CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <base href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html"> <script src="//archive.org/includes/athena.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){var v=archive_analytics.values;v.service='wb';v.server_name='wwwb-app200.us.archive.org';v.server_ms=266;archive_analytics.send_pageview({});});</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html","20200622113048","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1592825448"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"> <title>ICL > Kuwait > Index</title> <link rel="home" href="https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/"> <link rel="index" href="https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=" utf-8> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="description" content="Internet Project on Legal Research."> <meta name="author" content="Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="description" content="Internet Project on Legal Research."> <meta name="preprocessor" content="DfrMgr Ver. 3.0"> <meta name="copyright" content="Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M."> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="revisit-after" content="10 days"> <meta name="description" content="International Constitutional Law"> <meta name="keywords" content="Constitutional Law, Constitutions"> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048cs_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048js_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048js_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048js_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <style> :target{ padding-top:140px; margin-top:-150px; } </style> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.gi7GHc2tCQ4.O/am=DAY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfr-m6dGte1r4pe7Y_TjuCeg5HQuqQ/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.gi7GHc2tCQ4.O/am=DAY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfr-m6dGte1r4pe7Y_TjuCeg5HQuqQ/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.gi7GHc2tCQ4.O/am=DAY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfr-m6dGte1r4pe7Y_TjuCeg5HQuqQ/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <script>__wm.rw(0);</script> <div id="wm-ipp-base" lang="en" style="display:none;direction:ltr;"> <div id="wm-ipp" style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;right:0;"> <div id="donato" style="position:relative;width:100%;"> <div id="donato-base"><iframe id="donato-if" src="https://archive.org/includes/donate.php?as_page=1&platform=wb&referer=https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https%3A//www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width:100%; height:100%"> </iframe> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-inside"> <div id="wm-toolbar" style="position:relative;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:space-between;"> <div id="wm-logo" style="/*width:110px;*/padding-top:12px;"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine home page"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png" srcset="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-100.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-150.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 1.5x,https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 2x" alt="Wayback Machine" style="width:100px" border="0"></a> </div> <div class="c" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;justify-content:space-between;flex:1;"> <form class="u" style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;" target="_top" method="get" action="/web/submit" name="wmtb" id="wmtb"> <input type="text" name="url" id="wmtbURL" value="https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html" onfocus="this.focus();this.select();" style="flex:1;"><input type="hidden" name="type" value="replay"><input type="hidden" name="date" value="20200622113048"><input type="submit" value="Go"> </form> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:flex-end;"> <div class="s" id="wm-nav-captures" style="flex:1;"><a class="t" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048*/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="See a list of every capture for this URL">104 captures</a> <div class="r" title="Timespan for captures of this URL"> 13 Jul 2007 - 07 Oct 2024 </div> </div> <div class="k"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-graph-anchor"> <div id="wm-ipp-sparkline" title="Explore captures for this URL" style="position: relative"> <canvas id="wm-sparkline-canvas" width="725" height="27" border="0"></canvas> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="n"> <table> <tbody> <tr class="m"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200430143257/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 Apr 2020"><strong>Apr</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayMonthEl" title="You are here: 11:30:48 Jun 22, 2020">JUN</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200926220708/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 Sep 2020"><strong>Sep</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr class="d"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200430143257/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14:32:57 Apr 30, 2020"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_prv_on.png" alt="Previous capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayDayEl" style="width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap;" title="You are here: 11:30:48 Jun 22, 2020">22</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200629175740/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17:57:40 Jun 29, 2020"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_nxt_on.png" alt="Next capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr class="y"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20190617161800/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 Jun 2019"><strong>2019</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayYearEl" title="You are here: 11:30:48 Jun 22, 2020">2020</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20210629032223/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 Jun 2021"><strong>2021</strong></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="r" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;"> <div id="wm-btns" style="text-align:right;height:23px;"><span class="xxs"> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-success"> success </div> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-fail"> fail </div><a id="wm-save-snapshot-open" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" title="Share via My Web Archive"> <span class="iconochive-web"></span> </a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/account/login.php" title="Sign In" id="wm-sign-in"> <span class="iconochive-person"></span> </a> <span id="wm-save-snapshot-in-progress" class="iconochive-web"></span> </span> <a class="xxs" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://faq.web.archive.org/" title="Get some help using the Wayback Machine" style="top:-6px;"><span class="iconochive-question" style="color:rgb(87,186,244);font-size:160%;"></span></a> <a id="wm-tb-close" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#close" style="top:-2px;" title="Close the toolbar"><span class="iconochive-remove-circle" style="color:#888888;font-size:240%;"></span></a> </div> <div id="wm-share" class="xxs"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-screenshot" title="screenshot"> <span class="wm-icon-screen-shot"></span> </a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" id="wm-video" title="video"> <span class="iconochive-movies"></span> </a> <a id="wm-share-facebook" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html" title="Share on Facebook" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-facebook" style="color:#3b5998;font-size:160%;"></span></a> <a id="wm-share-twitter" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html" title="Share on Twitter" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-twitter" style="color:#1dcaff;font-size:160%;"></span></a> </div> <div style="padding-right:2px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><a id="wm-expand" class="wm-btn wm-closed" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#expand"><span id="wm-expand-icon" class="iconochive-down-solid"></span> <span class="xxs" style="font-size:80%;">About this capture</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo" style="border-top:1px solid #777;display:none; overflow: hidden"> <div id="wm-capinfo-notice" source="api"></div> <div id="wm-capinfo-collected-by"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"> COLLECTED BY </div> <div style="padding:3px;position:relative" id="wm-collected-by-content"> <div style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:49%;"><span class="c-logo" style="background-image:url(https://archive.org/services/img/wikipedia-eventstream)"></span> <div> Collection: <a style="color:#33f;" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/wikipedia-eventstream" target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Wikipedia Eventstream</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo-timestamps"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center" title="Timestamps for the elements of this page"> TIMESTAMPS </div> <div> <div id="wm-capresources" style="margin:0 5px 5px 5px;max-height:250px;overflow-y:scroll !important"></div> <div id="wm-capresources-loading" style="text-align:left;margin:0 20px 5px 5px;display:none"> <img src="/_static/images/loading.gif" alt="loading"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-print"> The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html </div> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ __wm.bt(725,27,25,2,"web","https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html","20200622113048",1996,"/_static/",["/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt","/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"], false); __wm.rw(1); //]]></script> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark mb-3 pl-0 fixed-top" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><a class="navbar-brand mr-3 dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <img src="/web/20200622113048im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/b/atlogo-white.png" height="28" class="d-inline-block align-top" alt="" loading="lazy" pr-3>   ICL Project </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.verfassungsvergleich.de/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">International Constitutional Law (ICL)</a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.fallrecht.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Das Fallrecht (DFR)</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rechtsphilosophie (RPhil)</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.verfassungsgeschichte.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Verfassungsgeschichte (VerfG)</a> </div><button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarCollapse"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarCollapse"> <div class="navbar-nav"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link active" id="constMenu">Countries</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/info.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="infoMenu">Information</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/xr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="xr__indxMenu">Keys</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/synonyms.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="synonymsMenu">Synonyms</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/persons.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="personsMenu">Persons</a> </div> <div class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/privacy.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="privacyMenu">Privacy</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-2" style="margin-top: 70px;"> <nav id="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-header"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/large/ku-map.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/web/20200622113048im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/ku__map.gif" width="100%"> </a> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled components"> <p></p> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#constSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="true" class="dropdown-toggle" id="constToggle"><b>Constitutions</b></a> <ul class="collapse show list-unstyled" id="constSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ar__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/am__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/aj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cb__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ca__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cc__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ch__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ez__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/h1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ic__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/id__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/iz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ei__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/is__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ja__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ke__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" active><b>Kuwait</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/li__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lh__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/no__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/qa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ri__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/si__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ti__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/th__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ts__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/us__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/vm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ym__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/za__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/zi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#infoSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle" id="infoToggle">Information</a> <ul class="collapse list-unstyled" id="infoSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/an__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/by__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ci__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/co__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/dr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ec__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/eg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ho__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/my__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mx__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/md__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ni__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pe__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rq__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/so__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ce__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/su__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ug__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/up__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ve__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-10" style="margin-bottom: 70px; margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="container-fluid sticky-top pl-0 pt-3 pb-1 bg-white" style="top: 50px;"> <h1 class="display-5">Kuwait</h1> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku00t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">1962</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kuc___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20200622113048im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li><br> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.majlesalommah.net/clt/default.asp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Parliament</a><img src="/web/20200622113048im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.pm.gov.kw/cv.asp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Prime Minister</a><img src="/web/20200622113048im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> </ul><br> <h4>Constitutional Background</h4> <div align="left"> Kuwait's <b>1962 Constitution</b> draws on both Western and Arab models. However, women do not have a right to vote and the freedom of association (Art. <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A043_">43</a>) does not include the foundation of political parties. Constitutional guarantees have been frequently suspended by Amiri decree (cf. History below). Nevertheless, after the 1990 invasion of Iraqi forces, the 1991 'Operation Desert Storm' reinstated the Kuwaiti government of the <i>al-Sabah</i> family. </div><br> <h4>History and News</h4> <ul> <li>16 Jan to 28 Feb 1991: 'Operation Desert Storm' forces Iraq to comply with <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gongo.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#un">UN</a> resolutions and reinstates the Kuwaiti government of the <i>al-Sabah</i> family. </li> <li>13 Oct 1990: The exiled government of Amir and Crown Prince promises to consolidate the Constitution by reactivating political and communication rights.</li> <li>28 Aug 1990: Kuwait is declared the 19th province of Iraq. </li> <li>2 Aug 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait; on the same day, the <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gongo.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#un">UN</a> Security Council passes Resolution 660 condemning the invasion.</li> <li>July 1990: Iraq, under President <i>Saddam Hussein</i>, stresses that its border disputes with Kuwait were never solved and Kuwait undermines Iraqi exports by not meeting <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gongo.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#opec">OPEC</a> quotas. </li> <li>31 Aug 1986: The Amir by decree dissolves the municipal councils.</li> <li>3 July 1986: The Amir <i>Jabir al-Ahmad</i> by decree suspends constitutional rights (political and press activity), dissolves the National Assembly, has Crown Prince <i>Saad al-Abdullah</i> form a new government, and announces government by decree.</li> <li>11 July 1985: After bomb attacks on cafes in Kuwait City, an anti-subversion bill threatens death penalty for all bombing terrorists.</li> <li>26 Jan 1982: Legislation is passed permitting abortion in cases of danger to the life of the woman or severe brain damage of the fetus.</li> <li>19 Jan 1982: Female Suffrage is refused following recommendation of a government committee.</li> <li>23 Feb 1981: During parliamentary elections, pro-government candidates win an overwhelming majority and convene in a new National Assembly.</li> <li>8 Feb 1978: A new government under the Heir apparent and Prime Minister is formed after Shaikh <i>Jabir al-Ahmad</i> becomes the new Amir.</li> <li>1976: During recess, the National Assembly is dissolved and constitutional provisions about re-election and the freedom of the press are suspended.</li> <li>23 Jan 1971: Nationalist Party under <i>Ahmedal Khatib</i> wins 10 seats in parliamentary elections.</li> <li>4 Dec 1965: Shaikh <i>Sabah al-Salem</i> succeeds his brother as Amir.</li> <li>14 May 1962: Kuwait becomes the 111th member of the <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gongo.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#un">UN</a>. </li> <li>23 Jan 1962: First elections to the National Assembly.</li> <li>11 Nov 1962: Promulgation of the 1962 Constitution.</li> <li>1961: Kuwait announces its complete independence, is threatened by Iraq, but helped by Great Britain by sending troups.</li> <li>1922: Kuwait-Saudi Arabia relations are established with the Treaty of Uqair.</li> <li>1914: Kuwait becomes an independent state under British protection.</li> </ul> <hr size="1"> <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For methodology see: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://ssrn.com/abstract=1502125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law</a>.<br><i>漏 1994 - 07. Jun 2020 / For corrections please contact <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">A. Tschentscher</a>.</i> </font> </center> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md pl-0 navbar-dark fixed-bottom" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#footerCollapse"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="footerCollapse"> <div class="navbar-nav"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Projects  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">ICL  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitutions  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kuwait</a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200622113048/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/rechtsphilosophie/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">漏 <i>1994-2020 A. Tschentscher</i></a> </div> </div> </nav> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>