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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Preliminary analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_analysis,_requirements_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_analysis,_requirements_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Systems analysis, requirements definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_analysis,_requirements_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Systems design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_and_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_and_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Integration and testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_and_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance,_installation,_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance,_installation,_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Acceptance, installation, deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance,_installation,_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.9</span> <span>Disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_analysis_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_analysis_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Systems analysis and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_analysis_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object-oriented_analysis_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object-oriented_analysis_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Object-oriented analysis and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object-oriented_analysis_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_lifecycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_lifecycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>System lifecycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_lifecycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conceptual_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conceptual_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Conceptual design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preliminary_system_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_system_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Preliminary system design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_system_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detail_design_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detail_design_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Detail design and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detail_design_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Production and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilization_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilization_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Utilization and support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilization_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase-out_and_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase-out_and_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Phase-out and disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase-out_and_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-System_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>System investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Training and transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Operations and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Management and control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_breakdown_structured_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_breakdown_structured_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Work breakdown structured organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_breakdown_structured_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baselines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baselines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Baselines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baselines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alternative methodologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strengths_and_weaknesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strengths_and_weaknesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Strengths and weaknesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strengths_and_weaknesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Systems development life cycle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9" title="دورة حياة تطوير الأنظمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورة حياة تطوير الأنظمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicle_de_vida_al_desenvolupament_de_sistemes" title="Cicle de vida al desenvolupament de sistemes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cicle de vida al desenvolupament de sistemes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%AD_cyklus_informa%C4%8Dn%C3%ADho_syst%C3%A9mu" title="Životní cyklus informačního systému – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Životní cyklus informačního systému" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemudvikling" title="Systemudvikling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Systemudvikling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivciklo_de_sistema_konstruado" title="Vivciklo de sistema konstruado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivciklo de sistema konstruado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="چرخه حیات توسعه سیستم‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه حیات توسعه سیستم‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_(logiciel)" title="Cycle de développement (logiciel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cycle de développement (logiciel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C_%EC%88%98%EB%AA%85_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="소프트웨어 개발 수명 주기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 개발 수명 주기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2" title="सिस्टम डेवलपमेंट लाइफ साइकल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिस्टम डेवलपमेंट लाइफ साइकल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_hidup_pengembangan_sistem" title="Daur hidup pengembangan sistem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daur hidup pengembangan sistem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszerfejleszt%C3%A9si_%C3%A9letciklus" title="Rendszerfejlesztési életciklus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszerfejlesztési életciklus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOJ_SDLC" title="DOJ SDLC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DOJ SDLC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB" title="システム開発ライフサイクル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="システム開発ライフサイクル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemutvikling" title="Systemutvikling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Systemutvikling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciclo_de_vida_de_desenvolvimento_de_sistemas" title="Ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de sistemas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciclo de vida de desenvolvimento de sistemas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Systems engineering terms</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png/220px-SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png/330px-SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png/440px-SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Model of the software development life cycle, highlighting the maintenance phase</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, the <b>systems development life cycle</b> (<b>SDLC</b>), also referred to as the <b>application development life cycle</b>, is a process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying an <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SDLC concept applies to a range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only, software only, or a combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are usually six stages in this cycle: requirement analysis, design, development and testing, implementation, documentation, and evaluation. </p><p>"Software development organization follows some process when developing a Software product in <b><u>mature organization</u></b> this is well defined and managed. In Software development life cycle, we develop Software in a <b><u>Systematic and disciplined manner</u></b>." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A systems development life cycle is composed of distinct work phases that are used by systems engineers and systems developers to deliver <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>. Like anything that is manufactured on an assembly line, an SDLC aims to produce high-quality systems that meet or exceed expectations, based on requirements, by delivering systems within scheduled time frames and cost estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer systems are complex and often link components with varying origins. Various SDLC methodologies have been created, such as <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping#Throwaway_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incremental_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Incremental development">incremental</a>, and synchronize and stabilize.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDLC methodologies fit within a flexibility spectrum ranging from agile to iterative to sequential. Agile methodologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Programming">XP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(development)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrum (development)">Scrum</a>, focus on lightweight processes that allow for rapid changes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative</a> methodologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">Rational Unified Process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">dynamic systems development method</a>, focus on stabilizing project scope and iteratively expanding or improving products. Sequential or big-design-up-front (BDUF) models, such as waterfall, focus on complete and correct planning to guide larger projects and limit risks to successful and predictable results.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic development">Anamorphic development</a> is guided by project scope and adaptive iterations. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project management</a> a project can include both a <a href="/wiki/Project_life_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Project life cycle">project life cycle</a> (PLC) and an SDLC, during which somewhat different activities occur. According to Taylor (2004), "the project life cycle encompasses all the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">project</a>, while the systems development life cycle focuses on realizing the product <a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">requirements</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDLC is not a methodology per se, but rather a description of the phases that a methodology should address. The list of phases is not definitive, but typically includes planning, analysis, design, build, test, implement, and maintenance/support. In the Scrum framework,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, one could say a single user story goes through all the phases of the SDLC within a two-week sprint. By contrast the waterfall methodology, where every business requirement<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is translated into feature/functional descriptions which are then all implemented typically over a period of months or longer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Elliott (2004), SDLC "originated in the 1960s, to develop large scale functional <a href="/wiki/Business_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Business systems">business systems</a> in an age of large scale <a href="/wiki/Business_conglomerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Business conglomerate">business conglomerates</a>. Information systems activities revolved around heavy <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_crunching" class="mw-redirect" title="Number crunching">number crunching</a> routines".<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">structured systems analysis and design method</a> (SSADM) was produced for the UK government <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Government_Commerce" title="Office of Government Commerce">Office of Government Commerce</a> in the 1980s. Ever since, according to Elliott (2004), "the traditional life cycle approaches to systems development have been increasingly replaced with alternative approaches and frameworks, which attempted to overcome some of the inherent deficiencies of the traditional SDLC".<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Systems_Development_Life_Cycle.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle.gif/480px-Systems_Development_Life_Cycle.gif" decoding="async" width="480" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle.gif/720px-Systems_Development_Life_Cycle.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Systems_Development_Life_Cycle.gif 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A ten-phase version of the systems development life cycle<sup id="cite_ref-US_DJ03_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DJ03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Systems development life cycle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>SDLC provides a set of phases/steps/activities for system designers and developers to follow. Each phase builds on the results of the previous one.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DJ03_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DJ03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EverettSoftware07_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EverettSoftware07-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UnhelkarTheArt16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnhelkarTheArt16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LandPract12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LandPract12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not every project requires that the phases be sequential. For smaller, simpler projects, phases may be combined/overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-US_DJ03_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DJ03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterfall">Waterfall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Waterfall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest and best known is the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a>, which uses a linear sequence of steps.<sup id="cite_ref-EverettSoftware07_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EverettSoftware07-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waterfall has different varieties. One variety is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-US_DJ03_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_DJ03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EverettSoftware07_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EverettSoftware07-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TaylorIntro08_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaylorIntro08-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preliminary_analysis">Preliminary analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preliminary analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conduct with a preliminary analysis, consider alternative solutions, estimate costs and benefits, and submit a preliminary plan with recommendations. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Conduct preliminary analysis: Identify the organization's objectives and define the nature and scope of the project. Ensure that the project fits with the objectives.</li> <li>Consider alternative solutions: Alternatives may come from interviewing employees, clients, suppliers, and consultants, as well as competitive analysis.</li> <li>Cost-benefit analysis: Analyze the costs and benefits of the project.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_analysis,_requirements_definition"><span id="Systems_analysis.2C_requirements_definition"></span>Systems analysis, requirements definition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Systems analysis, requirements definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decompose project goals<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Where did the goals come from? (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> into defined functions and operations. This involves gathering and interpreting facts, diagnosing problems, and recommending changes. Analyze end-user information needs and resolve inconsistencies and incompleteness:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Collect facts: Obtain end-user requirements by document review, client interviews, observation, and questionnaires.</li> <li>Scrutinize existing system(s): Identify pros and cons.</li> <li>Analyze the proposed system: Find solutions to issues and prepare specifications, incorporating appropriate user proposals.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systems_design">Systems design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Systems design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this step, desired features and operations are detailed, including screen layouts, <a href="/wiki/Business_rule" title="Business rule">business rules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Process_flow_diagram" title="Process flow diagram">process diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudocode" title="Pseudocode">pseudocode</a>, and other deliverables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development">Development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Write the code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integration_and_testing">Integration and testing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Integration and testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assemble the modules in a testing environment. Check for errors, bugs, and interoperability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acceptance,_installation,_deployment"><span id="Acceptance.2C_installation.2C_deployment"></span>Acceptance, installation, deployment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acceptance, installation, deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Put the system into production. This may involve training users, deploying hardware, and loading information from the prior system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monitor the system to assess its ongoing fitness. Make modest changes and fixes as needed. To maintain the quality of the system. Continual monitoring and updates ensure the system remains effective and high-quality.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evaluation">Evaluation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system and the process are reviewed. Relevant questions include whether the newly implemented system meets requirements and achieves project goals, whether the system is usable, reliable/available, properly scaled and fault-tolerant. Process checks include review of timelines and expenses, as well as user acceptance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disposal">Disposal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At end of life, plans are developed for discontinuing the system and transitioning to its replacement. Related information and infrastructure must be repurposed, archived, discarded, or destroyed, while appropriately protecting security.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following diagram, these stages are divided into ten steps, from definition to creation and modification of IT work products: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systems_analysis_and_design">Systems analysis and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Systems analysis and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis and design</a> (SAD) can be considered a meta-development activity, which serves to set the stage and bound the problem. SAD can help balance competing high-level requirements. SAD interacts with distributed enterprise architecture, enterprise I.T. Architecture, and business architecture, and relies heavily on concepts such as partitioning, interfaces, personae and roles, and deployment/operational modeling to arrive at a high-level system description. This high-level description is then broken down into the components and modules which can be analyzed, designed, and constructed separately and integrated to accomplish the business goal. SDLC and SAD are cornerstones of full life cycle product and system planning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Object-oriented_analysis_and_design">Object-oriented analysis and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Object-oriented analysis and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_analysis_and_design" title="Object-oriented analysis and design">Object-oriented analysis and design</a> (OOAD) is the process of analyzing a problem domain to develop a conceptual <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">model</a> that can then be used to guide development. During the analysis phase, a programmer develops written requirements and a formal vision document via interviews with stakeholders. </p><p>The conceptual model that results from OOAD typically consists of <a href="/wiki/Use_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Use cases">use cases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Class_diagram" title="Class diagram">class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interaction_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Interaction diagram">interaction diagrams</a>. It may also include a <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> mock-up. </p><p>An output <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(software_development)" title="Artifact (software development)">artifact</a> does not need to be completely defined to serve as input of object-oriented design; analysis and design may occur in parallel. In practice the results of one activity can feed the other in an iterative process. </p><p>Some typical input artifacts for OOAD: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual model (computer science)">Conceptual model</a>: A conceptual model is the result of object-oriented analysis. It captures concepts in the problem domain. The conceptual model is explicitly independent of implementation details.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">Use cases</a>: A use case is a description of sequences of events that, taken together, complete a required task. Each use case provides <a href="/wiki/Scenario_(computing)" title="Scenario (computing)">scenarios</a> that convey how the system should interact with actors (users). Actors may be end users or other systems. Use cases may further elaborated using diagrams. Such diagrams identify the actor and the processes they perform.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Sequence_Diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="System Sequence Diagram">System Sequence Diagram</a>: A System Sequence diagrams (SSD) is a picture that shows, for a particular use case, the events that actors generate, their order, including inter-system events.</li> <li>User interface document: Document that shows and describes the user interface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a>: A data model describes how data elements relate to each other. The data model is created before the design phase. Object-oriented designs map directly from the data model. Relational designs are more involved.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_lifecycle">System lifecycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: System lifecycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system lifecycle is a view of a system or proposed system that addresses all phases of its existence to include system conception, design and development, production and/or construction, distribution, operation, maintenance and support, retirement, phase-out, and disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conceptual_design">Conceptual design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conceptual design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">conceptual design</a> stage is the stage where an identified need is examined, requirements for potential solutions are defined, potential solutions are evaluated, and a system specification is developed. The system specification represents the technical requirements that will provide overall guidance for system design. Because this document determines all future development, the stage cannot be completed until a conceptual <a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">design review</a> has determined that the system specification properly addresses the motivating need. </p><p>Key steps within the conceptual design stage include: </p> <ul><li>Need identification</li> <li>Feasibility analysis</li> <li>System requirements analysis</li> <li>System specification</li> <li>Conceptual design review</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preliminary_system_design">Preliminary system design</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Preliminary system design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this stage of the system lifecycle, subsystems that perform the desired system functions are designed and specified in compliance with the system specification. Interfaces between subsystems are defined, as well as overall test and evaluation requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the completion of this stage, a development specification is produced that is sufficient to perform detailed design and development. </p><p>Key steps within the preliminary design stage include: </p> <ul><li>Functional analysis</li> <li>Requirements allocation</li> <li>Detailed trade-off studies</li> <li>Synthesis of system options</li> <li>Preliminary design of engineering models</li> <li>Development specification</li> <li>Preliminary design review</li></ul> <p>For example, as the system analyst of Viti Bank, you have been tasked to examine the current information system. Viti Bank is a fast-growing bank in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>. Customers in remote rural areas are finding difficulty to access the bank services. It takes them days or even weeks to travel to a location to access the bank services. With the vision of meeting the customers' needs, the bank has requested your services to examine the current system and to come up with solutions or recommendations of how the current system can be provided to meet its needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detail_design_and_development">Detail design and development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Detail design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This stage includes the development of detailed designs that brings initial design work into a completed form of specifications. This work includes the specification of interfaces between the system and its intended environment, and a comprehensive evaluation of the systems logistical, maintenance and support requirements. The detail design and development is responsible for producing the product, process and material specifications and may result in substantial changes to the development specification. </p><p>Key steps within the detail design and development stage include: </p> <ul><li>Detailed design</li> <li>Detailed synthesis</li> <li>Development of engineering and <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> models</li> <li>Revision of development specification</li> <li>Product, process, and material specification</li> <li>Critical design review</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production_and_construction">Production and construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Production and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the production and/or construction stage the product is built or assembled in accordance with the requirements specified in the product, process and material specifications, and is deployed and tested within the operational target environment. System assessments are conducted in order to correct deficiencies and adapt the system for continued improvement. </p><p>Key steps within the product construction stage include: </p> <ul><li>Production and/or construction of system components</li> <li>Acceptance testing</li> <li>System distribution and operation</li> <li>Operational testing and evaluation</li> <li>System assessment</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Utilization_and_support">Utilization and support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Utilization and support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once fully deployed, the system is used for its intended operational role and maintained within its operational environment. </p><p>Key steps within the utilization and support stage include: </p> <ul><li>System operation in the user environment</li> <li>Change management</li> <li>System modifications for improvement</li> <li>System assessment</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase-out_and_disposal">Phase-out and disposal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Phase-out and disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effectiveness and efficiency of the system must be continuously evaluated to determine when the product has met its maximum effective lifecycle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerations include: Continued existence of operational need, matching between operational requirements and system performance, feasibility of system phase-out versus maintenance, and availability of alternative systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phases">Phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_investigation">System investigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: System investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this step, current priorities that would be affected and how they should be handled are considered. A <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study" title="Feasibility study">feasibility study</a> determines whether creating a new or improved system is appropriate. This helps to estimate costs, benefits, resource requirements, and specific user needs. </p><p>The feasibility study should address <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study#Operational_feasibility_study" title="Feasibility study">operational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study#Financial_feasibility" title="Feasibility study">financial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study#Technical_feasibility" title="Feasibility study">technical</a>, human factors, and <a href="/wiki/Feasibility_study#Legal_feasibility" title="Feasibility study">legal/political</a> concerns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a> is to determine where the problem is. This step involves decomposing the system into pieces, analyzing project goals, breaking down what needs to be created, and engaging users to define requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">systems design</a>, functions and operations are described in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, and other documentation. Modular design reduces complexity and allows the outputs to describe the system as a collection of subsystems. </p><p>The design stage takes as its input the requirements already defined. For each requirement, a set of design elements is produced. </p><p>Design documents typically include functional hierarchy diagrams, screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo-code, and a complete <a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">data dictionary</a>. These elements describe the system in sufficient detail that developers and engineers can develop and deliver the system with minimal additional input. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The code is tested at various levels in <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a>. Unit, system, and user acceptance tests are typically performed. Many approaches to testing have been adopted. </p><p>The following types of testing may be relevant: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Path testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_data" title="Test data">Data set testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-box_testing" title="White-box testing">White-box testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automation testing">Automation testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_acceptance_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="User acceptance testing">User acceptance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">Software performance testing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_and_transition">Training and transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Training and transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once a system has been stabilized through testing, SDLC ensures that proper training is prepared and performed before transitioning the system to support staff and end users. Training usually covers operational training for support staff as well as end-user training. </p><p>After training, systems engineers and developers transition the system to its production environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_and_maintenance">Operations and maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Operations and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a> includes changes, fixes, and enhancements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluation_2">Evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final phase of the SDLC is to measure the effectiveness of the system and evaluate potential enhancements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_and_control">Management and control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Management and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg/220px-SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg/330px-SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg/440px-SDLC_Phases_Related_to_Management_Controls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>SDLC phases related to management controls<sup id="cite_ref-USHR99_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHR99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>SDLC phase objectives are described in this section with key deliverables, a description of recommended tasks, and a summary of related control objectives for effective management. It is critical for the project manager to establish and monitor control objectives while executing projects. Control objectives are clear statements of the desired result or purpose and should be defined and monitored throughout a project. Control objectives can be grouped into major categories (domains), and relate to the SDLC phases as shown in the figure.<sup id="cite_ref-USHR99_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHR99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To manage and control a substantial SDLC initiative, a <a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">work breakdown structure</a> (WBS) captures and schedules the work. The WBS and all programmatic material should be kept in the "project description" section of the project notebook.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What project notebook is that? What does it look like? What sections does it have? (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The project manager chooses a WBS format that best describes the project. </p><p>The diagram shows that coverage spans numerous phases of the SDLC but the associated MCD (Management Control Domains) shows mappings to SDLC phases. For example, Analysis and Design is primarily performed as part of the Acquisition and Implementation Domain, and System Build and Prototype is primarily performed as part of delivery and support.<sup id="cite_ref-USHR99_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHR99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_breakdown_structured_organization">Work breakdown structured organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Work breakdown structured organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg/220px-SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg/330px-SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg/440px-SDLC_Work_Breakdown_Structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Work breakdown structure<sup id="cite_ref-USHR99_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHR99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The upper section of the WBS provides an overview of the project scope and timeline. It should also summarize the major phases and milestones. The middle section is based on the SDLC phases. WBS elements consist of milestones and tasks to be completed rather than activities to be undertaken and have a deadline. Each task has a measurable output (e.g., analysis document). A WBS task may rely on one or more activities (e.g. coding). Parts of the project needing support from contractors should have a <a href="/wiki/Statement_of_work" title="Statement of work">statement of work</a> (SOW). The development of a SOW does not occur during a specific phase of SDLC but is developed to include the work from the SDLC process that may be conducted by contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-USHR99_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHR99-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baselines">Baselines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Baselines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baselines<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is a baseline? (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are established after four of the five phases of the SDLC, and are critical to the <a href="/wiki/Iteration" title="Iteration">iterative</a> nature of the model.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baselines become milestones. </p> <ul><li>functional baseline: established after the conceptual design phase.</li> <li>allocated baseline: established after the preliminary design phase.</li> <li>product baseline: established after the detail design and development phase.</li> <li>updated product baseline: established after the production construction phase.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_methodologies">Alternative methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Alternative methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development methods</a> to systems development life cycle are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Software prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_applications_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint applications development">Joint applications development</a> (JAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a> (RAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a> (XP);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Comparison of Methodology Approaches (Post, & Anderson 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Post,_G._2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post,_G._2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ffdead;"> </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">SDLC </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">RAD </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Open source </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Objects </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">JAD </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Prototyping </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">End User </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">Control </td> <td style="width:5%;">Formal </td> <td style="width:5%;">MIS </td> <td style="width:5%;">Weak </td> <td style="width:5%;">Standards </td> <td style="width:5%;">Joint </td> <td style="width:5%;">User </td> <td style="width:5%;">User </td></tr> <tr> <td>Time frame </td> <td>Long </td> <td>Short </td> <td>Medium </td> <td>Any </td> <td>Medium </td> <td>Short </td> <td>Short <p>– </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Users </td> <td>Many </td> <td>Few </td> <td>Few </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>Few </td> <td>One or two </td> <td>One </td></tr> <tr> <td>MIS staff </td> <td>Many </td> <td>Few </td> <td>Hundreds </td> <td>Split </td> <td>Few </td> <td>One or two </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transaction/<a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">DSS</a> </td> <td>Transaction </td> <td>Both </td> <td>Both </td> <td>Both </td> <td>DSS </td> <td>DSS </td> <td>DSS </td></tr> <tr> <td>Interface </td> <td>Minimal </td> <td>Minimal </td> <td>Weak </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Crucial </td> <td>Crucial </td> <td>Crucial </td></tr> <tr> <td>Documentation and training </td> <td>Vital </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>Internal </td> <td>In Objects </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>Weak </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>Integrity and security </td> <td>Vital </td> <td>Vital </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>In Objects </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>Weak </td> <td>Weak </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reusability </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>Some </td> <td>Maybe </td> <td>Vital </td> <td>Limited </td> <td>Weak </td> <td>None </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strengths_and_weaknesses">Strengths and weaknesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Strengths and weaknesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamentally, SDLC trades flexibility for control by imposing structure. It is more commonly used for large scale projects with many developers. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Strength and Weaknesses of SDLC<sup id="cite_ref-Post,_G._2006_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post,_G._2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Strengths </th> <th style="background:#ffdead;">Weaknesses </th></tr> <tr> <td>Control </td> <td>Increased development time </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monitor large projects </td> <td>Increased development cost </td></tr> <tr> <td>Detailed steps </td> <td>Systems must be defined up front </td></tr> <tr> <td>Evaluate costs and completion targets </td> <td>Rigidity </td></tr> <tr> <td>Documentation </td> <td>Hard to estimate costs, project overruns </td></tr> <tr> <td>Well defined user input </td> <td>User input is sometimes limited </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ease of maintenance </td> <td>Little parallelism </td></tr> <tr> <td>Development and design standards </td> <td>Automation of documentation and standards is limited </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tolerates changes in MIS of staffing </td> <td>Does not tolerate changes in requirements </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Projects canned early on the result in little or no value </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_lifecycle_management" title="Application lifecycle management">Application lifecycle management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_cycle" title="Decision cycle">Decision cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPO_model" title="IPO model">IPO model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodologies">Software development methodologies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828154643/https://www.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/CMS-Information-Technology/XLC/Downloads/SelectingDevelopmentApproach.pdf">SELECTING A DEVELOPMENT APPROACH</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. 341–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470289952" title="Special:BookSources/9780470289952"><bdi>9780470289952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Support+for+Lean+Six+Sigma+Software+Process+Definition%3A+Using+IEEE+Software+Engineering+Standards&rft.pages=341-3&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780470289952&rft.au=Land%2C+S.K.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.B.&rft.au=Walz%2C+J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsBF_lVbK_gC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2002" class="citation web cs1">Kay, Russell (May 14, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/71151/System_Development_Life_Cycle">"QuickStudy: System Development Life Cycle"</a>. <i>ComputerWorld</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerWorld&rft.atitle=QuickStudy%3A+System+Development+Life+Cycle&rft.date=2002-05-14&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F71151%2FSystem_Development_Life_Cycle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TaylorIntro08-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TaylorIntro08_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_G.D.2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, G.D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqpZDNc5_Y4C&pg=SA12-PA6"><i>Introduction to Logistics Engineering</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. 12.6–12.18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420088571" title="Special:BookSources/9781420088571"><bdi>9781420088571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Logistics+Engineering&rft.pages=12.6-12.18&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781420088571&rft.au=Taylor%2C+G.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqpZDNc5_Y4C%26pg%3DSA12-PA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 5". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resource.cdn.icai.org/48513bos30870-sm-cp5.pdf"><i>Information Systems Control and Audit</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. August 2013. p. 5.28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.btitle=Information+Systems+Control+and+Audit&rft.pages=5.28&rft.pub=Institute+of+Chartered+Accountants+of+India&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresource.cdn.icai.org%2F48513bos30870-sm-cp5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Kazim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.primetechnologiesglobal.com/blog/maintenance-phase-of-software-development-life-cycle">"The Maintenance Phase Of Software Development Life Cycle"</a>. <i>primetechnologiesglobal</i>. kazim shah<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=primetechnologiesglobal&rft.atitle=The+Maintenance+Phase+Of+Software+Development+Life+Cycle&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Kazim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.primetechnologiesglobal.com%2Fblog%2Fmaintenance-phase-of-software-development-life-cycle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadackn.d." class="citation web cs1">Radack, S. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csrc.nist.rip/publications/nistbul/april2009_system-development-life-cycle.pdf">"The system development life cycle (SDLC)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Institute of Standards and Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+system+development+life+cycle+%28SDLC%29&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Radack&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsrc.nist.rip%2Fpublications%2Fnistbul%2Fapril2009_system-development-life-cycle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard_and_Fabrycky2006" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard and Fabrycky (2006). <i>Systems Engineering and Analysis, Fourth Edition</i>. Prentice Hall. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+Engineering+and+Analysis%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Blanchard+and+Fabrycky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Joahn_Gouws2007" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Joahn Gouws (2007). <i>Introduction to Engineering, System Engineering</i>. Melikon Pty Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Engineering%2C+System+Engineering&rft.pub=Melikon+Pty+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Dr.+Joahn+Gouws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham" class="citation journal cs1">Cunningham, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121125359/http://hercbpm.com.au/">"HERC Maintenance"</a>. <i>Fargo</i>. <b>XXI</b> (North Avenue): 49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hercbpm.com.au/">the original</a> on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fargo&rft.atitle=HERC+Maintenance&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=North+Avenue&rft.pages=49&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hercbpm.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASystems+development+life+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHR99-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USHR99_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHR99_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHR99_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHR99_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USHR99_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. House of Representatives (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/content/cao/procurement/ref-docs/SDLCPOL.pdf"><i>Systems Development Life-Cycle Policy</i></a>. p.13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019091833/http://www.house.gov/content/cao/procurement/ref-docs/SDLCPOL.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blanchard,_B._S.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blanchard, B. S. (page does not exist)">Blanchard, B. S.</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Fabrycky,_W._J." class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrycky, W. J.">Fabrycky, W. J.</a>(2006) <i>Systems engineering and analysis</i> (4th ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post,_G._2006-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Post,_G._2006_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post,_G._2006_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Post, G., & Anderson, D., (2006). <i>Management information systems: Solving business problems with information technology</i>. (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cummings, Haag (2006). <i>Management Information Systems for the Information Age</i>. Toronto, McGraw-Hill Ryerson</li> <li>Beynon-Davies P. (2009). <i>Business Information Systems</i>. Palgrave, Basingstoke. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20368-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20368-6">978-0-230-20368-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/developmenttopics/development/story/0,10801,71151,00.html">Computer World, 2002</a>, Retrieved on June 22, 2006, from the World Wide Web:</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901145404/http://www.cbe.wwu.edu/misclasses/MIS320_Spring06_Bajwa/Chap006.ppt">Management Information Systems, 2005</a>, Retrieved on June 22, 2006, from the World Wide Web:</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systems_development_life_cycle&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_Development_Life_Cycle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems Development Life Cycle">Systems Development Life Cycle</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambysoft.com/essays/agileLifecycle.html">The Agile System Development Lifecycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbgc.gov/docs/ITSLCM%20V2007.1.pdf">Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation – Information Technology Solutions Lifecycle Methodology</a></li> <li>DoD Integrated Framework Chart IFC (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/Project%20Life%20Cycle/DAU_wallChart.pdf">front</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dau.edu/cop/space/DAU%20Sponsored%20Documents/Ver%205.4.14%20Space%20back%2025%20Jul%202012%20Final.pdf">back</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707055603/http://federalstudentaid.ed.gov/static/gw/docs/lcm/FSALCMFrameworkOverview.pdf">FSA Life Cycle Framework</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/ocio/eplc/eplc_framework_v1point2.pdf">HHS Enterprise Performance Life Cycle Framework</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://OpenSDLC.org">The Open Systems Development Life Cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/103966748/SDLC-Evolution-Model">System Development Life Cycle Evolution Modeling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217023015/http://0deviation.com/">Zero Deviation Life Cycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spacese.spacegrant.org/uploads/Project%20Life%20Cycle/DAU_wallChart.pdf">Integrated Defense AT&L Life Cycle Management Chart</a>, the U.S. DoD form of this concept.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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