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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaesati" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9sates" title="Gésates – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gésates" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4" title="가이사타이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가이사타이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesati" title="Gesati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gesati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesatai" title="Gesatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gesatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaesatusok" title="Gaesatusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaesatusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A8" title="ガエサタエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガエサタエ" 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српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaesatae" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1007293#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gallic mercenary warriors</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/220px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/330px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg/440px-Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption> Celtic warrior’s garments</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gaesatae</b> or <b>Gaesati</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> Γαισάται) were a group of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> mercenary warriors who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> near the river <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône River">Rhône</a> and fought against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a> in 225 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKruta2000290_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruta2000290-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars, the Gaesatae may be identified with the <a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a>, who first appeared in the same region only a few years later in connection with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">Hannibal's crossing of the Alps</a> in 218 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocquet200935–36_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocquet200935–36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaesatae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> name <i>Gaisatai</i> literally means '(armed) with <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a>' or 'spearmen', and derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Celtic</a> noun <i>*gaisos</i>, meaning 'spear, javelin'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacKillop_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacKillop-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish language">Old Irish</a> <i>gaiscedach</i> ('armed person, warrior, champion'), from <i>gaisced</i> ('weapons, arms'), itself from <i>gáe</i> ('spear, javelin').<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stem <i>gaisat</i>- can also be found in the Gaulish <a href="/wiki/Proper_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper nouns">proper nouns</a> <i>Gaesatus</i>, <i>Gesatus</i>, <i>Gesatius</i>, or <i>Gesatia</i>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> <i>Gesato-rix</i>, meaning 'king-spear', or 'king-javelin'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> interpreted <i>Gaisatai</i> as meaning 'mercenaries'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaesatae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Polybius' account, the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> paid the Gaesatae, under their leaders <a href="/wiki/Concolitanus" title="Concolitanus">Concolitanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anero%C3%ABstes" title="Aneroëstes">Aneroëstes</a>, large sums of money to fight against the Romans, in response to the Roman colonisation of the former Gallic territory of <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>. The Gauls overran and defeated a Roman army on the approach to Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when the consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Papus" title="Lucius Aemilius Papus">Lucius Aemilius Papus</a> arrived with his troops, the Gauls followed Aneroëstes' advice to withdraw with their booty. Papus pursued them, and the other consul <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Atilius_Regulus_(consul_225_BC)" title="Gaius Atilius Regulus (consul 225 BC)">Gaius Atilius Regulus</a> cut them off at <a href="/wiki/Talamone" title="Talamone">Telamon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polybius describes how the Gaesatae fought at the front, and unlike their Gallic allies who fought in trousers and light cloaks, they went into battle <a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_combat" title="Nudity in combat">naked</a>, both because of their great confidence and their desire not to get their clothes caught in the brambles.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> also reports that some Gauls fought naked, trusting in the protection of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance and the gestures of the naked warriors in front, 8 all in the prime of life, and finely built men, and all in the leading companies richly adorned with gold torques and armlets. The sight of them indeed dismayed the Romans, but at the same time the prospect of winning such spoils made them twice as keen for the fight, but their small shields offered little protection against Roman javelins, and the Gaesatae were driven back and their allies slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concolitanus was captured. Aneroëstes escaped with a few followers and killed himself.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 222 BC the Gaesatae were hired again, but the Gallic forces were defeated by the Roman cavalry at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clastidium" title="Battle of Clastidium">Clastidium</a> in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plutarch, in his <i>Life of Marcellus</i>, the Gaesatae numbered 30,000 as they crossed the Alps, of whom 10,000 fought at Clastidium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gaesatae have been compared with the medieval <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">fianna</a></i>, who were mythical small war-bands of landless young men operating independently of any kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaesatae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKruta2000290-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKruta2000290_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKruta2000">Kruta 2000</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelamarre2003174_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelamarre2003">Delamarre 2003</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKillop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKillop_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKillop2004">MacKillop 2004</a>, s.v. <i>Gaesatae</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKruta2000">Kruta 2000</a>, p. 290: "Il s'agissait [les Gésates] de mercenaires transalpins appartenant à des populations qui étaient probablement installées alors sur la rive gauche du Rhône depuis quelques décennies seulement et semblent avoir été connues dans le dernier quart du me siècle av. J.-C., lors du passage d'Hannibal dans la région, sous le nom d'Allobroges (« gens d'un autre pays»)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocquet200935–36-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocquet200935–36_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBocquet2009">Bocquet 2009</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/EDIL" class="mw-redirect" title="EDIL">eDIL</a>, s.v. <i>gaiscedach</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dil.ie/25265">dil.ie/25265</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#22">2:22.1</a>: "The two largest tribes, therefore, the Insubres and Boii, made a league and sent messengers to the Gauls dwelling among the Alps and near the Rhone, who are called Gaesatae because they serve for hire, this being the proper meaning of the word."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#25">2.:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#26">2:26-27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#28.3">2:28.3-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Historical Library</i> 5.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#29.5">2:29.5-30.9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#31">2:31.1-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polybius, <i>Histories</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/2*.html#34">2.34</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Marcellus</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Marcellus*.html#6">6-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Marcellus</i>, chapters 6-7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/1/1/14114/14114-h/14114-h.htm#LIFE_OF_MARCELLUS">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacKillop2004">MacKillop 2004</a>, s.v. <i>Fianna</i>: "An antecedent body may be the Gaulish gaesatae from the Upper Rhone as described by the Greek historian Polybius (2nd cent. bc ) ... Irish chronicles indicate that the first fianna were approximately contemporary with the gaesatae, as when they protected the ard rí [high king] Fiachach."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaesatae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBocquet2009" class="citation book cs1">Bocquet, Aimé (2009). <i>Hannibal chez les Allobroges: 218 avant Jésus-Christ : la grande traversée des Alpes</i>. La Fontaine de Siloë. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84206-419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84206-419-8"><bdi>978-2-84206-419-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hannibal+chez+les+Allobroges%3A+218+avant+J%C3%A9sus-Christ+%3A+la+grande+travers%C3%A9e+des+Alpes&rft.pub=La+Fontaine+de+Silo%C3%AB&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-84206-419-8&rft.aulast=Bocquet&rft.aufirst=Aim%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaesatae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelamarre2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Delamarre" title="Xavier Delamarre">Delamarre, Xavier</a> (2003). <i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental</i>. Errance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782877723695" title="Special:BookSources/9782877723695"><bdi>9782877723695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+langue+gauloise%3A+Une+approche+linguistique+du+vieux-celtique+continental&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9782877723695&rft.aulast=Delamarre&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaesatae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Venceslas_Kruta" title="Venceslas Kruta">Kruta, Venceslas</a> (2000). <i>Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme</i>. Robert Laffont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-05690-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-05690-6"><bdi>2-221-05690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Celtes%2C+histoire+et+dictionnaire+%3A+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+romanisation+et+au+christianisme&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-221-05690-6&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaesatae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKillop2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_MacKillop_(author)" title="James MacKillop (author)">MacKillop, James</a> (2004). <i>A dictionary of Celtic mythology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860967-1"><bdi>0-19-860967-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Celtic+mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-860967-1&rft.aulast=MacKillop&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaesatae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaesatae&oldid=1252834456">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaesatae&oldid=1252834456</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Celtic_warriors" title="Category:Celtic warriors">Celtic warriors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gaulish_people" title="Category:Gaulish people">Gaulish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mercenary_units_and_formations_of_antiquity" title="Category:Mercenary units and formations of antiquity">Mercenary units and formations of antiquity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd_century_BC_in_the_Roman_Republic" title="Category:3rd century BC in the Roman Republic">3rd century BC in the Roman Republic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 04:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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