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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_Great_Office_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>As a Great Office in the Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_Great_Office_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Anglo-Saxon_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Anglo-Saxon_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Anglo-Saxon England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Anglo-Saxon_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Shakespeare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Shakespeare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Shakespeare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Shakespeare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kingdom of Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland_and_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland_and_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Poland and Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland_and_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cup-bearer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Обер-шэнк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Обер-шэнк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafer" title="Hanafer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hanafer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coper" title="Coper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundsk%C3%A6nk" title="Mundskænk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mundskænk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundschenk" title="Mundschenk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mundschenk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copero" title="Copero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Copero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="ساقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chanson" title="Échanson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échanson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenck" title="Schenck – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Schenck" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%94_%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%8A%94_%EC%9E%90" title="잔 드리는 자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잔 드리는 자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppiere" title="Coppiere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coppiere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%90_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2" title="נושא גביע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נושא גביע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poh%C3%A1rnok" title="Pohárnok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pohárnok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenk_(titel)" title="Schenk (titel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schenk (titel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnskjenk" title="Munnskjenk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Munnskjenk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porteur_%C3%ABd_cope" title="Porteur ëd cope – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Porteur ëd cope" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80-%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Обер-шенк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обер-шенк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupbearer" title="Cupbearer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cupbearer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ساقي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساقي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Daj_(naziv)" title="Točaj (naziv) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Točaj (naziv)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsk%C3%A4nk" title="Munskänk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Munskänk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Чашник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чашник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="ساقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1075791#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cup-bearer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Servant whose task is to pour, (taste) and serve the drinks at the royal table</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>cup-bearer</b> was historically an officer of high rank in <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal courts</a>, whose duty was to pour and serve the drinks at the royal table. On account of the constant fear of plots and intrigues (such as poisoning), a person had to be regarded as thoroughly trustworthy to hold the position. He would guard against poison in the king's cup, and was sometimes required to swallow some of the drink before serving it. His confidential relations with the king often gave him a position of great influence. </p> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center; width: 18em"> <tbody><tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A9.png?8a3f7" height="38" title="A9" alt="A9" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egyptian hieroglyph for a cup-bearer </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The cup-bearer as an honorific role, for example as the Egyptian hieroglyph for "cup-bearer", was used as late as 196 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kanephoros" title="Kanephoros">Kanephoros</a> cup-bearer Areia, daughter of Diogenes; each <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Decrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Decrees">Ptolemaic Decree</a> starting with the <a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Canopus" title="Decree of Canopus">Decree of Canopus</a> honored a cup-bearer. A much older role was the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> as cup-bearer in the <a href="/wiki/23rd_century_BC" title="23rd century BC">23rd century BC</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Bible">In the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neemias_apresenta_p%C3%ADxide_a_Artaxerxes_(Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455,_fl.147),_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Neemias_apresenta_p%C3%ADxide_a_Artaxerxes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455%2C_fl.147%29%2C_cropped.png/220px-Neemias_apresenta_p%C3%ADxide_a_Artaxerxes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455%2C_fl.147%29%2C_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Neemias_apresenta_p%C3%ADxide_a_Artaxerxes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455%2C_fl.147%29%2C_cropped.png/330px-Neemias_apresenta_p%C3%ADxide_a_Artaxerxes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455%2C_fl.147%29%2C_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Neemias_apresenta_p%C3%ADxide_a_Artaxerxes_%28Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal_ALC.455%2C_fl.147%29%2C_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> as cup-bearer to <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes I of Persia</a>; Illuminated Bible from the 1220s, <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">National Library of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cup-bearers are mentioned several times in the Bible. </p><p>The position is first mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 40:1, although the Hebrew word (elsewhere translated as "cup-bearer") is here sometimes rendered as "<a href="/wiki/Butler" title="Butler">butler</a>". The phrase "chief of the butlers" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2040:2&version=nrsv">Genesis 40:2</a>) accords with the fact that there were often a number of such officials under one as chief.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Post-exilic period, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> rose to the high ranking palace position of cup-bearer to <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_Longimanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes Longimanus">King Artaxerxes</a>, the sixth King of the Median / Persian Empire. The position placed his life on the line every day, but gave Nehemiah authority and high pay. He was held in high esteem by Artaxerxes, as the record shows. His financial ability<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would indicate that the office was a lucrative one. </p><p>Cup-bearers are mentioned further in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Kings%2010:5&version=nrsv">1 Kings 10:5</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%209:4&version=nrsv">2 Chronicles 9:4</a>, where they, among other evidences of royal splendor, are stated to have impressed the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> with <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>'s glory. The title <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he">Rabshakeh</i></span></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2036:2&version=nrsv">Isaiah 36:2</a>), once thought to mean "chief of the cupbearers" is now given a different derivation and explained as "chief of the officers" or "princes".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Greek_myth">In Greek myth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Greek myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg/250px-Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg/375px-Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg/500px-Banquet_cup-bearer_Louvre_G467.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption>A cup-bearer depicted c. 460–450 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a>, the goddess of youth, was the original cup-bearer to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek gods</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, serving them <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia" title="Ambrosia">ambrosia</a>. Hebe is the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> and is described performing her duties as cup-bearer in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The gods were seated near to Zeus in council,<br /> upon a golden floor. Graciously Hêbê<br /> served them nectar, as with cups of gold<br /> they toasted one another, looking down<br /> toward the stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ilion</a>. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHomer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. 5.1–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iliad&rft.pages=5.1-5&rft.au=Homer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Hêbê's role of cup bearer ended when she was then replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(mythology)" title="Ganymede (mythology)">Ganymede</a>. She then married the deified hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, who joined Hêbê among the gods and goddesses and started a family. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman gods</a> are also closely related to Greek mythology, with the Roman goddess of youth <i><a href="/wiki/Juventas" title="Juventas">Juventas</a></i> being the counterpart to Greek <i>Hebe</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Byzantium">In Byzantium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Byzantium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pinkernes" title="Pinkernes">Pinkernes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_palatine_officers_in_Visigothic_Spain">As palatine officers in Visigothic Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As palatine officers in Visigothic Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">palatine</a> officers who was in the service of the Visigothic kings was called <i>Comes Scanciorum</i>, or "Count of the Cup-bearers." The count headed the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scancia</i></span></i> (singular <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">scancium</i></span></i>), which in English would be called cellars or buttery and in French <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">échansonnerie</i></span></i>, which is a cognate to the Latinized Gothic term used in Spain. The count would have poured the king's wine or drink personally while the other cup-bearers served other distinguished guests at the royal table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_Great_Office_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire">As a Great Office in the Holy Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As a Great Office in the Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a> ranked as Arch-Cupbearer of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. His duties were normally performed only during coronations. At other times, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Limpurg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count of Limpurg (page does not exist)">Count of Limpurg</a> and, after 1714, <a href="/wiki/Althann" title="Althann">Count of Althann</a> served as cupbearers for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Anglo-Saxon_England">In Anglo-Saxon England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Anglo-Saxon England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dish-bearers_and_butlers_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England">Dish-bearers and butlers in Anglo-Saxon England</a></div> <p>The office of butler or cup-bearer (<i>pincerna</i> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> was occupied by aristocrats who were in charge of drinks at royal feasts. In the tenth and eleventh centuries they were appointed from among the <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a>, the third rank of nobles, after the king and <a href="/wiki/Ealdormen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ealdormen">ealdormen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Shakespeare">In Shakespeare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Shakespeare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Camillo in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i> is cupbearer to Leontes, King of Sicily, and Polixenes, King of Bohemia. When Leontes becomes convinced of his wife Hermione's infidelity with Polixenes, he entreats Camillo to use his privileged position as his cupbearer to poison Polixenes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Ay, and thou<br /> his cupbearer, whom I from meaner form<br /> have benched and reared to worship, who mayst see<br /> plainly, as heaven sees earth sees heaven,<br /> how I am gallèd, might bespice a cup<br /> to give mine enemy a lasting wink<br /> which draft to me were cordial. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></i> (1.2)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Ireland">In Ireland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Walter,_1st_Chief_Butler_of_Ireland" title="Theobald Walter, 1st Chief Butler of Ireland">Theobald Walter</a> was the first Chief Butler of Ireland. Although the terms "cup-bearer" and "butler" are sometimes used interchangeably, they were two distinct roles at the coronation feast.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>pohárnokmester</i> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_cupbearers" title="Master of the cupbearers">Master of the Cupbearers</a>), also called the <i>főpohárnok</i>, was the supervisor of the cupbearers at court and across the royal court system, a chief court officer/dignitary. The first mention of him dates from 1148. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poland_and_Lithuania">Poland and Lithuania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poland and Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cup-bearer (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">cześnik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">taurininkas</i>) was a court office in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> until the end of the 13th century. The holder was responsible for the wine cellar of the King and Grand Duke, serving him cups of wine at banquets. Since the 14th century, it has been an honorary court title in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Poland">Crown of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>cześnik koronny</i> – King's Cup-Bearer of the Crown</li> <li><i>cześnik litewski</i> – Grand Duke's Cup-Bearer of Lithuania</li> <li><i>cześnik ziemski</i> – District King's Cup-Bearer</li></ul> <p>According to the district office hierarchy in 1768, the position in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> was over <a href="/wiki/%C5%81owczy" class="mw-redirect" title="Łowczy">Łowczy</a> and under <a href="/wiki/Podstoli" title="Podstoli">Podstoli</a>; In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania over Horodniczy (Gorodnyčius) and under <a href="/wiki/Podczaszy" class="mw-redirect" title="Podczaszy">Podczaszy</a> (Pataurininkis). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cupbearer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cupbearer"><i>cupbearer</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_taster" title="Food taster">Food taster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paharnic" title="Paharnic">Paharnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkernes" title="Pinkernes">Pinkernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hellenica" title="Hellenica">Hellenica</a></i>. vii.1, 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenica&rft.pages=vii.1%2C+38&rft.au=Xenophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehemiah" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Book of Nehemiah</a></i>. 5:8, 10, 14, 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Nehemiah&rft.pages=5%3A8%2C+10%2C+14%2C+17&rft.au=Nehemiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see BDB under the word <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he">Rabshakeh</i></span></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See further on cupbearers: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>. iii.34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pages=iii.34&rft.au=Herodotus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i>. i.3, 8, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyropaedia&rft.pages=i.3%2C+8%2C+9&rft.au=Xenophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. XVI, viii, 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=XVI%2C+viii%2C+1&rft.au=Josephus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a></i>. 1:22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Tobit&rft.pages=1%3A22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautier2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gautier, Alban (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02186863/file/Gautier%20-%20Butlers.pdf">"Butlers and Dish-Bearers in Anglo-Saxon Courts: Household Officers at the Royal Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Research</i>. <b>90</b> (248): 278–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2281.12181">10.1111/1468-2281.12181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3471">0950-3471</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159587154">159587154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Butlers+and+Dish-Bearers+in+Anglo-Saxon+Courts%3A+Household+Officers+at+the+Royal+Table&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=248&rft.pages=278-279&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159587154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-3471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2281.12181&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=Alban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02186863%2Ffile%2FGautier%2520-%2520Butlers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACup-bearer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C3730">National archives</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><i>This entry incorporates text from the public domain <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a>, originally published in 1915.</i> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cup-bearer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cup-bearers">Cup-bearers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?word=cupbearer"><i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i> public-domain article</a></li> <li>Walton, O.F. (2005). <u>The King's Cup-bearer</u>.</li> <li>Manguel, Alberto. <u>The Iliad</u>. book IV, 1–5. Atlantic Monthly Press.</li> <li>(The Holy Bible: 1 Kings 10:3-7 RSV)</li> <li>(The Holy Bible: Nehemiah 1:11-2:6 RSV)</li> <li>(The Holy Bible: 1 Corinthians 10:21)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517002239/http://www.loggia.com/myth/hebe.html">"Mythography- The Greek Goddess Hêbê in Myth and Art"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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