orleans and its metropolitan area have been mainly made up of Middle Eastern immigrants and <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African Americans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg/220px-Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg/330px-Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg/440px-Tanker_IVER_SPRING_on_Mississippi_River_in_New_Orleans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tank_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank ship">tanker</a> on the Mississippi River in New Orleans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg/220px-Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg/330px-Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg/440px-Intracoastal_Waterway_Louisiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a> near New Orleans</figcaption></figure> New Orleans operates <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Orleans" title="Port of New Orleans">one of the world's largest and busiest ports</a> and metropolitan New Orleans is a center of maritime industry.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> The region accounts for a significant portion of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical production</a>, and serves as a <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> corporate base for onshore and offshore <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> production. Since the beginning of the 21st century, New Orleans has also grown into a technology hub.<a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> New Orleans is also a center for <a href="/wiki/Higher_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher learning">higher learning</a>, with over 50,000 students enrolled in the region's eleven two- and four-year degree-granting institutions. <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>, a top-50 research university, is located in Uptown. Metropolitan New Orleans is a major regional hub for the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care industry">health care industry</a> and boasts a small, globally competitive manufacturing sector. The center city possesses a rapidly growing, entrepreneurial <a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">creative industries</a> sector and is renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">cultural tourism</a>. Greater New Orleans, Inc. (GNO, Inc.)<a href="#cite_note-209">[204]</a> acts as the first point-of-contact for regional economic development, coordinating between Louisiana's Department of Economic Development and the various business development agencies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_2">Port</h3></div> New Orleans began as a strategically located trading <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> and it remains, above all, a crucial transportation hub and distribution center for waterborne commerce. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_Orleans" title="Port of New Orleans">Port of New Orleans</a> is the fifth-largest in the United States based on cargo volume, and second-largest in the state after the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_South_Louisiana" title="Port of South Louisiana">Port of South Louisiana</a>. It is the twelfth-largest in the U.S. based on cargo value. The Port of South Louisiana, also located in the New Orleans area, is the world's busiest in terms of bulk tonnage. When combined with Port of New Orleans, it forms the 4th-largest port system in volume. Many shipbuilding, shipping, logistics, freight forwarding and commodity brokerage firms either are based in metropolitan New Orleans or maintain a local presence. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Intermarine" title="Intermarine">Intermarine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> Bisso Towboat,<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Ship_Systems" title="Northrop Grumman Ship Systems">Northrop Grumman Ship Systems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> Trinity Yachts, <a href="/wiki/Expeditors_International" title="Expeditors International">Expeditors International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> Bollinger Shipyards, IMTT, International Coffee Corp, Boasso America, Transoceanic Shipping, Transportation Consultants Inc., Dupuy Storage & Forwarding and Silocaf.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> The largest coffee-roasting plant in the world, operated by <a href="/wiki/Folgers" title="Folgers">Folgers</a>, is located in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">New Orleans East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boats_on_the_Mississippi_(2965404740).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boats_on_the_Mississippi_%282965404740%29.jpg/220px-Boats_on_the_Mississippi_%282965404740%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boats_on_the_Mississippi_%282965404740%29.jpg/330px-Boats_on_the_Mississippi_%282965404740%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Boats_on_the_Mississippi_%282965404740%29.jpg/440px-Boats_on_the_Mississippi_%282965404740%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>The steamboat <a href="/wiki/Natchez_(boat)" title="Natchez (boat)">Natchez</a> operates out of New Orleans.</figcaption></figure> New Orleans is located near to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and its many oil rigs. Louisiana ranks fifth among states in oil production and eighth in <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">reserves</a>. It has two of the four <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(United_States)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)">Strategic Petroleum Reserve</a> (SPR) storage facilities: West Hackberry in <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Cameron Parish, Louisiana">Cameron Parish</a> and Bayou Choctaw in <a href="/wiki/Iberville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberville Parish, Louisiana">Iberville Parish</a>. The area hosts 17 petroleum refineries, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 2.8 million barrels per day (450,000 m3/d), the second highest after Texas. Louisiana's numerous ports include the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Offshore_Oil_Port" title="Louisiana Offshore Oil Port">Louisiana Offshore Oil Port</a> (LOOP), which is capable of receiving the largest oil tankers. Given the quantity of oil imports, Louisiana is home to many major pipelines: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Crude Oil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell</a>, Scurloch-Permian, Mid-Valley, Calumet, <a href="/wiki/Conoco_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Conoco Inc.">Conoco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koch_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Industries">Koch Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unocal_Corporation" title="Unocal Corporation">Unocal</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">U.S. Dept. of Energy</a>, Locap); Product (<a href="/wiki/TEPPCO_Partners" title="TEPPCO Partners">TEPPCO Partners</a>, Colonial, Plantation, Explorer, Texaco, Collins); and <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">Liquefied Petroleum Gas</a> (Dixie, TEPPCO, Black Lake, Koch, Chevron, <a href="/wiki/Dynegy" title="Dynegy">Dynegy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinder_Morgan_Energy_Partners" title="Kinder Morgan Energy Partners">Kinder Morgan Energy Partners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a>, Bridgeline, FMP, Tejas, Texaco, UTP).<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> Several energy companies have regional headquarters in the area, including <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell plc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>. Other energy producers and <a href="/wiki/Oilfield_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield services">oilfield services companies</a> are headquartered in the city or region, and the sector supports a large professional services base of specialized engineering and design firms, as well as a term office for the federal government's <a href="/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service" title="Minerals Management Service">Minerals Management Service</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3></div> The city is the home to a single <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> company: <a href="/wiki/Entergy" title="Entergy">Entergy</a>, a power generation utility and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> operations specialist.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> After Katrina, the city lost its other Fortune 500 company, <a href="/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan" title="Freeport-McMoRan">Freeport-McMoRan</a>, when it merged its copper and gold exploration unit with an Arizona company and relocated that division to <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>. Its McMoRan Exploration affiliate remains headquartered in New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> Companies with significant operations or headquarters in New Orleans include: Pan American Life Insurance, Pool Corp, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a>, Newpark Resources, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a>, TurboSquid, iSeatz, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, Navtech, <a href="/wiki/Superior_Energy_Services" title="Superior Energy Services">Superior Energy Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textron_Marine_%26_Land_Systems" title="Textron Marine & Land Systems">Textron Marine & Land Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDermott_International" title="McDermott International">McDermott International</a>, Pellerin Milnor, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, Imperial Trading, Laitram, <a href="/wiki/Harrah%27s_Entertainment" title="Harrah's Entertainment">Harrah's Entertainment</a>, Stewart Enterprises, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Chouest_Offshore" title="Edison Chouest Offshore">Edison Chouest Offshore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zatarain%27s" title="Zatarain's">Zatarain's</a>, Waldemar S. Nelson & Co., <a href="/wiki/Whitney_National_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney National Bank">Whitney National Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_One" title="Capital One">Capital One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(marine_services)" title="Tidewater (marine services)">Tidewater Marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popeyes_Chicken_%26_Biscuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits">Popeyes Chicken & Biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsons_Brinckerhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsons Brinckerhoff">Parsons Brinckerhoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/MWH_Global" title="MWH Global">MWH Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/CH2M_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="CH2M Hill">CH2M Hill</a>, Energy Partners Ltd, The Receivables Exchange, <a href="/wiki/GE_Capital" title="GE Capital">GE Capital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoothie_King" title="Smoothie King">Smoothie King</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourist_and_convention_business">Tourist and convention business</h3></div> Tourism is a staple of the city's economy. Perhaps more visible than any other sector, New Orleans' tourist and convention industry is a $5.5 billion industry that accounts for 40 percent of city tax revenues. In 2004, the hospitality industry employed 85,000 people, making it the city's top economic sector as measured by employment.<a href="#cite_note-0607marketing-220">[215]</a> New Orleans also hosts the World Cultural Economic Forum (WCEF). The forum, held annually at the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Morial_Convention_Center" title="New Orleans Morial Convention Center">New Orleans Morial Convention Center</a>, is directed toward promoting cultural and economic development opportunities through the strategic convening of cultural ambassadors and leaders from around the world. The first WCEF took place in October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_and_military_agencies">Federal and military agencies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png/220px-Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png/330px-Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png/440px-Aerial_View_of_NASA%27s_Rocket_Factory.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility</figcaption></figure> Federal agencies and the Armed forces operate significant facilities there. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> operates at the US. Courthouse downtown. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">New Orleans East</a> and has multiple tenants including <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. It is a huge manufacturing complex that produced the external fuel tanks for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> first stage, the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">Integrated Truss Structure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, and is now used for the construction of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>. The rocket factory lies within the enormous New Orleans Regional Business Park, also home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Finance_Center" title="National Finance Center">National Finance Center</a>, operated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA), and the Crescent Crown distribution center. Other large governmental installations include the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Space_and_Naval_Warfare_Systems_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command">Space and Naval Warfare (SPAWAR) Systems Command</a>, located within the University of New Orleans Research and Technology Park in <a href="/wiki/Gentilly,_New_Orleans" title="Gentilly, New Orleans">Gentilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_New_Orleans" title="Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans">Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans</a>; and the headquarters for the Marine Force Reserves in Federal City in <a href="/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans" title="Algiers, New Orleans">Algiers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_contemporary_life">Culture and contemporary life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture of New Orleans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans#Museums_and_other_attractions" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture of New Orleans § Museums and other attractions</a></div>New Orleans has many visitor attractions, from the world-renowned French Quarter to <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue" title="St. Charles Avenue">St. Charles Avenue</a>, (home of Tulane and Loyola universities, the historic <a href="/wiki/Pontchartrain_Hotel" title="Pontchartrain Hotel">Pontchartrain Hotel</a> and many 19th-century mansions) to <a href="/wiki/Magazine_Street" title="Magazine Street">Magazine Street</a> with its boutique stores and antique shops. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG/220px-French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG/330px-French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG/440px-French_Quarter03_New_Orleans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg/230px-New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg/345px-New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg/460px-New-Orleans-Street-Artist-1988-205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Street_artist" title="Street artist">Street artist</a> in the French Quarter (1988)</figcaption></figure> According to current travel guides, New Orleans is one of the top ten most-visited cities in the United States; 10.1 million visitors came to New Orleans in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-0607marketing-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> Prior to Katrina, 265 hotels with 38,338 rooms operated in the Greater New Orleans Area. In May 2007, that had declined to some 140 hotels and motels with over 31,000 rooms.<a href="#cite_note-New_Orleans'_Recovery_as_of_May_2007-223">[218]</a> A 2009 <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> poll of "America's Favorite Cities" ranked New Orleans first in ten categories, the most first-place rankings of the 30 cities included. According to the poll, New Orleans was the best U.S. city as a spring break destination and for "wild weekends", stylish boutique hotels, cocktail hours, singles/bar scenes, live music/concerts and bands, antique and vintage shops, cafés/coffee bars, neighborhood restaurants, and <a href="/wiki/People_watching" class="mw-redirect" title="People watching">people watching</a>. The city ranked second for: friendliness (behind <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>-friendliness (behind San Francisco), <a href="/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast" title="Bed and breakfast">bed and breakfast</a> hotels/inns, and ethnic food. However, the city placed near the bottom in cleanliness, safety and as a family destination.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> The French Quarter (known locally as "the Quarter" or Vieux Carré), which was the colonial-era city and is bounded by the Mississippi River, Rampart Street, <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esplanade_Avenue,_New_Orleans" title="Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans">Esplanade Avenue</a>, contains popular hotels, bars and nightclubs. Notable tourist attractions in the Quarter include Bourbon Street, Jackson Square, St. Louis Cathedral, the <a href="/wiki/French_Market" title="French Market">French Market</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_du_Monde" title="Café du Monde">Café du Monde</a>, famous for <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">café au lait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beignet" title="Beignet">beignets</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Preservation_Hall" title="Preservation Hall">Preservation Hall</a>. Also in the French Quarter is the old <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">New Orleans Mint</a>, a former branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> which now operates as a museum, and <a href="/wiki/The_Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" title="The Historic New Orleans Collection">The Historic New Orleans Collection</a>, a museum and research center housing art and artifacts relating to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">history</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf South">Gulf South</a>. Close to the Quarter is the <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Tremé</a> community, which contains the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_National_Historical_Park" title="New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park">New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_African_American_Museum" title="New Orleans African American Museum">New Orleans African American Museum</a>—a site which is listed on the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_African_American_Heritage_Trail" title="Louisiana African American Heritage Trail">Louisiana African American Heritage Trail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Natchez_(boat)" title="Natchez (boat)">Natchez</a> is an authentic <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">calliope</a> that cruises the length of the city twice daily. Unlike most other places in the United States, New Orleans has become widely known for its <a href="/wiki/Elegant_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegant decay">elegant decay</a>. The city's <a href="/wiki/Historic_Cemeteries_of_New_Orleans" title="Historic Cemeteries of New Orleans">historic cemeteries</a> and their distinct above-ground <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a> are attractions in themselves, the oldest and most famous of which, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Cemetery" title="Saint Louis Cemetery">Saint Louis Cemetery</a>, greatly resembles <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg/230px-NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg/345px-NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg/460px-NOMAReopeningDayDelgadoFascade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Museum_of_Art" title="New Orleans Museum of Art">New Orleans Museum of Art</a> (NOMA) located in <a href="/wiki/City_Park,_New_Orleans" title="City Park, New Orleans">City Park</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_National_WWII_Museum" title="The National WWII Museum">The National WWII Museum</a> offers a multi-building odyssey through the history of the Pacific and European theaters. Nearby, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall_Museum" title="Confederate Memorial Hall Museum">Confederate Memorial Hall Museum</a>, the oldest continually operating museum in Louisiana (although under renovation since Hurricane Katrina), contains the second-largest collection of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> memorabilia. Art museums include the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Center_(New_Orleans)" title="Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans)">Contemporary Arts Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Museum_of_Art" title="New Orleans Museum of Art">New Orleans Museum of Art</a> (NOMA) in <a href="/wiki/City_Park_(New_Orleans)" title="City Park (New Orleans)">City Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Museum_of_Southern_Art" title="Ogden Museum of Southern Art">Ogden Museum of Southern Art</a>. New Orleans is home to the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Nature_Institute" title="Audubon Nature Institute">Audubon Nature Institute</a> (which consists of <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Park_(New_Orleans)" title="Audubon Park (New Orleans)">Audubon Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Zoo" title="Audubon Zoo">Audubon Zoo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquarium of the Americas">Aquarium of the Americas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Insectarium" title="Audubon Insectarium">Audubon Insectarium</a>), and home to gardens which include <a href="/wiki/Longue_Vue_House_and_Gardens" title="Longue Vue House and Gardens">Longue Vue House and Gardens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Botanical_Garden" title="New Orleans Botanical Garden">New Orleans Botanical Garden</a>. <a href="/wiki/City_Park_(New_Orleans)" title="City Park (New Orleans)">City Park</a>, one of the country's most expansive and visited <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban parks</a>, has one of the largest stands of <a href="/wiki/Southern_live_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern live oak">oak trees</a> in the world. Other points of interest can be found in the surrounding areas. Many wetlands are found nearby, including <a href="/wiki/Honey_Island_Swamp" title="Honey Island Swamp">Honey Island Swamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve#Barataria_Preserve" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Barataria Preserve</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve#Chalmette_unit" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Chalmette Battlefield and National Cemetery</a>, located just south of the city, is the site of the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_performing_arts">Entertainment and performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans" title="Music of New Orleans">Music of New Orleans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg/220px-MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg/330px-MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg/440px-MardiGrasCanalStreet1890sChartresGazebo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">New Orleans Mardi Gras</a> in the early 1890s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ToHorses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ToHorses.jpg/220px-ToHorses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ToHorses.jpg/330px-ToHorses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ToHorses.jpg/440px-ToHorses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Mounted <a href="/wiki/Krewe" title="Krewe">krewe</a> officers in the Thoth Parade during <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></figcaption></figure> The New Orleans area is home to numerous annual celebrations. The most well known is <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>, or <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>. Carnival officially begins on the <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Feast of the Epiphany</a>, also known in some Christian traditions as the "<a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a>" of Christmas. Mardi Gras (French for "Fat Tuesday"), the final and grandest day of traditional Catholic festivities, is the last Tuesday before the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> liturgical season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, which commences on <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>. The largest of the city's many music festivals is the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival</a>. Commonly referred to simply as "Jazz Fest", it is one of the nation's largest music festivals. The festival features a variety of music, including both native Louisiana and international artists. Along with Jazz Fest, New Orleans' <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Voodoo Experience">Voodoo Experience</a> ("Voodoo Fest") and the <a href="/wiki/Essence_Music_Festival" title="Essence Music Festival">Essence Music Festival</a> also feature local and international artists. Other major festivals include <a href="/wiki/Southern_Decadence" title="Southern Decadence">Southern Decadence</a>, the French Quarter Festival, and the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams/New_Orleans_Literary_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival">Tennessee Williams/New Orleans Literary Festival</a>. The American playwright lived and wrote in New Orleans early in his career, and set his play, <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_Named_Desire" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar Named Desire">Streetcar Named Desire</a>, there. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Prima_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis_Prima_crop.jpg/220px-Louis_Prima_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis_Prima_crop.jpg/330px-Louis_Prima_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis_Prima_crop.jpg/440px-Louis_Prima_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="4763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Prima" title="Louis Prima">Louis Prima</a>; a famous New Orleans <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a>, musician. </figcaption></figure> In 2002, Louisiana began offering tax incentives for film and television production. This has resulted in a substantial increase in activity and brought the nickname of "Hollywood South" for New Orleans. Films produced in and around the city include <a href="/wiki/Ray_(film)" title="Ray (film)">Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runaway_Jury" title="Runaway Jury">Runaway Jury</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pelican_Brief_(film)" title="The Pelican Brief (film)">The Pelican Brief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glory_Road_(film)" title="Glory Road (film)">Glory Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men_(2006_film)" title="All the King's Men (2006 film)">All the King's Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deja_Vu_(2006_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deja Vu (2006 film)">Déjà Vu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Last_Holiday_(2006_film)" title="Last Holiday (2006 film)">Last Holiday</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Curious_Case_of_Benjamin_Button_(film)" title="The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)">The Curious Case of Benjamin Button</a>, <a href="/wiki/12_Years_a_Slave_(film)" title="12 Years a Slave (film)">12 Years a Slave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Project_Power" title="Project Power">Project Power</a>. In 2006, work began on the Louisiana Film & Television studio complex, based in the <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Tremé</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Louisiana began to offer similar tax incentives for music and theater productions in 2007, and some commentators began to refer to New Orleans as "Broadway South".<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/220px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/330px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg/440px-Louis_Armstrong_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, famous New Orleans <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> musician</figcaption></figure>The first theatre in New Orleans was the French-language <a href="/wiki/Theatre_de_la_Rue_Saint_Pierre" title="Theatre de la Rue Saint Pierre">Theatre de la Rue Saint Pierre</a>, which opened in 1792. The first opera in New Orleans was performed there in 1796. In the nineteenth century, the city was the home of two of America's most important venues for <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Théâtre d'Orléans">Théâtre d'Orléans</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/French_Opera_House" title="French Opera House">French Opera House</a>. Today, opera is performed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Opera">New Orleans Opera</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marigny_Opera_House" title="Marigny Opera House">Marigny Opera House</a> is home to the Marigny Opera Ballet and also hosts opera, jazz, and classical music performances. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Ocean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Frank_Ocean.jpg/220px-Frank_Ocean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Frank_Ocean.jpg/330px-Frank_Ocean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Frank_Ocean.jpg/440px-Frank_Ocean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1895" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ocean" title="Frank Ocean">Frank Ocean</a> is a musician from New Orleans.</figcaption></figure> New Orleans has long been a significant center for music, showcasing its intertwined European, African and Latino American cultures. The city's unique musical heritage was born in its colonial and early American days from a unique blending of European musical instruments with African rhythms. As the only North American city to have allowed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a> to gather in public and play their native music (largely in <a href="/wiki/Congo_Square" title="Congo Square">Congo Square</a>, now located within <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_Park_(New_Orleans)" title="Louis Armstrong Park (New Orleans)">Louis Armstrong Park</a>), New Orleans gave birth in the early 20th century to an epochal indigenous music: <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. Soon, African American <a href="/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> formed, beginning a century-long tradition. The Louis Armstrong Park area, near the French Quarter in <a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Tremé</a>, contains the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_National_Historical_Park" title="New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park">New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park</a>. The city's music was later also significantly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">Zydeco</a> music, and by <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Delta blues</a>. New Orleans' unique musical culture is on display in its traditional funerals. A spin on military funerals, New Orleans' traditional funerals feature sad music (mostly <a href="/wiki/Dirge" title="Dirge">dirges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>) in processions on the way to the cemetery and happier music (hot jazz) on the way back. Until the 1990s, most locals preferred to call these "funerals with music". Visitors to the city have long dubbed them "<a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">jazz funerals</a>". Much later in its musical development, New Orleans was home to a distinctive brand of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> that contributed greatly to the growth of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>. An example of the New Orleans' sound in the 1960s is the No. 1 U.S. hit "<a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Love" title="Chapel of Love">Chapel of Love</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Dixie_Cups" title="The Dixie Cups">the Dixie Cups</a>, a song which knocked <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> out of the top spot on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a>. New Orleans became a hotbed for <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> music in the 1960s and 1970s, and by the late 1980s, it had developed its own localized variant of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">bounce music</a>. While not commercially successful outside of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, bounce music was immensely popular in poorer neighborhoods throughout the 1990s. A cousin of bounce, <a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">New Orleans hip hop</a> achieved commercial success locally and internationally, producing <a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_P" title="Master P">Master P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdman_(rapper)" title="Birdman (rapper)">Birdman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(rapper)" title="Juvenile (rapper)">Juvenile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicideboys" title="Suicideboys">Suicideboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cash_Money_Records" title="Cash Money Records">Cash Money Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/No_Limit_Records" title="No Limit Records">No Limit Records</a>. Additionally, the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">cowpunk</a>, a fast form of <a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">southern rock</a>, originated with the help of several local bands, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Radiators_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Radiators (US)">The Radiators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Better_Than_Ezra" title="Better Than Ezra">Better Than Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Mouth" title="Cowboy Mouth">Cowboy Mouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dash_Rip_Rock" title="Dash Rip Rock">Dash Rip Rock</a>. Throughout the 1990s, many <a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge metal</a> bands started. New Orleans' <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Eyehategod" title="Eyehategod">Eyehategod</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMG-Eyehategod-228">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soilent_Green" title="Soilent Green">Soilent Green</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMG-SoilentGreen-229">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crowbar_(US_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowbar (US band)">Crowbar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMG-Crowbar-230">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Down_(band)" title="Down (band)">Down</a> incorporated styles such as <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AMG-Down-231">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a>, and southern rock to create an original and heady brew of swampy and aggravated metal that has largely avoided standardization.<a href="#cite_note-AMG-Eyehategod-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMG-SoilentGreen-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMG-Crowbar-230">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMG-Down-231">[226]</a> New Orleans is the southern terminus of the famed <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_61" title="U.S. Route 61">Highway 61</a>, made musically famous by musician <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> in his song, "<a href="/wiki/Highway_61_Revisited" title="Highway 61 Revisited">Highway 61 Revisited</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_(April_7,_1861).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_%28April_7%2C_1861%29.jpg/220px-Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_%28April_7%2C_1861%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_%28April_7%2C_1861%29.jpg/330px-Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_%28April_7%2C_1861%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_%28April_7%2C_1861%29.jpg/440px-Steamship_Bienville_on-board_restaurant_menu_%28April_7%2C_1861%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Steamship Bienville on-board restaurant menu (April 7, 1861)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_Orleans" title="Cuisine of New Orleans">Cuisine of New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a></div> New Orleans is world-famous for its cuisine. The indigenous cuisine is distinctive and influential. New Orleans food combined local Creole, haute Creole and New Orleans French cuisines. Local ingredients, French, Spanish, Italian, African, Native American, Cajun, Chinese, and a hint of Cuban traditions combine to produce a truly unique and easily recognizable New Orleans flavor. New Orleans is known for specialties including <a href="/wiki/Beignet" title="Beignet">beignets</a> (locally pronounced like "ben-yays"), square-shaped fried dough that could be called "French doughnuts" (served with <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">café au lait</a> made with a blend of coffee and chicory rather than only coffee); and <a href="/wiki/Po%27_boy" title="Po' boy">po' boy</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> and Italian <a href="/wiki/Muffuletta" title="Muffuletta">muffuletta</a> sandwiches; Gulf oysters on the half-shell, fried oysters, boiled <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crawfish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89touff%C3%A9e" title="Étouffée">étouffée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambalaya" title="Jambalaya">jambalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">gumbo</a> and other Creole dishes; and the Monday favorite of <a href="/wiki/Red_beans_and_rice" title="Red beans and rice">red beans and rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> often signed his letters, "Red beans and ricely yours"). Another New Orleans specialty is the <a href="/wiki/Pralin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pralin">praline</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈprɑːliːn/</a>, a candy made with brown sugar, granulated sugar, cream, butter, and pecans. The city offers notable street food<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> including the Asian inspired beef <a href="/wiki/Yaka_mein" title="Yaka mein">Yaka mein</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans English</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans#Language" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture of New Orleans § Language</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Cafe_du_Monde_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_du_Monde" title="Café du Monde">Café du Monde</a>, a landmark New Orleans beignet cafe established in 1862</figcaption></figure>New Orleans developed a distinctive local dialect that is neither <a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a> nor the stereotypical <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern accent</a> that is often misportrayed by film and television actors. Like earlier Southern Englishes, it features frequent <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">deletion of the pre-consonantal "r"</a>, though the local white dialect also came to be quite similar to <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> No consensus describes how this happened, but it likely resulted from New Orleans' geographic isolation by water and the fact that the city was a major immigration port throughout the 19th century and early 20th century. Specifically, many members of European immigrant families originally raised in the cities of the Northeast, namely New York, moved to New Orleans during this time frame, bringing their Northeastern accents along with their <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilian American">Sicilian</a>), <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish American">Jewish</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> One of the strongest varieties of the New Orleans accent is sometimes identified as the <a href="/wiki/Yat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yat dialect">Yat dialect</a>, from the greeting "Where y'at?" This distinctive accent is dying out in the city, but remains strong in the surrounding parishes. Less visibly, various ethnic groups throughout the area have retained distinct language traditions. Since Louisiana became the first U.S. state to join the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_de_la_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie</a> in 2018, New Orleans has reemerged as an important center for the state's francophone and creolophone cultures and languages, as seen in new organizations such as the Nous Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Although rare, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a> are still spoken in the city. There is also Louisiana-Canarian Spanish dialect, the <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño Spanish</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño">Isleño</a> people and older members of the population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_Orleans" title="Sports in New Orleans">Sports in New Orleans</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue (capacity) </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>Titles </th> <th>Record attendance </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Superdome" title="Caesars Superdome">Caesars Superdome</a> (73,208) </td> <td align="center">1967 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">73,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smoothie_King_Center" title="Smoothie King Center">Smoothie King Center</a> (16,867) </td> <td align="center">2002 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">18,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jesters" title="New Orleans Jesters">New Orleans Jesters</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">NPSL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Stadium_(New_Orleans)" title="Pan American Stadium (New Orleans)">Pan American Stadium</a> (5,000) </td> <td align="center">2003 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center">5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Gold" title="New Orleans Gold">NOLA Gold</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby Union</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">MLR</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Gold_Mine_on_Airline" title="Gold Mine on Airline">Goldmine on Airline</a> (10,000) </td> <td align="center">2017 </td> <td align="center">0 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleur_de_lys_(or).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg/100px-Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg/150px-Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg/200px-Fleur_de_lys_%28or%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> is often a symbol of New Orleans and its sports teams.</figcaption></figure> New Orleans' professional sports teams include the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIV" title="Super Bowl XLIV">Super Bowl XLIV</a> champion <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a>).<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> It is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Easy_Rollergirls" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Easy Rollergirls">Big Easy Rollergirls</a>, an all-female <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association" title="Women's Flat Track Derby Association">flat track roller derby</a> team, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Blaze" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Blaze">New Orleans Blaze</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Football_Association" title="National Women's Football Association">women's football</a> team.<a href="#cite_note-BlazeFootball-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-BERG-241">[236]</a> New Orleans is also home to two <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> athletic programs, the <a href="/wiki/Tulane_Green_Wave" title="Tulane Green Wave">Tulane Green Wave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference" title="American Athletic Conference">American Athletic Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/UNO_Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="UNO Privateers">UNO Privateers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southland_Conference" title="Southland Conference">Southland Conference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Superdome" title="Caesars Superdome">Caesars Superdome</a> is the home of the Saints, the Sugar Bowl, and other prominent events. It has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> a record seven times (<a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XII" title="Super Bowl XII">1978</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XV" title="Super Bowl XV">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XX" title="Super Bowl XX">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXIV" title="Super Bowl XXIV">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXI" title="Super Bowl XXXI">1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXVI" title="Super Bowl XXXVI">2002</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII" title="Super Bowl XLVII">2013</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Smoothie_King_Center" title="Smoothie King Center">Smoothie King Center</a> is the home of the Pelicans, VooDoo, and many events that are not large enough to need the Superdome. New Orleans is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Grounds_Race_Course" title="Fair Grounds Race Course">Fair Grounds Race Course</a>, the nation's third-oldest thoroughbred track. The city's <a href="/wiki/Lakefront_Arena" title="Lakefront Arena">Lakefront Arena</a> has also been home to sporting events. Each year New Orleans plays host to the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Bowl" title="Sugar Bowl">Sugar Bowl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Bowl" title="New Orleans Bowl">New Orleans Bowl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Classic" title="Bayou Classic">Bayou Classic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Classic_of_New_Orleans" title="Zurich Classic of New Orleans">Zurich Classic</a>, a golf tournament on the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a>. In addition, it has often hosted major sporting events that have no permanent home, such as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArenaBowl" title="ArenaBowl">ArenaBowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game" title="NBA All-Star Game">NBA All-Star Game</a>, <a href="/wiki/BCS_National_Championship_Game" title="BCS National Championship Game">BCS National Championship Game</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA Final Four</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Mardi_Gras_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Marathon">Rock 'n' Roll Mardi Gras Marathon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_City_Classic" title="Crescent City Classic">Crescent City Classic</a> are two annual <a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">road running</a> events. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Rugby" title="Major League Rugby">Major League Rugby</a> had its inaugural season, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Gold" title="New Orleans Gold">NOLA Gold</a> were one of the first teams in the league.<a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> They play at the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Mine_on_Airline" title="Gold Mine on Airline">Gold Mine on Airline</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball" title="Minor League Baseball">minor league baseball</a> stadium in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a>. In 2022, a consortium started an attempt to bring professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a> to New Orleans, hoping to place teams in the male <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a> and women's <a href="/wiki/USL_Super_League" title="USL Super League">USL Super League</a> by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_protected_areas">National protected areas</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_Sauvage_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge">Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_National_Historical_Park" title="New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park">New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieux_Carre_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieux Carre Historic District">Vieux Carre Historic District</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">List of mayors of New Orleans</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="font-size: 95%;"> <caption>United States presidential election results for Orleans Parish, Louisiana<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Year </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party(ies)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">%</th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2024 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2024</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24,119 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.16% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">130,749 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82.16% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,262 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2020 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2020</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26,664 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">15.00% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">147,854 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">83.15% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,301 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2016 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2016</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24,292 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">14.65% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">133,996 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80.81% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7,524 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2012 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2012</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">28,003 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">17.74% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">126,722 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80.30% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3,088 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2008 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2008</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">28,130 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">19.08% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">117,102 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.42% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,207 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2004 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2004</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42,847 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21.74% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">152,610 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">77.43% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,646 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="2000 United States presidential election in Louisiana">2000</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39,404 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21.74% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">137,630 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">75.95% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,187 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1996 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1996</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39,576 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.84% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">144,720 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76.20% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,615 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1992 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1992</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52,019 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.36% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">133,261 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">67.53% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12,069 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1988 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1988</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">64,763 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">35.24% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">116,851 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">63.58% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,186 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1984 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1984</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">86,316 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">41.71% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">119,478 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">57.73% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1,162 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1980 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1980</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">74,302 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">39.54% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">106,858 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">56.87% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,744 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">3.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1976 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1976</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">70,925 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.14% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">93,130 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55.33% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4,249 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1972 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1972</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">88,075 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">54.55% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">60,790 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37.65% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">12,581 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1968 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1968</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47,728 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.71% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">72,451 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">40.55% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">58,489 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">32.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1964 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1964</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">81,049 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">49.69% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">82,045 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">50.31% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1960 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1960</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">47,111 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26.80% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">87,242 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">49.64% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">41,414 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">23.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1956 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1956</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">93,082 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56.54% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">64,958 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">39.46% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">6,594 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1952 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1952</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">85,572 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">48.74% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">89,999 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51.26% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FF7F00"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1948 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1948</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">29,442 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23.78% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">41,900 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">33.85% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">52,443 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">42.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1944 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1944</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20,190 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">18.25% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">90,411 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">81.74% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1940 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1940</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16,406 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">14.35% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">97,930 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85.63% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1936 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1936</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">10,254 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">8.67% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">108,012 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">91.32% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">16 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1932 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1932</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5,407 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">5.95% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85,288 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">93.87% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">165 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1928 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1928</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">14,424 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">20.51% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55,919 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.49% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1924 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1924</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7,865 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16.46% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">37,785 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79.06% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">2,141 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">4.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1920 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1920</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">17,819 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">35.26% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">32,724 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">64.74% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">0.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1916 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1916</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2,531 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">7.45% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">30,936 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">91.03% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">516 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">1.52% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Louisiana" title="1912 United States presidential election in Louisiana">1912</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">904 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">2.74% </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">26,433 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">80.03% </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">5,692 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFF0;">17.23% </td></tr> </tbody></table> The city of New Orleans is a political subdivision of the U.S. state of Louisiana. The city and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">parish</a> of Orleans operate as a merged <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city%E2%80%93county" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated city–county">city-parish government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GR6-245">[240]</a> The original city was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The city of <a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Lafayette" title="Faubourg Lafayette">Lafayette</a> (including the Garden District) was added in 1852 as the 10th and 11th wards. In 1870, Jefferson City, including Faubourg Bouligny and much of the Audubon and University areas, was annexed as the 12th, 13th, and 14th wards. <a href="/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans" title="Algiers, New Orleans">Algiers</a>, on the west bank of the Mississippi, was also annexed in 1870, becoming the 15th ward. New Orleans has a <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">mayor-council government</a>, following a <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> charter adopted in 1954, as later amended. The <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> consists of seven members, five elected from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-member districts">single-member districts</a> and two members elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>, that is, across the city-parish. <a href="/wiki/LaToya_Cantrell" title="LaToya Cantrell">LaToya Cantrell</a> assumed the mayor's office in 2018 as the first female mayor of the city. An ordinance in 2006 established an <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="New Orleans Office of Inspector General">Office of Inspector General</a> to review city government activities. New Orleans' government is largely centralized in the city council and mayor's office, but it maintains earlier systems from when various sections of the city managed their affairs separately. For example, New Orleans had seven elected tax assessors, each with their own staff, representing various districts of the city, rather than one centralized office. A constitutional amendment passed on November 7, 2006, consolidated the seven assessors into one in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> The City of New Orleans, used <a href="/wiki/Archon_Information_Systems" title="Archon Information Systems">Archon Information Systems</a> software and services to host multiple online tax sales. The first tax sale was held after Hurricane Katrina.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> The New Orleans government operates both a <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Fire_Department" title="New Orleans Fire Department">fire department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="New Orleans Emergency Medical Services">New Orleans Emergency Medical Services</a>. New Orleans is the only city in Louisiana that refuses to pay court-ordered judgements when it loses a case that were awarded to the other party.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> The city uses a provision in the Louisiana Constitution that prohibits the seizure of a city's property to pay a judgment when it loses a lawsuit. According to an article, "The constitution says the funds can't be seized and can only be paid out if the government appropriates the money. In other words, if the City of New Orleans doesn't budget the funds for judgments, no judge can force the city to pay."<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> Only if the city council chooses to vote to pay a judgment can the other party be paid. Since the city cannot be forced to pay judgments unless it chooses to do so, it simply does not pay. More than $36 million in over 500 unpaid judgements issued against the city are simply ignored, some going as far back as 1996.<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a> The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office <a href="/wiki/Service_of_process" title="Service of process">serves</a> papers involving lawsuits, provides court security, and operates the city's correctional facilities, including <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish_Prison" title="Orleans Parish Prison">Orleans Parish Prison</a>. The sheriff's office shares legal jurisdiction with the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">New Orleans Police Department</a> and provides it with backup on an as-needed basis. Before 2010, New Orleans (and all other parishes in Louisiana) had separate criminal and civil sheriff's offices, corresponding to the separate criminal and civil courts: these were merged in 2010 by Louisiana Revised Statute 33:1500.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans&action=edit">[update]</a> the sheriff is <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hutson" title="Susan Hutson">Susan Hutson</a>, who defeated 17-year incumbent Marlin Gusman in the 2021 New Orleans City Election.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">New Orleans Police Department</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans#Crime" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture of New Orleans § Crime</a></div> Crime is a notable ongoing problem in New Orleans. As in comparable U.S. cities, the incidence of homicide and other violent crimes is usually highly concentrated in certain impoverished neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-ritea-254">[249]</a> Arrested offenders in New Orleans are almost exclusively black males from <a href="/wiki/Impoverished" class="mw-redirect" title="Impoverished">impoverished communities</a>: in 2011, 97% were black and 95% were male; 91% of victims were black as well.<a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> The city's murder rate has been historically high and consistently among the highest rates nationwide since the 1970s. From 1994 to 2013, New Orleans was the country's "Murder Capital", annually averaging over 200 murders.<a href="#cite_note-slightly_fewer-256">[251]</a> The first record was broken in 1979 when the city reached 242 homicides.<a href="#cite_note-slightly_fewer-256">[251]</a> The record was broken again reaching 250 by 1989 to 345 by the end of 1991.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> By 1993, New Orleans had 395 murders: 80.5 for every 100,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> In 1994, the city was officially named the "Murder Capital of America", hitting a historic peak of 424 murders. The murder count was one of the highest in the world and surpassed that of such cities as <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a>, Indiana, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-262">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> In 1999, the city's murder rate dropped down to a low of 158 and climbed to the high 200s in the early 2000s. Between 2000 and 2004, New Orleans had the highest homicide rate per capita of any city in the U.S., with 59 people killed per year per 100,000 citizens.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-262">[257]</a> In 2006, with nearly half the population gone and widespread disruption and dislocation because of deaths and refugee relocations from <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, the city hit another record of homicides. It was ranked as the most dangerous city in the country.<a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> By 2009, there was a 17% decrease in violent crime, a decrease seen in other cities across the country. But the homicide rate remained among the highest<a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> in the United States, at between 55 and 64 per 100,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> In 2010, New Orleans' homicide rate dropped to 49.1 per 100,000, but increased again in 2012, to 53.2,<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> the highest rate among cities of 250,000 population or larger.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> The violent crime rate is a key issue in every modern mayoral race. In January 2007, several thousand New Orleans residents marched to City Hall for a rally demanding police and city leaders tackle the crime problem. Then-Mayor <a href="/wiki/Ray_Nagin" title="Ray Nagin">Ray Nagin</a> said he was "totally and solely focused" on addressing the problem. Later, the city implemented checkpoints during late night hours in problem areas.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> The murder rate climbed 14% in 2011 to 57.88 per 100,000<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> rising to #21 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> In 2016, according to annual crime statistics released by the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), 176 were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> In 2017, New Orleans had the highest rate of gun violence, surpassing the more populated <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> In 2020, murders increased 68% from 2019 with a total of 202 murders. Criminal justice observers blamed impacts from <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> and changes in police strategies for the uptick.<a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> In 2022, New Orleans' homicide rate skyrocketed, leading every major city, hence the city again being declared as the "Murder Capital of America". The 2022 city homicide count increased to 280 which was a 26-year high.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> The NOPD dropped to under 1,000 officers in 2022 which means the department is severely understaffed for the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> NOPD is actively working to reduce violent crime by offering attractive incentives to recruit and retain more officers.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibson_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gibson_Hall.jpg/220px-Gibson_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gibson_Hall.jpg/330px-Gibson_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gibson_Hall.jpg/440px-Gibson_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A view of Gibson Hall at Tulane University</figcaption></figure> New Orleans has the highest concentration of colleges and universities in Louisiana and one of the highest in the Southern United States. New Orleans also has the third highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/HBCU" class="mw-redirect" title="HBCU">historically black collegiate institutions</a> in the U.S. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG/220px-UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG/330px-UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG/440px-UNO_University_Center_Front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>University of New Orleans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gert_Town,_New_Orleans,_3Feb_2019_73.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gert_Town%2C_New_Orleans%2C_3Feb_2019_73.jpg/220px-Gert_Town%2C_New_Orleans%2C_3Feb_2019_73.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gert_Town%2C_New_Orleans%2C_3Feb_2019_73.jpg/330px-Gert_Town%2C_New_Orleans%2C_3Feb_2019_73.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gert_Town%2C_New_Orleans%2C_3Feb_2019_73.jpg/440px-Gert_Town%2C_New_Orleans%2C_3Feb_2019_73.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Xavier University of Louisiana, 2019</figcaption></figure> Colleges and universities based within the city include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Loyola University New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">University of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University_at_New_Orleans" title="Southern University at New Orleans">Southern University at New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillard_University" title="Dillard University">Dillard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSU_Health_Sciences_Center_New_Orleans" title="LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans">Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Holy_Cross" title="University of Holy Cross">University of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Seminary" title="Notre Dame Seminary">Notre Dame Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary">New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delgado_Community_College" title="Delgado Community College">Delgado Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_College#School_of_Nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="William Carey College">William Carey College School of Nursing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_schools">Primary and secondary schools</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_New_Orleans" title="List of schools in New Orleans">List of schools in New Orleans</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish_School_Board" title="Orleans Parish School Board">Orleans Parish School Board</a> (OPSB), also known as New Orleans Public Schools (NOPS), is the public school district for the entire city.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> Katrina was a watershed moment for the school system. Pre-Katrina, NOPS was one of the area's largest systems (along with the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish_Public_Schools" title="Jefferson Parish Public Schools">Jefferson Parish public school system</a>). It was also the lowest-performing school district in Louisiana. According to researchers <a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Bankston" title="Carl L. Bankston">Carl L. Bankston</a> and Stephen J. Caldas, only 12 of the 103 public schools within the city limits showed reasonably good performance.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Following Hurricane Katrina, the state of Louisiana took over most of the schools within the system (all schools that matched a nominal "worst-performing" metric). Many of these schools (and others) were subsequently granted operating charters giving them administrative independence from the Orleans Parish School Board, the <a href="/wiki/Recovery_School_District" title="Recovery School District">Recovery School District</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Board_of_Elementary_and_Secondary_Education" title="Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education">Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education</a> (BESE). At the start of the 2014 school year, all public school students in the NOPS system attended these independent <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">public charter schools</a>, the nation's first to do so.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> The charter schools made significant and sustained gains in student achievement, led by outside operators such as <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Is_Power_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Is Power Program">KIPP</a>, the Algiers Charter School Network, and the Capital One–University of New Orleans Charter School Network. An October 2009 assessment demonstrated continued growth in the academic performance of public schools. Considering the scores of all public schools in New Orleans gives an overall school district performance score of 70.6. This score represents a 24% improvement over an equivalent pre-Katrina (2004) metric, when a district score of 56.9 was posted.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> Notably, this score of 70.6 approaches the score (78.4) posted in 2009 by the adjacent, suburban <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish_Public_Schools" title="Jefferson Parish Public Schools">Jefferson Parish public school system</a>, though that system's performance score is itself below the state average of 91.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> One particular change was that parents could <a href="/wiki/School_choice#United_States" title="School choice">choose which school to enroll their children in</a>, rather than attending the school nearest them.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times-Picayune_2009-291">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div> Academic and <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> as well as archives in New Orleans include <a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans#Monroe_Library" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Monroe Library</a> at Loyola University, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> the Law Library of Louisiana,<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Long" title="Earl Long">Earl K. Long</a> Library at the University of New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Public_Library" title="New Orleans Public Library">New Orleans Public Library</a> operates in 13 locations.<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a> The main library includes a Louisiana Division that houses city archives and special collections.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> Other research archives are located at <a href="/wiki/The_Historic_New_Orleans_Collection" title="The Historic New Orleans Collection">the Historic New Orleans Collection</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mint" title="New Orleans Mint">Old U.S. Mint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> An independently operated lending library called <a href="/wiki/Iron_Rail_Book_Collective" title="Iron Rail Book Collective">Iron Rail Book Collective</a> specializes in radical and hard-to-find books. The library contains over 8,000 titles and is open to the public. The <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Historical_Association" title="Louisiana Historical Association">Louisiana Historical Association</a> was founded in New Orleans in 1889. It operated first at Howard Memorial Library. A separate Memorial Hall for it was later added to Howard Library, designed by New Orleans architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sully_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sully (architect) (page does not exist)">Thomas Sully</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_Orleans" title="Media of New Orleans">Media of New Orleans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans#News_&_entertainment_media" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture of New Orleans § News & entertainment media</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_fiction" title="New Orleans in fiction">New Orleans in fiction</a></div> Historically, the major newspaper in the area was The Times-Picayune. The paper made headlines of its own in 2012 when owner <a href="/wiki/Advance_Publications" title="Advance Publications">Advance Publications</a> cut its print schedule to three days each week, instead focusing its efforts on its website, NOLA.com. That action briefly made New Orleans the largest city in the country without a daily newspaper, until the <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Baton Rouge">Baton Rouge</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(Louisiana)" title="The Advocate (Louisiana)">The Advocate</a> began a New Orleans edition in September 2012. In June 2013, the Times-Picayune resumed daily printing with a condensed <a href="/wiki/Newsstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsstand">newsstand</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> edition, nicknamed TP Street, which is published on the three days each week that its namesake <a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">broadsheet</a> edition is not printed (the Picayune has not returned to daily delivery). With the resumption of daily print editions from the Times-Picayune and the launch of the New Orleans edition of The Advocate, now The New Orleans Advocate, the city had two daily newspapers for the first time since the afternoon States-Item ceased publication on May 31, 1980. In 2019, the papers merged to form <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune/The_New_Orleans_Advocate" title="The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate">The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate</a>. In addition to the daily newspaper, weekly publications include <a href="/wiki/The_Louisiana_Weekly" title="The Louisiana Weekly">The Louisiana Weekly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambit_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambit Weekly">Gambit Weekly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> Also in wide circulation is the <a href="/wiki/Clarion_Herald" title="Clarion Herald">Clarion Herald</a>, the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans. Greater New Orleans is the 54th largest <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">designated market area</a> (DMA) in the U.S., serving at least 566,960 homes.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a> Major television network affiliates serving the area include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/WWL-TV" title="WWL-TV">WWL</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>)</li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/WDSU" title="WDSU">WDSU</a> (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>)</li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/WVUE-DT" title="WVUE-DT">WVUE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>)</li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/WYES-TV" title="WYES-TV">WYES</a> (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>)</li> <li>20 <a href="/wiki/WHNO" title="WHNO">WHNO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lester_Sumrall" title="Lester Sumrall">LeSEA</a>)</li> <li>26 <a href="/wiki/WGNO" title="WGNO">WGNO</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>)</li> <li>32 <a href="/wiki/WLAE-TV" title="WLAE-TV">WLAE</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">Independent</a>)</li> <li>38 <a href="/wiki/WNOL-TV" title="WNOL-TV">WNOL</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_CW_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The CW Television Network">The CW</a>)</li> <li>42 <a href="/wiki/KGLA-DT" title="KGLA-DT">KGLA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>)</li> <li>49 <a href="/wiki/WPXL" class="mw-redirect" title="WPXL">WPXL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a>)</li> <li>54 <a href="/wiki/WUPL" title="WUPL">WUPL</a> (<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>)</li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/WWOZ" title="WWOZ">WWOZ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Station, broadcasts<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> modern and traditional jazz, blues, rhythm and blues, brass band, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">cajun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, Caribbean, Latin, Brazilian, African and bluegrass 24 hours per day. <a href="/wiki/WTUL" title="WTUL">WTUL</a> is Tulane University's radio station.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> Its programming includes 20th century classical, reggae, jazz, showtunes, indie rock, electronic music, soul/funk, goth, punk, hip hop, New Orleans music, opera, folk, hardcore, <a href="/wiki/Americana_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americana (music)">Americana</a>, country, blues, Latin, cheese, techno, local, world, ska, swing and big band, kids' shows, and news programming. WTUL is listener-supported and non-commercial. The disc jockeys are volunteers, many of them college students. Louisiana's film and television tax credits spurred growth in the television industry, although to a lesser degree than in the film industry. Many films and advertisements were set there, along with television programs such as <a href="/wiki/The_Real_World:_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real World: New Orleans">The Real World: New Orleans</a> in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-Nola.com-305">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Real_World:_Back_to_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real World: Back to New Orleans">The Real World: Back to New Orleans</a> in 2009 and 2010,<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Girls_Club_(season_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Girls Club (season 7)">Bad Girls Club: New Orleans</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio stations</a> that were influential in promoting New Orleans–based bands and singers were 50,000-watt <a href="/wiki/WLNO" title="WLNO">WNOE</a> (1060) and 10,000-watt <a href="/wiki/WQNO" title="WQNO">WTIX</a> (690 AM). These two stations competed head-to-head from the late 1950s to the late 1970s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3></div> Hurricane Katrina devastated transit service in 2005. The New Orleans Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was quicker to restore the streetcars to service, while bus service had only been restored to 35% of pre-Katrina levels as recently as the end of 2013. During the same period, streetcars arrived at an average of once every seventeen minutes, compared to bus frequencies of once every thirty-eight minutes. The same priority was demonstrated in RTA's spending, increasing the proportion of its budget devoted to streetcars to more than three times compared to its pre-Katrina budget.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> Through the end of 2017, counting both streetcar and bus trips, only 51% of service had been restored to pre-Katrina levels.<a href="#cite_note-ridenola-310">[305]</a> In 2017, the New Orleans Regional Transit Authority began operation on the extension of the Rampart–St. Claude streetcar line. Another change to transit service that year was the re-routing of the 15 Freret and 28 Martin Luther King bus routes to Canal Street. These increased the number of jobs accessible by a thirty-minute walk or transit ride: from 83,722 in 2016 to 89,216 in 2017. This resulted in a regional increase in such job access by more than a full percentage point.<a href="#cite_note-ridenola-310">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Streetcars">Streetcars</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG/220px-Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG/330px-Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG/440px-Canal_St_NOLA_CBD_Sept_2009_St_Charles_Astor_Redcar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A New Orleans <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">streetcar</a> traveling down Canal Street</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg/220px-New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg/330px-New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg/440px-New_Orleans_Streetcars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Streetcar network</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">Streetcars in New Orleans</a></div> New Orleans has four active <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">streetcar lines</a>: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Streetcar_Line" title="St. Charles Streetcar Line">St. Charles Streetcar Line</a> is the oldest continuously operating streetcar line in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a> The line first operated as local rail service in 1835 between Carrollton and downtown New Orleans. Operated by the Carrollton & New Orleans R.R. Co., the locomotives were then powered by steam engines, and a one-way fare cost 25 cents.<a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> Each car is a historic landmark. It runs from Canal Street to the other end of St. Charles Avenue, then turns right into South Carrollton Avenue to its terminal at Carrollton and Claiborne.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Riverfront_Streetcar_Line" title="Riverfront Streetcar Line">Riverfront Streetcar Line</a> runs parallel to the river from Esplanade Street through the French Quarter to Canal Street to the Convention Center above Julia Street in the Arts District.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Canal_Streetcar_Line" title="Canal Streetcar Line">Canal Streetcar Line</a> uses the Riverfront line tracks from the intersection of Canal Street and Poydras Street, down Canal Street, then branches off and ends at the cemeteries at City Park Avenue, with a spur running from the intersection of Canal and Carrollton Avenue to the entrance of City Park at Esplanade, near the entrance to the New Orleans Museum of Art.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rampart%E2%80%93St._Claude_Streetcar_Line" title="Rampart–St. Claude Streetcar Line">Rampart–St. Claude Streetcar Line</a> opened on January 28, 2013, as the Loyola-UPT Line running along Loyola Avenue from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal</a> to Canal Street, then continuing along Canal Street to the river, and on weekends on the Riverfront line tracks to French Market. The French Quarter Rail Expansion extended the line from the Loyola Avenue/Canal Street intersection along Rampart Street and St. Claude Avenue to Elysian Fields Avenue. It no longer runs along Canal Street to the river, or on weekends on the Riverfront line tracks to French Market.</li></ul> The city's streetcars were featured in the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> play <a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (play)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a>. The streetcar line to Desire Street became a bus line in 1948. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buses">Buses</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transportation</a> is operated by the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="New Orleans Regional Transit Authority">New Orleans Regional Transit Authority</a> ("RTA"). Many <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> routes connect the city and suburban areas. The RTA lost 200+ buses in the flood. Some of the replacement buses operate on <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Parish</a> Department of Transit Administration<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> operates Jefferson Transit, which provides service between the city and its suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ferries">Ferries</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg/220px-AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg/330px-AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg/440px-AlgiersFerry_TJefferson_arriving3_bright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Ferries connecting New Orleans with <a href="/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans" title="Algiers, New Orleans">Algiers</a> (left) and Gretna (right)</figcaption></figure> New Orleans has had continuous ferry service since 1827,<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> operating three routes as of 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_Ferry" title="Canal Street Ferry">Canal Street Ferry</a> (or Algiers Ferry) connects downtown New Orleans at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_New_Orleans" title="Canal Street, New Orleans">Canal Street</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District" title="National Historic Landmark District">National Historic Landmark District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Point" title="Algiers Point">Algiers Point</a> across the Mississippi ("West Bank" in local parlance). It services passenger vehicles, bicycles and pedestrians. This same terminal also serves the Canal Street/Gretna Ferry, connecting <a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Louisiana" title="Gretna, Louisiana">Gretna, Louisiana</a> for pedestrians and bicyclists only. A third auto/bicycle/pedestrian connects <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette, Louisiana</a> and Lower Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-friendsoftheferry.org-317">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycling">Bicycling</h3></div> The city's flat landscape, simple street grid and mild winters facilitate <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> ridership, helping to make New Orleans eighth among U.S. cities in its rate of bicycle and <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a> transportation as of 2010,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-318">[313]</a> and sixth in terms of the percentage of bicycling commuters.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-319">[314]</a> New Orleans is located at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Trail" title="Mississippi River Trail">Mississippi River Trail</a>, a 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bicycle path that stretches from the city's <a href="/wiki/Audubon_Park,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Audubon Park, New Orleans">Audubon Park</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> Since Katrina the city has actively sought to promote bicycling by constructing a $1.5 million bike trail from <a href="/wiki/Mid-City_New_Orleans" title="Mid-City New Orleans">Mid-City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> and by adding over 37 miles (60 km) of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle lane">bicycle lanes</a> to various streets, including <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue" title="St. Charles Avenue">St. Charles Avenue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-318">[313]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> contributed to these efforts by converting the main street through its <a href="/wiki/Uptown_New_Orleans" title="Uptown New Orleans">Uptown</a> campus, <a href="/wiki/McAlister_Place,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="McAlister Place, New Orleans">McAlister Place</a>, into a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian mall">pedestrian mall</a> open to bicycle traffic.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lafitte_Greenway" title="Lafitte Greenway">Lafitte Greenway</a> bicycle and pedestrian trail opened in 2015, and is ultimately planned to extend 3.1-mile (5.0 km) from the French Quarter to Lakeview. New Orleans has been recognized for its abundance of uniquely decorated and uniquely designed bicycles.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_of_New_Orleans" title="List of streets of New Orleans">List of streets of New Orleans</a></div> New Orleans is served by <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10" title="Interstate 10">Interstate 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_610_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 610 (Louisiana)">Interstate 610</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_510" title="Interstate 510">Interstate 510</a>. I-10 travels east–west through the city as the <a href="/wiki/Pontchartrain_Expressway" title="Pontchartrain Expressway">Pontchartrain Expressway</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">New Orleans East</a> it is known as the Eastern Expressway. I-610 provides a direct shortcut for traffic passing through New Orleans via I-10, allowing that traffic to bypass I-10's southward curve. In addition to the interstates, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_90" title="U.S. Route 90">U.S. 90</a> travels through the city, while <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_61" title="U.S. Route 61">U.S. 61</a> terminates downtown. In addition, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11" title="U.S. Route 11">U.S. 11</a> terminates in the eastern portion of the city. New Orleans is home to many bridges; <a href="/wiki/Crescent_City_Connection" title="Crescent City Connection">Crescent City Connection</a> is perhaps the most notable. It serves as New Orleans' major bridge across the Mississippi, providing a connection between the city's downtown on the eastbank and its westbank suburbs. Other Mississippi crossings are the <a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Long_Bridge_(Jefferson_Parish)" title="Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)">Huey P. Long Bridge</a>, carrying U.S. 90 and the <a href="/wiki/Luling_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Luling Bridge">Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge</a>, carrying <a href="/wiki/Interstate_310_(Louisiana)" title="Interstate 310 (Louisiana)">Interstate 310</a>. The <a href="/wiki/I-10_Twin_Span_Bridge" title="I-10 Twin Span Bridge">Twin Span Bridge</a>, a five-mile (8 km) <a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">causeway</a> in eastern New Orleans, carries I-10 across Lake Pontchartrain. Also in eastern New Orleans, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_510" title="Interstate 510">Interstate 510</a>/<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Highway_47" title="Louisiana Highway 47">LA 47</a> travels across the <a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River-Gulf_Outlet_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal">Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Green_Bridge_(New_Orleans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Bridge (New Orleans)">Paris Road Bridge</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern New Orleans">New Orleans East</a> and suburban <a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a>. The tolled <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway" title="Lake Pontchartrain Causeway">Lake Pontchartrain Causeway</a>, consisting of two parallel bridges are, at 24 miles (39 km) long, the longest bridges in the world. Built in the 1950s (southbound span) and 1960s (northbound span), the bridges connect New Orleans with its suburbs on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain via <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxi_service">Taxi service</h3></div> United Cab is the city's largest taxi service, with a fleet of over 300 cabs.<a href="#cite_note-4WWL-324">[319]</a> It has operated 365 days a year since its establishment in 1938, with the exception of the month after <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, in which operations were temporarily shut down due to disruptions in radio service.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> United Cab's fleet was once larger than 450 cabs, but has been reduced in recent years due to competition from services like <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyft" title="Lyft">Lyft</a>, according to owner Syed Kazmi.<a href="#cite_note-4WWL-324">[319]</a> In January 2016, New Orleans-based sweet shop Sucré approached United Cab with to deliver its <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">king cakes</a> locally on-demand. Sucré saw this partnership as a way to alleviate some of the financial pressure being placed on taxi services due to Uber's presence in the city.<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3></div> The metropolitan area is served by the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans_International_Airport" title="Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport">Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport</a>, located in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a>. Regional airports include the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Lakefront_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Lakefront Airport">Lakefront Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Joint_Reserve_Base_New_Orleans" title="Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans">Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans</a> (Callender Field) in the suburb of Belle Chasse and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Seaplane_Airport" title="Southern Seaplane Airport">Southern Seaplane Airport</a>, also located in Belle Chasse. Southern Seaplane has a 3,200-foot (980 m) runway for wheeled planes and a 5,000-foot (1,500 m) water runway for seaplanes. Armstrong International is the busiest airport in Louisiana and the only to handle scheduled international passenger flights. As of 2018, more than 13 million passengers passed through Armstrong, on nonstops flights from more than 57 destinations, including foreign nonstops from the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, Mexico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal</a> is the central rail depot and is served by the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_(Amtrak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent (Amtrak)">Crescent</a>, operating between New Orleans and New York City; the <a href="/wiki/City_of_New_Orleans_(train)" title="City of New Orleans (train)">City of New Orleans</a>, operating between New Orleans and Chicago and the <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a>, operating between New Orleans and Los Angeles. Up until August 2005 (when <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> struck), the Sunset Limited's route continued east to Orlando. With the strategic benefits of both the port and its double-track Mississippi River crossings, the city attracted all six of the <a href="/wiki/Class_I_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Class I railroad">Class I railroads</a> in North America: <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway" title="Norfolk Southern Railway">Norfolk Southern Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">Canadian Pacific Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSX_Transportation" title="CSX Transportation">CSX Transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Public_Belt_Railroad" title="New Orleans Public Belt Railroad">New Orleans Public Belt Railroad</a> provides interchange services between the railroads. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modal_characteristics">Modal characteristics</h3></div> According to the 2016 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, 67.4% of working city of New Orleans residents commuted by driving alone, 9.7% carpooled, 7.3% used public transportation, and 4.9% walked. About 5% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 5.7% of working New Orleans residents worked at home.<a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> Many city of New Orleans households own no personal automobiles. In 2015, 18.8% of New Orleans households were without a car, which increased to 20.2% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. New Orleans averaged 1.26 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> New Orleans ranks high among cities in terms of the percentage of working residents who commute by walking or bicycling. In 2013, 5% of working people from New Orleans commuted by walking and 2.8% commuted by cycling. During the same period, New Orleans ranked thirteenth for percentage of workers who commuted by walking or biking among cities not included within the fifty most populous cities. Only nine of the most fifty most populous cities had a higher percentage of commuters who walked or biked than did New Orleans in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Orleans" title="List of people from New Orleans">List of people from New Orleans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">Sister cities</a> of New Orleans are:<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti"><img alt="Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>, Haiti<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isola_del_Liri" title="Isola del Liri">Isola del Liri</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Juan-les-Pins" title="Juan-les-Pins">Juan-les-Pins (Antibes)</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a>, Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matsue" title="Matsue">Matsue</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Municipality" title="Mérida Municipality">Mérida</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a>, Republic of the Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Tucum%C3%A1n" title="San Miguel de Tucumán">San Miguel de Tucumán</a>, Argentina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>, Taiwan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras"><img alt="Honduras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, Honduras</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_New_Orleans" title="Buildings and architecture of New Orleans">Buildings and architecture of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Alley" title="Cancer Alley">Cancer Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabildo" title="The Cabildo">The Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Quarter_Festival" title="French Quarter Festival">French Quarter Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Louisiana" title="Île d'Orléans, Louisiana">Île d'Orléans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Orleans" title="List of people from New Orleans">List of people from New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Suite" title="Mississippi Suite">Mississippi (River) Suite</a>, with an orchestral portrayal of Mardi Gras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana">National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_Orleans" title="Neighborhoods in New Orleans">Neighborhoods in New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_fiction" title="New Orleans in fiction">New Orleans in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Suite" title="New Orleans Suite">New Orleans Suite</a>, Duke Ellington recording</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Union_Passenger_Terminal" title="New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal">New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish_School_Board" title="Orleans Parish School Board">New Orleans Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontalba_Buildings" title="Pontalba Buildings">Pontalba Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Presbytere" title="The Presbytere">The Presbytere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Food_and_Beverage_Museum" title="Southern Food and Beverage Museum">Southern Food and Beverage Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_New_Orleans" title="USS New Orleans">USS New Orleans</a>, 5 ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Orleans_Parish" title="USS Orleans Parish">USS Orleans Parish</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <div><ul><li>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɔːrl(i)ənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OR-l(ee)ənz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːrˈliːnz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">or-LEENZ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mw-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɔːrlənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">OR-lənz</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: La Nouvelle-Orléans, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/La_Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg\/La_Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"La Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/La_Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg/La_Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:La_Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg" title="File:La Nouvelle-Orleans.ogg">ⓘ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creole language">Louisiana Creole</a>: Nouvèl Orleans</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Official records for New Orleans have been kept at MSY since May 1, 1946.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Additional records from Audubon Park dating back to 1893 have also been included. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Sunshine normals are based on only 20 to 22 years of data. </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_176-1">b</a> From 15% sample </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2016-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2016_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_22.txt">"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180425004637/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_22.txt">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2016_Gazetteer%2F2016_gaz_place_22.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Census-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2020Census_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/neworleanscitylouisiana/PST045219">"U.S. Population Totals 2010–2020"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829175200/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/neworleanscitylouisiana/PST045219">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+Population+Totals+2010%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fneworleanscitylouisiana%2FPST045219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-3"><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+2020+Census+Urban+Areas&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fgeography%2Fguidance%2Fgeo-areas%2Furban-rural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP35380">"Total Gross Domestic Product for New Orleans-Metairie, LA (MSA)"</a>. fred.stlouisfed.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104080644/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP35380">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved January 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+New+Orleans-Metairie%2C+LA+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP35380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPALL22071">"Gross Domestic Product: All Industries in Orleans Parish, LA"</a>. fred.stlouisfed.org. December 18, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product%3A+All+Industries+in+Orleans+Parish%2C+LA&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FGDPALL22071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-6"><a href="#cite_ref-mw_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/New%20Orleans">New Orleans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202419/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/New%20Orleans">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer" class="citation web cs1">Romer, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016090433/http://goneworleans.about.com/od/NewOrleansBasics/fl/How-To-Say-New-Orleans-Correctly.htm">"How to Say 'New Orleans' Correctly"</a>. About Travel. about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goneworleans.about.com/od/NewOrleansBasics/fl/How-To-Say-New-Orleans-Correctly.htm">the original</a> on October 16, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Travel&rft.atitle=How+to+Say+%27New+Orleans%27+Correctly&rft.aulast=Romer&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoneworleans.about.com%2Fod%2FNewOrleansBasics%2Ffl%2FHow-To-Say-New-Orleans-Correctly.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/neworleanscitylouisiana/PST045219">"QuickFacts: New Orleans city, Louisiana"</a>. 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Retrieved August 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fox8live.com&rft.atitle=New+Orleans+tops+the+nation+for+homicides+per+capita&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox8live.com%2F2022%2F09%2F19%2Fnew-orleans-tops-nation-homicides-per-capita%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coextensive-28"><a href="#cite_ref-coextensive_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050515221311/http://www.mylouisianagenealogy.com/la_county/or.htm">"Orleans Parish History and Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mylouisianagenealogy.com/la_county/or.htm">the original</a> on May 15, 2005. 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The United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/">"U.S. Census website"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved July 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/founding-new-orleans">"The Founding of New Orleans"</a>. American Battlefield Trust. August 2, 2023. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southernliving.com/travel/louisiana/new-orleans-nickname-the-big-easy">the original</a> on October 31, 2020. 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October 3, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101202156/https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_1fa055b2-b43c-5aa0-9a72-02551385cf3c.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=What+do+you+call+New+Orleans%3F+11+of+the+good%2C+bad+and+silly+nicknames+for+an+iconic+city&rft.date=2017-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fentertainment_life%2Farticle_1fa055b2-b43c-5aa0-9a72-02551385cf3c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngersoll2004" class="citation web cs1">Ingersoll, Steve (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040920044521/http://nutrias.org/facts/careforgot.htm">"New Orleans—"The City That Care Forgot" and Other Nicknames A Preliminary Investigation"</a>. New Orleans Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutrias.org/facts/careforgot.htm">the original</a> on September 20, 2004. Retrieved February 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Orleans%E2%80%94%22The+City+That+Care+Forgot%22+and+Other+Nicknames+A+Preliminary+Investigation&rft.pub=New+Orleans+Public+Library&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=Ingersoll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnutrias.org%2Ffacts%2Fcareforgot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/verify/verify-does-new-orleans-have-an-actual-birthday/289-499684457">"VERIFY: Does New Orleans have an actual birthday?"</a>. WWL. December 15, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630222522/https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/verify/verify-does-new-orleans-have-an-actual-birthday/289-499684457">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWL&rft.atitle=VERIFY%3A+Does+New+Orleans+have+an+actual+birthday%3F&rft.date=2017-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwltv.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fverify%2Fverify-does-new-orleans-have-an-actual-birthday%2F289-499684457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026070753/http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/58/slave-resistance-in-natchez-mississippi-1719-1861">"Slave Resistance in Natchez, Mississippi (1719–1861) | Mississippi History Now"</a>. mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/58/slave-resistance-in-natchez-mississippi-1719-1861">the original</a> on October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us&rft.atitle=Slave+Resistance+in+Natchez%2C+Mississippi+%281719%E2%80%931861%29+%7C+Mississippi+History+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us%2Farticles%2F58%2Fslave-resistance-in-natchez-mississippi-1719-1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayarré1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gayarr%C3%A9" title="Charles Gayarré">Gayarré, Charles</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA447">History of Louisiana: The French Domination</a>. Vol. 1. New York, New York: Redfield. pp. 447–450. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084803/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA447#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved August 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Louisiana%3A+The+French+Domination&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=447-450&rft.pub=Redfield&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Gayarr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3IFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayarré1854450-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGayarré1854450_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGayarré1854">Gayarré 1854</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumminsKheher_SchaferHaasKurtz2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Light_Townsend_Cummins" title="Light Townsend Cummins">Cummins, Light Townsend</a>; Kheher Schafer, Judith; Haas, Edward F.; Kurtz, Micahel L. (2014). Wall, Bennett H.; Rodrigue, John C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQPZAQAAQBAJ">Louisiana: A History</a> (6th ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley Blackwell. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118619292" title="Special:BookSources/9781118619292"><bdi>9781118619292</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084820/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQPZAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana%3A+A+History&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118619292&rft.aulast=Cummins&rft.aufirst=Light+Townsend&rft.au=Kheher+Schafer%2C+Judith&rft.au=Haas%2C+Edward+F.&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Micahel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQPZAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackPast2007" class="citation web cs1">BlackPast (July 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/louisianas-code-noir-1724/">"(1724) Louisiana's Code Noir"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027190710/https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/louisianas-code-noir-1724/">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%281724%29+Louisiana%27s+Code+Noir&rft.date=2007-07-28&rft.au=BlackPast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fafrican-american-history%2Flouisianas-code-noir-1724%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/r7g5ar/from-benin-to-bourbon-street-a-brief-history-of-louisiana-voodoo">"From Benin to Bourbon Street: A Brief History of Louisiana Voodoo"</a>. www.vice.com. October 5, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101201752/https://www.vice.com/en/article/r7g5ar/from-benin-to-bourbon-street-a-brief-history-of-louisiana-voodoo">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=From+Benin+to+Bourbon+Street%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Louisiana+Voodoo&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fr7g5ar%2Ffrom-benin-to-bourbon-street-a-brief-history-of-louisiana-voodoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchquarter.com/true-history-faith-behind-voodoo/">"The True History and Faith Behind Voodoo"</a>. FrenchQuarter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101013201/https://www.frenchquarter.com/true-history-faith-behind-voodoo/">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FrenchQuarter.com&rft.atitle=The+True+History+and+Faith+Behind+Voodoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchquarter.com%2Ftrue-history-faith-behind-voodoo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruzat1919" class="citation journal cs1">Cruzat, Heloise Hulse (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/louisiana_anthology/texts/cruzat/cruzat--ursulines.html">"The Ursulines of Louisiana"</a>. The Louisiana Historical Quarterly. 2 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316070359/https://www2.latech.edu/~bmagee/louisiana_anthology/texts/cruzat/cruzat--ursulines.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Louisiana+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ursulines+of+Louisiana&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Cruzat&rft.aufirst=Heloise+Hulse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.latech.edu%2F~bmagee%2Flouisiana_anthology%2Ftexts%2Fcruzat%2Fcruzat--ursulines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richcampanella.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/article_Campanella_Preservation-in-Print_2014_May_Pauger-Savvy-Move.pdf">"Pauger's Savvy Move"</a> (PDF). richcampanella.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609051806/https://richcampanella.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/article_Campanella_Preservation-in-Print_2014_May_Pauger-Savvy-Move.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=richcampanella.com&rft.atitle=Pauger%27s+Savvy+Move&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichcampanella.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2Farticle_Campanella_Preservation-in-Print_2014_May_Pauger-Savvy-Move.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECumminsKheher_SchaferHaasKurtz201470-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECumminsKheher_SchaferHaasKurtz201470_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCumminsKheher_SchaferHaasKurtz2014">Cummins et al. 2014</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-Presas-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Presas_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Presas_y_Marull1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Presas_y_Marull" title="José Presas y Marull">José Presas y Marull</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simurg.bibliotecas.csic.es/viewer/image/CSIC000227068/23/#topDocAnchor">Juicio imparcial sobre las principales causas de la revolución de la América Española y acerca de las poderosas razones que tiene la metrópoli para reconocer su absoluta independencia. (original document)</a> [Fair judgment about the main causes of the revolution of Spanish America and about the powerful reasons that the metropolis has for recognizing its absolute independence]. Burdeaux: Imprenta de D. Pedro Beaume. pp. 22, 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032714/http://simurg.bibliotecas.csic.es/viewer/image/CSIC000227068/23/#topDocAnchor">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juicio+imparcial+sobre+las+principales+causas+de+la+revoluci%C3%B3n+de+la+Am%C3%A9rica+Espa%C3%B1ola+y+acerca+de+las+poderosas+razones+que+tiene+la+metr%C3%B3poli+para+reconocer+su+absoluta+independencia.+%28original+document%29&rft.place=Burdeaux&rft.pages=22%2C+23&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+D.+Pedro+Beaume&rft.date=1828&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Presas+y+Marull&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimurg.bibliotecas.csic.es%2Fviewer%2Fimage%2FCSIC000227068%2F23%2F%23topDocAnchor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/sitec23.htm">"National Park Service. Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings. Ursuline Convent"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122950/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/explorers/sitec23.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved September 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Park+Service.+Survey+of+Historic+Sites+and+Buildings.+Ursuline+Convent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fexplorers%2Fsitec23.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDing2001" class="citation web cs1">Ding, Loni (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/program1_1.html">"Part 1. Coolies, Sailors and Settlers"</a>. NAATA. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516002553/http://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/program1_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2011. <q>Some of the Filipinos who left their ships in Mexico ultimately found their way to the bayous of Louisiana, where they settled in the 1760s. The film shows the remains of Filipino shrimping villages in Louisiana, where, eight to ten generations later, their descendants still reside, making them the oldest continuous settlement of Asians in America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAATA&rft.atitle=Part+1.+Coolies%2C+Sailors+and+Settlers&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Loni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fancestorsintheamericas%2Fprogram1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDing2001" class="citation web cs1">Ding, Loni (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/time_06.html">"1763 Filipinos in Louisiana"</a>. NAATA. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321101112/http://www.pbs.org/ancestorsintheamericas/time_06.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2011. <q>These are the "Louisiana Manila men" with presence recorded as early as 1763.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAATA&rft.atitle=1763+Filipinos+in+Louisiana&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ding&rft.aufirst=Loni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fancestorsintheamericas%2Ftime_06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestbrook2008" class="citation web cs1">Westbrook, Laura (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/pilipino1.html">"Mabuhay Pilipino! (Long Life!): Filipino Culture in Southeast Louisiana"</a>. Louisiana Folklife Program. Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518005511/http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/Pilipino1.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Folklife+Program&rft.atitle=Mabuhay+Pilipino%21+%28Long+Life%21%29%3A+Filipino+Culture+in+Southeast+Louisiana&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Westbrook&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louisianafolklife.org%2FLT%2FArticles_Essays%2Fpilipino1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabros1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Fabros, Alex S. Jr. (February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/when-hilario-met-sally-the-fight-against-anti-miscegenation-laws">"When Hilario Met Sally: The Fight Against Anti-Miscegenation Laws"</a>. Filipinas Magazine. Burlingame, California: Positively Filipino LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826005441/http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/when-hilario-met-sally-the-fight-against-anti-miscegenation-laws">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2018 – via Positively Filipino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filipinas+Magazine&rft.atitle=When+Hilario+Met+Sally%3A+The+Fight+Against+Anti-Miscegenation+Laws&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=Fabros&rft.aufirst=Alex+S.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positivelyfilipino.com%2Fmagazine%2Fwhen-hilario-met-sally-the-fight-against-anti-miscegenation-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercene2007" class="citation book cs1">Mercene, Floro L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC&pg=PA106">Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century</a>. UP Press. pp. 106–08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-529-2"><bdi>978-971-542-529-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084847/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved September 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila+Men+in+the+New+World%3A+Filipino+Migration+to+Mexico+and+the+Americas+from+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=106-08&rft.pub=UP+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-542-529-2&rft.aulast=Mercene&rft.aufirst=Floro+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSqhZphG_gQC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Barbara (Autumn 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/americas-spanish-savior-bernardo-de-galvez.htm">"America's Spanish Savior: Bernardo de Gálvez marches to rescue the colonies"</a>. MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History: 98–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605055349/http://www.historynet.com/americas-spanish-savior-bernardo-de-galvez.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MHQ%3A+The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=America%27s+Spanish+Savior%3A+Bernardo+de+G%C3%A1lvez+marches+to+rescue+the+colonies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=98-104&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Famericas-spanish-savior-bernardo-de-galvez.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/louisiana-lewis-clark/the-louisiana-purchase/">"The Louisiana Purchase"</a>. Monticello. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321075505/https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/louisiana-purchase">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monticello&rft.atitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fthomas-jefferson%2Flouisiana-lewis-clark%2Fthe-louisiana-purchase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lachance1988-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Lachance1988_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachance1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lachance, Paul F. (1988). "The 1809 Immigration of Saint-Domingue Refugees to New Orleans: Reception, Integration and Impact". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 29 (2): 110. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4232650">4232650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+History%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Louisiana+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=The+1809+Immigration+of+Saint-Domingue+Refugees+to+New+Orleans%3A+Reception%2C+Integration+and+Impact&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4232650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lachance&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseauxConrad2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Brasseaux" title="Carl A. Brasseaux">Brasseaux, Carl A.</a>; Conrad, Glenn R., eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulpress.org/products/the-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809">The Road to Louisiana: The Saint-Domingue Refugees 1792–1809</a>. Lafayette, Louisiana: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935754602" title="Special:BookSources/9781935754602"><bdi>9781935754602</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813222610/https://ulpress.org/products/the-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Louisiana%3A+The+Saint-Domingue+Refugees+1792%E2%80%931809&rft.place=Lafayette%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=University+of+Louisiana+at+Lafayette+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781935754602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulpress.org%2Fproducts%2Fthe-road-to-louisiana-the-saint-domigue-refugees-1792-1809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAM-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAM_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAM_59-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=5&topic=3">"Haitian Immigration: 18th & 19th Centuries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141448/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=5&topic=3">Archived</a> June 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, In Motion: African American Migration Experience, New York Public Library, accessed May 7, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin200954-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGitlin200954_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGitlin2009">Gitlin 2009</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2012" class="citation book cs1">Rasmussen, Daniel (2012). American Uprising: The Untold Story of America's Largest Slave Revolt. Harper Potential. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061995224" title="Special:BookSources/9780061995224"><bdi>9780061995224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Uprising%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+America%27s+Largest+Slave+Revolt&rft.pub=Harper+Potential&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780061995224&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom2015" class="citation web cs1">Tom (March 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coololdphotos.com/rare-1815-plan-of-the-city-and-suburbs-of-new-orleans/">"Rare 1815 Plan of the City and Suburbs of New Orleans"</a>. Cool Old Photos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131536/https://coololdphotos.com/rare-1815-plan-of-the-city-and-suburbs-of-new-orleans/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cool+Old+Photos&rft.atitle=Rare+1815+Plan+of+the+City+and+Suburbs+of+New+Orleans&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft.au=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoololdphotos.com%2Frare-1815-plan-of-the-city-and-suburbs-of-new-orleans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groom2007-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groom2007_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groom2007_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom2007" class="citation book cs1">Groom, Winston (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nE3S3TnCGk4C">Patriotic Fire: Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9566-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9566-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-9566-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084854/https://books.google.com/books?id=nE3S3TnCGk4C">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotic+Fire%3A+Andrew+Jackson+and+Jean+Laffite+at+the+Battle+of+New+Orleans&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-9566-7&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnE3S3TnCGk4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbsjazz-64"><a href="#cite_ref-pbsjazz_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/places_new_orleans.htm">"New Orleans: The Birthplace of Jazz"</a> (primarily excerpted from Jazz: A History of America's Music). PBS – JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812000720/http://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/places_new_orleans.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+%E2%80%93+JAZZ+A+Film+By+Ken+Burns&rft.atitle=New+Orleans%3A+The+Birthplace+of+Jazz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fjazz%2Fplaces%2Fplaces_new_orleans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060522221017/http://www.creolehistory.com/">"History of Les Gens De Couleur Libres"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creolehistory.com/">the original</a> on May 22, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Les+Gens+De+Couleur+Libres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creolehistory.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999, pp. 2, 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009159-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009159_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGitlin2009">Gitlin 2009</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Lewis, Peirce F., New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape, Santa Fe, 2003, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-manumission-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manumission_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-manumission_69-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotlikoff.net/sites/default/files/The%20Manumission%20of%20Slaves%20in%20New%20Orleans,%201827-1846.pdf">Lawrence J. Kotlikoff and Anton J. Rupert, "The Manumission of Slaves in New Orleans, 1827–1846"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225223/http://www.kotlikoff.net/sites/default/files/The%20Manumission%20of%20Slaves%20in%20New%20Orleans,%201827-1846.pdf">Archived</a> April 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Southern Studies, Summer 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009166-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009166_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009166_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGitlin2009">Gitlin 2009</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/10/31/415535913/how-yellow-fever-turned-new-orleans-into-the-city-of-the-dead">"How Yellow Fever Turned New Orleans Into The 'City Of The Dead'"</a>. NPR. October 31, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628214054/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/10/31/415535913/how-yellow-fever-turned-new-orleans-into-the-city-of-the-dead">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+Yellow+Fever+Turned+New+Orleans+Into+The+%27City+Of+The+Dead%27&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2018%2F10%2F31%2F415535913%2Fhow-yellow-fever-turned-new-orleans-into-the-city-of-the-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2020/05/10/a-lesson-from-history-how-the-yellow-fever-epidemic-changed-society#:~:text=Yellow%20fever%20killed%20more%20than,with%20references%20to%20yellow%20fever.">"A lesson from history: How the yellow fever epidemic changed society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Weekly" title="Palo Alto Weekly">Palo Alto Weekly</a>. May 10, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721161220/https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/2020/05/10/a-lesson-from-history-how-the-yellow-fever-epidemic-changed-society#:~:text=Yellow%20fever%20killed%20more%20than,with%20references%20to%20yellow%20fever.">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved July 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palo+Alto+Weekly&rft.atitle=A+lesson+from+history%3A+How+the+yellow+fever+epidemic+changed+society&rft.date=2020-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonweekly.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F05%2F10%2Fa-lesson-from-history-how-the-yellow-fever-epidemic-changed-society%23%3A~%3Atext%3DYellow%2520fever%2520killed%2520more%2520than%2Cwith%2520references%2520to%2520yellow%2520fever.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nystrom-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nystrom_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nystrom_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nystrom_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nystrom_73-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNystrom2010" class="citation book cs1">Nystrom, Justin A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXYUCz-PjCAC&pg=PA6">New Orleans after the Civil War: Race, Politics, and a New Birth of Freedom</a>. JHU Press. pp. 6–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9997-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-9997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+after+the+Civil+War%3A+Race%2C+Politics%2C+and+a+New+Birth+of+Freedom&rft.pages=6-&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9997-3&rft.aulast=Nystrom&rft.aufirst=Justin+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXYUCz-PjCAC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64parishes.org/entry/benjamin-butler">"Benjamin Butler"</a>. 64 Parishes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616112819/https://64parishes.org/entry/benjamin-butler/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=64+Parishes&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F64parishes.org%2Fentry%2Fbenjamin-butler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009180-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGitlin2009180_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGitlin2009">Gitlin 2009</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie%27s_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie's Weekly">Leslie's Weekly</a>, December 11, 1902 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Robert Tallant & Lyle Saxon, Gumbo Ya-Ya: Folk Tales of Louisiana, Louisiana Library Commission: 1945, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brasseaux2005-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Brasseaux2005_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseaux2005" class="citation book cs1">Brasseaux, Carl A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2IAZ7563soC&pg=PA32">French, Cajun, Creole, Houma: A Primer on Francophone Louisiana</a>. LSU Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3036-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-3036-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084808/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2IAZ7563soC&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French%2C+Cajun%2C+Creole%2C+Houma%3A+A+Primer+on+Francophone+Louisiana&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-3036-0&rft.aulast=Brasseaux&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2IAZ7563soC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> New Orleans City Guide. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> of the Works Progress Administration: 1938, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustica.org/san_bartolomeo/catalog/civilwar.htm">"Usticesi in the United States Civil War"</a>. The Ustica Connection. March 22, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190216050549/http://www.ustica.org/san_bartolomeo/catalog/civilwar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usticesi+in+the+United+States+Civil+War&rft.pub=The+Ustica+Connection&rft.date=2003-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ustica.org%2Fsan_bartolomeo%2Fcatalog%2Fcivilwar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism, 1955, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Cook, "The Typographical Union and the New Orleans General Strike of 1892," Louisiana History, 1983; "Labor Trouble In New-Orleans," New York Times, November 5, 1892. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/italian8.html">"Immigration / Italian"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628191345/http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/italian8.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Immigration+%2F+Italian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fteachers%2Fclassroommaterials%2Fpresentationsandactivities%2Fpresentations%2Fimmigration%2Fitalian8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gambino2000-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Gambino2000_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gambino" title="Richard Gambino">Gambino, Richard</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jA9-dmAsoMwC">Vendetta: The True Story of the Largest Lynching in U.S. History</a>. Guernica Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55071-103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55071-103-5"><bdi>978-1-55071-103-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110084854/https://books.google.com/books?id=jA9-dmAsoMwC">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vendetta%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Largest+Lynching+in+U.S.+History&rft.pub=Guernica+Editions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55071-103-5&rft.aulast=Gambino&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjA9-dmAsoMwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-2003–175-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2003–175_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2003–175_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2003–175_85-2">c</a> Lewis, Peirce F., New Orleans: The Making of an Urban Landscape, Santa Fe, 2003, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/streetcar-workers-strike-new-orleans/">"July 1, 1929: Streetcar Workers Strike in New Orleans"</a>. Zinn Education Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716050306/https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/streetcar-workers-strike-new-orleans/">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zinn+Education+Project&rft.atitle=July+1%2C+1929%3A+Streetcar+Workers+Strike+in+New+Orleans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinnedproject.org%2Fnews%2Ftdih%2Fstreetcar-workers-strike-new-orleans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizell-Nelson" class="citation web cs1">Mizell-Nelson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/514">"1929 Streetcar Strike - Stop 4 of 9 in the Streetcars and their Historian Michael Mizell-Nelson tour"</a>. New Orleans Historical. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716050250/https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/514">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Orleans+Historical&rft.atitle=1929+Streetcar+Strike+-+Stop+4+of+9+in+the+Streetcars+and+their+Historian+Michael+Mizell-Nelson+tour&rft.aulast=Mizell-Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneworleanshistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizell-Nelson" class="citation web cs1">Mizell-Nelson, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/480">"Po-Boy Sandwich - Stop 6 of 7 in the French Quarter Street Food tour"</a>. New Orleans Historical. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716050144/https://neworleanshistorical.org/items/show/480">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Orleans+Historical&rft.atitle=Po-Boy+Sandwich+-+Stop+6+of+7+in+the+French+Quarter+Street+Food+tour&rft.aulast=Mizell-Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneworleanshistorical.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcflu-89"><a href="#cite_ref-fcflu_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSell1955" class="citation news cs1">Sell, Jack (December 30, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Cs9RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C2wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4796%2C5131560">"Panthers defeat flu; face Ga. Tech next"</a>. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225072207/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Cs9RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=C2wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4796%2C5131560">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Panthers+defeat+flu%3B+face+Ga.+Tech+next&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1955-12-30&rft.aulast=Sell&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DCs9RAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DC2wDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4796%252C5131560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulé-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Mulé_90-0">^</a> Mulé, Marty – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610185435/http://www.blackathlete.net/artman/publish/article_01392.shtml">A Time For Change: Bobby Grier And The 1956 Sugar Bowl</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>. Black Athlete Sports Network, December 28, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Zeise, Paul – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05280/584401.stm">Bobby Grier broke bowl's color line. The Panthers' Bobby Grier was the first African-American to play in Sugar Bowl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309113920/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05280/584401.stm">Archived</a> March 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 07, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Thamel, Pete – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/sports/ncaafootball/01grier.html?ex=1293771600&en=8a6a5b2ca5956881&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss">Grier Integrated a Game and Earned the World's Respect</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102053133/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/sports/ncaafootball/01grier.html?ex=1293771600&en=8a6a5b2ca5956881&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss">Archived</a> January 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York Times, January 1, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJake_Grantl2019" class="citation web cs1">Jake Grantl (November 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fromtherumbleseat.com/2019/11/14/20914927/rearview-revisited-segregation-and-the-sugar-bowl-georgia-tech-pittsburgh-bobby-grier-1955-1956-game">"Rearview Revisited: Segregation and the Sugar Bowl"</a>. Georgia Tech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114161717/https://www.fromtherumbleseat.com/2019/11/14/20914927/rearview-revisited-segregation-and-the-sugar-bowl-georgia-tech-pittsburgh-bobby-grier-1955-1956-game">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rearview+Revisited%3A+Segregation+and+the+Sugar+Bowl&rft.pub=Georgia+Tech&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.au=Jake+Grantl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fromtherumbleseat.com%2F2019%2F11%2F14%2F20914927%2Frearview-revisited-segregation-and-the-sugar-bowl-georgia-tech-pittsburgh-bobby-grier-1955-1956-game&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Germany, Kent B., New Orleans After the Promises: Poverty, Citizenship and the Search for the Great Society, Athens, 2007, pp. 3–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_95-1">b</a> Glassman, James K., "New Orleans: I have Seen the Future, and It's Houston", The Atlantic Monthly, July 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusky,_Timothy_M.2005" class="citation web cs1">Kusky, Timothy M. (December 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060623092455/http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/TMKusky/original%20files/Why%20is%20New%20Orleans%20Sinking.pdf">"Why is New Orleans Sinking?"</a> (PDF). Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/TMKusky/original%20files/Why%20is%20New%20Orleans%20Sinking.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 23, 2006. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060327/neworleans_pla.html">the original</a> on June 14, 2006. 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Retrieved March 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=17th+Street+Canal+levee+was+doomed&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Ft-p%2Ffrontpage%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews-4%2F1133336859287360.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184520/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-5%2F1148020620117480.xml&coll=1">"Deaths of evacuees push toll to 1,577"</a>. nola.com. 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Retrieved May 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Climate+Normals+2020%3A+U.S.+Monthly+Climate+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Station%3A+New+Orleans+INTL+AP%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSW00012916%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00012930&format=pdf">"Station: New Orleans Audubon, LA"</a>. U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027190832/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00012930&format=pdf">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Climate+Normals+2020%3A+U.S.+Monthly+Climate+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=Station%3A+New+Orleans+Audubon%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSW00012930%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katrina-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Katrina_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidwell2006" class="citation book cs1">Tidwell, Mike (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cFajSK4cjIC">The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3810-3"><bdi>978-1-4165-3810-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110085307/https://books.google.com/books?id=9cFajSK4cjIC">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ravaging+Tide%3A+Strange+Weather%2C+Future+Katrinas%2C+and+the+Coming+Death+of+America%27s+Coastal+Cities&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3810-3&rft.aulast=Tidwell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cFajSK4cjIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703204951/http://www.fema.gov/emergency/reports/2006/nat112006.shtm">"Federal Emergency Management Agency"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/emergency/reports/2006/nat112006.shtm">the original</a> on July 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Femergency%2Freports%2F2006%2Fnat112006.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_133-2">c</a> See <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_preparedness_for_New_Orleans#Early_20th_century_hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans">Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans#Early 20th century hurricanes</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_preparedness_for_New_Orleans#Late_20th_century_hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans">Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans#Late 20th century hurricanes</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinleyUrbina2008" class="citation news cs1">McKinley, James C. Jr.; Urbina, Ian (September 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/13/us/13ike.html">"Huge Storm Slams Into Coast of Texas"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412123248/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/13/us/13ike.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Huge+Storm+Slams+Into+Coast+of+Texas&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=James+C.+Jr.&rft.au=Urbina%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F13%2Fus%2F13ike.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/24/rita.assess/index.html">Rita's impact, city by city. Flooding and power outages plague Texas and Louisiana.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071115115620/http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/24/rita.assess/index.html">Archived</a> November 15, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN, September 24, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427160836/http://www.weather.com/newscenter/specialreports/hurricanes/vulnerablecities/neworleans.html">"The Weather Channel's Special Report: Vulnerable Cities – New Orleans, Louisiana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/newscenter/specialreports/hurricanes/vulnerablecities/neworleans.html">the original</a> on April 27, 2006. Retrieved October 26, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Weather+Channel%27s+Special+Report%3A+Vulnerable+Cities+%E2%80%93+New+Orleans%2C+Louisiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Fnewscenter%2Fspecialreports%2Fhurricanes%2Fvulnerablecities%2Fneworleans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050910190054/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/photogalleries/New_Orleans_flood/">"New Orleans People, Pets Flee Flood (photographs)"</a> National Geographic, August 30, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/08/30/katrina.neworleans/index.html">Floodwaters, tensions rise in New Orleans.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083246/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/08/30/katrina.neworleans/index.html">Archived</a> December 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN, August 31, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-barry-140"><a href="#cite_ref-barry_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry,_J.M." class="citation web cs1">Barry, J.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnmbarry.com/bio.htm">"What You Need to Know About Katrina – and Don't – Why It Makes Economic Sense to Protect and Rebuild New Orleans"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112075941/http://johnmbarry.com/bio.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+Katrina+%E2%80%93+and+Don%27t+%E2%80%93+Why+It+Makes+Economic+Sense+to+Protect+and+Rebuild+New+Orleans&rft.au=Barry%2C+J.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnmbarry.com%2Fbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?articleID=2439&md=newsroom&tmp=detail">President Bush signs OCS revenue sharing bill; Statement by Governor Kathleen Babineaux Blanco.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107163356/http://gov.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?articleID=2439&md=newsroom&tmp=detail">Archived</a> November 7, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From: gov.louisiana.gov, December 20, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Walsh, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/washington/index.ssf?/base/news-2/1192603358244350.xml&coll=1">Blanco, Nagin lobby for Louisiana aid.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701222201/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/washington/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-2%2F1192603358244350.xml&coll=1">Archived</a> July 1, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Times Picayune, October 17, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12647">"Levees Cannot Fully Eliminate Risk of Flooding to New Orleans"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428070859/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12647">Archived</a> April 28, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Academy of Sciences, April 24, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-144"><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov//prod/www/decennial.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105142/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014CensusEst-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014CensusEst_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014CensusEst_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403025836/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2014/CO-EST2014-alldata.html">"County Totals Datasets: Population Estimates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2014/CO-EST2014-alldata.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=County+Totals+Datasets%3A+Population+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fcounties%2Ftotals%2F2014%2FCO-EST2014-alldata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1998" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314031958/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html">"Population Of The 100 Largest Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States: 1790 To 1990"</a>. Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov//population/www/documentation/twps0027.html">the original</a> on March 14, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Of+The+100+Largest+Cities+And+Other+Urban+Places+In+The+United+States%3A+1790+To+1990&rft.pub=Population+Division%2C+U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopEstCities-147"><a href="#cite_ref-PopEstCities_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213005358/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/PEPANNRSIP.US12A">"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2018 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/PEPANNRSIP.US12A">the original</a> on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population+for+Incorporated+Places+of+50%2C000+or+More%2C+Ranked+by+July+1%2C+2018+Population%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2018&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FPEP%2F2018%2FPEPANNRSIP.US12A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinHarkins1996-148"><a href="#cite_ref-DinHarkins1996_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_C._DinJohn_E._Harkins1996" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert C. Din; John E. Harkins (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B19VDaHvj64C&pg=PA6">New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's First City Government, 1769—1803</a>. LSU Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2042-2"><bdi>978-0-8071-2042-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110085323/https://books.google.com/books?id=B19VDaHvj64C&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+Cabildo%3A+Colonial+Louisiana%27s+First+City+Government%2C+1769%E2%80%941803&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2042-2&rft.au=Gilbert+C.+Din&rft.au=John+E.+Harkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB19VDaHvj64C%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/">"Historical Census Browser"</a>. University of Virginia Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/">the original</a> on August 11, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Census+Browser&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapserver.lib.virginia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov//population/cencounts/la190090.txt">"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915215703/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/la190090.txt">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Counties+by+Decennial+Census%3A+1900+to+1990&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F%2Fpopulation%2Fcencounts%2Fla190090.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov//population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf">"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000"</a> (PDF). 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"Equity Planning in Post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans: Lessons from te Ninth Ward". Cityscape. 10 (3): 57–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cityscape&rft.atitle=Equity+Planning+in+Post-Hurricane+Katrina+New+Orleans%3A+Lessons+from+te+Ninth+Ward&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-76&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.au=Ionesu%2C+Heroiu&rft.au=Rumbach%2C+Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-undoc-169"><a href="#cite_ref-undoc_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2006" class="citation news cs1">Eaton, Leslie (June 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/08/us/nationalspecial/08workers.html">"Study Sees Increase in Illegal Hispanic Workers in New Orleans"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224114046/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/08/us/nationalspecial/08workers.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2008. 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Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Hispanic+Trends+Project&rft.atitle=Metro+area+U.S.+unauthorized+immigrant+population+estimates%2C+2016+and+2007&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fhispanic%2Finteractives%2Funauthorized-immigrants-by-metro-area-table%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Robert McClendon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/03/sanctuary_city_immigration_new.html">'Sanctuary city' policy puts an end to NOPD's immigration enforcement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107143900/https://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/03/sanctuary_city_immigration_new.html">Archived</a> November 7, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NOLA.com | The Times-Picayune (March 1, 2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815140430/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results">"Orleans County"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>. 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Retrieved September 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2%3A+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2010%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Orleans+Parish%2C+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D050XX00US22071%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2010.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020CensusP2-179"><a href="#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=050XX00US22071&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">"P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Orleans Parish, Louisiana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902145223/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=050XX00US22071&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2%3A+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2020%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Orleans+Parish%2C+Louisiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D050XX00US22071%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2020.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-180"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520164400/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL&prodType=table">"American FactFinder – Results"</a>. factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_QTPL&prodType=table">the original</a> on May 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factfinder.census.gov&rft.atitle=American+FactFinder+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.au=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_PL_QTPL%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latinos-account-half-countrys-population-growth-rcna1667">"Latinos account for over half of the country's population growth"</a>. NBC News. August 13, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117012248/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/latinos-account-half-countrys-population-growth-rcna1667">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved February 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Latinos+account+for+over+half+of+the+country%27s+population+growth&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Flatino%2Flatinos-account-half-countrys-population-growth-rcna1667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Jessica Williams. (12 December 2021). "Census 2020: Who lives in the New Orleans metro now? Data show more diverse population". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/census-2020-who-lives-in-the-new-orleans-metro-now-data-show-more-diverse-population/article_391789a2-fb9a-11eb-a125-1bf5db471b82.html">nola.com website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209012132/https://www.nola.com/news/census-2020-who-lives-in-the-new-orleans-metro-now-data-show-more-diverse-population/article_391789a2-fb9a-11eb-a125-1bf5db471b82.html">Archived</a> December 9, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 8 December 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-HispboomKENNER-183"><a href="#cite_ref-HispboomKENNER_183-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110618025537/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/06/hispanic_population_booms_in_k.html">Hispanic population booms in Kenner and elsewhere in New Orleans area</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150828183230/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/06/hispanic_population_booms_in_k.html">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/The_Times-Picayune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times-Picayune">The Times-Picayune</a>. June 15, 2011. Retrieved on September 7, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Moreno Gonzales, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/worldlatest/story/0,,-6752697,00.html">Katrina Brought a Wave of Hispanics.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110085306/https://www.theguardian.com/world">Archived</a> January 10, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Guardian Unlimited, July 2, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Nolan, Bruce. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/New-Orleans-now-home-to-thousands-of-Brazilians-1590764.php">New Orleans now home to thousands of Brazilians</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925150521/http://www.chron.com/news/nation-world/article/New-Orleans-now-home-to-thousands-of-Brazilians-1590764.php">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. Sunday January 27, 2008. Retrieved on September 6, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercene2007" class="citation book cs1">Mercene, Floro L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC&pg=PA107">Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century</a>. UP Press. pp. 107–08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-542-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-542-529-2"><bdi>978-971-542-529-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110085306/https://books.google.com/books?id=OSqhZphG_gQC&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manila+Men+in+the+New+World%3A+Filipino+Migration+to+Mexico+and+the+Americas+from+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=107-08&rft.pub=UP+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-971-542-529-2&rft.aulast=Mercene&rft.aufirst=Floro+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOSqhZphG_gQC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltner2018" class="citation news cs1">Hiltner, Stephen (May 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/us/vietnamese-forged-a-community-in-new-orleans-now-it-may-be-fading.html">"Vietnamese Forged a Community in New Orleans. Now It May Be Fading"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717003735/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/05/us/vietnamese-forged-a-community-in-new-orleans-now-it-may-be-fading.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+Forged+a+Community+in+New+Orleans.+Now+It+May+Be+Fading.&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hiltner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F05%2Fus%2Fvietnamese-forged-a-community-in-new-orleans-now-it-may-be-fading.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-orleans/narratives/practical-information/directory/lgbt-travellers">"LGBT Travellers in New Orleans, USA"</a>. Lonely Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717003738/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-orleans/narratives/practical-information/directory/lgbt-travellers">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=LGBT+Travellers+in+New+Orleans%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fusa%2Fnew-orleans%2Fnarratives%2Fpractical-information%2Fdirectory%2Flgbt-travellers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neworleans.com/things-to-do/lgbt/history/">"New Orleans Gay History"</a>. www.neworleans.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717003737/https://www.neworleans.com/things-to-do/lgbt/history/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.neworleans.com&rft.atitle=New+Orleans+Gay+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neworleans.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Flgbt%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/article_53f7957e-a126-5ae1-866a-a5ceffb59488.html">"Survey data shows New Orleans in top 10 of metro areas with gay population"</a>. NOLA.com. March 21, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717003737/https://www.nola.com/news/article_53f7957e-a126-5ae1-866a-a5ceffb59488.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=Survey+data+shows+New+Orleans+in+top+10+of+metro+areas+with+gay+population&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_53f7957e-a126-5ae1-866a-a5ceffb59488.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardtMiller2015" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David; Miller, Claire Cain (March 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html">"The Metro Areas With the Largest, and Smallest, Gay Populations"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708143407/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/21/upshot/the-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Metro+Areas+With+the+Largest%2C+and+Smallest%2C+Gay+Populations&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Miller%2C+Claire+Cain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F21%2Fupshot%2Fthe-metro-areas-with-the-largest-and-smallest-gay-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thrillist.com/drink/new-orleans/best-gay-lgbtq-bars-new-orleans">"10 LGBTQ Bars to Check Out in New Orleans, the Most 'Anything Goes' City in America"</a>. Thrillist. June 19, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512005306/https://www.thrillist.com/drink/new-orleans/best-gay-lgbtq-bars-new-orleans">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thrillist&rft.atitle=10+LGBTQ+Bars+to+Check+Out+in+New+Orleans%2C+the+Most+%27Anything+Goes%27+City+in+America&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thrillist.com%2Fdrink%2Fnew-orleans%2Fbest-gay-lgbtq-bars-new-orleans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnewo.html#stats">"New Orleans Archdiocese (Catholic-Hierarchy)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206103615/http://catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnewo.html#stats">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+Archdiocese+%28Catholic-Hierarchy%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdnewo.html%23stats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nolacatholic.org/parishes-1">"Parishes"</a>. Archdiocese of New Orleans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211050530/https://nolacatholic.org/parishes-1">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved December 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archdiocese+of+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=Parishes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnolacatholic.org%2Fparishes-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-195"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639">"Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics"</a>. U.S. Religion Census. Association of Religion Data Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Religion+Census&rft.atitle=Maps+and+data+files+for+2020+%7C+U.S.+Religion+Census+%7C+Religious+Statistics+%26+Demographics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usreligioncensus.org%2Findex.php%2Fnode%2F1639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> New Orleans, "now under the flag of the United States, is still very much a Caribbean city...." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208220708/http://lal.tulane.edu/mapsexib2.html">"The Pearl of the Antilles and the Crescent City: Historic Maps of the Caribbean in the Latin American Library Map Collections"</a>. Latin American Library, Tulane University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lal.tulane.edu/mapsexib2.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2006. Retrieved January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Library%2C+Tulane+University&rft.atitle=The+Pearl+of+the+Antilles+and+the+Crescent+City%3A+Historic+Maps+of+the+Caribbean+in+the+Latin+American+Library+Map+Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flal.tulane.edu%2Fmapsexib2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> New Orleans is described as "a Caribbean city, an exuberant, semi-tropical city, perhaps the most hedonistic city in the United States". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.W._Apple_Jr." class="citation web cs1">R.W. Apple Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013161854/http://epodunk.com/cgi-bin/allProp.php?localID=3502&tpropID=quote&sec=0">"Apple's America"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/allProp.php?localID=3502&tpropID=quote&sec=0">the original</a> (quoted on ePodunk.com) on October 13, 2007. Retrieved January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple%27s+America&rft.au=R.W.+Apple+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epodunk.com%2Fcgi-bin%2FallProp.php%3FlocalID%3D3502%26tpropID%3Dquote%26sec%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostonGlobeNorthernmost-198"><a href="#cite_ref-BostonGlobeNorthernmost_198-0">^</a> New Orleans "is often called the northernmost Caribbean city". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1997" class="citation news cs1">Kemp, John R. (November 30, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/books97/christopher_benfey.htm">"When the painter met the Creoles"</a>. The Boston Globe. p. G3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052826/http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/books97/christopher_benfey.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=When+the+painter+met+the+Creoles&rft.pages=G3&rft.date=1997-11-30&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fglobe%2Fsearch%2Fstories%2Fbooks%2Fbooks97%2Fchristopher_benfey.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64parishes.org/high-priestess-french-quarter">"The High Priestess of the French Quarter"</a>. 64 Parishes. December 5, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125130305/https://64parishes.org/high-priestess-french-quarter">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=64+Parishes&rft.atitle=The+High+Priestess+of+the+French+Quarter&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F64parishes.org%2Fhigh-priestess-french-quarter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gonola.com/things-to-do-in-new-orleans/history/popps-fountain-in-city-park">"GoNOLA Find: Popp's Fountain in City Park"</a>. GoNOLA.com. July 5, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616213534/https://gonola.com/things-to-do-in-new-orleans/history/popps-fountain-in-city-park">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoNOLA.com&rft.atitle=GoNOLA+Find%3A+Popp%27s+Fountain+in+City+Park&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgonola.com%2Fthings-to-do-in-new-orleans%2Fhistory%2Fpopps-fountain-in-city-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719114106/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/new-orleans">"The Jewish Community of New Orleans"</a>. Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/new-orleans">the original</a> on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beit+Hatfutsot+Open+Databases+Project&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+New+Orleans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fnew-orleans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beth_Israel_7_years-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Beth_Israel_7_years_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2012" class="citation news cs1">Nolan, Bruce (August 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222042/http://www.nola.com/religion/index.ssf/2012/08/congregation_beth_israel_will.html">"Congregation Beth Israel ends 7 years of Hurricane Katrina-induced wandering"</a>. The Times-Picayune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/religion/index.ssf/2012/08/congregation_beth_israel_will.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Congregation+Beth+Israel+ends+7+years+of+Hurricane+Katrina-induced+wandering&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Freligion%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F08%2Fcongregation_beth_israel_will.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillion2019" class="citation web cs1">Killion, Aubry (March 15, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdsu.com/article/members-of-the-new-orleans-islamic-community-on-high-alert/26840939">"Members of the New Orleans Islamic community on high alert"</a>. WDSU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033521/https://www.wdsu.com/article/members-of-the-new-orleans-islamic-community-on-high-alert/26840939">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. 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September 20, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203194016/https://wgno.com/news/louisiana/orleans-parish/skyrocketing-homicide-rates-in-2022-in-new-orleans-murder-capital-of-the-u-s-report-says/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2022. 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Retrieved May 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Williams+Research+Center&rft.pub=Historic+New+Orleans+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnoc.org%2Fwillcent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060519131950/http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/mintex.htm">"Old US Mint"</a>. Louisiana State Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsm.crt.state.la.us/mintex.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2006. Retrieved May 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+US+Mint&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsm.crt.state.la.us%2Fmintex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Trist_Urquhart1959" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth Trist Urquhart (March 21, 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923165732/http://lahistory.org/uploads/UrquhartLHAHistoryFinal.pdf">"Seventy Years of the Louisiana Historical Association"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>: lahistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lahistory.org/uploads/UrquhartLHAHistoryFinal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 23, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventy+Years+of+the+Louisiana+Historical+Association&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=lahistory.org&rft.date=1959-03-21&rft.au=Kenneth+Trist+Urquhart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lahistory.org%2Fuploads%2FUrquhartLHAHistoryFinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofneworleans.com/">"New Orleans News and Entertainment"</a>. Gambit Weekly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050905124246/http://www.bestofneworleans.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved September 3, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gambit+Weekly&rft.atitle=New+Orleans+News+and+Entertainment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestofneworleans.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=6573d3b8b0c3d010VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD">Nielsen Reports 1.1% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006–2007 Season.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705100549/http://www.nielsenmedia.com/nc/portal/site/Public/menuitem.55dc65b4a7d5adff3f65936147a062a0/?vgnextoid=6573d3b8b0c3d010VgnVCM100000ac0a260aRCRD">Archived</a> July 5, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nielson Media Research, August 23, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwoz.org/">"WWOZ New Orleans 90.7 FM"</a>. WWOZ New Orleans 90.7 FM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012091209/http://wwoz.org/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWOZ+New+Orleans+90.7+FM&rft.atitle=WWOZ+New+Orleans+90.7+FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwoz.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704003004/http://www.wwoz.org/about/facts+about+wwoz">"Facts about WWOZ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwoz.org/about/facts+about+wwoz">the original</a> on July 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+WWOZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwoz.org%2Fabout%2Ffacts%2Babout%2Bwwoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtulneworleans.com/">"Home – WTUL New Orleans 91.5FM"</a>. www.wtulneworleans.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080816220834/http://www.wtulneworleans.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wtulneworleans.com&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+WTUL+New+Orleans+91.5FM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtulneworleans.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nola.com-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Nola.com_305-0">^</a> Thompson, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2010/03/real_world_dirty_business_gets.html">"Real World New Orleans: Toothbrush-as-toilet scrubber sickens housemate, triggers police action"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724142635/http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2010/03/real_world_dirty_business_gets.html">Archived</a> July 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nola.com; March 21, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Martin, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mm-agency.com/blog/mtv-real-world/mtv-real-world-back-to-new-orleans-filming-ends/3640/">"MTV Real World Back to New Orleans Filming Ends"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706072455/http://www.mm-agency.com/blog/mtv-real-world/mtv-real-world-back-to-new-orleans-filming-ends/3640/">Archived</a> July 6, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Michael Martin Agency; May 12, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExton2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Exton, Emily (July 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2010/07/01/the-real-world-new-orleans-premiere-recap/">"'The Real World: New Orleans' premiere recap: The bleach definitely went to his brain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529163142/https://ew.com/article/2010/07/01/the-real-world-new-orleans-premiere-recap/">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=%27The+Real+World%3A+New+Orleans%27+premiere+recap%3A+The+bleach+definitely+went+to+his+brain&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.aulast=Exton&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2010%2F07%2F01%2Fthe-real-world-new-orleans-premiere-recap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2011/08/bad_girls_club_launches_new_or.html">"'Bad Girls Club' launches New Orleans season"</a>. NOLA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620061735/http://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2011/08/bad_girls_club_launches_new_or.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NOLA.com&rft.atitle=%27Bad+Girls+Club%27+launches+New+Orleans+season&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Ftv%2Findex.ssf%2F2011%2F08%2Fbad_girls_club_launches_new_or.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe,_Eric2015" class="citation news cs1">Jaffe, Eric (August 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2015/08/a-scathing-review-of-public-transit-in-new-orleans-since-katrina/401423/">"A Troubling Review of Public Transit in New Orleans Since Katrina"</a>. Bloomberg.com. City Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054751/https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2015/08/a-scathing-review-of-public-transit-in-new-orleans-since-katrina/401423/">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=A+Troubling+Review+of+Public+Transit+in+New+Orleans+Since+Katrina&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citylab.com%2Ftransportation%2F2015%2F08%2Fa-scathing-review-of-public-transit-in-new-orleans-since-katrina%2F401423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ridenola-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ridenola_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ridenola_310-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The State of Transit 2017: Creating our Transit Future". Ride New Orleans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Transit+2017%3A+Creating+our+Transit+Future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrell2018" class="citation web cs1">Terrell, Ellen (November 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2018/11/st-charles-avenues-streetcar/">"St. Charles Avenue's Streetcar | Inside Adams: Science, Technology & Business"</a>. blogs.loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113194151/https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2018/11/st-charles-avenues-streetcar/">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.loc.gov&rft.atitle=St.+Charles+Avenue%27s+Streetcar+%7C+Inside+Adams%3A+Science%2C+Technology+%26+Business&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft.aulast=Terrell&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Finside_adams%2F2018%2F11%2Fst-charles-avenues-streetcar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennick,_Louis_C._and_Elbridge_Harper_Charlton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hennick, Louis C. and Elbridge Harper Charlton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2Zu8CSRFZAC">Streetcars of New Orleans</a>. Gretna, LA: Jackson Square Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1455612598" title="Special:BookSources/978-1455612598"><bdi>978-1455612598</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110085309/https://books.google.com/books?id=X2Zu8CSRFZAC">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streetcars+of+New+Orleans&rft.place=Gretna%2C+LA&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Jackson+Square+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1455612598&rft.au=Hennick%2C+Louis+C.+and+Elbridge+Harper+Charlton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2Zu8CSRFZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2010" class="citation news cs1">Powell, Allen (June 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_9eef3085-9930-5d71-b28f-752dcfc47696.html">"New Jefferson Transit buses run on biodiesel"</a>. The Times-Picayune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302091933/https://www.nola.com/news/politics/article_9eef3085-9930-5d71-b28f-752dcfc47696.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=New+Jefferson+Transit+buses+run+on+biodiesel&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle_9eef3085-9930-5d71-b28f-752dcfc47696.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffparish.net/index.cfm?DocID=1196">Department of Transit Administration.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220045454/http://www.jeffparish.net/index.cfm?DocID=1196">Archived</a> February 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Parish of Jefferson. Retrieved November 12, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffersontransit.org/">Jefferson Transit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930174935/http://www.jeffersontransit.org/">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://friendsoftheferry.org/ferry-history.html">"History of New Orleans' Ferries"</a>. Friends of the Ferry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054801/http://friendsoftheferry.org/ferry-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+New+Orleans%27+Ferries&rft.pub=Friends+of+the+Ferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffriendsoftheferry.org%2Fferry-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-friendsoftheferry.org-317"><a href="#cite_ref-friendsoftheferry.org_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsoftheferry.org/">"Friends of the Ferry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131434/http://www.friendsoftheferry.org/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+of+the+Ferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsoftheferry.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_318-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolly_Reid2010" class="citation web cs1">Molly Reid (May 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_40a94334-eaa5-512d-8f6a-de89a3bb52f0.html">"Bicycle Second Line celebrates New Orleans' expanded bike lanes and awareness"</a>. NOLA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094816/https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_40a94334-eaa5-512d-8f6a-de89a3bb52f0.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. 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The Advocate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theadvocate.com/news/neworleans/14585605-148/king-cake-maker-cab-company-team-up-on-deliveries-in-uber-era">the original</a> on April 24, 2016. 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The Alliance for Biking & Walking. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bicycling+%26+Walking+in+the+United+States%3A+2016+Benchmarking+Report&rft.pages=140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kplctv.com/story/37219911/new-orleans-becomes-sister-cities-with-namesake/">"New Orleans becomes sister city with namesake"</a>. kplctv.com. KPLC News. January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kplctv.com&rft.atitle=New+Orleans+becomes+sister+city+with+namesake&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kplctv.com%2Fstory%2F37219911%2Fnew-orleans-becomes-sister-cities-with-namesake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nola.gov/mayor/news/may-2019/mayor-cantrell-signs-sister-city-agreement-between-new-orleans-and-cap-haitien/">"Mayor Cantrell signs Sister City Agreement between New Orleans and Cap-Haitien"</a>. nola.gov. City of New Orleans. May 21, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nola.gov&rft.atitle=Mayor+Cantrell+signs+Sister+City+Agreement+between+New+Orleans+and+Cap-Haitien&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnola.gov%2Fmayor%2Fnews%2Fmay-2019%2Fmayor-cantrell-signs-sister-city-agreement-between-new-orleans-and-cap-haitien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Adams, Thomas J., and Steve Striffler (eds.). Working in the Big Easy: The History and Politics of Labor in New Orleans. Lafayette, Louisiana: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press, 2014.</li> <li>Berry, Jason. City of a Million Dreams: A History of New Orleans at Year 300. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.</li> <li>Dessens, Nathalie. Creole City: A Chronicle of Early American New Orleans. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 2015.</li> <li>Ermus, Cindy (ed.). Environmental Disaster in the Gulf South: Two Centuries of Catastrophe, Risk, and Resilience. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2018.</li> <li>Fertel, Rien. Imagining the Creole City: The Rise of Literary Culture in Nineteenth-Century New Orleans. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitlin2009" class="citation book cs1">Gitlin, Jay (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4P2TI_mfsQC&pg=PA159">The Bourgeois Frontier: French Towns, French Traders, and American Expansion</a>. Yale University Press. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15576-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15576-1"><bdi>978-0-300-15576-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bourgeois+Frontier%3A+French+Towns%2C+French+Traders%2C+and+American+Expansion&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15576-1&rft.aulast=Gitlin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4P2TI_mfsQC%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Orleans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1">online</a>; see index at p. 409 for list.</li> <li>Marler, Scott P. The Merchants' Capital: New Orleans and the Political Economy of the Nineteenth-Century South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Powell, Lawrence N. The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Simmons, LaKisha Michelle. Crescent City Girls: The Lives of Young Black Women in Segregated New Orleans. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.</li> <li>Solnit, Rebecca, and Rebecca Snedeker, Unfathomable City: A New Orleans Atlas. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> New Orleans at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Orleans" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/New Orleans">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Orleans" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/New Orleans">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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title="v:Special:Search/New Orleans">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/New_Orleans" class="extiw" title="voy:New Orleans">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.gov">Official website</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.new-orleans.la.us/">Archive index</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_New_Orleans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Orleans" title="Template:New Orleans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Orleans" title="Template talk:New Orleans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Orleans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Orleans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_City_of_New_Orleans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of New Orleans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleans Parish">Orleans Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">New Orleans metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_New_Orleans" title="Buildings and architecture of New Orleans">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Orleans" title="Culture of New Orleans">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Orleans" title="Flag of New Orleans">Flag</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Orleans" title="Healthcare in New Orleans">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Orleans" title="History of New Orleans">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Orleans" title="Timeline of New Orleans">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_New_Orleans" title="Media of New Orleans">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Orleans" title="Music of New Orleans">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_Orleans" title="Neighborhoods in New Orleans">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Orleans" title="List of people from New Orleans">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_New_Orleans" title="List of public art in New Orleans">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_Orleans" title="List of tallest buildings in New Orleans">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_Orleans" title="Sports in New Orleans">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">Streetcars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture_and_contemporary_life">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of New Orleans">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_City_Council" title="New Orleans City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Office_of_Homeland_Security_%26_Emergency_Preparedness" title="New Orleans Office of Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness">Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department" title="New Orleans Police Department">Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleans Parish Sheriff's Office (Louisiana)">Sheriff's Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Fire_Department" title="New Orleans Fire Department">Fire Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Emergency_Medical_Services" title="New Orleans Emergency Medical Services">EMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish_School_Board" title="Orleans Parish School Board">Public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_New_Orleans_International_Airport" title="Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="New Orleans Regional Transit Authority">RTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delgado_Community_College" title="Delgado Community College">Delgado Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillard_University" title="Dillard University">Dillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Holy_Cross" title="University of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_New_Orleans" title="Loyola University New Orleans">Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSU_Health_Sciences_Center_New_Orleans" title="LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans">LSU Health Sciences Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Baptist_Theological_Seminary" title="New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary">New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Seminary" title="Notre Dame Seminary">Notre Dame Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_University_at_New_Orleans" title="Southern University at New Orleans">SUNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">UNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delgado_Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Delgado Dolphins">Delgado Dolphins</a> (Delgado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillard_Bleu_Devils_and_Lady_Bleu_Devils" title="Dillard Bleu Devils and Lady Bleu Devils">Dillard Bleu Devils and Lady Bleu Devils</a> (Dillard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_Wolf_Pack" title="Loyola Wolf Pack">Loyola Wolf Pack</a> (Loyola New Orleans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Gold" title="New Orleans Gold">New Orleans Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jesters" title="New Orleans Jesters">New Orleans Jesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Pelicans" title="New Orleans Pelicans">New Orleans Pelicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Privateers" title="New Orleans Privateers">New Orleans Privateers</a> (UNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Breakers_(2022)" title="New Orleans Breakers (2022)">New Orleans Breakers (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern%E2%80%93New_Orleans_Knights_and_Lady_Knights" title="Southern–New Orleans Knights and Lady Knights">Southern–New Orleans Knights and Lady Knights</a> (SUNO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_Green_Wave" title="Tulane Green Wave">Tulane Green Wave</a> (Tulane)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Gold_Rush_and_Gold_Nuggets" title="Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets">Xavier Gold Rush and Gold Nuggets</a> (Xavier LA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_in_New_Orleans" title="Mardi Gras in New Orleans">Mardi Gras in New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Quarter_Festival" title="French Quarter Festival">French Quarter Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Jazz_%26_Heritage_Festival" title="New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival">New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams_%26_New_Orleans_Literary_Festival" title="Tennessee Williams & New Orleans Literary Festival">Tennessee Williams & New Orleans Literary Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchmo_SummerFest" title="Satchmo SummerFest">Satchmo SummerFest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Music_%2B_Arts_Experience" title="Voodoo Music + Arts Experience">Voodoo Music + Arts Experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wards_and_neighborhoods_of_Orleans_Parish/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Template:Orleans Parish, Louisiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Template talk:Orleans Parish, Louisiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orleans Parish, Louisiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wards_and_neighborhoods_of_Orleans_Parish/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wards and neighborhoods of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orleans Parish/New Orleans, Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_Orleans" title="Neighborhoods in New Orleans">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Bank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French Quarter/CBD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Quarter" title="French Quarter">French Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Central_Business_District" title="New Orleans Central Business District">Central Business District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central City/ Garden District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_New_Orleans" title="Central City, New Orleans">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_New_Orleans" title="Chinatown, New Orleans">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riverside,_New_Orleans" title="East Riverside, New Orleans">East Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Garden District, New Orleans">Garden District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Channel,_New_Orleans" title="Irish Channel, New Orleans">Irish Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Garden_District,_New_Orleans" title="Lower Garden District, New Orleans">Lower Garden District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan,_New_Orleans" title="Milan, New Orleans">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Development" title="St. Thomas Development">St. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touro,_New_Orleans" title="Touro, New Orleans">Touro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uptown/ Carrollton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audubon,_New_Orleans" title="Audubon, New Orleans">Audubon</a> (also known as University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Pearl,_New_Orleans" title="Black Pearl, New Orleans">Black Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadmoor,_New_Orleans" title="Broadmoor, New Orleans">Broadmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon,_New_Orleans" title="Dixon, New Orleans">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carrollton,_New_Orleans" title="East Carrollton, New Orleans">East Carrollton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freret,_New_Orleans" title="Freret, New Orleans">Freret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollygrove,_New_Orleans" title="Hollygrove, New Orleans">Hollygrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas,_New_Orleans" title="Leonidas, New Orleans">Leonidas</a> (also called West Carrollton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau,_New_Orleans" title="Fontainebleau, New Orleans">Fontainebleau</a> (also called Marlyville)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uptown,_New_Orleans" title="Uptown, New Orleans">Uptown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Riverside,_New_Orleans" title="West Riverside, New Orleans">West Riverside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayou_St._John_(neighborhood)" title="Bayou St. John (neighborhood)">Bayou St. John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_Projects" title="Calliope Projects">B. W. Cooper</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Calliope_Projects" title="Calliope Projects">Calliope Projects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairgrounds,_New_Orleans" title="Fairgrounds, New Orleans">Fairgrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Town,_New_Orleans" title="Gert Town, New Orleans">Gert Town</a> (also called Zion City)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberville_Projects" title="Iberville Projects">Iberville Development</a> (Former <a href="/wiki/Storyville,_New_Orleans" title="Storyville, New Orleans">Storyville</a> neighborhood)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-City_New_Orleans" title="Mid-City New Orleans">Mid-City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Projects" title="St. Bernard Projects">St. Bernard Projects</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parkview,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parkview, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Parkview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Ward,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Ward, New Orleans">Seventh Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Treme/Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane/Gravier,_New_Orleans" title="Tulane/Gravier, New Orleans">Tulane/Gravier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakeview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_Park,_New_Orleans" title="City Park, New Orleans">City Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeshore/Lake_Vista,_New_Orleans" title="Lakeshore/Lake Vista, New Orleans">Lakeshore/Lake Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeview,_New_Orleans" title="Lakeview, New Orleans">Lakeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_New_Orleans" title="Lakewood, New Orleans">Lakewood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_Club_Gardens" title="Country Club Gardens">Country Club Gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarre,_New_Orleans" title="Navarre, New Orleans">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End,_New_Orleans" title="West End, New Orleans">West End</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gentilly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dillard,_New_Orleans" title="Dillard, New Orleans">Dillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmore,_New_Orleans" title="Filmore, New Orleans">Filmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Terrace,_New_Orleans" title="Gentilly Terrace, New Orleans">Gentilly Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Woods,_New_Orleans" title="Gentilly Woods, New Orleans">Gentilly Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Terrace/Lake_Oaks,_New_Orleans" title="Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks, New Orleans">Lake Terrace/Lake Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milneburg,_New_Orleans" title="Milneburg, New Orleans">Milneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontchartrain_Park,_New_Orleans" title="Pontchartrain Park, New Orleans">Pontchartrain Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anthony,_New_Orleans" title="St. Anthony, New Orleans">St. Anthony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bywater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bywater,_New_Orleans" title="Bywater, New Orleans">Bywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire_Area,_New_Orleans" title="Desire Area, New Orleans">Desire Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire_Projects" title="Desire Projects">Desire Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Area,_New_Orleans" title="Florida Area, New Orleans">Florida Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Projects" title="Florida Projects">Florida Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faubourg_Marigny" title="Faubourg Marigny">Marigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Claude,_New_Orleans" title="St. Claude, New Orleans">St. Claude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musicians%27_Village" title="Musicians' Village">Musicians' Village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch,_New_Orleans" title="St. Roch, New Orleans">St. Roch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Ninth Ward</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross,_New_Orleans" title="Holy Cross, New Orleans">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Ninth_Ward" title="Lower Ninth Ward">Lower Ninth Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Orleans East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Orleans East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Woods,_Louisiana" title="Little Woods, Louisiana">Little Woods</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pines_Village,_New_Orleans" title="Pines Village, New Orleans">Pines Village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plum_Orchard,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plum Orchard, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Plum Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Read_Boulevard_East,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read Boulevard East, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Read Boulevard East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Read_Boulevard_West,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Read Boulevard West, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Read Boulevard West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lake_Forest,_New_Orleans" title="West Lake Forest, New Orleans">West Lake Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Village de L'Est</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Village_de_L%27Est,_New_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Village de L'Est, New Orleans">Village de L'Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoud,_New_Orleans" title="Michoud, New Orleans">Michoud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venetian Isles/ Lake Catherine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viavant/Venetian_Isles,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viavant/Venetian Isles, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Viavant/Venetian Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Catherine,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Catherine, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Lake Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Bank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Point" title="Algiers Point">Algiers Point</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Naval_Support_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Naval Support Area (page does not exist)">U.S. Naval Support Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_New_Orleans" title="Aurora, New Orleans">Aurora</a> (also called Old Aurora; includes Walnut Bend and Huntlee Village)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behrman,_New_Orleans" title="Behrman, New Orleans">Behrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_Projects" title="Fischer Projects">Fischer Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonoghville" title="McDonoghville">McDonogh</a>‡ (formerly McDonoghville)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tall_Timbers_Brechtel,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tall Timbers Brechtel, New Orleans (page does not exist)">Tall Timbers/Brechtel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Aurora,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Aurora, New Orleans (page does not exist)">New Aurora</a> (includes River Park, Cut Off, and Lower Coast)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English Turn</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_Turn,_New_Orleans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="English Turn, New Orleans (page does not exist)">English Turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_Louisiana_and_USA_highlighting_Orleans_Parish.png/180px-Map_of_Louisiana_and_USA_highlighting_Orleans_Parish.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Map_of_Louisiana_and_USA_highlighting_Orleans_Parish.png/270px-Map_of_Louisiana_and_USA_highlighting_Orleans_Parish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Map_of_Louisiana_and_USA_highlighting_Orleans_Parish.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="275" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_New_Orleans" title="Wards of New Orleans">Wards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="1st Ward of New Orleans">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="2nd Ward of New Orleans">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="3rd Ward of New Orleans">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="4th Ward of New Orleans">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="5th Ward of New Orleans">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="6th Ward of New Orleans">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="7th Ward of New Orleans">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="8th Ward of New Orleans">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="9th Ward of New Orleans">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="10th Ward of New Orleans">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="11th Ward of New Orleans">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="12th Ward of New Orleans">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="13th Ward of New Orleans">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="14th Ward of New Orleans">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers,_New_Orleans" title="Algiers, New Orleans">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="16th Ward of New Orleans">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Ward_of_New_Orleans" title="17th Ward of New Orleans">17th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Orleans Parish and the City of New Orleans are coextensive. ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent parish or parishes.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="Template:New Orleans metropolitan area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="Template talk:New Orleans metropolitan area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Orleans metropolitan area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">New Orleans metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. James Parish, Louisiana">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tangipahoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Washington Parish, Louisiana">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns 100k-250k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns 25k-100k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaPlace,_Louisiana" title="LaPlace, Louisiana">LaPlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrero,_Louisiana" title="Marrero, Louisiana">Marrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana" title="Slidell, Louisiana">Slidell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrytown,_Louisiana" title="Terrytown, Louisiana">Terrytown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns 10k-25k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogalusa,_Louisiana" title="Bogalusa, Louisiana">Bogalusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destrehan,_Louisiana" title="Destrehan, Louisiana">Destrehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle,_Louisiana" title="Estelle, Louisiana">Estelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretna,_Louisiana" title="Gretna, Louisiana">Gretna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Louisiana" title="Harvey, Louisiana">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson, Louisiana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luling,_Louisiana" title="Luling, Louisiana">Luling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville,_Louisiana" title="Mandeville, Louisiana">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meraux,_Louisiana" title="Meraux, Louisiana">Meraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Ridge,_Louisiana" title="River Ridge, Louisiana">River Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberlane,_Louisiana" title="Timberlane, Louisiana">Timberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwego,_Louisiana" title="Westwego, Louisiana">Westwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodmere,_Louisiana" title="Woodmere, Louisiana">Woodmere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Louisiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana" title="Template:Louisiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana" title="Template talk:Louisiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Louisiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Louisiana" title="Outline of Louisiana">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Louisiana-related_articles" title="Index of Louisiana-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Louisiana" title="Fauna of Louisiana">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Louisiana" title="List of people from Louisiana">Louisianians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Louisiana" title="Constitution of Louisiana">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of governors of Louisiana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_hurricanes_(2000-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Louisiana hurricanes (2000-present)">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Legislature" title="Louisiana State Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Supreme_Court" title="Louisiana Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts#Louisiana" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Louisiana_state_symbols" title="List of Louisiana state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Louisiana" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Louisiana">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Louisiana" title="Abortion in Louisiana">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Louisiana" title="Climate change in Louisiana">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Louisiana" title="Culture of Louisiana">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Louisiana" title="Crime in Louisiana">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Louisiana" title="Demographics of Louisiana">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Louisiana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Louisiana">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Louisiana" title="Gun laws in Louisiana">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Louisiana">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Louisiana">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Louisiana" title="Category:Mass media in Louisiana">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Louisiana" title="List of newspapers in Louisiana">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Louisiana" title="List of radio stations in Louisiana">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Louisiana" title="List of television stations in Louisiana">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Louisiana" title="Politics of Louisiana">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark-La-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Louisiana" title="Central Louisiana">Central Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_metropolitan_area" title="New Orleans metropolitan area">Greater New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Louisiana">Northwest Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana" title="North Louisiana">North Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Louisiana" title="Southwest Louisiana">Southwest Louisiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns,_and_villages_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns, and villages in Louisiana">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana" title="Bossier City, Louisiana">Bossier City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner,_Louisiana" title="Kenner, Louisiana">Kenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Iberia,_Louisiana" title="New Iberia, Louisiana">New Iberia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opelousas,_Louisiana" title="Opelousas, Louisiana">Opelousas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponchatoula,_Louisiana" title="Ponchatoula, Louisiana">Ponchatoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruston,_Louisiana" title="Ruston, Louisiana">Ruston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidell,_Louisiana" title="Slidell, Louisiana">Slidell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulphur,_Louisiana" title="Sulphur, Louisiana">Sulphur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalmette,_Louisiana" title="Chalmette, Louisiana">Chalmette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_Louisiana" title="Harvey, Louisiana">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaPlace,_Louisiana" title="LaPlace, Louisiana">LaPlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrero,_Louisiana" title="Marrero, Louisiana">Marrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_Bluff,_Louisiana" title="Moss Bluff, Louisiana">Moss Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrytown,_Louisiana" title="Terrytown, Louisiana">Terrytown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana metropolitan areas">Metros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Louisiana" title="Hammond, Louisiana">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma,_Louisiana" title="Houma, Louisiana">Houma</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bayou_Cane,_Louisiana" title="Bayou Cane, Louisiana">Bayou Cane</a>–<a href="/wiki/Thibodaux,_Louisiana" title="Thibodaux, Louisiana">Thibodaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana" title="Lake Charles, Louisiana">Lake Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana" title="Bossier City, Louisiana">Bossier City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Acadia Parish, Louisiana">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Allen Parish, Louisiana">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ascension Parish, Louisiana">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Assumption Parish, Louisiana">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana">Avoyelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauregard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Beauregard Parish, Louisiana">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bienville Parish, Louisiana">Bienville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bossier Parish, Louisiana">Bossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caddo Parish, Louisiana">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcasieu_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana">Calcasieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caldwell Parish, Louisiana">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Cameron Parish, Louisiana">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catahoula_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Catahoula Parish, Louisiana">Catahoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Claiborne Parish, Louisiana">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Concordia Parish, Louisiana">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_Parish,_Louisiana" title="DeSoto Parish, Louisiana">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">East Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Carroll Parish, Louisiana">East Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">East Feliciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Evangeline Parish, Louisiana">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Franklin Parish, Louisiana">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Grant Parish, Louisiana">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberia Parish, Louisiana">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberville Parish, Louisiana">Iberville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jackson Parish, Louisiana">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette Parish, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafourche Parish, Louisiana">Lafourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Parish,_Louisiana" title="LaSalle Parish, Louisiana">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lincoln Parish, Louisiana">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Livingston Parish, Louisiana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Madison Parish, Louisiana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Morehouse Parish, Louisiana">Morehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Parish,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleans Parish, Louisiana">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ouachita Parish, Louisiana">Ouachita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coupee_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana">Pointe Coupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Rapides Parish, Louisiana">Rapides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Red River Parish, Louisiana">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Richland Parish, Louisiana">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Sabine Parish, Louisiana">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Helena_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Helena Parish, Louisiana">St. Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. James Parish, Louisiana">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Landry_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Landry Parish, Louisiana">St. Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Martin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Martin Parish, Louisiana">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Mary Parish, Louisiana">St. Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tangipahoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensas_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tensas Parish, Louisiana">Tensas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana">Terrebonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Union Parish, Louisiana">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vermilion Parish, Louisiana">Vermilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vernon Parish, Louisiana">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Washington Parish, Louisiana">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Webster Parish, Louisiana">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">West Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Carroll Parish, Louisiana">West Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">West Feliciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winn_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Winn Parish, Louisiana">Winn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Louisiana" title="Portal:Louisiana">Louisiana portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Parishes_of_Louisiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Louisiana_parishes" title="Template:Louisiana parishes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Louisiana_parishes" title="Template talk:Louisiana parishes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana_parishes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Louisiana parishes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Parishes_of_Louisiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_Louisiana" title="List of parishes in Louisiana">Parishes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Acadia Parish, Louisiana">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Allen Parish, Louisiana">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ascension Parish, Louisiana">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Assumption Parish, Louisiana">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana">Avoyelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauregard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Beauregard Parish, Louisiana">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bienville Parish, Louisiana">Bienville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Bossier Parish, Louisiana">Bossier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caddo Parish, Louisiana">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcasieu_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana">Calcasieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caldwell Parish, Louisiana">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Cameron Parish, Louisiana">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catahoula_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Catahoula Parish, Louisiana">Catahoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Claiborne Parish, Louisiana">Claiborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Concordia Parish, Louisiana">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_Parish,_Louisiana" title="DeSoto Parish, Louisiana">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">East Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Carroll Parish, Louisiana">East Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">East Feliciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Evangeline Parish, Louisiana">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Franklin Parish, Louisiana">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Grant Parish, Louisiana">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberia_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberia Parish, Louisiana">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberville_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Iberville Parish, Louisiana">Iberville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jackson Parish, Louisiana">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Parish,_Louisiana" title="LaSalle Parish, Louisiana">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette Parish, Louisiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafourche_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lafourche Parish, Louisiana">Lafourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Lincoln Parish, Louisiana">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Livingston Parish, Louisiana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Madison Parish, Louisiana">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Morehouse Parish, Louisiana">Morehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Ouachita Parish, Louisiana">Ouachita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_Coupee_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana">Pointe Coupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapides_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Rapides Parish, Louisiana">Rapides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Red River Parish, Louisiana">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Richland Parish, Louisiana">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Sabine Parish, Louisiana">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Charles Parish, Louisiana">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Helena_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Helena Parish, Louisiana">St. Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. James Parish, Louisiana">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana">St. John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Landry_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Landry Parish, Louisiana">St. Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Martin_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Martin Parish, Louisiana">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Mary Parish, Louisiana">St. Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Tammany_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana">St. Tammany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangipahoa_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana">Tangipahoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensas_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Tensas Parish, Louisiana">Tensas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana">Terrebonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Union Parish, Louisiana">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vermilion Parish, Louisiana">Vermilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Vernon Parish, Louisiana">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Washington Parish, Louisiana">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Webster Parish, Louisiana">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Baton_Rouge_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana">West Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Carroll Parish, Louisiana">West Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">West Feliciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winn_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Winn Parish, Louisiana">Winn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attakapas_County,_Orleans_Territory" title="Attakapas County, Orleans Territory">Attakapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_Parish,_Orleans_Territory" title="Biloxi Parish, Orleans Territory">Biloxi</a></li> <li>Concordia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Coast,_Orleans_Territory" title="German Coast, Orleans Territory">German Coast</a></li> <li>Iberville</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LaFourche_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LaFourche County (page does not exist)">LaFourche</a></li> <li>Natchitoches</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opelousas_Parish,_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opelousas Parish, Louisiana (page does not exist)">Opelousas</a></li> <li>Orleans</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouachita_County_(Louisiana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouachita County (Louisiana) (page does not exist)">Ouachita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Parish,_Orleans_Territory" title="Pascagoula Parish, Orleans Territory">Pascagoula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pointe_Coup%C3%A9e_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pointe Coupée County (page does not exist)">Pointe Coupée</a></li> <li>Rapides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Warren Parish, Louisiana">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Carroll Parish, Louisiana">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">Feliciana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34404#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34404#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34404#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121512601">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124951319">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204311/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxqwQPDj6MdVy7rBFqcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042008-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007238">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14024697z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14024697z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628864">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35974846">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130169&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452151">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=262605">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfd9xk1gqmzfj">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552531005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3c5a0506-d852-4e96-8d1e-d8126328f3be">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027401782">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045862">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"CITEREFGambino2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayarré1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhose2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert_C._DinJohn_E._Harkins1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitlin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroom2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasselle2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennick,_Louis_C._and_Elbridge_Harper_Charlton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Louis_Mencken1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollanderPallagastSchwarzPopper2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuey,_Steve\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIngersoll2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffe,_Eric2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJake_Grantl2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJervis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_Presas_y_Marull1828\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKATZ1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Trist_Urquhart1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillion2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinniburgh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKusky,_Timothy_M.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachance1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehto2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhardtMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaggi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCusker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinleyUrbina2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercene2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMizell-Nelson\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMolly_Reid2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonEhrenfeuchtLaska2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNick_Smith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNystrom2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hanlon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlshanskyJohnsonHorneNee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrato,_Greg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.W._Apple_Jr.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.W._KatesC.E._ColtenS._LaskaS.P._Leatherman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReardonIonesuRumbach2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly_Morse2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Ritea_and_T._Young.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchirm2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchlotzhauerLincoln2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSell1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrecker,_M.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidwell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Census_Bureau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSLChampionship_com_Staff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestbrook2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_H._Frey1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_RecktenwaldPatrick_T._Reardon1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYork,_William\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZurikSauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFreport1996\"] = 1,\n [\"LA_Weekly_June_2,_2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 9,\n [\"Additional citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"AllMusic\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 198,\n [\"Convert\"] = 31,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 5,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Endash\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 14,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical population\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 5,\n [\"Louisiana\"] = 1,\n [\"Louisiana parishes\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"New Orleans\"] = 1,\n [\"New Orleans metropolitan area\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Orleans Parish, Louisiana\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Partial\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"PresFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"PresHead\"] = 1,\n [\"PresRow\"] = 28,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 18,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"USPopulousCities\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 3,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 35,\n [\"Wikidatacoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","16.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","180","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","180","6.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","3.4"],["[others]","840","28.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-9znl9","timestamp":"20241128015404","ttl":252376,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"New Orleans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34404","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34404","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-28T21:18:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T21:06:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d6\/New_Orleans_skyline-02.jpg","headline":"largest city of the state of Louisiana, United States"}</script> </body> </html>