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id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromanik" title="Neuromanik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Neuromanik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إحياء العمارة الرومانسكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إحياء العمارة الرومانسكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Неараманскі стыль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Неараманскі стыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нэараманскі стыль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэараманскі стыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorom%C3%A0nic" title="Neoromànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neoromànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorom%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_sloh" title="Novorománský sloh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Novorománský sloh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaern%C3%AFaeth_yr_Adfywiad_Roman%C3%A9sg" title="Pensaernïaeth yr Adfywiad Romanésg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensaernïaeth yr Adfywiad Romanésg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromanik" title="Neuromanik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neuromanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusromaanika" title="Uusromaanika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uusromaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorrom%C3%A1nico" title="Neorrománico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neorrománico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novromaniko" title="Novromaniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Novromaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorromaniko" title="Neorromaniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neorromaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="معماری احیای رمانسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری احیای رمانسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_n%C3%A9o-roman" title="Style néo-roman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Style néo-roman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorrom%C3%A1nico" title="Neorrománico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neorrománico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromanika" title="Neoromanika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neoromanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Kebangkitan_Romanesque" title="Arsitektur Kebangkitan Romanesque – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Kebangkitan Romanesque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_neoromanica" title="Architettura neoromanica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura neoromanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromanin%C4%97_architekt%C5%ABra" title="Neoromaninė architektūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Neoromaninė architektūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromaans" title="Neoromaans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neoromaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorom%C3%A1n_%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet" title="Neoromán építészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Neoromán építészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromaanse_architectuur" title="Neoromaanse architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neoromaanse architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="ロマネスク・リヴァイヴァル建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロマネスク・リヴァイヴァル建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromanizm" title="Neoromanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neoromanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_neorrom%C3%A2nica" title="Arquitetura neorromânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura neorromânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Неороманский стиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неороманский стиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Неороманика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Неороманика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyromansk_stil" title="Nyromansk stil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyromansk stil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ரோமனெசுக் மறுமலர்ச்சிக் கட்டிடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரோமனெசுக் மறுமலர்ச்சிக் கட்டிடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="สถาปัตยกรรมฟื้นฟูโรมาเนสก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมฟื้นฟูโรมาเนสก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromanesk_mimari" title="Neoromanesk mimari – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neoromanesk mimari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Неороманський стиль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Неороманський стиль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="羅曼復興式建築 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅曼復興式建築" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q744373#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_revival&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque revival">Romanesque revival</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival architecture</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of building in 19th century</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg/220px-SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg/330px-SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg/440px-SmithsonianCastel_07120014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Institution Building</a>, an early example of American Romanesque Revival designed by <a href="/wiki/James_Renwick_Jr." title="James Renwick Jr.">James Renwick Jr.</a> in 1855</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Romanesque Revival</b> (or <b>Neo-Romanesque</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">style</a> of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts. </p><p>An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as <a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a> ("Round-arched style") was popular in German lands and in the <a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a> beginning in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free "Romanesque" manner was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson" title="Henry Hobson Richardson">Henry Hobson Richardson</a>. In the United States, the style derived from examples set by him are termed <a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a>, of which not all are Romanesque Revival.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman style</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Lombard_Romanesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombard Romanesque">Lombard style</a>", particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in England and by the Italians in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, respectively. Like its influencing Romanesque style, the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches, and occasionally for synagogues such as the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_du_Quai_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Synagogue du Quai Kléber">New Synagogue of Strasbourg</a> built in 1898, and the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York" title="Congregation Emanu-El of New York">Congregation Emanu-El of New York</a> built in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, especially in the United States and Canada; well-known examples can be found at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Denver" title="University of Denver">University of Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Romanesque_Revival_or_Norman_Revival_in_Great_Britain">The Romanesque Revival or Norman Revival in Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Romanesque Revival or Norman Revival in Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg/220px-Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg/330px-Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg/440px-Culzean_Castle_2013-09-03_17-15-37.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Culzean_Castle" title="Culzean Castle">Culzean Castle</a> by Robert Adam, 1771</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The development of the Norman revival style took place over a long time in the British Isles, starting with <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>'s refenestration of the White Tower of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> in 1637–38 and work at Windsor Castle by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_May" title="Hugh May">Hugh May</a> for King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, but this was little more than restoration work. In the 18th century, the use of round arched windows was thought of as being <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> rather than Norman, and examples of buildings with round arched windows include <a href="/wiki/Shirburn_Castle" title="Shirburn Castle">Shirburn Castle</a> in Oxfordshire, Wentworth in Yorkshire, and <a href="/wiki/Enmore_Castle" title="Enmore Castle">Enmore Castle</a> in Somerset. In Scotland the style started to emerge with the Duke of Argyl's castle at <a href="/wiki/Inverary" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverary">Inverary</a>, started in 1744, and castles by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Culzean" class="mw-redirect" title="Culzean">Culzean</a> (1771), Oxenfoord (1780–82), Dalquharran, (1782–85) and <a href="/wiki/Seton_Palace" title="Seton Palace">Seton Palace</a>, 1792. In England <a href="/wiki/James_Wyatt" title="James Wyatt">James Wyatt</a> used round arched windows at <a href="/wiki/Sandleford_Priory_(monastery)" title="Sandleford Priory (monastery)">Sandleford Priory</a>, Berkshire, in 1780–89 and the Duke of Norfolk started to rebuild <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Castle" title="Arundel Castle">Arundel Castle</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Eastnor_Castle" title="Eastnor Castle">Eastnor Castle</a> in Herefordshire was built by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smirke_(architect)" title="Robert Smirke (architect)">Robert Smirke</a> between 1812 and 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point, the Norman Revival became a recognisable architectural style. In 1817, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rickman" title="Thomas Rickman">Thomas Rickman</a> published his <i>An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest To the Reformation</i>. It was now realised that 'round-arch architecture' was largely Romanesque in the British Isles and came to be described as Norman rather than Saxon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The start of an "archaeologically correct" Norman Revival can be recognised in the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopper_(architect)" title="Thomas Hopper (architect)">Thomas Hopper</a>. His first attempt at this style was at <a href="/wiki/Gosford_Castle" title="Gosford Castle">Gosford Castle</a> in Armagh in Ireland, but far more successful was his <a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle" title="Penrhyn Castle">Penrhyn Castle</a> near Bangor in North Wales. This was built for the Pennant family, between 1820 and 1837. The style did not catch on for domestic buildings, though many country houses and mock castles were built in the Castle Gothic or Castellated style during the Victorian period, which was a mixed Gothic style.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Norman Revival did catch on for church architecture. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Penson" title="Thomas Penson">Thomas Penson</a>, a Welsh architect, would have been familiar with Hopper's work at Penrhyn, who developed Romanesque Revival church architecture. Penson was influenced by French and Belgian Romanesque Revival architecture, and particularly the earlier Romanesque phase of German <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a>. At St David's Newtown, 1843–47, and St Agatha's Llanymynech, 1845, he copied the tower of <a href="/wiki/St._Salvator%27s_Cathedral" title="St. Salvator's Cathedral">St. Salvator's Cathedral</a>, Bruges. Other examples of Romanesque revival by Penson are <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Welshpool" title="Christ Church, Welshpool">Christ Church, Welshpool</a>, 1839–1844, and the porch to Langedwyn Church. He was an innovator in his use of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> to produce decorative Romanesque mouldings, saving on the expense of stonework.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penson's last church in the Romanesque Revival style was <a href="/wiki/Rhosllannerchrugog" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhosllannerchrugog">Rhosllannerchrugog</a>, Wrexham, 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanesque adopted by Penson contrasts with the Italianate Romanesque of other architects such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Wyatt" title="Thomas Henry Wyatt">Thomas Henry Wyatt</a>, who designed Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas Church, in this style at <a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire#Parish_church" title="Wilton, Wiltshire">Wilton</a>, which was built between 1841 and 1844 for the Dowager Countess of Pembroke and her son, Lord Herbert of Lea.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 19th century, the architecture selected for Anglican churches depended on the churchmanship of particular congregations. Whereas high churches and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a>, which were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, were built in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>, low churches and broad churches of the period were often built in the Romanesque Revival style. Some of the later examples of this Romanesque Revival architecture is seen in Non-conformist or <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenting</a> churches and chapels. A good example of this is by the Lincoln architects <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drury" title="Michael Drury">Drury and Mortimer</a>, who designed the Mint Lane Baptist Chapel in Lincoln in a debased Italianate Romanesque revival style in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about 1870, this style of Church architecture in Britain disappears, but in the early 20th century, the style is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine Revival architecture</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GosfordCastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gosford Castle, Armagh by Thomas Hopper"><img alt="Gosford Castle, Armagh by Thomas Hopper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GosfordCastle.jpg/240px-GosfordCastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GosfordCastle.jpg/360px-GosfordCastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/GosfordCastle.jpg/480px-GosfordCastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gosford_Castle" title="Gosford Castle">Gosford Castle</a>, Armagh by Thomas Hopper</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penrhyn Castle, by Thomas Hopper, 1820–1837"><img alt="Penrhyn Castle, by Thomas Hopper, 1820–1837" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg/135px-Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg/202px-Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg/270px-Penrhyn_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_206536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle" title="Penrhyn Castle">Penrhyn Castle</a>, by Thomas Hopper, 1820–1837</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Agatha,_Llanymynech_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St Agatha, Llanymynech, Romanesque Tower by Thomas Penson"><img alt="Church of St Agatha, Llanymynech, Romanesque Tower by Thomas Penson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Church_of_St_Agatha%2C_Llanymynech_02.jpg/135px-Church_of_St_Agatha%2C_Llanymynech_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Church_of_St_Agatha%2C_Llanymynech_02.jpg/202px-Church_of_St_Agatha%2C_Llanymynech_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Church_of_St_Agatha%2C_Llanymynech_02.jpg/270px-Church_of_St_Agatha%2C_Llanymynech_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St Agatha, Llanymynech, Romanesque Tower by Thomas Penson</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptist_Church,_Lincoln.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mint Street Baptist Church, Lincoln, 1870"><img alt="Mint Street Baptist Church, Lincoln, 1870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baptist_Church%2C_Lincoln.jpg/151px-Baptist_Church%2C_Lincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baptist_Church%2C_Lincoln.jpg/227px-Baptist_Church%2C_Lincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Baptist_Church%2C_Lincoln.jpg/303px-Baptist_Church%2C_Lincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="2065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mint Street Baptist Church, Lincoln, 1870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WiltonChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary and St Nicholas Church, Wilton, Wiltshire"><img alt="St Mary and St Nicholas Church, Wilton, Wiltshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/WiltonChurch.jpg/240px-WiltonChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/WiltonChurch.jpg/360px-WiltonChurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/WiltonChurch.jpg/480px-WiltonChurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St Mary and St Nicholas Church, Wilton, Wiltshire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Patriarchal Orthodox cathedral Kensington London 1848–49 and 1891–92"><img alt="Russian Patriarchal Orthodox cathedral Kensington London 1848–49 and 1891–92" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg/158px-Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg/236px-Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg/315px-Russian_Patriarchal_Orthodox_cathedral_Kensington_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian Patriarchal Orthodox cathedral Kensington London 1848–49 and 1891–92</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of Canada's provincial legislatures, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Building" title="Ontario Legislative Building">Ontario Legislative Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Parliament_Buildings" title="British Columbia Parliament Buildings">British Columbia Parliament Buildings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>, are Romanesque Revival in style. </p><p><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Toronto" title="University College, Toronto">University College</a>, one of seven colleges at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, is an example of the Romanesque Revival style.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the final design began on 4 October 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_College_Front_Facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University College, Toronto, Ontario"><img alt="University College, Toronto, Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/University_College_Front_Facade.jpg/240px-University_College_Front_Facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/University_College_Front_Facade.jpg/360px-University_College_Front_Facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/University_College_Front_Facade.jpg/480px-University_College_Front_Facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">University College, <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Rosary,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral, Regina, Saskatchewan"><img alt="Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral, Regina, Saskatchewan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Holy_Rosary%2C_2008.jpg/135px-Holy_Rosary%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Holy_Rosary%2C_2008.jpg/202px-Holy_Rosary%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Holy_Rosary%2C_2008.jpg/270px-Holy_Rosary%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy Rosary Roman Catholic Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina, Saskatchewan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charlottetown City Hall, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island"><img alt="Charlottetown City Hall, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG/240px-Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG/360px-Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG/480px-Charlottetown_City_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_City_Hall" title="Charlottetown City Hall">Charlottetown City Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist,_St._John%27s,_Newfoundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St. John's, Newfoundland"><img alt="Basilica of St. John the Baptist, St. John's, Newfoundland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland.jpg/270px-Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland.jpg/405px-Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland.jpg/540px-Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist%2C_St._John%27s%2C_Newfoundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="3464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_the_Baptist" title="Basilica of St. John the Baptist">Basilica of St. John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vasa_Church,_Gothenburg" title="Vasa Church, Gothenburg">Vasa Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, Sweden, is another prime example of the Neo-Romanesque style of architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church of the Pilgrims—now the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Maronite_Cathedral_(Brooklyn)" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral (Brooklyn)">Maronite Cathedral of Our Lady of Lebanon</a>—in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn">Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Upjohn" title="Richard Upjohn">Richard Upjohn</a> and built 1844–46, is generally considered the first work of Romanesque Revival architecture in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was soon followed by a more prominent design for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Building" title="Smithsonian Institution Building">Smithsonian Institution Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/James_Renwick_Jr." title="James Renwick Jr.">James Renwick Jr.</a> and built 1847–51. Renwick allegedly submitted two proposals to the design competition, one Gothic and the other Romanesque in the style. The Smithsonian chose the latter, which was based on designs from German architecture books.<sup id="cite_ref-Poppeliers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poppeliers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several concurrent forces contributed to the popularizing of the Romanesque Revival in the United States. The first was an influx of German immigrants in the 1840s, who brought the style of the Rundbogenstil with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Poppeliers_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poppeliers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, a series of works on the style was published concurrently with the earliest built examples. The first of these, <i>Hints on Public Architecture</i>, written by social reformer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dale_Owen" title="Robert Dale Owen">Robert Dale Owen</a> in 1847–48, was prepared for the Building Committee of the Smithsonian Institution and prominently featured illustrations of Renwick's Smithsonian Institution Building. Owen argued that <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a>—then the prevailing style in the United States for everything from churches to banks to private residences—was unsuitable as a national American style. He maintained that the <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek temples</a> upon which the style was based had neither the windows, chimneys, nor stairs required by modern buildings, and that the low-pitched temple roofs and tall <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</a> were ill-adapted to cold northern climates. To Owen, most Greek Revival buildings thus lacked architectural truth, because they attempted to hide 19th-century necessities behind classical temple facades.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its place, he offered that the Romanesque style was ideal for a more flexible and economic American architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Meeks_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meeks-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after, the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Church</a> published <i>A Book of Plans for Churches and Parsonages</i> in 1853, containing 18 designs by 10 architects, including Upjohn, Renwick, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Austin_(architect)" title="Henry Austin (architect)">Henry Austin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gervase_Wheeler" title="Gervase Wheeler">Gervase Wheeler</a>, most in the Romanesque Revival style. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Salter_Storrs" title="Richard Salter Storrs">Richard Salter Storrs</a> and other clergy on the book's committee were members or frequent preachers of Upjohn's Church of the Pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-Steege_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steege-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Joseph Church in Hammond, Indiana, is Romanesque Revival.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most celebrated "Romanesque Revival" architect of the late 19th century was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hobson_Richardson" title="Henry Hobson Richardson">H. H. Richardson</a>, whose mature style was so individual that it is known as "<a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a>". Among his most prominent buildings are <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Boston)" title="Trinity Church (Boston)">Trinity Church (Boston)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sever_Hall" title="Sever Hall">Sever Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Austin Hall (Harvard University)">Austin Hall</a> at Harvard University. </p><p>His disciple, <a href="/wiki/R._H._Robertson" title="R. H. Robertson">R.H. Robertson</a>, designed in a similar style. Robertson is responsible for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Pequot_Library" title="Pequot Library">Pequot Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Farms" title="Shelburne Farms">Shelburne Farms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Savings_Bank_Building" title="New York Savings Bank Building">New York Savings Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jackie Kennedy</a>'s childhood home <a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a> is a large Catholic minor basilica and national shrine located in Washington, D.C., United States of America. The shrine is the largest Catholic church in North America, one of the largest churches in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tallest habitable building in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Shrine_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shrine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its construction of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine Revival</a> and Romanesque Revival architecture began on September 23, 1920, with renowned contractor John McShain and was completed on December 8, 2017, with the dedication and solemn blessing of the <i>Trinity Dome</i> mosaic on December 8, 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Feast of the Immaculate Conception</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wuerl" title="Donald Wuerl">Donald William Wuerl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IIT_Main_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main building, Illinois Institute of Technology"><img alt="Main building, Illinois Institute of Technology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/IIT_Main_Building.jpg/201px-IIT_Main_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/IIT_Main_Building.jpg/301px-IIT_Main_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/IIT_Main_Building.jpg/401px-IIT_Main_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="3737" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main building, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bomberger Hall, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, built in 1891"><img alt="Bomberger Hall, Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, built in 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG/240px-Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG/360px-Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG/480px-Ursinus_Bomberger_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bomberger Hall, <a href="/wiki/Ursinus_College" title="Ursinus College">Ursinus College</a>, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, built in 1891</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church,_Shreveport,_LA_IMG_1334.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Trinity Catholic Church, Shreveport, Louisiana"><img alt="Holy Trinity Catholic Church, Shreveport, Louisiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church%2C_Shreveport%2C_LA_IMG_1334.JPG/240px-Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church%2C_Shreveport%2C_LA_IMG_1334.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church%2C_Shreveport%2C_LA_IMG_1334.JPG/360px-Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church%2C_Shreveport%2C_LA_IMG_1334.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church%2C_Shreveport%2C_LA_IMG_1334.JPG/480px-Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church%2C_Shreveport%2C_LA_IMG_1334.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Catholic_Church_(Shreveport,_Louisiana)" title="Holy Trinity Catholic Church (Shreveport, Louisiana)">Holy Trinity Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bexar County Courthouse, San Antonio"><img alt="Bexar County Courthouse, San Antonio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg/135px-Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg/202px-Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg/270px-Bexar_County_Court_House_perspective.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bexar_County_Courthouse" title="Bexar County Courthouse">Bexar County Courthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royce_Hall,_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_(23-09-2003).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royce Hall, University of California, Los Angeles"><img alt="Royce Hall, University of California, Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Royce_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_%2823-09-2003%29.jpg/240px-Royce_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_%2823-09-2003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Royce_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_%2823-09-2003%29.jpg/360px-Royce_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_%2823-09-2003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Royce_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_%2823-09-2003%29.jpg/480px-Royce_Hall%2C_University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles_%2823-09-2003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royce_Hall" title="Royce Hall">Royce Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barge Hall, Central Washington University, Ellensburg"><img alt="Barge Hall, Central Washington University, Ellensburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg/211px-2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg/316px-2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg/421px-2008-1019-02-CentralWashingtonUniversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barge Hall, <a href="/wiki/Central_Washington_University" title="Central Washington University">Central Washington University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellensburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellensburg">Ellensburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of St. Adalbert, Grand Rapids, Michigan, completed in 1913"><img alt="Basilica of St. Adalbert, Grand Rapids, Michigan, completed in 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg/135px-Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg/202px-Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg/270px-Basilica_of_St._Adalbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="3100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Adalbert_(Grand_Rapids,_Michigan)" title="Basilica of St. Adalbert (Grand Rapids, Michigan)">Basilica of St. Adalbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, completed in 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington D.C."><img alt="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg/304px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg/456px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg/608px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scottish Rite Cathedral, Long Beach, California, built in 1926"><img alt="Scottish Rite Cathedral, Long Beach, California, built in 1926" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg/240px-Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg/360px-Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg/480px-Scottish_Rite_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite_Cathedral_(Long_Beach,_California)" title="Scottish Rite Cathedral (Long Beach, California)">Scottish Rite Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>, built in 1926</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pequot Library, Southport, Connecticut, completed in 1894"><img alt="Pequot Library, Southport, Connecticut, completed in 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg/270px-Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg/405px-Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg/540px-Pequot_Library_1894_historic_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6719" data-file-height="4480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pequot_Library" title="Pequot Library">Pequot Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southport,_Connecticut" title="Southport, Connecticut">Southport, Connecticut</a>, completed in 1894</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgi Rakovski Military Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria"><img alt="Georgi Rakovski Military Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG/236px-Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG/354px-Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG/472px-Rakovski_Military_Academy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="1745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Rakovski_Military_Academy" title="Georgi Rakovski Military Academy">Georgi Rakovski Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed,_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisherman's Bastion, Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="Fisherman's Bastion, Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed%2C_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed%2C_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed%2C_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed%2C_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed%2C_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg/480px-Budai_V%C3%A1rnegyed%2C_Hal%C3%A1szb%C3%A1stya_nyugat_fel%C5%91l._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Bastion" title="Fisherman's Bastion">Fisherman's Bastion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajdahunyad_Castle,_Chapel,_Budapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel, Vajdahunyad Castle, Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="Chapel, Vajdahunyad Castle, Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vajdahunyad_Castle%2C_Chapel%2C_Budapest.jpg/135px-Vajdahunyad_Castle%2C_Chapel%2C_Budapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vajdahunyad_Castle%2C_Chapel%2C_Budapest.jpg/202px-Vajdahunyad_Castle%2C_Chapel%2C_Budapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vajdahunyad_Castle%2C_Chapel%2C_Budapest.jpg/270px-Vajdahunyad_Castle%2C_Chapel%2C_Budapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Vajdahunyad_Castle" title="Vajdahunyad Castle">Vajdahunyad Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MKon1_Kirha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina, Saint Petersburg, Russia"><img alt="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina, Saint Petersburg, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MKon1_Kirha.jpg/135px-MKon1_Kirha.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MKon1_Kirha.jpg/202px-MKon1_Kirha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MKon1_Kirha.jpg/270px-MKon1_Kirha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Saint_Katarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saint Katarina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila Cathedral, Philippines"><img alt="Manila Cathedral, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg/240px-Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg/360px-Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg/480px-Manila_Cathedral_2024-04-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a>, Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PrestonCastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preston School of Industry, Ione, California"><img alt="Preston School of Industry, Ione, California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PrestonCastle.jpg/248px-PrestonCastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PrestonCastle.jpg/371px-PrestonCastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PrestonCastle.jpg/495px-PrestonCastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Preston_School_of_Industry" title="Preston School of Industry">Preston School of Industry</a>, Ione, California</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_joe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Joseph Church, Hammond, Indiana"><img alt="St. Joseph Church, Hammond, Indiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_joe.jpg/101px-Saint_joe.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_joe.jpg/152px-Saint_joe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Saint_joe.jpg/202px-Saint_joe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Joseph Church, <a href="/wiki/Hammond,_Indiana" title="Hammond, Indiana">Hammond, Indiana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 79.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 77.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple Neuf, Metz[26]"><img alt="Temple Neuf, Metz[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg/116px-Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg/174px-Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg/232px-Metz_Temple_Neuf_R02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="3425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Neuf,_Metz" title="Temple Neuf, Metz">Temple Neuf, Metz</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi (1920) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi (1920) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/240px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/360px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg/480px-Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sts._Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Lubumbashi" title="Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi">Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi</a> (1920) in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Dakovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Đakovo Cathedral, Croatia"><img alt="Đakovo Cathedral, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Dakovo.jpg/135px-St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Dakovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Dakovo.jpg/202px-St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Dakovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Dakovo.jpg/270px-St._Peter%27s_Cathedral%2C_Dakovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90akovo_Cathedral" title="Đakovo Cathedral">Đakovo Cathedral</a>, Croatia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida, Brazil"><img alt="Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg/270px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg/405px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg/540px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Nossa_Senhora_de_Aparecida.S.P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3028" data-file-height="2019" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida">Basilica of Our Lady of Aparecida</a>, Brazil</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_revival" class="extiw" title="commons:Romanesque revival"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Romanesque revival architecture</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brown_House" title="Alexander Brown House">Alexander Brown House</a>, Syracuse, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Early_Trades_and_Crafts" title="Museum of Early Trades and Crafts">Museum of Early Trades and Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Gothic">Venetian Gothic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanesque_Revival_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Whiffen" title="Marcus Whiffen">Whiffen, Marcus</a>. <i>American Architecture Since 1780: A guide to the styles</i>. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1969, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, John, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner. <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture</i>. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Richard Guy. <i>Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002, 524–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSternGilmartinMellins1987" class="citation book cs1">Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyork1930archi0000ster"><i>New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars</i></a></span>. New York: Rizzoli. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-3096-1"><bdi>978-0-8478-3096-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13860977">13860977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+1930%3A+Architecture+and+Urbanism+Between+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Rizzoli&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13860977&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-3096-1&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+M.&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Mellins%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyork1930archi0000ster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanesque+Revival+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mowl,_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mowl, Timothy">Mowl, Timothy</a> (1981), <i>The Norman Revival in British Architecture 1790–1870</i>. PhD, Thesis, Oxford University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This distinction was finally recognised when Rickman's article in the <i>Archaeologia</i> (1837), published by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mowl,_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mowl, Timothy">Mowl, Timothy</a> (1991) <i>Penrhryn and the Norman Revival</i> in "National Trust Guide", <i>Penrhryn Castle, Gwynedd</i>. pp.89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stratton T <i>The Terracotta Revival: Building Innovation and the Industrial City in Britain and Northern America</i> Gollancz, London 1993, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard E., The Buildings of Wales: Clwyd, Penguin/ Yale 1986, 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.wiltshire.gov.uk/communityhistory/Church/Details/608">"Wiltshire Community History"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalshrine.com/site/pp.asp?c=etITK6OTG&b=107986">the original</a> on 3 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Shrine&rft.atitle=Basilica+of+the+National+Shrine+of+the+Immaculate+Conception&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalshrine.com%2Fsite%2Fpp.asp%3Fc%3DetITK6OTG%26b%3D107986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanesque+Revival+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005152023/http://www.nationalshrine.com/site/pp.asp?c=etITK6OTG&b=107986">"The National Shrine"</a>. <i>SkyscraperPage.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalshrine.com/site/pp.asp?c=etITK6OTG&b=107986">the original</a> on 5 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SkyscraperPage.com&rft.atitle=The+National+Shrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalshrine.com%2Fsite%2Fpp.asp%3Fc%3DetITK6OTG%26b%3D107986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanesque+Revival+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> is a taller structure, (though it stands at a lower elevation) but is not a habitable building.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamber2017" class="citation news cs1">Samber, Sharon (9 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/12/09/after-century-largest-catholic-church-north-america-finally-complete/937410001/">"After a century, the largest Catholic church in North America is finally complete"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516225927/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/12/09/after-century-largest-catholic-church-north-america-finally-complete/937410001/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=After+a+century%2C+the+largest+Catholic+church+in+North+America+is+finally+complete&rft.date=2017-12-09&rft.aulast=Samber&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2017%2F12%2F09%2Fafter-century-largest-catholic-church-north-america-finally-complete%2F937410001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanesque+Revival+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/edition-de-metz-ville/2018/01/22/metz-quand-guillaume-ii-defilait-jusqu-au-temple-neuf">"Metz : quand Guillaume II défilait jusqu'au Temple neuf"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9publicain_Lorrain" title="Le Républicain Lorrain">Le Républicain Lorrain</a></i> (in French). 22 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805045721/https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/edition-de-metz-ville/2018/01/22/metz-quand-guillaume-ii-defilait-jusqu-au-temple-neuf">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+R%C3%A9publicain+Lorrain&rft.atitle=Metz+%3A+quand+Guillaume+II+d%C3%A9filait+jusqu%27au+Temple+neuf&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.republicain-lorrain.fr%2Fedition-de-metz-ville%2F2018%2F01%2F22%2Fmetz-quand-guillaume-ii-defilait-jusqu-au-temple-neuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanesque+Revival+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revivals" title="Template:Revivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revivals" title="Template talk:Revivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> in architecture and decorative arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_provincial_architecture" title="French provincial architecture">French Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque" title="Châteauesque">Châteauesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">Palazzo style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li>Second Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_Europe" title="Second Empire architecture in Europe">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">North American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">Swiss chalet style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_style" title="Henry II style">Henry II style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_style" title="Henry IV style">Henry IV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XV">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany, Austria-Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adamesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture_in_the_British_Isles" title="Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a> <ul><li>British India</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Palladian">Neo-Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish Baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stile_Umbertino" title="Stile Umbertino">Stile Umbertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragestil" title="Dragestil">Dragon style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_style" title="Gustavian style">Gustavian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Empire and USSR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Neoclassical Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco_Deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco Deco">Greco Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cathedral_style" title="Polish cathedral style">Polish cathedral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744373#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744373#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744373#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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