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results</a></b></center></big></div></div></div>  <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading page-header" lang="en"><span dir="auto"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public policy in New York</span></span></h1>  <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="bp-layout-two-column"> <div class="nomobile"> <div class="portal-masthead"> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy"><img alt="Public Policy-Main-Masthead.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/8/84/Public_Policy-Main-Masthead.png" decoding="async" width="810" height="141" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="141" /></a></div> </div></div> <div class="bp-dropdown-menu"> <p><small> </small></p><small> <ul><li>Fiscal policy <ul><li><a href="/Budget_Policy" title="Budget Policy">Budgets</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_budget_and_finance_pages" title="State budget and finance pages">Budget and finances by state</a></li> <li><a href="/State_tax_policy_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="State tax policy pages">Tax policy by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Glossary_of_state_budget_terms" title="Glossary of state budget terms">State Budget Terms</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_tax_collections_by_source" title="State government tax collections by source">State government tax collections by source</a></li> <li><a href="/Total_state_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="Total state expenditures">Total state expenditures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_spending_by_function_as_a_percent_of_total_expenditures" title="State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures">State spending by function as a percent of total expenditures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_debt_pages" title="State debt pages">State debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Finance_Policy" title="Finance Policy">Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/Financial_regulation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial regulation in the United States">Financial regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Dodd-Frank_Act" title="Dodd-Frank Act">Dodd-Frank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Federal_Reserve_System" title="U.S. Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Pension_Policy" title="Pension Policy">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_public_pension_plans" title="State public pension plans">Pension policy by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_pension_health_by_state" title="Public pension health by state">Public pension health by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Pension_reform:_San_Jose_and_San_Diego_voters_weigh_in" title="Pension reform: San Jose and San Diego voters weigh in">Pension reform in San Jose and San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/Pension_Terms_and_Definitions" title="Pension Terms and Definitions">Pension Terms and Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_pensions" title="Public pensions">Public pensions</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy">Civil liberties</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_affirmative_action_information" title="State affirmative action information">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_Finance_Policy" title="Campaign Finance Policy">Campaign finance</a></li> <li><a href="/State_nonprofit_regulation_information" title="State nonprofit regulation information">Nonprofit regulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_public_education_information" title="State public education information">Public education by state</a></li> <li><a href="/School_choice_information_by_state" title="School choice information by state">School choice by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Higher_education_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education by state">Higher education by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Education_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Education policy in the United States">Education policy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_education_in_the_United_States" title="Public education in the United States">Public education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/List_of_education_statistics_tables" title="List of education statistics tables">Education statistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/Education_statistics_in_the_United_States" title="Education statistics in the United States">Education statistics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Education_spending_per_pupil" title="Education spending per pupil">Education spending per pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/Number_of_schools_by_school_type_in_the_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Number of schools by school type in the U.S.">Number of schools by school type in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/Demographic_information_for_all_students_in_the_United_States" title="Demographic information for all students in the United States">Demographic information for all students in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_school_system_expenditures_in_the_United_States" title="Public school system expenditures in the United States">Public school system expenditures in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_school_system_revenues_in_the_United_States" title="Public school system revenues in the United States">Public school system revenues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_school_teacher_salaries_in_the_United_States" title="Public school teacher salaries in the United States">Public school teacher salaries in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Graduation_rates_by_groups_in_state" title="Graduation rates by groups in state">Graduation rates by groups in state</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_high_school_dropout_rates_by_state" title="Public high school dropout rates by state">Public high school dropout rates by state</a></li> <li><a href="/ACT_and_SAT_scores_in_the_United_States" title="ACT and SAT scores in the United States">ACT and SAT scores in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/NAEP_scores_by_state" title="NAEP scores by state">NAEP scores by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Major terms</a> <ul><li><a href="/Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li> <li><a href="/Charter_schools" title="Charter schools">Charter schools</a></li> <li><a href="/Common_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Core">Common Core</a></li> <li><a href="/Dropout_rate" title="Dropout rate">Dropout rate</a></li> <li><a href="/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Adjusted_Cohort_Graduation_Rate" title="Regulatory Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate">Regulatory Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/School_vouchers" title="School vouchers">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/Teacher_merit_pay" title="Teacher merit pay">Teacher merit pay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/United_States_education_agencies" title="United States education agencies">United States education agencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/Voting_Policy" title="Voting Policy">Voting policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/Voter_identification_laws_by_state" title="Voter identification laws by state">Voter identification laws by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Online_voter_registration_in_the_50_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Online voter registration in the 50 states">Online voter registration</a></li> <li><a href="/Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Access" title="Ballot Access">Ballot access</a> <ul><li><a href="/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates" title="Ballot access for presidential candidates">Ballot access for presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_for_major_and_minor_party_candidates" title="Ballot access for major and minor party candidates">Ballot access for major and minor party candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Political_party_designation" title="Political party designation">Political party designation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Redistricting_Policy" title="Redistricting Policy">Redistricting</a> <ul><li><a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy">Energy</a> and <a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_energy_policy_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="State energy policy pages">Energy Policy by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Energy_Policy/Fracking" title="Energy Policy/Fracking">Fracking</a> <ul><li><a href="/State_fracking_information_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="State fracking information pages">Fracking information by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Fracking" title="Fracking">Fracking</a></li> <li><a href="/Fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Fracking in the United States">Fracking in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Energy_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy policy in the United States">Energy policy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Energy_use_in_the_United_States" title="Energy use in the United States">Energy use in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/State_oil_and_gas_activity_on_federal_lands_information" title="State oil and gas activity on federal lands information">Oil and gas on federal lands by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Energy_terms_and_definitions" title="Energy terms and definitions">Energy terms and definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/Energy_terms_and_definitions#Government_agencies,_legislation_and_policies" title="Energy terms and definitions">Agencies and legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/State_environmental_policy_pages" title="State environmental policy pages">Environmental Policy by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Endangered_Species_Policy" title="Endangered Species Policy">Endangered Species Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/Endangered_species_information_by_state" title="Endangered species information by state">Endangered species policy by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental policy in the United States">Environmental policy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Environmental_statistics" title="Environmental statistics">Environmental statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Endangered_species_statistics" title="Category:Endangered species statistics">Endangered species statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/Glossary_of_environmental_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of environmental terms">Glossary of environmental terms</a></li> <li><a href="/Glossary_of_Endangered_Species_Act_terms" title="Glossary of Endangered Species Act terms">Glossary of endangered species terms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_Policy" title="Healthcare Policy">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_by_state" title="Healthcare policy by state">Healthcare policy by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Medicaid_spending_by_state" title="Medicaid spending by state">Medicaid spending by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act_in_the_states" title="Effect of the Affordable Care Act in the states">Effect of the Affordable Care Act by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare policy in the United States">Healthcare policy in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Obamacare_overview" class="mw-redirect" title="Obamacare overview">Affordable Care Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Immigration_Policy" title="Immigration Policy">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/Immigration_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration in the United States">Immigration in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Immigration_by_state" title="Category:Immigration by state">Immigration by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Index_of_Contents_(Public_policy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Index of Contents (Public policy)">Index</a></li></ul> </small><p><small></small> </p> </div> <div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ; max-width:200px;" class="toclimit-2"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Budget_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Budget Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Budget_and_finances"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Budget and finances</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Taxes"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Taxes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Civil_Liberties_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Civil Liberties Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Affirmative_action"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Affirmative action</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Campaign_finance"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Campaign finance</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Nonprofit_regulation"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nonprofit regulation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Education_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Education Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#K-12_Public_education"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">K-12 Public education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Higher_education"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Higher education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#School_choice"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">School choice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Charter_schools"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Charter schools</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Election_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Election Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Ballot_access_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ballot access requirements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Voting"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Voting</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Energy_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Energy Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Energy_information"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Energy information</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Fracking"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fracking</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Environmental_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Environmental_information"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental information</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Environmental_governance_in_New_York"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental governance in New York</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Environmental_budget"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental budget</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Air"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Air</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Clean_Air_Act"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Clean Air Act</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Mercury_and_air_toxics_standards"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mercury and air toxics standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Ozone_standards"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ozone standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Clean_Power_Plan"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Clean Power Plan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Carbon_dioxide_emissions"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Carbon dioxide emissions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Land"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Land</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_land_policy"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Federal land policy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_land_ownership"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Federal land ownership</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_land_management_by_agency"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Federal land management by agency</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#National_parks"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">National parks</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Payments_in_lieu_of_taxes"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Payments in lieu of taxes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Oil_and_natural_gas_activity"><span class="tocnumber">9.5</span> <span class="toctext">Oil and natural gas activity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Water"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Water</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Clean_Water_Act"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Clean Water Act</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Waste"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Waste</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Superfund_sites_and_hazardous_waste_facilities"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Superfund sites and hazardous waste facilities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Endangered_species"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Endangered species</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Endangered_Species_Act"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Endangered Species Act</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Environmental_ballot_measures_in_New_York"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental ballot measures in New York</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Natural_resources"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Natural resources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Environment"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Environment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Water_2"><span class="tocnumber">13.3</span> <span class="toctext">Water</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Recent_environmental_legislation_in_New_York"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Recent environmental legislation in New York</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Endangered_species_2"><span class="tocnumber">17.1</span> <span class="toctext">Endangered species</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Finance_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">18</span> <span class="toctext">Finance Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Financial_regulation_information"><span class="tocnumber">18.1</span> <span class="toctext">Financial regulation information</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Healthcare_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">19</span> <span class="toctext">Healthcare Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Healthcare_information"><span class="tocnumber">19.1</span> <span class="toctext">Healthcare information</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Medicaid_spending"><span class="tocnumber">19.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medicaid spending</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act"><span class="tocnumber">19.3</span> <span class="toctext">Effect of the Affordable Care Act</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Immigration_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">20</span> <span class="toctext">Immigration Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Immigration_information"><span class="tocnumber">20.1</span> <span class="toctext">Immigration information</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Pension_Policy"><span class="tocnumber">21</span> <span class="toctext">Pension Policy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Public_pensions"><span class="tocnumber">21.1</span> <span class="toctext">Public pensions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Public_policy_in_other_states"><span class="tocnumber">22</span> <span class="toctext">Public policy in other states</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Footnotes_2"><span class="tocnumber">23</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><br /> The <b><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Public Policy Project</a></b> on Ballotpedia aims to illuminate major policy issues being discussed and implemented throughout the United States. Public policy can be complicated and controversial; deciding what works best and how to allocate resources to achieve a policy goal can involve multiple trade-offs. Much of the public policy that affects citizens economically, legally and socially, is made at the state level. Below you will find links and introductions to all the <b>New York</b> public policy articles on <i>Ballotpedia</i>. To see the policy overview of another state click on the <a href="#See_also">map below</a>. </p> <dl><dd><i>For a list of all public policy articles on <a href="/Ballotpedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia">Ballotpedia</a> see <a href="/Ballotpedia:Index_of_Contents_(Public_policy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Index of Contents (Public policy)">here</a>.</i></dd></dl> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Budget_Policy"><a href="/Budget_Policy" title="Budget Policy">Budget Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Budget_Policy" title="Budget Policy"><img alt="Budget Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/96/Budget_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Budget_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/96/Budget_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Budget_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/9/96/Budget_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Budget_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Budget_and_finances"><a href="/New_York_state_budget_and_finances" title="New York state budget and finances">Budget and finances</a></span></h3> <p>In <a href="/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, as in other states, lawmakers and public officials are elected in part to manage the state's finances. This includes generating revenues (money coming into the state from various sources) and approving expenditures (the money spent on governmental functions and servicing <a href="/New_York_state_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state debt">state debt</a>). State budgets are complex and fluid, as they depend on anticipated revenues and planned expenditures, which may alter over the course of a fiscal year. If revenues do not keep pace with expenditures, states generally have to raise taxes, cut services, borrow money, or a combination of the three. State budget decisions are also influenced by policy decisions at the national level, such as the <a href="/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> or energy and environmental regulations, and issues at the local level, such as crime and the quality of education. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Between fiscal years 2015 and 2016, total government spending in New York increased by approximately $6.8 billion—from $143.9 billion in fiscal year 2015 to an estimated $150.1 billion in 2016. This represents a 4.7-percent increase.<sup id="cite_ref-nasbo2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasbo2017-1">[1]</a></sup> </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>In New York in fiscal year 2015, 62.3 percent of total tax revenues came from income taxes. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Education accounted for 26.4 percent of state expenditures in fiscal year 2015, while 31.7 percent went to Medicaid.</li></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxes"><a href="/Tax_policy_in_New_York" title="Tax policy in New York">Taxes</a></span></h3> <p><b>New York</b> generates the bulk of its tax revenue by levying a <a href="/Personal_income_tax" title="Personal income tax">personal income tax</a> and a <a href="/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>. The state derives its constitutional authority to tax from <a href="/Article_XVI,_New_York_Constitution" title="Article XVI, New York Constitution">Article XVI of the state constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-collections_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collections-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>Tax policy can vary from state to state. States levy taxes to help fund the variety of services provided by state governments. Tax collections comprise approximately 40 percent of the states' total revenues. The rest comes from non-tax sources, such as intergovernmental aid (e.g., federal funds), lottery revenues and fees. The primary types of taxes levied by state governments include personal income tax, general sales tax, excise (or special sales) taxes and corporate income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>According to the United States Census Bureau, New York collected $81.35 billion in tax revenue in 2016. The state's tax revenue per capita was $4,120.</li></div> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_Liberties_Policy"><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy">Civil Liberties Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy"><img alt="Civil Liberties Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/00/Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Civil_Liberties_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Affirmative_action"><a href="/Affirmative_action_in_New_York" title="Affirmative action in New York">Affirmative action</a></span></h3> <p><b><a href="/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a> in New York</b> refers to the steps taken by employers and universities in <a href="/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> to increase the proportions of historically disadvantaged minority groups at those institutions. Historically, affirmative action nationwide has taken many different forms, such as <b>strict quotas, extra outreach efforts, and racial and gender preferences</b>. However, racial quotas in university admissions were banned in a 1978 <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> case, <i><a href="/Affirmative_action_and_anti-discrimination_lawsuits#Education_cases" title="Affirmative action and anti-discrimination lawsuits">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>On June 29, 2023, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> reversed lower court decisions in <a href="/Students_for_Fair_Admissions,_Inc._v._President_%26_Fellows_of_Harvard" title="Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard"><i>Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College</i></a> and <a href="/Students_for_Fair_Admissions,_Inc._v._University_of_North_Carolina" title="Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina"><i>Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. University of North Carolina</i></a>, effectively ending the use of affirmative action in college admissions. </p><p>As of March 2015, 109 out of 577 public four-year universities across the country reported that they considered race in admissions. This practice has been banned in eight states. Meanwhile, 28 states require affirmative action plans in either public employment or apprenticeships. Affirmative action programs that grant racial preferences have come under scrutiny in the courts for potentially violating the Equal Protection Clause of the <a href="/Amendment_XIV,_United_States_Constitution" title="Amendment XIV, United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> and <a href="/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#Title_VII" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Title VII of the Civil Rights Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>The following information details the use of affirmative action in universities and employment in New York, as well as notable <a href="#Court_cases">court cases</a> originating in the state. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>In New York, eleven public universities reported considering race in <a href="#University_admissions">admissions</a> as of March 2015. At that time, New York law required affirmative action plans by state contractors, and protected their development by all other <a href="#Employment">employers</a>.</li></div> </div> <p>The effects of affirmative action policies are contested. Proponents argue that affirmative action diversifies selective institutions and provides more opportunities to minorities. Opponents argue that implementing policies that favor some groups requires discrimination against others and that these policies<a href="#Mismatch">may harm individuals</a> they are meant to help. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Campaign_finance"><a href="/Campaign_finance_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign finance in New York">Campaign finance</a></span></h3> <p><b><a href="/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> campaign finance requirements</b> govern the following: </p> <ul><li>how much money candidates may receive from individuals and organizations,</li> <li>how much and how often they must report those contributions, and</li> <li>how much individuals, organizations and political parties may contribute to campaigns.</li></ul> <p>In addition to direct campaign contributions, campaign finance laws also apply to third-party organizations and <a href="/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a> that seek to influence elections through <a href="/Independent_expenditure" title="Independent expenditure">independent expenditures</a> or <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a>. </p> <table style="width:50%; border-top:solid 2px #407374; border-bottom:solid 2px #407374; background-color:#F0F0F0; padding:0.5em; margin-top:10px;" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><center>As of May 2015, in New York, super PACs were prohibited from making <a href="/Campaign_finance_in_New_York#Contribution_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign finance in New York">contributions</a> to candidates, PACs, party committees, and ballot measures. Contributions made to statewide candidates were limited by political party affiliation. Individuals, single candidate committees, PACs, political parties, corporations, and unions could make unlimited contributions to PACs and ballot measures.</center></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nonprofit_regulation"><a href="/Nonprofit_regulation_in_New_York" title="Nonprofit regulation in New York">Nonprofit regulation</a></span></h3> <p><b>Nonprofit regulation in New York</b> involves a complex set of rules that govern <a href="/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organizations</a> and charitable giving throughout the state. Major issues surrounding nonprofit regulation nationwide include the following: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>contribution limits,</li> <li>donor disclosure, and</li> <li>the redefinition of <a href="/Issue_advocacy" title="Issue advocacy">issue advocacy</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p><br /> <a href="/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> is one of <b>39 states that require charitable organizations</b>, and those intending to solicit on their behalf, <b>to register with the state</b> in order to solicit contributions, whether they are a New York organization or based out-of-state. In New York, a number of groups and organizations are exempt from registration. These groups must file for exemption; it is not automatic.<sup id="cite_ref-NOLO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOLO-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p><b>New York is one of three states</b> (along with <a href="/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>) <b>that require organizations to file copies of <a href="/IRS_Form_990" title="IRS Form 990">IRS Form 990</a> Schedule B</b> attachments, which list names and addresses of contributors who gave over $5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>New York is also one of 32 states that allows registrants to use either the <a href="#Procedures">Unified Registration Statement (URS)</a> or the state registration form.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Only seven states requiring registration do not accept the URS. </p> <table style="width:70%; border-top:solid 2px #407374; border-bottom:solid 2px #407374; background-color:#F0F0F0; padding:0.5em; margin-top:10px;" align="center"><tbody><tr><td><center> According to Guidestar, an organization that reports on nonprofit companies, regulation of nonprofit activity protects donors and organizations from potential fraud and helps "to maintain trust in the [nonprofit] sector." According to the London School of Economics, nonprofit disclosure requirements can create privacy concerns among potential donors, thereby having an unintended negative impact on donor participation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LSE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSE-12">[12]</a></sup></center></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education_Policy"><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy">Education Policy</a></span></h2> <table class="navbox" style="margin-top:auto; font-size:80%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #ccc; background-color:#F0F0F0;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="line-height:135%;"><center> <p><a href="/Charter_schools_in_New_York" title="Charter schools in New York">Charter schools</a>  •  <a href="/Higher_education_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in New York">Higher education</a>  •  <a href="/Public_education_in_New_York" title="Public education in New York">Public education</a>  •  <a href="/School_choice_in_New_York" title="School choice in New York">School choice</a>  </p> </center></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy"><img alt="Education Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/82/Education_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Education_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/82/Education_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Education_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/8/82/Education_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Education_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="K-12_Public_education"><a href="/Public_education_in_New_York" title="Public education in New York">K-12 Public education</a></span></h3> <p>The <b>New York public school system</b> (prekindergarten through grade 12) operates within districts governed by locally elected school boards and superintendents. In 2022, New York had 2,488,476 students enrolled in a total of <a href="/Education_statistics_in_the_United_States" title="Education statistics in the United States"> 4,360 schools in 686 school districts</a>. There were 205,293 teachers in the public schools, or roughly one teacher for every 12 students, compared to the national average of 1:16. In 2020, New York spent on average $25,519 per pupil.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The state's graduation rate was 83 percent in the 2018-2019 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_education"><a href="/Higher_education_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in New York">Higher education</a></span></h3> <p><b>New York's higher education system</b> is composed of 309 colleges and universities. Of these, 81 are public institutions, 184 are nonprofit private schools, and 44 are for-profit private institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-publiclist_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publiclist-15">[15]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> At public four-year colleges in New York, 38.7 percent graduated within four years, while 59.2 percent graduated within six years. These figures were lower than in three neighboring states. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> In New York, state appropriations per full-time student declined 2.4 percent between 2009 and 2014, one of the lowest rates of decrease in the nation. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> In New York, the average salary of full-time instructional faculty at public four-year colleges decreased from $80,190 to $72,107 between the 2008-2009 to the 2013-2014 school years, one of five states with a decrease in such salaries. However, this represented a 1.6 percent increase when adjusted for inflation.</li></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="School_choice"><a href="/School_choice_in_New_York" title="School choice in New York">School choice</a></span></h3> <p><b><a href="/School_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="School choice">School choice</a></b> is a term that refers to programs offering alternatives to assigned local public school options. Public school choice options include open enrollment policies, <a href="/Magnet_schools" title="Magnet schools">magnet schools</a>, and <a href="/Charter_schools" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a>. Other options include <a href="/School_vouchers" title="School vouchers">school vouchers</a>, scholarship tax credits, and education savings accounts (ESAs).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> According to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, a charter school advocacy group, there were an estimated 257 total charter schools in New York in the 2015-2016 school year. These schools enrolled approximately 125,800 students. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> In New York, there were 452,380 students enrolled in 1,870 private schools in fall 2013, accounting for roughly 14.71 percent of the state's total school-age population. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> According to the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, as of June 2016, New York provided no financial assistance (either in the form of vouchers or tax credits) to parents wishing to send their children to private schools instead of public schools. </li></div></div> <p>Proponents argue that school choice programs improve educational outcomes by expanding opportunity and access for historically disadvantaged students. In addition, advocates claim that school choice programs empower parents and improve traditional public schools through competition. Critics contend that these programs divert funds from traditional public schools, thereby generating unequal outcomes for students. In addition, some critics argue that school voucher programs wrongly direct tax dollars to religious organizations, which operate many private schools. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Charter_schools"><a href="/Charter_schools_in_New_York" title="Charter schools in New York">Charter schools</a></span></h3> <p><b>Charter schools in New York are public schools operated independently of public school systems, either by nonprofit or for-profit organizations. Although they are largely publicly funded, charter schools are exempt from many of the requirements imposed by state and local boards of education regarding hiring and curriculum</b>. As public schools, charter schools cannot charge tuition or impose special entrance requirements; students are usually admitted through a lottery process if demand exceeds the number of spaces available in a school. Charter schools generally receive a percentage of the per-pupil funds from the state and local school districts for operational costs based on enrollment. In most states, charter schools do not receive funds for facilities or start-up costs; therefore, they must rely to some extent on private donations. The federal government also provides revenues through special grants. As of March 2017, 44 states and the District of Columbia had approved legislation authorizing the creation of public charter schools. Six states had not. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> According to the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, a charter school advocacy group, there were an estimated 257 total charter schools in New York in the 2015-2016 school year. These schools enrolled approximately 125,800 students. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Overall, charter school students accounted for 4.66 percent of total public school enrollment in New York in 2015. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>The <a href="/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> approved the state's charter school law in 1998. </li></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Election_Policy"><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatright"><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy"><img alt="Election Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Election_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Election_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Election_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ballot_access_requirements"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New York">Ballot access requirements</a></span></h3> <p>In order to get on the ballot in New York, a candidate for state or federal office must meet a variety of state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. <b>These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether a candidate or party will appear on an election ballot.</b> These laws are set at the state level. A candidate must prepare to meet ballot access requirements well in advance of primaries, caucuses, and the general election. </p><p>There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state. </p> <ol><li>An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.</li> <li>An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.</li> <li>An individual can run as a write-in candidate.</li></ol> <p><b><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New York">This article</a> outlines the steps that prospective candidates for state-level and congressional office must take in order to run for office in New York.</b> For information about filing requirements for presidential candidates, <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New York">click here</a>. Information about filing requirements for local-level offices is not available in this article (contact <a href="/State_election_agencies" title="State election agencies">state election agencies</a> for information about local candidate filing processes). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting"><a href="/Redistricting_in_New_York" title="Redistricting in New York">Redistricting</a></span></h3> <p><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a> is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn.</b> Each of New York's 26 United States Representatives and 213 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-matter_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matter-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-21">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>New York was apportioned 26 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, 1 fewer than it received after the 2010 census. Click here for more information about <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_York_after_the_2020_census" title="Redistricting in New York after the 2020 census">redistricting in New York after the 2020 census</a>. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Following the 2020 United States Census, New York was apportioned 26 congressional districts, one less than the number it had after the 2010 census. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>New York's House of Representatives is made up of 150 districts; New York's State Senate is made up of 63 districts. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>In 2014, New York voters approved a constitutional amendment establishing a politician commission for both congressional and state legislative redistricting. The commission was set to take over the redistricting process beginning in 2020.</li></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Voting"><a href="/Voting_in_New_York" title="Voting in New York">Voting</a></span></h3> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_Policy"><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy">Energy Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy"><img alt="Energy Policy-Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/af/Energy_Policy-Logo.png/200px-Energy_Policy-Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/af/Energy_Policy-Logo.png/300px-Energy_Policy-Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/af/Energy_Policy-Logo.png/400px-Energy_Policy-Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_information"><a href="/Energy_policy_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy in New York">Energy information</a></span></h3> <p>Energy policy involves governmental actions affecting the production, distribution, and consumption of energy in a state. Energy policies are enacted and enforced at the local, state, and federal levels and may change over time. These policies include legislation, regulation, taxes, incentives for energy production or use, standards for energy efficiency, and more. Stakeholders include citizens, politicians, environmental groups, industry groups, and think tanks. A variety of factors can affect the feasibility of federal and state-level energy policies, such as available <a href="/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, geography, and consumer needs. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fracking"><a href="/Fracking_in_New_York" title="Fracking in New York">Fracking</a></span></h3> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_Policy"><a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy">Environmental Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy"><img alt="Environmental Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/5c/Environmental_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Environmental_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/5c/Environmental_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Environmental_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/5c/Environmental_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Environmental_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_information"><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_New_York" title="Environmental policy in New York">Environmental information</a></span></h3> <p>Environmental policy aims to conserve natural resources by balancing environmental protection with economic growth, property rights, public health, and energy production. Federal, state, and local government entities develop and implement environmental policies through laws and regulations. This page features information about environmental policy in <b>New York</b>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_governance_in_New_York">Environmental governance in New York</span></h2> <p>The <a href="/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Assembly</a> has a <a href="/Standing_committee" title="Standing committee">standing committee</a> on <a href="/Environmental_Conservation_Committee,_New_York_State_Assembly" title="Environmental Conservation Committee, New York State Assembly">Environmental Conservation</a> and the <a href="/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">State Senate</a> has a standing committee on <a href="/Environmental_Conservation_Committee,_New_York_State_Senate" title="Environmental Conservation Committee, New York State Senate">Environmental Conservation</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_budget">Environmental budget</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Environmental_spending_in_the_50_states" title="Environmental spending in the 50 states">Environmental spending in the 50 states</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The table below features annual budget information for the Department of Environmental Conservation from 2011 to 2023: </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Environmental and natural resources budget in New York, 2011-2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Fiscal year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total spending </th></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>$10,655,840,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>$1,882,279,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>$7,769,497,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>$1,759,013,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>$1,245,971,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>$3,885,746,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>$1,429,892,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>$1,251,843,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>$918,052,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>$897,781,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>$1,085,226,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>$947,722,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>$1,003,080,300 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small><b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.budget.ny.gov">New York State Division of the Budget</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Air">Air</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clean_Air_Act">Clean Air Act</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Implementation_of_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Implementation of the Clean Air Act">Implementation of the Clean Air Act</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a> is a federal law aimed at maintaining air quality and reducing air pollution. The law requires states and private industries to meet national air pollution standards. Each state must implement an EPA-approved plan to reduce <a href="/Air_pollutants" title="Air pollutants">air pollutants</a> from industrial facilities such as chemical plants and utilities. Over 47,000 facilities nationwide were regulated under the Clean Air Act as of February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-summary_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-history2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history2-24">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>The table below features information about the number of regulated facilities under the Clean Air Act in New York from 2014 to 2023: </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Regulated facilities under the Clean Air Act in New York, 2014-2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Number of EPA-regulated facilities </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Number of state-regulated facilities </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Number of local-regulated facilities </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total regulated facilities </th></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>3</td> <td>3,301</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,304 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>2</td> <td>3,322</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>2</td> <td>3,334</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,336 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>4</td> <td>3,353</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>4</td> <td>3,320</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>3</td> <td>3,342</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>4</td> <td>3,353</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>7</td> <td>3,162</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>5</td> <td>3,161</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,166 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>13</td> <td>3,849</td> <td>0</td> <td>3,862 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small><b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://echo.epa.gov/trends/comparative-maps-dashboards/state-air-dashboard?state=National&view=activity"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "EPA/State Air Dashboard"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mercury_and_air_toxics_standards">Mercury and air toxics standards</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Mercury_and_air_toxics_standards" title="Mercury and air toxics standards">Mercury and air toxics standards</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Citing its authority under the <a href="/Clean_Air_Act" title="Clean Air Act">Clean Air Act</a>, the <a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) in 2011 issued a rule (commonly known as the MATS rule) limiting the amount of mercury and other toxic air pollutants emitted by power plants. Mercury and air toxics standards (MATS) target mercury and other hazardous pollutants from over 580 <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-fired power plants nationwide. The MATS rule was issued by the <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration as part of its larger policy limiting emissions from <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>-fired power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </p><p>The EPA later reconsidered the MATS rule and, in 2020, determined "that it is not 'appropriate and necessary' to regulate electric utility steam generating units under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA)."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 proposed rulemaking from the EPA seeks to revoke the 2020 action and reinstate the MATS rule.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>During the period that the MATS rule was in effect, New York had 19 power plants subject to the mercury standards.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ozone_standards">Ozone standards</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Ground-level_ozone_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-level ozone standards">Ground-level ozone standards</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Federal <a href="/Ground-level_ozone_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-level ozone standards">ozone standards</a> establish the acceptable amount of ground level <a href="/Ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, commonly known as smog, which is formed when nitrogen oxide combines with other organic chemicals in the atmosphere. Automobiles, power plants, factories and manufacturing centers emit the nitrogen oxide necessary for ozone formation. In high concentrations, ozone is harmful to human health.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-overview_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-31">[31]</a></sup> </p><p>EPA in 2015 lowered the acceptable amount of ground-level ozone (smog) in the air. The standards will go into effect in 2025. States would have between the years 2020 and 2037 to create and establish a plan to meet the standards, depending how much ozone forms in certain areas of a state.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ozonenumbers_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ozonenumbers-33">[33]</a></sup> </p> <table style="float:right; font-size:90%;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="#anchor">Back to top↑</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clean_Power_Plan">Clean Power Plan</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a> and <a href="/Climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change">climate change</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The EPA in 2015 finalized a regulatory action known as the <a href="/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a> aimed at mitigating what the agency views as potentially human-caused <a href="/Climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. The plan aims to reduce <a href="/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from <a href="/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>- and <a href="/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a>-fired power plants (fossil fuel-fired) and <a href="/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>-fired power plants by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. Each state would have to meet goals based on the number of fossil fuel- and natural gas-fired plants in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-finalCPPoverview_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finalCPPoverview-34">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPPinStates_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPPinStates-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> </p><p>After several states challenged the plan in court, arguing in part that the plan exceeded the EPA's statutory authority, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit delayed the rule's implementation in June 2016. The Trump administration later moved to replace the Clean Power Plan with the Affordable Clean Energy rule. The D.C. Circuit vacated the Trump-era rule in January 2021, "giving the incoming Biden administration a clean slate for" drafting a new rule, according to <i>Bloomberg</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Carbon_dioxide_emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</span></h3> <p>The following table provides information about annual carbon dioxide emissions in New York from 2010 to 2020:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Carbon dioxide emissions in New York, 2010-2020 (in million metric tons of energy-related carbon dioxide) </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total carbon dioxide emissions </th></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>143.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>169.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>175.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>165.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>170.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>174.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>176.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>169.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>167.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>175.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>185.0 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small><b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/state/">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Land">Land</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_land_policy">Federal land policy</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Federal_land_policy" title="Federal land policy">Federal land policy</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Federal land policy involves the <a href="/Conservation" title="Conservation">conservation</a> and management of <a href="/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> on land owned by the federal government. Most federal land policies focus on conservation, recreation, oil and natural gas extraction, wildlife and forest management, and grazing. </p><p>The federal government as of 2018 owned around 640 million total acres of land (about 28 percent) of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four federal agencies (the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Park Service (NPS), the Forest Service (FS) oversee public lands for conservation, recreation, wildlife protection, <a href="/Federal_land_policy#Grazing_on_federal_land" title="Federal land policy">grazing</a>, <a href="/Federal_land_policy#Energy_production" title="Federal land policy">energy production</a>, and other purposes. The Department of Defense also oversees federal lands used for military, training, and related purposes. The majority of federal land is located in Alaska and 11 coterminous Western states<sup id="cite_ref-CRSoverview_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSoverview-40">[40]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_land_ownership">Federal land ownership</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Federal_land_ownership_by_state" title="Federal land ownership by state">Federal land ownership by state</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The table below features information about changes in federal land ownership in New York from 1990 to 2018:<sup id="cite_ref-CRSoverview_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSoverview-40">[40]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Change in federal land ownership in New York, 1990-2018 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total federal land (in acres) </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Percentage of state land owned by the federal government </th></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>230,992</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>211,422</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>229,097</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>215,441</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small><b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42346/16">Congressional Research Service</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_land_management_by_agency">Federal land management by agency</span></h3> <p>The following table features information about federal land management in New York by federal agency in 2018:<sup id="cite_ref-CRSoverview_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSoverview-40">[40]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Federal agency land management in New York, 2018 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Agency </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total federal land in state managed by agency (in acres) </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Percentage of total federal land in state </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bureau of Land Management (BLM)</td> <td>0</td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Forest Service (FS)</td> <td>16,352</td> <td>7.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)</td> <td>29,301</td> <td>12.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Park Service (NPS)</td> <td>34,106</td> <td>14.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Department of Defense (DoD)</td> <td>151,233</td> <td>65.4% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small><b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42346/16">Congressional Research Service</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="National_parks">National parks</span></h4> <p>The <a href="/U.S._National_Park_Service" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a> (NPS) as of February 2023 oversaw what the agency describes as 424 units (often referred to as parks) and more than 150 related areas within the National Park System. The agency assists in managing national historic areas, wild and scenic rivers, historic landmarks, and national trails. The National Park System contained more than 85 million acres as of February 2023, including national parks, historical parks and sites, national monuments, battlefields and military parks, recreation areas, seashores, and parkways. More than 297 million visitors attended sites in the National Park System in 2021. NPS employed around 20,000 permanent, temporary, and seasonal employees as of February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSoverview_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSoverview-41">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup> </p><p>NPS operated 24 national parks in New York as of February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>The following table features visitation statistics for national parks in New York from 2017 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:65%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">National Park Service visitation in New York, 2017-2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total recreation visits </th></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>11,952,676 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>8,646,464 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>21,013,245 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>19,291,389 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>19,343,416 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small> <b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://irma.nps.gov/STATS/Reports/National">U.S. National Park Service</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Payments_in_lieu_of_taxes">Payments in lieu of taxes</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Payments_in_lieu_of_taxes" title="Payments in lieu of taxes">Payments in lieu of taxes</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a> pays local governments each year to offset what they lose in property taxes due to non-taxable federal land within their borders, commonly known as <a href="/Payments_in_lieu_of_taxes" title="Payments in lieu of taxes">payments in lieu of taxes</a> (PILT). PILT payments go toward fire and police departments, public schools, road construction, and other local services. PILT amounts are based on population and the amount of federal land in a county. From 1977 (when PILT payments began) to 2022, the Interior Department paid out around $10.8 billion to states, territories, and <a href="/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> PILT payments can be used for any governmental purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup> </p><p>The following table features information about payments in lieu of taxes received by local governments in New York from 2017 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:65%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Total payments in lieu of taxes, New York, 2017-2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total payments in lieu of taxes </th></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>$184,337 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>$178,545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>$175,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>$168,942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>$163,655 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small> <b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://pilt.doi.gov/states-payments.cfm">U.S. National Park Service</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Oil_and_natural_gas_activity">Oil and natural gas activity</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Oil_and_natural_gas_extraction_on_federal_land" title="Oil and natural gas extraction on federal land">Oil and natural gas extraction on federal land</a></i> and <i><a href="/BLM_oil_and_gas_leases_by_state" title="BLM oil and gas leases by state">BLM oil and gas leases by state</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The federal government leases its land to private individuals and companies for energy development, including drilling for <a href="/Crude_oil" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and <a href="/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>, and <a href="/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a>. Oil and natural gas drilling on federal lands in the United States is primarily overseen by the <a href="/U.S._Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="U.S. Bureau of Land Management">U.S. Bureau of Land Management</a>. Private oil and natural gas companies apply for leases from the BLM to produce energy on federal land. About 26 million acres of federal land—12.8 million of which produced oil and gas in economic quantities—were leased to about 24,000 oil and gas developers operating 96,000 wells at the end of fiscal year 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> </p><p>The following table features information about oil and natural gas activity on federal land in New York from 2017 to 2021:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:65%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Oil and natural gas activity on federal land in New York, 2017-2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Oil production (in thousands of barrels) </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Natural gas production (in million cubic feet) </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total leases in state </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Total leased acres in state </th></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>0</td> <td>6,203</td> <td>4</td> <td>1,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>0</td> <td>6,390</td> <td>5</td> <td>1,182 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>0</td> <td>7,847</td> <td>5</td> <td>1,182 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>0</td> <td>7,261</td> <td>5</td> <td>1,183 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>0</td> <td>8,460</td> <td>5</td> <td>1,183 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small> <b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://pilt.doi.gov/states-payments.cfm">U.S. National Park Service</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Water">Water</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Clean_Water_Act">Clean Water Act</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Implementation_of_the_Clean_Water_Act" title="Implementation of the Clean Water Act">Implementation of the Clean Water Act</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> is a federal law regulating pollutants discharged into all <a href="/Waters_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Waters of the United States">waters of the United States</a>, including lakes, rivers, streams, and <a href="/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>. The federal government approves water quality and technology standards for major sources of water pollution, such as chemical plants, steel manufacturers, municipal facilities, and others. Each state must establish water quality standards for all bodies of water within its boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-CWAsummary_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWAsummary-52">[52]</a></sup> </p><p>Under the Clean Water Act, it is unlawful to discharge any pollutant from any source into navigable waters without a federal permit. The permit specifies what limitations or conditions apply to a facility before the facility may discharge any pollutants. Federal permits may contain facility-specific requirements and limitations depending on the water source.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> </p><p>The following table provides information about the number of New York facilities subject to regulation under the Clean Water Act from 2014 to 2023:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> </p> <table class="bptable sortable collapsible" style="text-align:center; margin:auto; width:65%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" style="background-color:#2C905A; color:white;">Clean Water Act permits, New York, 2014-2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Year </th> <th valign="bottom" style="background-color:#F0F0F0; color: black;">Number of facilities </th></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>6,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>6,959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>6,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>6,787 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>7,482 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>7,404 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>7,232 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>6,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>6,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>5,873 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; line-height:135%;"><small><b>Source</b>: <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://echo.epa.gov/trends/comparative-maps-dashboards/state-water-dashboard?state=National&view=activity"><i>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</i>, "National Water Activity Dashboard"</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Waste">Waste</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Superfund_sites_and_hazardous_waste_facilities">Superfund sites and hazardous waste facilities</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response,_Compensation_and_Liability_Act" title="Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/Superfund" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> is a federal program that addresses contaminated waste sites and their return to practical use. Superfund sites include oil refineries, smelting facilities, mines and other industrial areas. The federal government can compel the private entities responsible for a waste site to clean the site or face penalties. If the federal government cleans a waste site, it can compel the responsible company to reimburse the government for cleanup costs. Because Superfund sites are added and removed from a prioritized list on a regular basis, the total number of Superfund sites since the program's inception in 1980 is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> </p><p>The federal <a href="/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> covers hazardous wastes, including their generation, treatment, storage and disposal. States may regulate hazardous wastes rather than the federal government. The EPA is responsible for all hazardous waste requirements if no state program exists. Hazardous waste regulations cover waste generators, transporters, treatment centers, storage and disposal facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-about_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-58">[58]</a></sup> </p><p>New York had 86 Superfund sites and 29,853 regulated hazardous waste facilities as of February 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Endangered_Species_Act">Endangered Species Act</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_York" title="Endangered species in New York">Endangered species in New York</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/Endangered_Species_Act" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> is a federal law that mandates the listing and conservation of <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>An <i>endangered</i> species is 'in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.' A <i>threatened</i> species is 'likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future.'&lt;ref&gt;<a target='_blank' rel='noreferrer noopener' class='external text' href='http://www.fws.gov/midwest/wolf/esastatus/e-vs-t.htm'><i>U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</i>, 'What Is the Difference Between Endangered and Threatened?' accessed November 16, 2015</a>&lt;/ref&gt; </p>">endangered and threatened</span> species. The legislation aims to prevent the extinction of vulnerable species throughout the United States and to recover a species' population to the point where listing the species as endangered or threatened is no longer necessary. The <a href="/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> is responsible for the law's implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> </p><p>New York had 25 federally listed endangered or threatened plant or animal species as of February 2023. To view the full list, <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/species-listings-by-state?stateAbbrev=NY&stateName=New%20York&statusCategory=Listed">click here</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_ballot_measures_in_New_York">Environmental ballot measures in New York</span></h2> <p>The following list features historical information about <a href="/Ballot_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot measures">ballot measures</a> relating to environmental issues in New York. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</span></h4> <ul><li><a href="/New_York_Proposed_Amendment,_Creation_and_Maintenance_of_Ski_Slopes_(1967)" title="New York Proposed Amendment, Creation and Maintenance of Ski Slopes (1967)">New York Proposed Amendment, Creation and Maintenance of Ski Slopes (1967)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Municipal_Water_Supply_in_Hamilton_County,_Proposal_1_(2007)" title="New York Municipal Water Supply in Hamilton County, Proposal 1 (2007)">New York Municipal Water Supply in Hamilton County, Proposal 1 (2007)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Condemnation_of_Land_by_Counties,_Amendment_8_(1927)" title="New York Condemnation of Land by Counties, Amendment 8 (1927)">New York Condemnation of Land by Counties, Amendment 8 (1927)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Annexation_of_Land_by_Cities,_Amendment_9_(1927)" title="New York Annexation of Land by Cities, Amendment 9 (1927)">New York Annexation of Land by Cities, Amendment 9 (1927)</a></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Environment">Environment</span></h4> <ul><li><a href="/New_York_Forest_Preserve_Power_Line_Proposal,_Proposal_1_(2009)" title="New York Forest Preserve Power Line Proposal, Proposal 1 (2009)">New York Forest Preserve Power Line Proposal, Proposal 1 (2009)</a></li><li><a href="/Rhode_Island_%22Clean_Water,_Open_Space_and_Healthy_Communities%22_Bonds,_Question_7_(2014)" title="Rhode Island "Clean Water, Open Space and Healthy Communities" Bonds, Question 7 (2014)">Rhode Island "Clean Water, Open Space and Healthy Communities" Bonds, Question 7 (2014)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Proposition_Number_One,_State_Environmental_Preservation_(1972)" title="New York Proposition Number One, State Environmental Preservation (1972)">New York Proposition Number One, State Environmental Preservation (1972)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Twenty-first_Century_Environmental_Quality_Bond_Act,_Proposal_1_(1990)" title="New York Twenty-first Century Environmental Quality Bond Act, Proposal 1 (1990)">New York Twenty-first Century Environmental Quality Bond Act, Proposal 1 (1990)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Environmental_Quality_Bond_Act_of_1986_(1986)" title="New York Environmental Quality Bond Act of 1986 (1986)">New York Environmental Quality Bond Act of 1986 (1986)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_State_Debt_for_the_Environment,_Proposition_1_(1972)" title="New York State Debt for the Environment, Proposition 1 (1972)">New York State Debt for the Environment, Proposition 1 (1972)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Establishment_of_the_State_Nature_and_Historical_Preserve,_Amendment_3_(1969)" title="New York Establishment of the State Nature and Historical Preserve, Amendment 3 (1969)">New York Establishment of the State Nature and Historical Preserve, Amendment 3 (1969)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Proposal_1,_Environmental_Bond_Measure_(2022)" title="New York Proposal 1, Environmental Bond Measure (2022)">New York Proposal 1, Environmental Bond Measure (2022)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Proposal_2,_Environmental_Rights_Amendment_(2021)" title="New York Proposal 2, Environmental Rights Amendment (2021)">New York Proposal 2, Environmental Rights Amendment (2021)</a></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Water_2">Water</span></h4> <ul><li><a href="/New_York_Proposal_1,_Spending_on_Sewage_Facilities_Excluded_from_Debt_Limits_(2003)" title="New York Proposal 1, Spending on Sewage Facilities Excluded from Debt Limits (2003)">New York Proposal 1, Spending on Sewage Facilities Excluded from Debt Limits (2003)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Municipal_Water_Supply_in_Hamilton_County,_Proposal_1_(2007)" title="New York Municipal Water Supply in Hamilton County, Proposal 1 (2007)">New York Municipal Water Supply in Hamilton County, Proposal 1 (2007)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Construction_of_Storm_Water_Facilities_by_Municipalities,_Amendment_5_(1975)" title="New York Construction of Storm Water Facilities by Municipalities, Amendment 5 (1975)">New York Construction of Storm Water Facilities by Municipalities, Amendment 5 (1975)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Canal_System_and_the_Federal_Government,_Amendment_6_(1959)" title="New York Canal System and the Federal Government, Amendment 6 (1959)">New York Canal System and the Federal Government, Amendment 6 (1959)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Local_Indebtedness_for_Water_Supply,_Amendment_4_(1953)" title="New York Local Indebtedness for Water Supply, Amendment 4 (1953)">New York Local Indebtedness for Water Supply, Amendment 4 (1953)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Water_Power_Development_on_Forest_Preserve_Land,_Amendment_3_(1923)" title="New York Water Power Development on Forest Preserve Land, Amendment 3 (1923)">New York Water Power Development on Forest Preserve Land, Amendment 3 (1923)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Disposition_of_Erie_Canal,_Amendment_6_(1921)" title="New York Disposition of Erie Canal, Amendment 6 (1921)">New York Disposition of Erie Canal, Amendment 6 (1921)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Disposition_of_Erie_Canal,_Amendment_7_(1921)" title="New York Disposition of Erie Canal, Amendment 7 (1921)">New York Disposition of Erie Canal, Amendment 7 (1921)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Amendment_on_Drainage,_Amendment_1_(1919)" title="New York Amendment on Drainage, Amendment 1 (1919)">New York Amendment on Drainage, Amendment 1 (1919)</a></li><li><a href="/New_York_Sale_or_Lease_of_Erie_Canal,_Amendment_3_(1918)" title="New York Sale or Lease of Erie Canal, Amendment 3 (1918)">New York Sale or Lease of Erie Canal, Amendment 3 (1918)</a></li></ul> <table style="float:right; font-size:90%;"><tbody><tr><td><a href="#anchor">Back to top↑</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_environmental_legislation_in_New_York">Recent environmental legislation in New York</span></h2> <p>The following list features information about environmental bills that have been introduced in or passed by the <a href="/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a> in the last five years. To learn more about these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.billtrack50.com/">BillTrack50</a> and <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legiscan.com/">LegiScan</a>. </p><p><b>Note:</b> Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently. </p> <center> <p> <script src="https://www.billtrack50.com/Scripts/bt50.widget.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> BT50.Widget({ backImage: "flat", billSheet: "43afd84a-737e-4449-b616-dccfe0df708a", borderColor: "#9C9C9C", linkColor: "#0b0080", fontFamily: "Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif", height: 300, rows: 25, stateFilter: "XSTATE 2-LETTER ABBREVIATION CAPITALIZEDX", sortBy: "0", sortDir: "desc", tBackground: "#CCCCCC", tForeground: "#444444", title: "Environmental legislation in New York", width: 700 }); </script> </p> <div id="BT50Widget"></div> </center> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_York" title="Endangered species in New York">Endangered species in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/Energy_policy_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy in New York">Energy policy in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_land_policy" title="Federal land policy">Federal land policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_land_ownership_by_state" title="Federal land ownership by state">Federal land ownership by state</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="U.S. Bureau of Land Management">U.S. Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._National_Park_Service" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=Public+policy+in+New+York">Search Google News for this topic</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/">New York Department of Environmental Conservation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nasbo2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nasbo2017_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASBO/9d2d2db1-c943-4f1b-b750-0fca152d64c2/UploadedImages/SER%20Archive/State%20Expenditure%20Report%20(Fiscal%202014-2016)%20-%20S.pdf"><i>National Association of State Budget Officers</i>, "State Expenditure Report (Fiscal 2014-2016)," accessed June 26, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.dos.ny.gov/info/constitution.htm"><i>New York State</i>, "New York State Constitution," accessed October 17, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-collections-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-collections_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/displayafact.cfm?Docid=404"><i>Tax Policy Center</i>, "State Tax Collection Shares by Type 2000-2013," June 20, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46640594">Brunori, D. (2011). <i>State Tax Policy: A Political Perspective</i>. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1977/1977_76_811/"><i>Oyez</i>, "Regents of the University of California v. Bakke," accessed February 11, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://web1.millercenter.org/debates/whitepaper/deb_2009_0416_affirmative-action.pdf"><i>Miller Center of Public Affairs</i>, "Affirmative Action: Race or Class?" accessed February 10, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://hr.blr.com/HR-topics/Discrimination/Affirmative-Action"><i>Business and Legal Resources</i>, "Affirmative Action," accessed March 31, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOLO-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NOLO_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fishman, S. & Barrett, R. (2012). <i>Nonprofit Fundraising Registration: The 50 State Guide</i>. NOLO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinthinc.com/irs-schedule-b-required/"><i>Labyrinth, Inc</i>, "IRS 990 Schedule B Required With Registration," August 28, 2013"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.multistatefiling.org">"Multistate Filing Form," accessed December 17, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.guidestar.org/rxa/news/articles/2003/fundraising-what-laws-apply.aspx"><i>Guidestar</i>, Fundraising: What Laws Apply?" accessed 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color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Andrew_Heath" title="Ballotpedia:Andrew Heath">Andrew Heath</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Molly_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Molly Byrne">Molly Byrne</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Matt_Latourelle" title="Ballotpedia:Matt Latourelle">Matt Latourelle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Burch" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Burch">Ryan Burch</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kirsten_Corrao" title="Ballotpedia:Kirsten Corrao">Kirsten Corrao</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Beth_Dellea" title="Ballotpedia:Beth Dellea">Beth Dellea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Travis_Eden" title="Ballotpedia:Travis Eden">Travis Eden</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tate_Kamish" title="Ballotpedia:Tate Kamish">Tate Kamish</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Margaret_Kearney" title="Ballotpedia:Margaret Kearney">Margaret Kearney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Eric_Lotto" title="Ballotpedia:Eric Lotto">Eric Lotto</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Sanchez" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Sanchez">Joseph Sanchez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mary_Susmitha" title="Ballotpedia:Mary Susmitha">Mary Susmitha</a><br /> </p> <b>Contributors:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Scott_Rasmussen" title="Ballotpedia:Scott Rasmussen">Scott Rasmussen</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • Norm Leahy, Senior Editor • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Gillip">Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Doug_Kronaizl" title="Ballotpedia:Doug Kronaizl">Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaclyn_Beran" title="Ballotpedia:Jaclyn Beran">Jaclyn Beran</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Marielle_Bricker" title="Ballotpedia:Marielle Bricker">Marielle Bricker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Brusgard" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Brusgard">Joseph Brusgard</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Burlingame" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Burlingame">Emma Burlingame</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Coyle" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Coyle">Kelly Coyle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Ellis" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Ellis">Thomas Ellis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Frank_Festa" title="Ballotpedia:Frank Festa">Frank Festa</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nicole_Fisher" title="Ballotpedia:Nicole Fisher">Nicole Fisher</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Brianna_Hosea" title="Ballotpedia:Brianna Hosea">Brianna Hosea</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Greaney" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Greaney">Joseph Greaney</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Grobben" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Grobben">Thomas Grobben</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaime_Healy-Plotkin" title="Ballotpedia:Jaime Healy-Plotkin">Jaime Healy-Plotkin</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Tyler_King" title="Ballotpedia:Tyler King">Tyler King</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Glorie_Martinez" title="Ballotpedia:Glorie Martinez">Glorie Martinez</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathan_Maxwell" title="Ballotpedia:Nathan Maxwell">Nathan Maxwell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellie_Mikus" title="Ballotpedia:Ellie Mikus">Ellie Mikus</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jackie_Mitchell" title="Ballotpedia:Jackie Mitchell">Jackie Mitchell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ellen_Morrissey" title="Ballotpedia:Ellen Morrissey">Ellen Morrissey</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mackenzie_Murphy" title="Ballotpedia:Mackenzie Murphy">Mackenzie Murphy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kaley_Platek" title="Ballotpedia:Kaley Platek">Kaley Platek</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samantha_Post" title="Ballotpedia:Samantha Post">Samantha Post</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Adam_Powell" title="Ballotpedia:Adam Powell">Adam Powell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ethan_Rice" title="Ballotpedia:Ethan Rice">Ethan Rice</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Spencer_Richardson" title="Ballotpedia:Spencer Richardson">Spencer Richardson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Victoria_Rose" title="Ballotpedia:Victoria Rose">Victoria Rose</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Briana_Ryan" title="Ballotpedia:Briana Ryan">Briana Ryan</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Myj_Saintyl" title="Ballotpedia:Myj Saintyl">Myj Saintyl</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddy_Salucka" title="Ballotpedia:Maddy Salucka">Maddy Salucka</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Maddie_Sinclair_Johnson" title="Ballotpedia:Maddie Sinclair Johnson">Maddie Sinclair Johnson</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abbey_Smith" title="Ballotpedia:Abbey Smith">Abbey Smith</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Janie_Valentine" title="Ballotpedia:Janie Valentine">Janie Valentine</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joel_Williams" title="Ballotpedia:Joel Williams">Joel Williams</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Samuel_Wonacott" title="Ballotpedia:Samuel Wonacott">Samuel Wonacott</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Trenton_Woodcox" title="Ballotpedia:Trenton Woodcox">Trenton Woodcox</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mercedes_Yanora" title="Ballotpedia:Mercedes Yanora">Mercedes Yanora</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Endangered_species_2"><a href="/Endangered_species_in_New_York" title="Endangered species in New York">Endangered species</a></span></h3> <p><b>Endangered species policy in New York</b> involves the identification and protection of <a href="/Endangered_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered species">endangered and threatened</a> animal and plant species. Policies are implemented and enforced by both the state and federal governments. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>As of July 2016, New York had 21 species—10 endangered species and 11 threatened species—listed under the federal <a href="/Endangered_Species_Act" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> (ESA). </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Of these, 13 were animal species and eight were plant species.</li></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Finance_Policy"><a href="/Finance_Policy" title="Finance Policy">Finance Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Finance_Policy" title="Finance Policy"><img alt="Policypedia Finance Final.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/2d/Policypedia_Finance_Final.png/200px-Policypedia_Finance_Final.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="66" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/2d/Policypedia_Finance_Final.png/300px-Policypedia_Finance_Final.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/2d/Policypedia_Finance_Final.png/400px-Policypedia_Finance_Final.png 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="807" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Financial_regulation_information"><a href="/Financial_regulation_in_New_York" title="Financial regulation in New York">Financial regulation information</a></span></h3> <p><b>The United States financial system is a network that facilitates exchanges between lenders and borrowers. The system, which includes banks and investment firms, is the base for all economic activity in the nation.</b> According to the <a href="/Federal_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>, financial regulation has two main intended purposes: to ensure the safety and soundness of the financial system and to provide and enforce rules that aim to protect consumers. The regulatory framework varies across industries, with different regulations applying to different financial services.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Individual federal and state entities have different and sometimes overlapping responsibilities within the regulatory system. For example, individual states and three federal agencies—the Federal Reserve, the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), and the <a href="/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> (FDIC)—regulate commercial banks. Other sectors of the financial market are regulated by specific entities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[3]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> In 2015, there were a total of 103 distinct commercial banks in New York, with total deposits of $1,381.89 billion.</li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>The Department of Financial Services is responsible for chartering, licensing, and supervising financial institutions in New York.</li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>In 2015, a total of 215,281 financial crimes were reported in New York according to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN), an agency of the United States Department of Treasury.</li></div></div> <p>Some, such as the <a href="/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, argue that expanded governmental regulation of banks and financial products (e.g., mortgages) can prevent large-scale financial crises, protect consumers from abusive practices, and stabilize financial markets. Others, such as the <a href="/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, argue that over-regulation of banks of banks and financial products burdens business, stalls economic growth, and does little, if anything, to stabilize financial markets. Beyond this basic debate about the role of the government in regulating the private financial sector, there are varying opinions about the proper extent of governmental regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Healthcare_Policy"><a href="/Healthcare_Policy" title="Healthcare Policy">Healthcare Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Healthcare_Policy" title="Healthcare Policy"><img alt="Healthcare Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/3/39/Healthcare_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Healthcare_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/3/39/Healthcare_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Healthcare_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/3/39/Healthcare_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Healthcare_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Healthcare_information"><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_New_York" title="Healthcare policy in New York">Healthcare information</a></span></h3> <p><b>Healthcare policy in New York</b> involves the <span id="anchor">creation</span> and implementation of laws, rules, and regulations for managing the state's healthcare system. The healthcare system consists of services provided by medical professionals to diagnose, treat, and prevent mental and physical illness and injury. The system also encompasses a wide range of related sectors, such as <a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_New_York#Private_insurance" title="Healthcare policy in New York">insurance</a>, <a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_New_York#Pharmaceuticals" title="Healthcare policy in New York">pharmaceuticals</a> and <a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_New_York#health_information_technology" title="Healthcare policy in New York">health information technology</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/National_Conference_of_State_Legislatures" title="National Conference of State Legislatures">National Conference of State Legislatures</a>, the 50 state legislatures collectively "make thousands of health policy decisions each year," not including the decisions made by local governments, which often oversee hospitals, and private bodies, such as insurers. These decisions can include budget appropriations, requirements for doctors obtaining their licenses, which services are covered by insurance, how personal health information is managed, and which immunizations children must receive, among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-NCSLOverview_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCSLOverview-68">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>Healthcare policy affects not only the cost citizens must pay for care, but also their access to care and the quality of care received, which can influence their overall health. A top concern for policymakers is the <a href="#Spending_and_costs">rising cost of healthcare</a>, which has placed an increasing strain on the disposable income of consumers as well as on <a href="/Government_budgets" title="Government budgets">state budgets</a>. </p><p><b>Other issues in healthcare policy include</b> </p> <ul><li>state <a href="/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> expansion,</li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_New_York#Health_information_technology" title="Healthcare policy in New York">health information technology and privacy</a>,</li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_New_York#Insurance_coverage" title="Healthcare policy in New York">uninsured and underinsured portions of the population</a>,</li> <li>a shortage of primary care physicians, and</li> <li>mental healthcare access and coverage.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Medicaid_spending"><a href="/Medicaid_spending_in_New_York" title="Medicaid spending in New York">Medicaid spending</a></span></h3> <p><span id="anchor"><b>New York's</b></span><b> <a href="/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> program</b> provides medical insurance to groups of low-income people and individuals with disabilities. Medicaid is a nationwide program jointly funded by the federal government and the states. Medicaid eligibility, benefits, and administration are managed by the states within federal guidelines. A program related to Medicaid is the <a href="/Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" title="Children's Health Insurance Program">Children's Health Insurance Program</a> (CHIP), which covers low-income children above the poverty line and is sometimes operated in conjunction with a state's Medicaid program. Medicaid is a separate program from <a href="/Medicare" title="Medicare">Medicare</a>, which provides health coverage for the elderly. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act"><a href="/Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of the Affordable Care Act in New York">Effect of the Affordable Care Act</a></span></h3> <p>The <b>impact of the <a href="/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act of 2010</a></b> (ACA), also known as Obamacare, has been debated among politicians, policymakers, and other stakeholders. The ACA was signed into law in 2010 by President <a href="/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (D). The law facilitated the purchase of health insurance through a system of <a href="/Health_insurance_exchanges" title="Health insurance exchanges">health insurance exchanges</a>, tax credits, and subsidies. Initially, states were required to expand eligibility for Medicaid under the law; a 2012 ruling by the United States Supreme Court made the Medicaid expansion voluntary for states. The law also required insurers to cover healthcare services within a standard set of benefits and prohibited coverage denials based on preexisting conditions. Under the law, all individuals were required to obtain health <span id="anchor">insurance</span>. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Between 2013 and 2016, the number of uninsured individuals in New York declined by 42.9%.</li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>About 207,000 individuals in New York were enrolled in health plans offered through the health insurance exchange in 2017. Enrollment in Medicaid amounted to about 6.4 million in May 2017.</li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>The <a href="/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a> found that between 2016 and 2017, average monthly premiums for <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>The second-lowest-cost silver plan on the applicable exchange. </p>">benchmark</span> plans on New York's exchange increased by an average of 24% in the New York market, from $369 to $456.</li></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Immigration_Policy"><a href="/Immigration_Policy" title="Immigration Policy">Immigration Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Immigration_Policy" title="Immigration Policy"><img alt="Policypedia Imigration Final.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/6/66/Policypedia_Imigration_Final.png/200px-Policypedia_Imigration_Final.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/6/66/Policypedia_Imigration_Final.png/300px-Policypedia_Imigration_Final.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/6/66/Policypedia_Imigration_Final.png/400px-Policypedia_Imigration_Final.png 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="801" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Immigration_information"><a href="/Immigration_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in New York">Immigration information</a></span></h3> <p><b>Immigration policy</b> determines who may become a new citizen of the United States or enter the country as a temporary worker, student, refugee, or permanent resident. The federal government is responsible for setting and enforcing most immigration policy. </p><p>Meanwhile, states assume a largely supportive role, enacting their own supplementary laws and setting policies that may, for example, determine which public services immigrants can access, establish employee screening requirements, or guide the interaction between related state agencies and their federal counterparts. </p><p>Some jurisdictions, including some states, cities, and counties, have adopted policies of not cooperating with federal immigration enforcement; these jurisdictions have become known as <a href="/Immigration_in_New_York#Sanctuary_jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in New York">sanctuary jurisdictions</a>. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>As of October 2016, New York allowed lawfully residing immigrant children and pregnant women to enroll in <a href="/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> and the <a href="/Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" title="Children's Health Insurance Program">Children's Health Insurance Program</a>. The state allowed individuals residing in the state without legal permission to access in-state tuition rates. New York did not provide driver's licenses to individuals residing in the state illegally. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> In 2014, New York's population amounted to nearly 19.6 million individuals. Native-born citizens comprised about three-fourths of the population; 11.8 percent of residents were naturalized citizens and 10.5 percent were non-citizens. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> New York's poverty rate during 2014 was 12.0 percent. Among native-born citizens, 10.0 percent lived below the poverty line, compared to 25.0 percent of non-citizens. </li></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pension_Policy"><a href="/Pension_Policy" title="Pension Policy">Pension Policy</a></span></h2> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Pension_Policy" title="Pension Policy"><img alt="Pension Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/ac/Pension_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Pension_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/ac/Pension_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Pension_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/ac/Pension_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Pension_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_pensions"><a href="/Public_pensions_in_New_York" title="Public pensions in New York">Public pensions</a></span></h3> <p><b>New York <a href="/Public_pensions" title="Public pensions">public pensions</a></b> are the state mechanism by which state and many local government employees in New York receive retirement benefits. </p><p>There were nine public pension systems in New York as of 2020. Of these, three were state-level programs while the remaining six were administered at the local level. Membership in New York's various pension systems totaled 2,407,115, as of fiscal year 2020. Of these, 1,188,237 were active members.<sup id="cite_ref-census2020_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2020-69">[7]</a></sup> </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> Total contributions of $19.8 billion were made to New York's state and local pension systems, in fiscal year 2020. Of this amount, $1.8 billion came from employees. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> New York's state and local pension systems made payments totaling $29.2 billion, in fiscal year 2020. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> New York's state and local pension systems held $545.0 billion in total cash and investment holdings, as of fiscal year 2020. </li></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_policy_in_other_states">Public policy in other states</span></h2> <div id="bp-map-title">Click your state <span id="bp-map-subtitle"> for an overview of policy information in your state.</span></div> <div id="bp-map-container"><div class="mobile-only bp-map-dropdown"><select name="state" style="width:auto; border:1px solid #CCC;" onchange="dest='http://ballotpedia.org/Public policy in STATE'; if($(this).val()!='') document.location = dest.replace('STATE', $(this).val().replace(' ', '_'));"><option value="">Choose your state...</option><option value="Alabama">Alabama</option><option value="Alaska">Alaska</option><option value="Arizona">Arizona</option><option value="Arkansas">Arkansas</option><option value="California">California</option><option value="Colorado">Colorado</option><option value="Connecticut">Connecticut</option><option value="Delaware">Delaware</option><option value="Florida">Florida</option><option value="Georgia">Georgia</option><option value="Hawaii">Hawaii</option><option value="Idaho">Idaho</option><option value="Illinois">Illinois</option><option value="Indiana">Indiana</option><option value="Iowa">Iowa</option><option value="Kansas">Kansas</option><option value="Kentucky">Kentucky</option><option value="Louisiana">Louisiana</option><option value="Maine">Maine</option><option value="Maryland">Maryland</option><option value="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</option><option value="Michigan">Michigan</option><option value="Minnesota">Minnesota</option><option value="Mississippi">Mississippi</option><option value="Missouri">Missouri</option><option value="Montana">Montana</option><option value="Nebraska">Nebraska</option><option value="Nevada">Nevada</option><option value="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</option><option value="New Jersey">New Jersey</option><option value="New Mexico">New Mexico</option><option value="New York">New York</option><option value="North Carolina">North Carolina</option><option value="North Dakota">North Dakota</option><option value="Ohio">Ohio</option><option value="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</option><option value="Oregon">Oregon</option><option value="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</option><option value="South Carolina">South Carolina</option><option value="South Dakota">South Dakota</option><option value="Tennessee">Tennessee</option><option value="Texas">Texas</option><option value="Utah">Utah</option><option value="Vermont">Vermont</option><option value="Virginia">Virginia</option><option value="Washington">Washington</option><option value="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</option><option value="West Virginia">West Virginia</option><option value="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</option><option value="Wyoming">Wyoming</option></select></div><div class="nomobile bp-full-map"><div id="hover-state"></div><div id="bp-map-url-mask" style="display:none!important;">http://ballotpedia.org/Public policy in STATE</div><div id="bp-map" style="max-width:600px;height:420px; overflow:hidden;"></div></div><style>@media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .bp-map-dropdown { display: block; margin-top: 20px } .bp-full-map {display: none } } </style></div> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes_2">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/gpra/2011-supervisory-and-regulatory-function.htm"><i>Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System</i>, "Government Performance and Results Act Annual Performance Report 2011," July 10, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w17443.pdf"><i>The National Bureau of Economic Research</i>, "A Brief History of Regulations Regarding Financial Markets in the United States: 1789 to 2009," September 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.fdic.gov/bank/analytical/banking/2006jan/article1/"><i>Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</i>, "The U.S. Federal Financial Regulatory System: Restructuring Federal Bank Regulation," January 19, 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-origins-of-the-financial-crisis/"><i>Brookings</i>, "The Origins of the Financial Crisis," November 24, 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/policy-report/julyaugust-2009/did-deregulation-cause-financial-crisis"><i>The Cato Institute</i>, "Did Deregulation Cause the Financial Crisis?" July 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCSLOverview-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NCSLOverview_68-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/health.aspx"><i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>, "Health," accessed July 8, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2020-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-census2020_69-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/econ/aspp/aspp-historical-tables.html"><i>United States Census Bureau</i>, <i>2020 Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State & Local Tables</i> accessed February 23, 2022</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin-top:auto; font-size:84%;"> <tbody><tr style="color:inherit;"> <td style="width:75px; background-color:#fff; text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/File:Flag_of_New_York.png" class="image" title="Flag of New York"><img alt="Flag of New York" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_New_York.png/75px-Flag_of_New_York.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="thumbborder" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_New_York.png/113px-Flag_of_New_York.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_New_York.png/150px-Flag_of_New_York.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></a></td> <th style="font-weight:normal; background:#B0C4DE;"><div style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/Template:New_York" title="Template:New York"><span title="View this template" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:New_York&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:150%; font-weight:bold;"><b><a href="/United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United States">State</a> of <a href="/New_York" title="New York">New York</a></b></span><br clear="all" /><b><a href="/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></b> (<a href="/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States"><span style="color:inherit;">capital</span></a>)</th></tr><tr><th style="background:#B0C4DE; color:inherit; font-size:100%; padding:2px;"><a href="/Elections" title="Elections">Elections</a></th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Sample_Ballot_Lookup" title="Sample Ballot Lookup">What's on my ballot?</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/New_York_elections,_2024" title="New York elections, 2024">Elections in 2024</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Voting_in_New_York" title="Voting in New York">How to vote</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New York">How to run for office</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/List_of_New_York_ballot_measures" title="List of New York ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></span> </p> </td></tr><tr><th style="background:#B0C4DE; color:inherit; font-size:100%; padding:2px;"><a href="/New_York" title="New York">Government</a></th> <td style="background:#eee;"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Who_represents_me" title="Who represents me">Who represents me?</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">U.S. Congress</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Federal_courts_by_state#New_York" title="Federal courts by state">Federal courts</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/New_York_state_executive_offices" title="New York state executive offices">State executives</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">State legislature</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Courts_in_New_York" title="Courts in New York">State and local courts</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Counties_in_New_York" title="Counties in New York">Counties</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/Cities_in_New_York" title="Cities in New York">Cities</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/List_of_school_districts_in_New_York" title="List of school districts in New York">School districts</a> |</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public policy</a></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact 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class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • Norm Leahy, Senior Editor • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" 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