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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops'_Program_of_Social_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_parochial_school_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_parochial_school_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Defense of parochial school system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_parochial_school_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Worker_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Worker_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Catholic Worker Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Worker_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Catholic_Welfare_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Catholic_Welfare_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 National Catholic Welfare Conference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Catholic_Welfare_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Conference_on_Industrial_Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Conference_on_Industrial_Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Conference_on_Industrial_Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 21st century </div> </a> <button 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6.3.1 Cabinet members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayors_of_leading_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayors_of_leading_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Mayors of leading cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayors_of_leading_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the largest Christian church's influence on American leadership and culture</div> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> have been active in the <a href="/wiki/Elections_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections of the United States">elections of the United States</a> since the mid-19th century. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has never had religious parties (unlike much of the world, especially in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>). There has never been an American Catholic religious party, either local, state or national. In 1776 Catholics comprised less than 1% of the population of the new nation, especially in Maryland. Growth was slow until the 1840s, when heavy immigration began from Germany and Ireland. After 1880 Catholics arrived from Italy, Poland and elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Europe">Catholic Europe</a>. Migration from Mexico, Puerto Rico and Central America came in the 20th and 21st centuries. The membership is about 68 million members today. Catholic voters now comprise 25% to 27% of the national electorate. 85% of today's Catholics report their faith to be "somewhat" to "very important" to them.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> From the mid-19th century down to 1964 Catholics were solidly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>, sometimes at the 80–90% level. From the 1930s to the 1950s Catholics formed a core part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a>, with overlapping memberships in the church, <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>, big city <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machines</a>, and the working class, all of which promoted <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal policy positions</a> in domestic affairs and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Since the election of the nation's first Catholic president in 1960, Catholics have split about 50–50 between the two major parties in national elections. Beginning with the decline of unions and big city machines, increased suburbanization and with upward mobility into the middle classes, Catholics have drifted away from liberalism of the Democratic Party and toward <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> on economic issues (such as taxes). Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, their strong anti-Communism has faded in importance. On social issues the Catholic Church takes strong positions against <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> and has formed coalitions with Protestant evangelicals.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Religious tensions were major issues in the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1928</a> when the Democrats nominated <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, a Catholic who was defeated, and in <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> when the Democrats also nominated <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, a Catholic who was elected. For the next three elections, a Catholic was nominated for the vice presidency by one of the two major parties (<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Bill Miller</a> in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Ed Muskie</a> in <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Tom Eagleton</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>). Each one lost. <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a> continued the tradition in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>, but she also lost. A Catholic at the top of the ticket, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, lost the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 election</a> to incumbent <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">Methodist</a>, who may have[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] won the majority of Catholic vote.<a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a> was the first where both major party vice presidential candidates were Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>. As of January 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 27 (out of 100) Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, and 122 (out of 435) Catholics in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, including House Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, Joe Biden became the first Catholic to be elected Vice President of the United States. His successor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> was raised as a Catholic but converted to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">evangelical Protestantism</a>. In 2020, Biden was elected the second Catholic president of the United States. <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Ladies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a>) have been professed Catholics. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg/220px-Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg/330px-Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg/440px-Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton_-_Michael_Laty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll</a></figcaption></figure> Before 1840, Catholics constituted a small minority and as a result, they played a relatively minor role in early <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> Catholics only constituted a significant community in Maryland and Baltimore became an early center of Catholicism. From the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> until the end of the 18th century, about 1% of the American population (about 30,000) was Catholic. Still, Catholics were among the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> and they were also a part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">First Congress</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a> serving <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Maryland's 6th congressional district">6th congressional district</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a> serving as the first senator from Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Presidential candidates did not seek Catholic votes until <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> did so in <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>.<a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholics_and_urban_America">Catholics and urban America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catholics and urban America">edit</a>]</div> The role of Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">elections</a> dramatically changed as a result of the mass immigration of Catholics from Europe, especially from <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Ireland</a>. By 1840, there were about 600,000 Catholics in the United States. In the 1840s, 200,000 Irish immigrated to escape poverty. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a> which lasted from 1845 to 1852 caused the Irish population in America to number 962,000, the number doubled in the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Even larger numbers of immigrants came from traditionally Catholic regions of Germany and traditionally Catholic regions of other parts of Europe. Because most of these new arrivals lived in ethnic communities, they typically joined the local Catholic church that was in communion with Rome through the local diocese; how many of them cut their ties with the Catholic Church is a matter of speculation.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Irish Catholics took controlling positions in the Catholic Church, labor unions, and Democratic organizations in the big cities, thus forming overlapping centers of strength. The sudden new arrival of so many Catholics, charges of political corruption, and fears of papal interference caused <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholicism</a> to grow, including the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothings" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothings">Know Nothings</a> party in the 1850s which demanded a purification of elections and statutes from Catholic influence.<a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> Many Catholics served in the Civil War armies, they served in both the North and the South, and the bishops rejected the antiwar and anti-draft sentiments of some Catholics. The rapid rise of the Irish out of poverty, and the continuing growth in membership, especially in industrial and urban areas, made the church the largest denomination in the U.S. Distrusting public schools which were dominated by Protestants, Catholics built their own network of parochial elementary schools (and, later, they built high schools), as well as colleges, and public funding of parochial schools was a controversial issue.<a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Law" title="Bennett Law">Bennett Law</a> episode in 1890 in Wisconsin demonstrated, Catholics were willing to cooperate politically with German Lutherans to protect their parochial schools. A distinct Catholic vote existed, however; in the late 19th century, 75% of Irish and German Catholics in America voted for Democratic presidential candidates. <a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> The Irish increasingly controlled the Democratic party machinery in major cities.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg/316px-Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg" decoding="async" width="316" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg/474px-Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg/632px-Grant_to_Hayes_-_I_guess_that_reform_bait_wont_work_this_side._Better_try_and_anti-Catholic_worm_LCCN2008661717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon about the use of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes#Private_life_and_return_to_politics" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">anti-Catholic sentiment in Hayes' presidential election</a></figcaption></figure>Religious lines were sharply drawn in the North in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> that lasted from the 1850s to the 1890s. In the South, the Catholics voted the same as Protestants, with race as the main dividing line.<a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-13">[13]</a> Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other Protestant <a href="/wiki/Pietists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietists">pietists</a> in the North were tightly linked to the GOP. In sharp contrast, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> groups, especially the Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially prohibition. While both parties cut across economic class structures, the Democrats were supported more heavily by its lower tiers. Cultural issues, especially prohibition and foreign language schools, became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50% of the voters were pietistic Protestants who believed that the government should be used to reduce the pervasiveness of social sins, such as drinking. Liturgical churches comprised over a quarter of the vote and they wanted the government to stay out of personal morality issues. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up elections in most states over a period of decades, as national prohibition was finally passed in 1918 (and it was repealed in 1932), serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry GOP.<a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-13">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Voting Behavior by Religion, Northern USA Late 19th century </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> </th> <th>% Dem </th> <th>% GOP </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confessional German Lutherans</td> <td>65</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="German Reformed">German Reformed</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>French Canadian Catholics</td> <td>50</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Less Confessional German <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadians</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Stock</td> <td>35</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">Sectarians</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Lutherans</td> <td>20</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Lutherans</td> <td>15</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugean</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Natives </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center">Northern Stock </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quakers</td> <td>5</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptists</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regular Baptists</td> <td>35</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blacks</td> <td>40</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center">Southern Stock </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presbyterians</td> <td>70</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baptists</td> <td>75</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>Source: Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System 1853-1892 (1979) p. 182</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_union_movement">Labor union movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labor union movement">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a></div> The Catholic Church exercised a prominent role in shaping America's labor movement. From the onset of significant immigration in the 1840s, the church in the United States was predominantly urban, with both its leaders and congregants usually of the laboring classes. Over the course of the second half of the nineteenth century, nativism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-unionism coalesced in Republican elections, and Catholics gravitated toward unions and the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a> was the earliest labor organization in the United States, and in the 1880s, this was the largest labor union in the United States. It is estimated that at least half its membership was Catholic (including <a href="/wiki/Terence_Powderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Terence Powderly">Terence Powderly</a>, its president from 1881 onward). In <a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a> (1891), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> criticized the concentration of wealth and power, spoke out against the abuses that workers faced and demanded that workers should be granted certain rights and safety regulations. He upheld the right of voluntary association, specifically commending labor unions. At the same time, he reiterated the church's defense of private property, condemned socialism, and emphasized the need for Catholics to form and join unions that were not compromised by secular and revolutionary ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Rerum novarum provided new impetus for Church leaders to establish a variety of social services for the working class element that predominated the lay membership. That included the Social Action Department of the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Welfare_Council" title="National Catholic Welfare Council">National Catholic Welfare Council</a>, and support for priests involved in labor issues at local factories.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Rerum novarum also provided new impetus for Catholics to become more active in the labor movement. Its its exhortation to form specifically Catholic labor unions was widely interpreted as irrelevant to the pluralist context of the United States. While atheism underpinned many European unions and stimulated Catholic unionists to form separate labor federations, the religious neutrality of unions in the U.S. provided no such impetus. Irish Catholics often dominated unions, and they exerted influence across organized labor. Catholic union members and leaders played important roles in steering American unions away from socialism.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> By 1900, Catholics represented 14 percent of the total U.S. population, soon became the single largest religious denomination in the country.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Still, Catholics did not hold many high offices in government. Only one of the first 54 justices on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> was Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>, appointed in 1836. From the 1930s to the 1950s Catholics formed a core part of the New Deal Coalition, with overlapping memberships in the church, labor unions, big city machines, and the working class, all of which promoted liberal policy positions in domestic affairs and anti-communism during the Cold War. This <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a> formed under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> was led by his Postmaster General and the nation's first Irish American Roman Catholic Cabinet member <a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishops'_Program_of_Social_Reconstruction">Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, many hoped that a new commitment to social reform would characterize the ensuing peace. The council saw an opportunity to use its national voice to shape reform and in April 1918 created a Committee for Reconstruction. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Ryan" title="John A. Ryan">John A. Ryan</a> wrote the Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction. Combining Progressive thought and Catholic theology, Ryan believed that government intervention was the most effective means of affecting positive change for his church as well as working people and the poor. On February 12, 1919, the National Catholic War Council issued the "Bishops' Program of Social Reconstruction". The program received a mixed reception both within the church and outside it. The National Catholic War Council was a voluntary organization with no canonical status. Its ability to speak authoritatively was therefore questioned. Many bishops threw their support behind the Program, but some, including Bishop William Turner of Buffalo and William Henry O'Connell of Boston, opposed it. O'Connell believed some aspects of the plan smacked too much of socialism. Response outside the church was also divided: labor organizations backed it, for example, and business groups criticized it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_of_parochial_school_system">Defense of parochial school system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defense of parochial school system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act" title="Oregon Compulsory Education Act">Oregon Compulsory Education Act</a></div> After World War I, some states concerned about the influence of immigrants and "foreign" values looked to public schools for help. The states drafted laws designed to use schools to promote a common American culture. In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and quickly attracted as many as 14,000 members, establishing 58 klaverns by the end of 1922. Given the small population of non-white minorities outside Portland, the Oregon Klan directed its attention almost exclusively against Catholics, who numbered about 8% of the population. In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Masonic</a> Grand Lodge of Oregon sponsored a bill to require all school-age children to attend public schools. With support of the Klan and Democratic Governor <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Pierce" title="Walter M. Pierce">Walter M. Pierce</a>, endorsed by the Klan, the Compulsory Education Act was passed by a vote of 115,506 to 103,685. Its primary purpose was to shut down Catholic schools in Oregon, but it also affected other private and military schools. The constitutionality of the law was challenged in court and ultimately struck down by the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a> (1925) before it went into effect,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> in a ruling that has been called "the Magna Carta of the parochial school system."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The law caused outraged Catholics to organize locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>, in 1929, explicitly referenced this Supreme Court case in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> Divini illius magistri<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> on Catholic education. He quoted in a footnote the part of the case: <blockquote>The fundamental theory of liberty upon which all governments in this Union repose excludes any general power of the State to standardize its children by forcing them to accept instruction from public teachers only. The child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right coupled with the high duty, to recognize, and prepare him for additional duties.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Worker_Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic Worker Movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorothy_Day_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Dorothy_Day_1934.jpg/220px-Dorothy_Day_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Dorothy_Day_1934.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></figcaption></figure> The Catholic Worker movement began as a means to combine <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a>'s history in American social activism, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> with the tenets of Catholicism (including a strong current of <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a>), five years after her 1927 conversion.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The group started with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker" title="Catholic Worker">Catholic Worker</a> <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a>, created to promote <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> and stake out a neutral, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> position in the wartorn 1930s. It grew into a "<a href="/wiki/House_of_hospitality" title="House of hospitality">house of hospitality</a>" in the slums of New York City and then a series of farms for people to live together communally. The movement quickly spread to other cities in the United States and to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; more than 30 independent but affiliated CW communities had been founded by 1941. Well over 100 communities exist today, including several in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the United Kingdom, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Similar houses of hospitality were established by Russian immigrant and Catholic social worker, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Doherty" title="Catherine Doherty">Catherine Doherty</a>, founder of Madonna House. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Catholic_Welfare_Conference">National Catholic Welfare Conference</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: National Catholic Welfare Conference">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Welfare_Council#National_Catholic_Welfare_Conference" title="National Catholic Welfare Council">National Catholic Welfare Council § National Catholic Welfare Conference</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2009)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930s">1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> Historian John McGreevey notes, "Priests across the country in the 1930s encouraged their parishioners to join unions, and some like <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Charles_Owen_Rice" title="Charles Owen Rice">Charles Rice</a>, Detroit's Frederick Siedenberg, and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo's</a> <a href="/wiki/John_P._Boland_(labor_priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Boland (labor priest)">John P. Boland</a>, served on regional labor boards and played key roles in workplace negotiations." The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> grew out of the same impetuses to put <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> into action. The Catholic Church encouraged Catholic workers to join the unions such as the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> "to improve their economic status and to act as a moderating force in the new labor movement".<a href="#cite_note-doody-23">[23]</a> Catholic clergy promoted and founded moderate trade unions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Catholic_Trade_Unionists" title="Association of Catholic Trade Unionists">Association of Catholic Trade Unionists</a> and the Archdiocesan Labor Institute in 1939. American Catholics of that era were generally New Deal liberals who actively supported the CIO, viewed government as a positive force for social reform and often participated in non-communist trade unions, becoming a prominent group of the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a>. According to Colleen Doody, Catholics were the "backbone and the bane of New Deal liberalism".<a href="#cite_note-doody-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Conference_on_Industrial_Problems">Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic Conference on Industrial Problems (1923–1937) was conceived by Raymond McGowan as a way of bringing together Catholic leaders in the fields of theology, labor, and business, with a view to promoting awareness and discussion of Catholic social teaching. Its first meeting was held in Milwaukee. While it was the venue for important discussions during its existence, its demise was due partly by lack of participation by business executives who perceived the dominant tone of the group as anti-business. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_Pope_Francis_Melania_Trump_in_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, Wednesday, May 24, 2017, in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.</figcaption></figure> Religion plays a part in American elections. Religion is part of the political debate over <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a>, abortion, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right to die</a>/<a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>, universal health care, workers rights and immigration. According to Dr. John Green of University of Akron, "There isn't a Catholic vote anymore; there are several Catholic votes." A survey conducted by the Gallup organization in 2009 revealed that, despite the opposition of the church to abortion and embryonic stem-cell research, there is no significant difference between the opinions of Catholics and non-Catholics on these questions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_guides">Voting guides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voting guides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers#The_Voter's_Guides_controversy" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers § The Voter's Guides controversy</a></div> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a>, a private lay Catholic apostolate, published its Voter's Guide for Serious Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It also published Voter's Guide for Serious Christians for non-Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2006, it revamped the guides and published them on its Catholic Answers Action web site.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2016 another Catholic organization, Catholics in Alliance for the Common Good, published the Pope Francis Voter Guide <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002132554/https://popefrancis16.com/">[1]</a> to help inform the faithful about their specifically political vocation as Catholics in the United States. In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> produced an updated version of their 2007 voter's guide, Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship. It is a summary of the USCCB's public policies based on church teachings.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In September 2016, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Olmsted" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Olmsted">Thomas J. Olmsted</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Phoenix" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix">Diocese of Phoenix</a> issued the fourth edition of his guide, Catholics in the Public Square. In it, he suggests to politicians supporting abortion that they would need to repent and go to <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Confession</a> before receiving Holy Communion,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> in contrast with other bishops such as Cardinals <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Dolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Dolan">Timothy Dolan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Wuerl" title="Donald Wuerl">Donald Wuerl</a>, who say that the church does not deny communion over issues of legislation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> The Roman Catholic Church defines <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> "by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life and which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The church teaches that "homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered. They are contrary to the natural law. They close the sexual act to the gift of life. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. Under no circumstances can they be approved."<a href="#cite_note-ccc_homosexuality-31">[31]</a> Nevertheless, homosexuals "must be accepted with respect, compassion, and sensitivity. Every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided."<a href="#cite_note-ccc_homosexuality-31">[31]</a> Some Roman Catholics take this to mean that voting in favor of "benefits for lifelong partners" is a compassionate act, whereas others see voting in favor of "benefits for lifelong partners" as merely promoting behavior contrary to natural law. According to a 2009 survey, 59% of practicing Catholics oppose same-sex marriage, while those who are not practicing support it by 51%.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(cardinal)" title="John O'Connor (cardinal)">John Joseph O'Connor</a> was an outspoken critic of homosexuality; other prominent Catholics who were outspoken critics have included <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Vitter" title="David Vitter">David Vitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">Bob McDonnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Michael Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Carcieri" title="Donald Carcieri">Donald Carcieri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a>. Catholics <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(priest,_born_1960)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Martin (priest, born 1960)">James Martin</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Tobin" title="Joseph W. Tobin">Joseph W. Tobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Paglia" title="Vincenzo Paglia">Vincenzo Paglia</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Blase_Cupich" class="mw-redirect" title="Blase Cupich">Blase Cupich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Conroy" title="Patrick J. Conroy">Patrick J. Conroy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> chaplain to the U. S. House of Representatives), and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey Jr.</a> have supported gay rights and civil unions but not same-sex marriage. Liberal Catholics have generally supported repeal of sodomy laws that called for jail time for homosexuals and Employment Non-Discrimination laws that would prohibit large employers from firing workers because of sexual orientation. Conservative Catholics have taken the contrary view, rejecting claims that these are examples of "unjust discrimination" and that because homosexual act is an intrinsic evil, it must always be opposed.<a href="#cite_note-Peddicord1996-33">[33]</a> Recent research by Bouke Klein Teeselink and Georgios Melios has shown that Catholics who leave the Church tend to adopt more progressive views on issues like same-sex marriage and gay rights.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abortion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and abortion in the United States">Catholic Church and abortion in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_politics_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and the politics of abortion">Catholic Church and the politics of abortion</a></div> In accordance with its teachings, the Catholic Church opposes abortion in all circumstances and often leads the national debate on abortion.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The Roman Catholic Church has been a fierce opponent of liberalized abortion laws and has organized political resistance to such legislation in several Western countries. Before the <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> decision making abortion legal in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">anti-abortion movement</a> in the United States consisted of elite lawyers, politicians, and doctors, almost all of whom were Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-munson-36">[36]</a> The only coordinated opposition to abortion during the early 1970s came from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> and the Family Life Bureau, also a Catholic organization. Mobilization of a wide-scale anti-abortion movement among Catholics began quickly after the Roe v. Wade decision with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a> (NRLC). The NRLC also organized non-Catholics, eventually becoming the largest anti-abortion organization in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-munson-36">[36]</a> The anti-abortion wing of the Democratic Party was also led by Catholic <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Sr." title="Bob Casey Sr.">Robert P. Casey, Sr.</a> other anti-abortion Democrats including, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Flynn" title="Raymond Flynn">Raymond Flynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_politicians,_abortion_and_communion_or_excommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic politicians, abortion and communion or excommunication">Reception of communion by Catholic politicians who support abortion rights</a> is controversial in the United States. Such cases typically involve a bishop who prepares to withhold communion from a Catholic politician, though in some cases <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> has been suggested,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] and in others, a bishop has instructed a politician to refrain from receiving communion. The first such case was that of <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Killea" title="Lucy Killea">Lucy Killea</a>, though such incidents have subsequently occurred during national elections. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cardinal_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger">Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger</a>, then-prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> (who would later become Pope Benedict XVI), instructed American bishops in a confidential memorandum that communion must be denied to Catholic politicians who support legal abortion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Cardinals O'Malley, Egan, McCarrick, Wuerl, Mahony and George have said they would not deny communion to a person in public life who supports abortion rights. <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Burke" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Burke">Cardinal Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chaput" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Chaput">Charles Chaput</a>, Archbishop of Philadelphia, have shown support for Ratzinger's position, but as of June 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, neither has followed through on this. During the 2004 presidential campaign, four bishops planned to deny communion to Catholic politicians who had voted for <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This provoked a negative reaction, and the Catholic Church took a different approach for the 2008 election. The new message was compiled into a brochure titled "Forming Consciences for Faithful Citizenship," which "emphasized that issues involving 'intrinsically evil' actions could not be equated morally with others," according to the Times. The brochure cites abortion as the "prime example," and it also mentions <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, unjust war and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. In the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, as many as 89 Catholic bishops proclaimed that Catholics should make abortion their defining issue in the election.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In November 2009, Rhode Island Rep. Patrick Kennedy disclosed that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Joseph_Tobin" title="Thomas Joseph Tobin">Thomas Tobin</a> had ordered priests in the diocese to deny him communion because of Kennedy's position in favor of unrestricted abortion.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Michael Humphrey of the <a href="/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter" title="National Catholic Reporter">National Catholic Reporter</a> viewed the 54-45% majority of Catholic voters choosing Obama in the 2008 presidential election as a repudiation of bishops who had warned that voting for Obama would constitute <a href="/wiki/Grave_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Grave matter">grave matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CatholicVote-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, a Catholic institution, named President Barack Obama commencement speaker at its 2009 graduation and bestowed an honorary doctorate degree on him. The invitation drew criticism from Catholics and some members of the church hierarchy because of Obama's policies in favor of promoting and funding abortion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Polling results show that a majority of Catholics classify themselves as anti-abortion; a 2009 poll showed a 52% majority identifying as anti-abortion.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Pew Research, combining polls from 2011 and 2013, notes that over half (53%) of white Catholics believe abortion should be legal in all or most cases, with 41% saying it should be illegal in all or most cases. Among Hispanic Catholics, 43% say it should be legal in all or most cases, while 52% say it should be illegal in all or most cases.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Research has found that Catholics who disaffiliate from the Church tend to shift towards more progressive stances on social issues, including increased support for abortion rights.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_control">Birth control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birth control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (April 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1948, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a> campaigned against a Massachusetts referendum to loosen the state's ban on birth control. While the referendum failed, "deployment of the Church's political muscle," according to historian Leslie Tentler, offended non-Catholics and led Cushing to relax his position when the issue was debated again in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Catholic church hierarchy forbids birth control such as condoms or the pill because it views them as separating sexual intercourse from its intended consequence of reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2012, when the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> proposed regulations that required employer-provided health insurance plans to cover contraception, Catholic companies such as affiliated universities and <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> Broadcasting, which believed they should be exempt from the law, sued the government, while Catholic religious leaders campaigned against it in church.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The regulation was later altered so that an employee of a religious institution which did not wish to provide coverage for reproductive health care could seek it directly from the insurer at no additional cost. Catholic religious authorities continued to oppose the plan, while the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Health_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Catholic Health Association of the United States">Catholic Health Association</a> supported it.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> While the pope and the bishops have opposed birth control, the majority of American Catholics disagree with them, and believe the church should change its teaching on birth control. A Pew Research poll conducted in 2013 found that three-quarters of U.S. Catholics (76%) say the church should permit birth control.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Catholics who attend services on a weekly basis are more likely to support church teaching on social issues.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Immigration">edit</a>]</div> The immigration debate has opened a chasm with Republican hardliners who want restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Some 30% of the Roman Catholic population is <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> and that percentage continues to rise steadily. <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> advocated that countries should accommodate people fleeing from economic hardship. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leo_Burke" title="Raymond Leo Burke">Cardinal Raymond Burke</a> has been involved in rallies to allow undocumented workers a chance at citizenship. By welcoming migrant workers, many of whom are Catholic, Burke says, "we obey the command of Our Lord, who tells us that when we welcome the stranger, we welcome Christ Himself."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In addressing the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Forum on Religion & Public Life in 2009, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Chaput" title="Charles J. Chaput">Charles J. Chaput</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Denver" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver">Denver</a> discussed the need when talking about reforming immigration law, to do so "... in a comprehensive way, so that justice is done and our borders are protected. It's always both/and; it's not either/or from my perspective."<a href="#cite_note-pew-52">[52]</a> "[N]o one can claim to be Catholic and think it's okay to treat immigrants unjustly or inhumanly. But you can disagree on immigration policies because you think that one works and one doesn't."<a href="#cite_note-pew-52">[52]</a> Most immigration to the U.S. is from predominantly Roman Catholic nations and about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3⁄4 of all <a href="/wiki/Lapsed_Catholic" title="Lapsed Catholic">lapsed Catholics</a> have been replaced by immigrant Catholics in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Forum-53">[53]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Cardinal_Mahony" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Cardinal Mahony">Cardinal Roger Mahony</a> announced that he would order the clergy and laity of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Los_Angeles" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles">Archdiocese of Los Angeles</a> to ignore <a href="/wiki/H.R._4437" class="mw-redirect" title="H.R. 4437">H.R. 4437</a> if it were to become law.<a href="#cite_note-kerwin-54">[54]</a> Cardinal Mahony personally lobbied senators <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> to have the Senate consider a comprehensive immigration reform bill, rather than the enforcement-only bill that passed the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-NCR-55">[55]</a> Cardinal Mahony also blamed the Congress for the illegal immigration crisis due to their failure to act on the issue in the previous 20 years, opposed H.R. 4437 as punitive and open to abusive interpretation, and supported the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006</a> (S. 2611).<a href="#cite_note-Mahony_NPR-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahony_CNN-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_Change">Climate Change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate Change">edit</a>]</div> In 2015 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> declared that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">man-made climate change</a> is caused by burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> stated the warming of the planet is rooted in "a <a href="/wiki/Throw-away_society" title="Throw-away society">throwaway culture</a>" and the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet as it pursues short-term economic gains.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> However, one survey found that the Pope's statement did not significant affect the views of Catholics on the issue,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> while Catholic commentaries ranged from praise to dismissal, with some stating that it was not binding or magisterial due to its scientific nature.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The Pope's statements on these issues were most prominently laid out in encyclical <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a>. The publication by Francis put pressure on Catholics seeking the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Republican Party nomination for president of the United States</a> in 2016, including <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>, who "have questioned or denied the established science of human-caused climate change, and have harshly criticized policies designed to tax or regulate the burning of fossil fuels."<a href="#cite_note-davenport-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender_rights">Transgender rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transgender rights">edit</a>]</div> The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops have openly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_(United_States)" title="Equality Act (United States)">Equality Act</a> which serves to address discrimination towards members of the LGBTQ+ community. They argued the Equality Act would threaten the religious freedom of Catholics, allow men into women's spaces, and jeopardize existing prohibitions to the federal funding of abortion.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>They claim that the legislation discourages differing opinions on marriage and sexuality and would codify <a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">gender ideology</a> in federal law.<a href="#cite_note-Equality_Act-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_affiliation">Party affiliation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Party affiliation">edit</a>]</div> Before the 1960s, when cultural changes lead to an incremental liberalization of the Democratic Party, Catholics were staunch Democrats. The Democratic Party ran Al Smith, the first Catholic presidential candidate by a major party, in 1928, and, except when the ticket was headed by a <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> candidate, has nominated a Catholic for president or vice president in every election since 1960 except for <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> (where a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>, was the presidential nominee). Since the 1960s, the Catholic vote has become bipartisan. <a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> In the 60s and early 70s, a number of Catholics and Southern whites abandoned their traditional affiliation with the Democratic Party and began to support the Republican Party. This shift is evidenced by the fact that Nixon received 33% of the Catholic vote in the 1968 election compared to 52% in 1972. As a group, Catholics represented a quarter of the nation's electorate and were now one of the nation's largest swing groups. Both parties began to aggressively woo the Catholic voters. Although the Catholic hierarchy could not dictate who Catholics voted for, they did have a substantial influence over the faithful in their dioceses. Politicians were aware that the bishops could direct significant time, energy and money to support the issues that were important to them. From their perspective, the bishops were eager to regain some of the influence that their predecessors had wielded in the earlier part of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-HeyerRozell2008_17-64">[64]</a> Since the 1970s non-Hispanic white Catholics have voted majority Republican very reliably while a majority of Hispanic or Latino Catholics have voted Democrat.<a href="#cite_note-Religion,_Race_page_65-66-65">[65]</a> In his successful <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> campaign against <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> won about half of the Catholic vote and a majority of Catholics who were non-Hispanic whites.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a>", many of them non-Hispanic white, blue-collar Catholics, often from a <a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">white ethnic</a> background, comprised 25% of the Democrats who voted for Reagan, and formed an important part of his support in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> as well. Despite Catholic <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a>'s presence on the Democratic ticket as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>'s vice-presidential running mate that year Reagan won 54 to 61% of the Catholic vote, only slightly different from the overall 59%. Although the majority of Catholics in 1984 remained Democrats, compared to 1980 Catholic votes switched to Reagan at about the same level as most Protestant groups. Reagan's vice president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> won about the same number of votes as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>, making <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> the third presidential election in a row in which Catholics failed to support the Democratic candidate as they traditionally did.<a href="#cite_note-prendergast1999-67">[67]</a>: 186–187, 191–192, 194  Although about one third of Catholics voted for Bush's reelection in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>, most Catholic defectors switched to independent <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a>, not the successful Democrat <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Unlike previous elections (such as in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>, when <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s Catholic support was eight percentage points higher than overall) the Catholic vote was not more Democratic than the overall electorate, but split almost identically to it. The trend away from a Democratic dominance of the Catholic vote continued in <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 1994">1994</a>, when for the first time in history Democrats did not receive a majority of Catholic votes in elections for the House of Representatives; as with 1992, the Catholic vote split resembled that of the overall electorate. White non-Hispanic Catholics however, remained majority Republican.<a href="#cite_note-Religion,_Race_page_65-66-65">[65]</a> This trend reversed slightly in <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>, when Clinton's share of Catholics in general was four percentage points ahead of overall, and they comprised about half of the margin between him and the unsuccessful challenger <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dole" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Dole">Robert Dole</a>. The 1990s ended, however, with Catholics as "the largest swing vote in American politics" and with white non-Hispanic Catholics continuing to vote consistently Republican.<a href="#cite_note-Religion,_Race_page_65-66-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-prendergast1999-67">[67]</a>: 200–201, 207, 218  Their party independence continued into 2000, and Catholics became the large religious grouping that most closely reflected the total electorate, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestants</a>. 50% of Catholics voted for <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> versus 47% for <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in the very close <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> election. 52% of Catholics voted for Bush's successful reelection compared to 47% for the Catholic <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>, versus 51% to 48% overall.<a href="#cite_note-silk20081103-6">[6]</a> Amongst white Catholics the figure was higher, with George W Bush receiving 56% of white Catholic votes.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who chose the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as his running mate, received 54% of the Catholic vote in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>'s 45%, close to the overall 52% to 46%.<a href="#cite_note-csh20081106-69">[69]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> Obama and Biden faced <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> and the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a>. Obama won 50% of the Catholic vote to Romney's 48%, close to their 51% and 47%, respectively, of the overall vote.<a href="#cite_note-cnn2012-70">[70]</a> In <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> the Republicans' <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a>—who describes himself as <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">evangelical Catholic</a>—as his running mate, while the Democrats' <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> chose the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> as hers. The victorious Trump-Pence ticket received 52% of Catholics' votes compared to Clinton-Kaine's 45%.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2016-71">[71]</a> White Catholics who are registered Democrats are also shown to defect to the Republican party in massive numbers during election years. This was particularly true during both of Ronald Reagan's presidential elections, as well as the Nixon-McGovern race. White Catholics who are registered as Republicans are substantially less likely to defect to the Democrats during election years.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Studies indicate that Catholics who disaffiliate from the Church due to clergy abuse scandals tend to experience a leftward shift in their political orientation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-34">[34]</a> This shift is reflected not only in their personal political beliefs but also in their voting behavior, with former Catholics more likely to support progressive candidates and causes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Presidential elections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1928">1928</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1928">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlSmithWaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/AlSmithWaves.jpg/220px-AlSmithWaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/AlSmithWaves.jpg/330px-AlSmithWaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/AlSmithWaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> is the first Catholic presidential candidate in major parties.</figcaption></figure> In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> became the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party's nomination for president.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> His religion became an issue during the <a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">campaign</a> and was one of the factors in his loss. Many feared that he would answer to the pope and not the constitution. Another major controversial issue was the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>. Smith was personally in favor of relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws despite its status as part of the nation's Constitution, but the Democratic Party split north and south on the issue. During the campaign Smith tried to duck the issue with noncommittal statements. He was also criticized for being a drunkard because of the stereotypes placed on Irish Catholics of the day.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which had been split in 1920 and 1924, and brought millions of Catholics to the polls for the first time, especially women. The fact that Smith was Catholic garnered him support from <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrant</a> populations in New England, which may explain his narrow victories in traditionally Republican <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, as well as his narrow 2% loss in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (which previous Democratic presidential candidates had lost by double digits).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960">1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1960">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, 35th President of the United States</figcaption></figure> Religion became a divisive issue during the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">presidential campaign of 1960</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> of Massachusetts was vying to become the nation's first Catholic president. A key factor that was hurting Kennedy in his campaign was the widespread prejudice against his Roman Catholic religion; some <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> believed that, if he were elected president, Kennedy would have to take orders from the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. When offered the opportunity to speak before a convention of Baptist ministers, he decided to try to put the issue to rest. To address fears that his Roman Catholicism would influence his decision-making, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> famously told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for President. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for President who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters — and the Church does not speak for me."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> He promised to respect the separation of church and state and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy to him. Kennedy also raised the question of whether one-quarter of Americans were relegated to second-class citizenship just because they were Roman Catholic. Even so, it was widely believed after the election that Kennedy lost some heavily Protestant states because of his Catholicism. His address did not please everyone: many non-Catholics remained unconvinced that a Catholic could be president without divided loyalties; and many Catholics thought he conceded too much in his profession of belief in an absolute <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>. The speech is widely considered to be an important marker in the history of Catholicism (and anti-Catholicism) in the United States. Kennedy went on to win the national popular vote over <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> by just one tenth of one percentage point (0.1%) - the closest popular-vote margin of the 20th century. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_electoral_college" class="mw-redirect" title="United States electoral college">electoral college</a>, Kennedy's victory was larger, as he took 303 electoral votes to Nixon's 219 (269 were needed to win). There was a "narrow consensus" among the experts that Kennedy had won more votes than he lost as a result of his Catholicism,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> as Catholics rallied to Kennedy as an affirmation of their religion and their right to have a Catholic president. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_of_results">Summary of results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Summary of results">edit</a>]</div> This chart shows the estimated Democrat/Republican split of the Catholic vote in elections since 1948. Catholic candidates and elections in which Catholics voted for the national winner are in bold. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Election Winner</th> <th>Party </th> <th style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D% </th> <th style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R%</th> <th>Election Loser </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cook_Partisan_Voting_Index" title="Cook Partisan Voting Index">Cook PVI</a> </th> <th>Citations </th></tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Truman</a>–<a href="/wiki/Alben_Barkley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alben Barkley">Barkley</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">65 </td> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Dewey</a>–<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+26 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>–<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">51-56 </td> <td>44-49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+18–28 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>–<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">45-51 </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">49-55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a>–<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+5–17 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">78-82 </td> <td>18-22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>–<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+56–64 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76-79 </td> <td>21-24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>–<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+29–35 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>–<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">55-59 </td> <td>33-37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>–<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+19–27 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>–<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td>37-48 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52-63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a> </td> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">R+3–D+19 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>–<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">54-57 </td> <td>41-44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+8–14 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>–<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">41-47 </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">41-50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>–<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+1–16 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-prendergast1999-67">[67]</a>: 185 <a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>–<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td>39-46 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">54-61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>–<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> </td> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">R+4–D+10 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">47-52 </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">48-52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+3–13 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarlinBarone-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a>–<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">44-50 </td> <td>30-36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+2–14 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-prendergast1999-67">[67]</a>: 202  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a>–<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53-55 </td> <td>35-37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+8–12 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">50-52 </td> <td>46-49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>–<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+1–6 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">47-52 </td> <td style="background-color:#DCDCDC">48-52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> </td> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">R+3–D+6 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>–<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53-57 </td> <td>43-47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> </td> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">R+1–D+7 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cara.georgetown.edu-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>–<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">50 </td> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>–<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+2 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cnn2012-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></td> <td>Republican </td> <td>45 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R+7 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-nyt2016-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td>Democratic </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">52 </td> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">D+5 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-fnc2020-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>–<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> </td> <td>Republican </td> <td>40 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">R+18 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_government">Representation in government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Representation in government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress">Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Congress">edit</a>]</div> According to the Pew Research Center, Catholics represent 30.5% of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the United States Congress">the United States Congress</a> as of January 2019. There are 141 <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representatives</a> and 22 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senators</a> that are Catholic, which split as 99 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> and 64 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kavanagh" title="Edward Kavanagh">Edward Kavanagh</a> was nationally noticed as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> elected from New England in 1830. Kavanagh was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democrats">Jacksonian</a> to the Twenty-second and Twenty-third Congresses, serving from March 4, 1831, to March 3, 1835. On January 4, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, a Catholic, became the first woman elected as the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>. She was elected again as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> on January 3, 2019, after serving as <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Minority Leader</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> from 2003 to 2007 and 2011–2019. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> is Catholic as well and served recently as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> from 2015 to 2019. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Supreme Court">edit</a>]</div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_hp4d8oqpdrct6tt3hiodxrcqmq8bnid"></map><img usemap="#timeline_hp4d8oqpdrct6tt3hiodxrcqmq8bnid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/hp4d8oqpdrct6tt3hiodxrcqmq8bnid.png" /></div>A majority of the Supreme Court has been Catholic since 2005. The first Catholic Supreme Court appointment was Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>, appointed by Andrew Jackson in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> The second, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a>, joined the court in 1894 and was elevated to chief justice in 1910. He was joined on the Court by Catholic <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a> in 1898. After White's death in 1921, there became an informally recognized tradition of holding one seat on the court for a Catholic justice, though not necessarily the same seat.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> was appointed to the court in 1923 and succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> in 1940. Both were Catholic. During Murphy's time on the court, he was briefly joined by <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>, who was raised Catholic but had converted to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Episcopalianism</a> many years before his appointment. After Murphy died in 1949, he was not succeeded directly by a Catholic. However, President Harry Truman appointed <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Sherman Minton</a> to a different vacant seat, and his appointment was seen as in keeping with the tradition, as Minton's wife was Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> He would convert five years after his retirement from the court.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Upon Minton's retirement, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francis_Spellman" title="Francis Spellman">Francis Spellman</a> successfully lobbied Dwight Eisenhower to replace him with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan</a>, a practicing Catholic. The traditional one-seat rule was abandoned by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who nominated two Catholics to serve together: <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> in 1986 and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> in 1988. They joined Brennan to give the court a then-high of three Catholic justices. President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> in 1991. At the time of his appointment, Thomas was a confirmed Catholic attending Episcopalian services, but he has since returned to active Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> He replaced the retiring Catholic Brennan with David Souter, an Episcopalian. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, both Catholics, in 2005. Alito's appointment gave the court its first ever Catholic majority, which it has maintained since.<a href="#cite_note-86">[a]</a> In 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> appointed Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, raising the number of Catholic justices to six.<a href="#cite_note-Paulson-87">[86]</a> In 2018, President Donald Trump appointed Catholic <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> to replace Anthony Kennedy. Trump's other appointment thus far, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>, is a practicing Episcopalian who had attended Catholic Mass and Catholic schools as a child. He joined the Episcopal Church upon marriage to his wife. It is unclear whether he still identifies as Catholic, and he is not typically included among the Catholic justices.<a href="#cite_note-gorsuchrel-88">[87]</a> In 2020, Justice <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> died; President Donald Trump nominated <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>, a Catholic, to fill the vacancy; she was subsequently confirmed by the Senate and sworn in to the bench. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Executive branch">edit</a>]</div> There have been two Catholic <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Presidents of the United States">Vice Presidents of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (raised Catholic, self-described <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Boorstein2016-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> was the first Catholic to live in the White House since First Lady <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>, who remained there for two weeks after her husband's death 53 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet_members">Cabinet members</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cabinet members">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (August 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Past Catholic Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> (1933-1940)<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Past Catholic secretaries of state include <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-witherell23-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ref2-95">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_J._Sullivan_(diplomat)" title="John J. Sullivan (diplomat)">John J. Sullivan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReligionBackground-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> had Catholic roots. Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> was raised Catholic but converted to Episcopalianism. Past Catholic U.S. attorneys general include <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Bonaparte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">James McGranery</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AofAinterview-100">[99]</a> Past Catholic secretaries of defense include <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">James Mattis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-103">[102]</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> was raised Catholic but converted to Episcopalianism.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Past Catholic secretaries of labor include <a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice Tobin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Patrick_Durkin" title="Martin Patrick Durkin">Martin Durkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Mitchell" title="James P. Mitchell">James P. Mitchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos" title="Ann McLaughlin Korologos">Ann McLaughlin Korologos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Alexis Herman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wines,_Michael,_Friends_Helped_Labor-106">[105]</a> Hilda Solis,<a href="#cite_note-lat122800-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-cq121808-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-c-sop-109">[108]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Past Catholic secretaries of housing and urban development include <a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">Moon Landrieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cisneros" title="Henry Cisneros">Henry Cisneros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT31811-111">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julián Castro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Past Catholic secretaries of energy include Bill Richardson.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Secretary of the Treasury and of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> married a Catholic woman, attended services for many years, and was formally baptized on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Donald Regan</a> also had Catholic roots, but it is unclear whether he actively practiced while in office. The Catholic secretaries in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a> are <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> (Defense), <a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a> (Interior), <a href="/wiki/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a> (Commerce), <a href="/wiki/Marty_Walsh" title="Marty Walsh">Marty Walsh</a> (Labor), <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a> (Health and Human Services), <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a> (Education), and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a> (Energy). Haaland is the first Native American in a presidential cabinet and also the first Native Catholic within it. Granholm converted to Catholicism while at Harvard Law School in the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Secretary of Transportation <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> was baptized in the Catholic Church as an infant and he attended Catholic schools, but began to attend the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral</a> during his term at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and said he felt "more-or-less Anglican" by the time he returned to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Buttigieg has since been an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayors_of_leading_cities">Mayors of leading cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mayors of leading cities">edit</a>]</div> Of the 15 leading American cities, 7 elected a Catholic as mayor before the Civil War, and 13 had done so by 1893. The last two were Edward Dempsey in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> in 1906, and <a href="/wiki/James_Tate_(mayor)" title="James Tate (mayor)">James Tate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> 1815 Augustin McCarty, New Orleans 1824 John Williams, Detroit 1842 Solomon Hillman, Baltimore 1844 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Pratte" title="Bernard Pratte">Bernard Pratte</a>, St Louis 1846 Solomin Juneau, Milwaukee 1853 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_F._Coronel" title="Antonio F. Coronel">Antonio F. Coronel</a>, Los Angeles 1856 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dyer" title="Thomas Dyer">Thomas Dyer</a>, Chicago 1867 <a href="/wiki/Frank_McCoppin" title="Frank McCoppin">Frank McCoppin</a>, San Francisco 1876 <a href="/wiki/Philip_Becker" title="Philip Becker">Philip Becker</a>, Buffalo 1881 <a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Grace" title="William Russell Grace">William Russell Grace</a>, New York City 1885 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Brien" title="Hugh O'Brien">Hugh O'Brien</a>, Boston 1893 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blee" title="Robert Blee">Robert Blee</a>, Cleveland 1893 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_J._McKenna" title="Bernard J. McKenna">Bernard J. McKenna</a> Pittsburgh 1906 Edward Dempsey, Cincinnati 1962 <a href="/wiki/James_Tate_(mayor)" title="James Tate (mayor)">James Tate</a>, Philadelphia <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion 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href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="History of Christianity in the United States">History of Christianity in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_and_involvement_in_US_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish views and involvement in US politics">Jewish views and involvement in US politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_vote" title="Latino vote">Latino vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Catholicism">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">History of religion in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Religious discrimination in the United States">Religious discrimination in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> For a two-month period following the retirement of Anthony Kennedy on July 31, 2018, there were four Catholic justices on an eight-member court. However, the court did not hear any cases during that time. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cara.georgetown.edu/bulletin/cathusa.htm">CARA's New Book Identifies Trends in U.S. Catholic Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226151441/http://cara.georgetown.edu/bulletin/cathusa.htm">Archived</a> February 26, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Catholicism USA </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcatholicdirectory.com/">The Official Catholic Directory 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Critchlow" title="Donald T. Critchlow">Donald T. 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The Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Birth+Control+Mandate+Divides+Democrats&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.aulast=Cassata&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F02%2F09%2Fobama-birth-control-mandate-divides-congress_n_1266755.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb2012" class="citation news cs1">Newcomb, Alyssa (February 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/02/contraception-compromise-doesnt-please-bishops/">"Contraception Compromise Doesn't Please Bishops"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Contraception+Compromise+Doesn%27t+Please+Bishops&rft.date=2012-02-11&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fheadlines%2F2012%2F02%2Fcontraception-compromise-doesnt-please-bishops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/09/19/majority-of-u-s-catholics-opinions-run-counter-to-church-on-contraception-homosexuality/">Majority of U.S. Catholics’ opinions run counter to church on contraception, homosexuality</a> Pew research Center, Sept. 19, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2016/09/28/poll-finds-many-us-catholics-breaking-church-over-contraception-abortion-and-lgbt">"Poll finds many U.S. Catholics breaking with church over contraception, abortion and L.G.B.T. rights"</a>. America Magazine. September 28, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225161524/https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2016/09/28/poll-finds-many-us-catholics-breaking-church-over-contraception-abortion-and-lgbt">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved July 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=Poll+finds+many+U.S.+Catholics+breaking+with+church+over+contraception%2C+abortion+and+L.G.B.T.+rights&rft.date=2016-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Ffaith%2F2016%2F09%2F28%2Fpoll-finds-many-us-catholics-breaking-church-over-contraception-abortion-and-lgbt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Rachel Zoll, "Immigration Reform Splits Catholics, GOP" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/21/AR2006042101122.html">The Associated Press April 22, 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Zoll, "Immigration Reform Splits Catholics, GOP" April 22, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pew_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pew_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2009/03/17/the-political-obligations-of-catholics-a-conversation-with-the-most-rev-charles-chaput-archbishop-of-denver/">""The Political Obligations of Catholics", Pew Research Center"</a>. Pewforum.org. March 17, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Political+Obligations+of+Catholics%22%2C+Pew+Research+Center&rft.pub=Pewforum.org&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2009%2F03%2F17%2Fthe-political-obligations-of-catholics-a-conversation-with-the-most-rev-charles-chaput-archbishop-of-denver%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pew_Forum-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Pew_Forum_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Forum2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pew_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Forum">Pew Forum</a> (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf">"U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic"</a> (PDF). <q>"Catholicism has experienced the greatest net losses as a result of affiliation changes. While nearly one-in-three Americans (31%) were raised in the Catholic faith, today fewer than one-in-four (24%) describe themselves as Catholic. These losses would have been even more pronounced were it not for the offsetting effect of immigration. The Landscape Survey finds that among the foreign-born adult population, Catholics outnumber Protestants by nearly a two-to-one margin (46% Catholic vs. 24% Protestant); among native-born Americans, on the other hand, Protestants outnumber Catholics by an even larger margin (55% Protestant vs. 21% Catholic)." (p. 6). "... the Catholic share of the U.S. adult population has held fairly steady in recent decades, at around 25%. What this apparent stability obscures, however, is the large number of people who have left the Catholic Church. Approximately one-third of the survey respondents who say they were raised Catholic no longer describe themselves as Catholic. This means that roughly 10% of all Americans are former Catholics. These losses, however, have been partly offset by the number of people who have changed their affiliation to Catholicism (2.6% of the adult population) but more importantly by the disproportionately high number of Catholics among immigrants to the U.S." (p. 7).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Religious+Landscape+Survey%3A+Religious+Affiliation%3A+Diverse+and+Dynamic&rft.date=2008-02&rft.au=Pew+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligions.pewforum.org%2Fpdf%2Freport-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kerwin-54"><a href="#cite_ref-kerwin_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerwin2006" class="citation news cs1">Kerwin, Donald (May 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070421181750/http://www.catholic.org/views/views_news.php?id=19737&pid=0">"Immigration reform: what the Catholic Church knows"</a>. Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.org/views/views_news.php?id=19737&pid=0">the original</a> on April 21, 2007. Retrieved May 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Immigration+reform%3A+what+the+Catholic+Church+knows&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft.aulast=Kerwin&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fviews%2Fviews_news.php%3Fid%3D19737%26pid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCR-55"><a href="#cite_ref-NCR_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Allen_Jr.2006" class="citation news cs1">John L. 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Indianapolis Monthly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indianapolis+Monthly&rft.atitle=Pete+Buttigieg+has+his+eye+on+the+prize&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianapolismonthly.com%2Flongform%2Fpete-buttigieg-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatholic+Church+and+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Melvin G. Holli and Peter D'A. Jones, eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors 1820-1980, (1981) pp.xi, 406–413, 425—426. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Jenny DeHuff, "Pop quiz: Who was the city's first Catholic mayor?" PhillyVoice (Dec. 1, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phillyvoice.com/pop-quiz-who-was-the-citys-first-catholic-mayor/">online</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Casey, Shaun. The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960 (2009)</li> <li>Cochran, Clarke E. and David Carroll Cochran. Catholics, Politics, and Public Policy: Beyond Left and Right (2003)</li> <li>Dolan, Jay. The Irish Americans: A History (2008)</li> <li>Heyer, Kristin E., Mark J. Rozell, and Michael A. Genovese. Catholics and Politics: The Dynamic Tension Between Faith and Power (2008)</li> <li>Marlin, George J., and Michael Barone, American Catholic Voter: Two Hundred Years Of Political Impact (2006)</li> <li>Morris, Charles. American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America's Most Powerful Church (1998)</li> <li>Prendergast, William B. The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith (1999)</li> <li>Woolner, David B., and Richard G. Kurial. FDR, the Vatican, and the Roman Catholic Church in America, 1933-1945 (2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanshard,_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanshard, Paul">Blanshard, Paul</a>. American Freedom and Catholic Power (Beacon Press, 1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/American_Freedom_and_Catholic_Power/V40sAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%27%27American+Freedom+and+Catholic+Power%27%27&dq=%27%27American+Freedom+and+Catholic+Power%27%27&printsec=frontcover">online</a>, Highly influential Protestant attack on Catholic political power</li></ul> <ul><li>Breidenbach, Michael D. Our Dear-Bought Liberty: Catholics and Religious Toleration in Early America (Harvard University Press, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Our_Dear_Bought_Liberty/OkkiEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=McGreevy,+John+T.&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li> <li>Brenner, Saul. "Patterns of Jewish-Catholic Democratic Voting and the 1960 Presidential Vote." Jewish Social Studies (1964): 169–178. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466088">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Byrnes, Timothy A. Catholic bishops in American politics (Princeton University Press, 1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Catholic_Bishops_in_American_Politics/-C4ABAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22%27%27Catholic+bishops+in+American+politics%27%27+%22&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li> <li>Casey, Shaun A. The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960 (Oxford University Press, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bDL1p-Dtu8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27The+Making+of+a+Catholic+President:+Kennedy+vs.+Nixon+1960%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwic9My89aGJAxUyOTQIHbXNEHUQ6AF6BAgcEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cooney, John. The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oINsAAAAIAAJ&q=%27%27The+American+Pope:+The+Life+and+Times+of+Francis+Cardinal+Spellman%27%27&dq=%27%27The+American+Pope:+The+Life+and+Times+of+Francis+Cardinal+Spellman%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirqpDK9aGJAxXbEzQIHRhYBqgQ6AF6BAghEAI">online</a></li> <li>Flynn, George Q. Roosevelt and Romanism: Catholics and American Diplomacy, 1937-1945 (1976)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACbZAAAAMAAJ&dq=%27%27Roosevelt+and+Romanism:+Catholics+and+American+Diplomacy,+1937-1945%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjCm67d9aGJAxVQxuYEHUY3JMoQ6AF6BAgTEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Graziano, Manlio. In Rome We Trust: The Rise of Catholics in American Political Life (Stanford UP, 2017), 242 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUUkDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27In+Rome+We+Trust:+The+Rise+of+Catholics+in+American+Political+Life%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiM8pXs9aGJAxVIOjQIHakTBckQ6AF6BAgDEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Green, John Clifford. The faith factor: How religion influences American elections (Greenwood, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbPOEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27The+faith+factor:+How+religion+influences+American+elections%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwivhfb69aGJAxVNIjQIHcC1BlIQ6AF6BAgZEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Heineman, Kenneth J. A Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zE_tAAAAMAAJ&dq=%27%27A+Catholic+New+Deal:+Religion+and+Reform+in+Depression+Pittsburgh%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdl7uN9qGJAxVXBzQIHQNsAjYQ6AF6BAgYEAI">online</a></li> <li>Hennesey, James. American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States (Oxford University Press, 1981), puts politics in context of social history. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAjuDMetOYcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27American+Catholics:+A+History+of+the+Roman+Catholic+Community+in+the+United+States%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE7sie9qGJAxV_DzQIHRTpEhgQ6AF6BAgfEAI">online</a></li> <li>Heyer, Kristin E., Mark J. Rozell, and Michael A. Genovese, eds. Catholics and politics: The dynamic tension between faith and power (Georgetown University Press, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FuQ6mmwkuCAC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=%27Catholics+and+politics:+the+dynamic+tension+between+faith+and+power%27&ots=6dSTItFErS&sig=mVvUJj31F3sr36vJxiILCLKMOik">online</a></li> <li>Jelen, Ted G. "Catholic priests and the political order: The political behavior of Catholic pastors." <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Religion" title="Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion">Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</a> 42.4 (2003): 591–604.</li></ul> <ul><li>Klugewicz, Stephen Michael. " 'A democratic and republican religion': Catholics in American public life, 1765–1895" (PhD dissertation, University of Alabama; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2002. 3075134).</li> <li>Lichtman, Allan J. Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928 (Lexington Books, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Prejudice_and_the_Old_Politics/KbGiJpDk6pwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%27%27A+Catholic+Runs+for+President:+The+Campaign+of+1928%27%27&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>McAndrews, Lawrence J. What They Wished For: American Catholics and American Presidents, 1960-2004 (University of Georgia Press; 2014) 503 pages; influence of Catholics on domestic and foreign policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/What_They_Wished_for/bvg7AwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%27%27What+They+Wished+For:+American+Catholics+and+American+Presidents,+1960-2004%27%27&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>McGreevy, John T. Catholicism and American freedom: a history (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv93eR6f1nUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Catholicism+and+American+freedom:+a+history+Catholic+Church,+McGreevy,+John+T&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiR8ZP7gKKJAxXkHzQIHSo-MYUQ6AF6BAgSEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Marlin George J. and Michael Barone. American Catholic Voter: Two Hundred Years Of Political Impact (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LeF1AAAAMAAJ&q=%27%27American+Catholic+Voter:+Two+Hundred+Years+Of+Political+Impact%27%27&dq=%27%27American+Catholic+Voter:+Two+Hundred+Years+Of+Political+Impact%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj63YbD9qGJAxX7CTQIHYlIOIIQ6AF6BAgKEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Moore, Edmund A. A Catholic Runs for President: The Campaign of 1928 (1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nAqAAAAYAAJ&q=%27%27A+Catholic+Runs+for+President:+The+Campaign+of+1928%27%27&dq=%27%27A+Catholic+Runs+for+President:+The+Campaign+of+1928%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&printsec=frontcover&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwismqbR9qGJAxVlIDQIHTYUO54Q6AF6BAgaEAIonline">[2]</a></li> <li>Noll, Mark A. and Luke E. Harlow. Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the Present (2nd ed. 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nBtREAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=%27%27Religion+and+American+Politics:+From+the+Colonial+Period+to+the+Present%27%27&ots=oUwIZaDfbE&sig=BayutOIATyodJkjgOrduqnYw1JQ">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Parsons, Margaret Sammon. "Abortion and Religion: The Politics of the American Catholic Bishops" (PhD Dissertation, Catholic University of America, 2011; ProQuest 3454784)</li></ul> <ul><li>Prendergast, William B. The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith (Georgetown University Press. 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Catholic_Voter_in_American_Politics/B9nFwo5B1BQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%27%27+The+Catholic+Voter+in+American+Politics:+%22&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Schultz, Jeffrey D. et al. eds. Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ME7eEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=.+Encyclopedia+of+Religion+in+American+Politics+(&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc9oD196GJAxXKHTQIHRRXF60Q6AF6BAgiEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Smith, Gregory Allen. Politics in the Parish: The Political Influence of Catholic Priests (Georgetown University Press, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Politics_in_the_Parish/fC-aa0860CoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%27%27Politics+in+the+Parish:+The+Political+Influence+of+Catholic+Priests%27%27&printsec=frontcover">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steinfels, Margaret O'Brien, ed. American Catholics, American Culture: Tradition and Resistance (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_HOmPxYVEsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=McGreevy,+John+T.&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiCqfnXgaKJAxWsLzQIHSewIx0Q6AF6BAgJEAI">online</a></li> <li>Wald, Kenneth D., and Allison Calhoun-Brown. Religion and politics in the United States (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010) wide-ranging. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy8EAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27Religion+and+politics+in+the+United+States%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiFsp-v96GJAxWXMjQIHTGNB2IQ6AF6BAghEAI">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Warner, Michael. Changing Witness: Catholic Bishops and Public Policy , 1917–1994 (Eerdmans, 1995)</li> <li>Weaver, Mary Jo, and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Being right: conservative Catholics in America (Indiana UP, 1995) 14 essays by experts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yUqp1_31B-MC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=weaver+appleby&ots=ZWLE8LYEB6&sig=QzQqEZ0-fVIF1ZGtNMcLiErId8Y">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeitz,_Joshua_M." class="mw-redirect" title="Zeitz, Joshua M.">Zeitz, Joshua M.</a> White ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the shaping of postwar politics (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjybSZTCfpcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%27%27White+ethnic+New+York:+Jews,+Catholics,+and+the+shaping+of+postwar+politics%27%27&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjp_pqj96GJAxVQGzQIHXY2M_UQ6AF6BAgXEAI">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Gleason, Philip. "The Historiography of American Catholicism as Reflected in The Catholic Historical Review, 1915–2015." Catholic Historical Review 101#2 (2015) pp: 156–222. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/catholic_historical_review/v101/101.2S.gleason.html">online</a></li> <li>Thomas, J. Douglas. "A Century of American Catholic History." US Catholic Historian (1987): 25–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25153781">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/prolife/issues/abortion/teaching.shtml">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priestsforlife.org/elections/bishops.htm">Catholic Bishops' Conference and Vatican Statements on Abortion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124133620/http://www.priestsforlife.org/elections/bishops.htm">Archived</a> November 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networklobby.org/">NETWORK, A National Catholic Social Justice Lobby</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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