CINXE.COM

Impact of Carbonation on Lime-Treated High Plasticity Index Clayey Soils

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script> <!-- Yandex.Metrika counter --> <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript> <!-- /Yandex.Metrika counter --> <!-- Matomo --> <!-- End Matomo Code --> <title>Impact of Carbonation on Lime-Treated High Plasticity Index Clayey Soils</title> <meta name="description" content="Impact of Carbonation on Lime-Treated High Plasticity Index Clayey Soils"> <meta name="keywords" content="Manufactured soil, carbonation, morphology, unconfined compressive strength."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Impact of Carbonation on Lime-Treated High Plasticity Index Clayey Soils"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Saurav Bhattacharjee"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Syam Nair"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/05/29"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Urban and Civil Engineering"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="18"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="203"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="210"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/pdf"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value=""> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 33093</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mt-3 mb-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem">Impact of Carbonation on Lime-Treated High Plasticity Index Clayey Soils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saurav%20Bhattacharjee">Saurav Bhattacharjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Syam%20Nair"> Syam Nair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Lime stabilization is a sustainable and economically viable option to address strength deficiencies of subgrade soils. However, exposure of stabilized layers to environmental elements can lead to a reduction in post-stabilization strength gain expected in these layers. The current study investigates the impact of carbonation on the strength properties of lime-treated soils. Manufactured soils prepared using varying proportions of bentonite silica mixtures were used in the study. Lime-treated mixtures were exposed to different atmospheric conditions created by varying the concentrations of CO₂ in the testing chamber. The impact of CO₂ diffusion was identified based on changes in carbonate content and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) properties. Changes in soil morphology were also investigated as part of the study. The rate of carbonation was observed to vary polynomially (2nd order) with exposure time. The strength properties of the mixes were observed to decrease with exposure time. </p> <iframe src="https://publications.waset.org/10013667.pdf" style="width:100%; height:400px;" frameborder="0"></iframe> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Manufactured%20soil" title="Manufactured soil">Manufactured soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=carbonation" title=" carbonation"> carbonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength." title=" unconfined compressive strength."> unconfined compressive strength.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/impact-of-carbonation-on-lime-treated-high-plasticity-index-clayey-soils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> <p class="card-text"><strong>References:</strong></p> <br>[1] NF EN 459-2, Construction Lime- Part 2: Test Methods, August 2012. <br>[2] F. Netterberg, and P. Paige-Green, “Carbonation of lime and cement stabilized layers in road construction,” National Institute for Transport and Road Research, CSIR, South Africa, Technical Report RS/3/84, pp. 13, April 1984. <br>[3] EuLA Publication, “Soil treatment with lime– european experiences for soil improvement and soil stabilisation State of the art,” Belgian Road Research Centre, 2021. <br>[4] L. Saussaye, M. Boutouil, F. Baraud, and L. Leleytar, “Soils treatment with hydraulic binders: physico-chemical and geotechnical investigations of a chemical disturbance,” in Int. Symp. Ground Imp. (IS-GI), Brussels, Belgique Volume: II, pp. 479-488, 2012. <br>[5] T. T. H. Nguyen et al., “Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on mechanical strength of lime-treated fine-grained soils,” J. Trans. Geotech., vol. 21, December 2019. <br>[6] C. Jung, and A. Bobet, “Post-construction evaluation of lime-treated soils,” Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, Publication FHWA/IN/JTRP-2007/25, SPR-3007, May 2008. <br>[7] J. L. Eades, and R. E. Grim, “A quick test to determine lime requirements for lime stabilization,” High. Res. Rec., vol. 139-005, pp. 61-72, 1966. <br>[8] ASTM D6276, “Standard test method for using pH to estimate the soil-lime proportion requirement for soil stabilization,” Annual book of ASTM standards, 2019. <br>[9] W. V. Lierop, Soil pH and lime requirement Determination. 1 January 1990, SSSA book series, ch. 5. <br>[10] www.lime.org <br>[11] M. R. Thompson, “Lime-treated soils for pavement construction,” J. High. Div., vol. 94, issue 2, ASTM, 1968. <br>[12] E. Vitale, D. Deneele, and G. Russo, “Microstructural investigations on plasticity of lime-treated soils,” Soil Min., vol. 10(5), issue 386, 25 April 2020. <br>[13] S. Bagonza, J. M. Peete, D. Newill, and R. Freer-Hewish, “Carbonation of stabilised soil-cement and soil-lime mixtures,” in Summer Annual Meeting Proc. Sem. PTRC Trans. and Plan., University of Bath, London: PTRC Education and Research Services, pp. 29-48, 7-11th September 1987. <br>[14] P. Paige-Green, F. Netterberg, and L. R. Sampson, “The carbonisation of chemically stabilised road construction materials: Guide to its avoidance,” Division of Roads and Transport Technology, Pretoria, South Africa, 1990. <br>[15] V. Sivakumar, E. J. Murray, and S. Tripathy, “General report: fundamental soil behaviour (part II)–a wider perspective of hydro-mechanical and thermal behaviour of unsaturated soils,” in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Unsat. Soils (UNSAT), Hong Kong, China, 2018. <br>[16] Y. Yi, M. Liska, C. Unluer, and A. Al-Tabbaa, “Carbonating magnesia for soil stabilization,” Canad. Geotech. J., vol. 50, issue 8, August 2013. <br>[17] S. Haas, and H-J. Ritter, “Soil improvement with quicklime – long-time behaviour and carbonation,” Road Mat. Pav. Des., vol. 20, issue 8, pp.1941-51, 2019. <br>[18] P. Akula, N. Hariharan, D. N. Little, D. Lesueur, and G. Herrier, “Evaluating the long-term durability of lime treatment in hydraulic structures: case study on the friant-kern canal,” Trans. Res. Rec.: J. Trans. Res. Boa., vol. 2674, issue 6, pp. 431-43, June 2020. <br>[19] G. Herrier, R. Berger, and S. Bonelli, “The friant-kern canal: a forgotten example of lime-treated structure in hydraulic conditions,” in 6th Int. Conf. Sco. Eros., Paris, France, pp. 1527-34, August 2012. <br>[20] D. Deneele, A. Dony, J. Colin, G. Herrier, and D. Lesueur, “The carbonation of a lime-treated soil: experimental approach,” Mat. Struc., vol. 54, pp. 1-12, 12 January 2021. <br>[21] G. Das, A. Razakamananatsoa, L. Saussaye, F. Losma, and D. Deneele, “Carbonation investigation on atmospherically exposed lime-treated silty soil,” Case Studies Constr. Mat., vol. e01222, pp. 1-7, 1 December 2022. <br>[22] E. Vitale, D. Deneele, and G. Russo, “Effects of carbonation on chemo-mechanical behaviour of lime-treated soils,” Bull. Engi. Geol. Env., vol. 80, pp. 2687-2700, 2021. <br>[23] Xu et al., “Experimental investigation on carbonation behaviour in lime-stabilized expansive soil,” Adv. Civ. Engi., pp. 1-14 2020. <br>[24] W. Fan, W. Chen, Q. Zhang, and G. Wu, “Effects of sticky rice on the carbonation reaction of lime-treated soil in earthen sites,” Constr. Build. Mat., vol. 378, issue 131164, 16 May 2023. <br>[25] S. O. Ekolu, “Implications of global CO2 emissions on natural carbonation and service lifespan of concrete infrastructures– reliability analysis,” Cem. Conc. Comp., vol. 114, issue 103744, 1 November 2020. <br>[26] V. G. Papadakis, C.G. Vayenas, and M. N. Fardis, “A reaction engineering approach to the problem of concrete carbonation,” Amer. Insti. Chemic. Engi., vol. 35, issue 10, pp. 1639-50, October 1989. <br>[27] V. G. Papadakis, C.G. Vayenas, and M. N. Fardis, “Experimental investigation and mathematical modelling of the concrete carbonation problem,” Chemic. Engi. Sci., vol. 46, no. 5-6, pp. 1333-38, 1 January 1991. <br>[28] N. R. Ravahatra, F. Duprat, F. Schoefs, and T. D. Lararrd, “Assessing the capability of analytical carbonation models to propagate uncertainties and spatial variability of reinforced concrete structures,” Fronti. Built Env., vol. 3, issue 1, 3 February 2017. <br>[29] M. Li et al., “The state of the art of carbonation technology in geotechnical engineering: a comprehensive review,” Renew. Sustain. Ener. Revi., vol. 171, no. 112986, 1 January 2023. <br>[30] H. Bui, F. Delattre, and D. Levacher, “Experimental methods to evaluate the carbonation degree in concrete—state of the art review,” Adv. Sustain. Constr. Mat. Geotech. Engi., vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 25-33, 16 February 2023. <br>[31] Q. Qiu, “A state-of-the-art review on the carbonation process in cementitious materials: fundamentals and characterization techniques,” Constr. Build. Mat., vol. 247, issue 118503, 30 June 2020. <br>[32] W. H. MacINTIRE, “The carbonation of burnt lime in soils,” Soil Sci., vol. 7, issue 5, pp. 325, 1 May 1919. <br>[33] S. A. Greenberg, “Calcium silicate hydrate (I),” J. Phy. Chemis., vol. 58, issue 4, pp. 362-67, April 1954. <br>[34] S. A. Greenberg, T. N. Chang, and E. Anderson, “Investigation of colloidal hydrated calcium silicates. I. solubility products,” J. Phy. Chemis., vol. 64, issue 9, pp. 1151-1157, September 1960. <br>[35] H. F. W. Taylor, “Hydrated calcium silicates. part I. compound formation at ordinary temperatures,” J. Chem. Soc., pp. 3682-90, 1950. <br>[36] R.F. Feldman, and V.S. Ramachandran, “Differentiation of interlayer and adsorbed water in hydrated portland cement by thermal analysis,” Cem. Conc. Res., vol. 1, issue 6, pp. 607-20, 1 November 1971. <br>[37] R. F. Feldman, and V. S. Ramachandran, “Modified thermal analysis equipment and technique for study under controlled humidity conditions,” Thermochim. Act., vol. 2, issue 5, pp. 393-403, 1 July 1971. <br>[38] S. Chakraborty, “Impact of moisture intrusion on durability of lime stabilized subgrades,” Masters’ Thesis, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Department of Civil Engineering, 2015. <br>[39] S. Chakraborty, and S. Nair, “Impact of curing time on moisture-induced damage in lime-treated soils,” Int. J. Pave. Engi., vol. 21, issue 2, pp. 215-27, 28 January 2020. <br>[40] D. Banerjee, “Experimental techniques in thermal analysis- TG and DSC,” PG research lab resources, IIT Kanpur. <br>[41] J. Ihli et al., “Dehydration and crystallization of amorphous calcium carbonate in solution and in air,” Nat. Commun., vol. 5, issue 3169, 28 January 2014. <br>[42] X. G. Li, Y. Lv, B. G. Ma, W. Q. Wang, and S. W. Jian, “Decomposition kinetic characteristics of calcium carbonate containing organic acids by TGA,” Arab. J. Chemis., vol. 10, pp. 2534-38, 1 May 2017. <br>[43] Anderson Materials Evaluation, Inc., “Purity of a calcium carbonate sample,”. <br>[44] J. L. M. Buenhombre, “Thermal analysis of inorganic materials,” Repositorio da Universidade da Coruña, 1 January 2005. <br>[45] D. N. Little, “Evaluation of structural properties of lime stabilized soils and aggregates: mixture design and testing protocol for lime stabilized soils,” National Lime Association: Arlington, vol. 3, issue 3(1645), 1–20, March 2000. <br>[46] M. C. Anday, “Accelerated curing for lime stabilized soils,” High. Res. Boa. Bull., issue 304, 1961. <br>[47] M. C. Anday, “Curing lime-stabilized soils,” High. Res. Rec., issue 29, 1963. <br>[48] M. Elsalamawy, A. R. Mohamed, and E. M. Kamal, “The role of relative humidity and cement type on carbonation resistance of concrete,” Alexandr. Engi. J., vol. 58, issue 4, pp. 1257-64, 1 December 2019. <br>[49] Y. Chen, P. Liu, and Z. Yu, “Effects of environmental factors on concrete carbonation depth and compressive strength,” Mat., vol. 11, issue 11, pp. 2167, 2 November 2018. <br>[50] P. L. Arce, L. S. G. Villalba, S. M. Ramírez S, D. B. MÁ, and F. R., “Influence of relative humidity on the carbonation of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles and the formation of calcium carbonate polymorphs,” Powd. Techno., vol. 205, issue 1-3, pp. 263-69, 10 January 2012. <br>[51] A. Leemann, and F. Moro, “Carbonation of concrete: the role of CO₂ concentration, relative humidity and CO₂ buffer capacity,” Mat. Struc., vol. 50, issue 1-4. <br>[52] Carbonate Equilibria, Soil Chemistry California U.S.A. UC Davis. <br>[53] P. L. Hayde, “Carbonate chemistry applied to the beverage production of still Water,” May 2003. <br>[54] S. K. Lower, “Carbonate equilibria in natural waters,” Environmental Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 1 June 1999. <br>[55] T. F. Sevelsted, and J. Skibsted, “Carbonation of C–S–H and C–A–S–H samples studied by 13C, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopy,” Cem. Conc. Res., vol. 71, pp. 56-65, 1 May 2015. <br>[56] G. W. Groves, A. Brough, I. G. Richardson, and C. M. Dobson, “Progressive changes in the structure of hardened C3S cement pastes due to carbonation,” J. Amer. Cer. Soc., vol. 74, issue 11, pp. 2891-96, November 1991. <br>[57] V. Morales-Flórez, N. Findling, and F. Brunet, “Changes on the nanostructure of cementitious calcium silicate hydrates (C–S–H) induced by aqueous carbonation,” J. Mat. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 764-71, January 2012. <br>[58] H. Yu, X. Huang, J. Ning, B. Zhu, and Y. Cheng, “Effect of cation exchange capacity of soil on stabilized soil strength,” Soil. Found., vol. 54, issue 6, pp. 1236-40, 1 December 2014. <br>[59] R. N. Yong, and V. R. Ouhadi, “Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils,” Appl. Clay Sci., vol. 35, issue 3-4, pp. 238-49, 1 February 2017. </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">&copy; 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10