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id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_union_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_union_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Education and union work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_union_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MBR–200" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MBR–200"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 MBR–200 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MBR–200-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 National Assembly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_minister_of_Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_minister_of_Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Foreign minister of Venezuela </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_minister_of_Venezuela-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign minister of Venezuela subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_minister_of_Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2006_detention_in_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006_detention_in_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2006 detention in New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006_detention_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_President_of_Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_President_of_Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vice President of Venezuela </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vice_President_of_Venezuela-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vice President of Venezuela subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vice_President_of_Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interim_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Interim president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 President of Venezuela </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_Venezuela-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle President of Venezuela subsection </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Assassination attempts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputed_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Disputed presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Dictatorship charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birthplace_and_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birthplace_and_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Birthplace and nationality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birthplace_and_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Judicial independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking_and_money_laundering_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking_and_money_laundering_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Drug trafficking and money laundering incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking_and_money_laundering_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homophobic_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homophobic_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Homophobic statements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homophobic_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunger_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Hunger crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.12 Sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Elections </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Elections subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2013_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 2013 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 2018 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 2024 presidential campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nicolás Maduro</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نيكولاس مادورو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاس مادورو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Maduro" title="Nikolas Maduro – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolas Maduro" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B" title="নিকোলাস মাদুরো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোলাস মাদুরো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нікалас Мадура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікалас Мадура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нікаляс Мадура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікаляс Мадура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Николас Мадуро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николас Мадуро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Νικολάς Μαδούρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικολάς Μαδούρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیکلاس مادورو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکلاس مادورو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A7%88%EB%91%90%EB%A1%9C" title="니콜라스 마두로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜라스 마두로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8" title="Նիկոլաս Մադուրո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլաս Մադուրո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="निकोलास मादुरो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलास मादुरो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95" title="ניקולאס מדורו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולאס מדורו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ნიკოლას მადურო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლას მადურო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Николас Мадуро – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Николас Мадуро" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Maduro" title="Nicolaus Maduro – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Maduro" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolass_Maduro" title="Nikolass Maduro – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolass Maduro" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B" title="നിക്കോളാസ് മഡുറോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോളാസ് മഡുറോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="निकोलस मदुरो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोलस मदुरो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نيكولاس مادورو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاس مادورو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نیکولاس مادورو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکولاس مادورو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Николас Мадуро – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Николас Мадуро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="निकोलस मडुरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निकोलस मडुरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AD" title="ニコラス・マドゥロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラス・マドゥロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мадуро, Николас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадуро, Николас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%86" title="نیکۆلاس مادورۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلاس مادورۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Николас Мадуро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николас Мадуро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B" title="நிக்கோலசு மதுரோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கோலசு மதுரோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Maduro" title="Nikolas Maduro – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nikolas Maduro" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3" title="นิโกลัส มาดูโร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิโกลัส มาดูโร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Николас Мадуро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Николас Мадуро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Ніколас Мадуро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніколас Мадуро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نکولاس مادورو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولاس مادورو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%96%84%E5%85%AD" title="尼古拉斯·马善六 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼古拉斯·马善六" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90" title="ניקאלאס מאדורא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאלאס מאדורא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%9D%9C%E7%BE%85" title="馬杜羅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬杜羅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%9C%E7%BD%97" title="尼古拉斯·马杜罗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古拉斯·马杜罗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Nicolás Maduro" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Maduro" title="Nikolas Maduro – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nikolas Maduro" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is Maduro and the second or maternal family name is Moros.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Venezuela since 2013</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with his son, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">Nicolás Maduro Guerra</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nicolás Maduro</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_in_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1206" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Maduro in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">53rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender">Disputed</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 19 April 2013 <a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">Acting</a>: 5 March – 19 April 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Himself (Mar–Apr 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">Jorge Arreaza</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B3bulo_Ist%C3%BAriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristóbulo Istúriz">Aristóbulo Istúriz</a> (2016–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office 5 March 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hugo Chávez</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 13 October 2012 – 19 April 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Hugo Chávez</li> <li>Himself (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jorge Arreaza</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 9 August 2006 – 13 October 2012</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Hugo Chávez</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Araque" title="Alí Rodríguez Araque">Alí Rodríguez Araque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Elías Jaua</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President of the National Assembly of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 January 2005 – 7 August 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ameliach" title="Francisco Ameliach">Francisco Ameliach</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly of Venezuela</a> for <a href="/wiki/Capital_District_(Venezuela)" title="Capital District (Venezuela)">Capital District</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 August 2000 – 7 August 2006</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 September 2016 – 25 October 2019</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 23 April 2016 – 21 April 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Tabaré Vázquez">Tabaré Vázquez</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nicolás Maduro Moros</div> (1962-11-23) 23 November 1962 (age 62) <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fn1-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Republic of Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> (since 2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> (until 2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Adriana Guerra Angulo (<abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">Nicolás Maduro Guerra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Palace" title="Miraflores Palace">Miraflores Palace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicolás Maduro's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg/128px-Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg/192px-Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg/256px-Nicolas_Maduro_Signature_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="997" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328212452/http://www.nicolasmaduro.org.ve/">web.archive.org/web/20140328212452/http://www.nicolasmaduro.org.ve/</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nicolás Maduro Moros (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[nikoˈlas maˈðuɾo ˈmoɾos]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Moros.ogg\/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Moros.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nicol\u00e1s Maduro Moros.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Moros.ogg/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Moros.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Moros.ogg" title="File:Nicolás Maduro Moros.ogg">ⓘ</a>; born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician and <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> serving as the 53rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">president of Venezuela</a> since 2013. Previously, he was the 24th <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of Venezuela">vice president of Venezuela</a> from 2012 to 2013, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Venezuela" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela">minister of foreign affairs</a> from 2006 to 2012, and the 3rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">president of the National Assembly of Venezuela</a> from 2005 to 2006. Beginning his working life as a bus driver, Maduro rose to become a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> leader before being elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> in 2000. He was appointed to a number of positions under President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wsj-5">[4]</a> serving as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President of the National Assembly</a> from 2005 to 2006, as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> from 2006 to 2012 and as the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">vice president</a> from 2012 to 2013 under Chávez. After Chávez's death was announced on 5 March 2013, Maduro assumed the presidency. A <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">special presidential election</a> was held in 2013, where Maduro was declared the winner with 50.62% of the vote as the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> candidate. He has ruled Venezuela <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">by decree</a> since 2015 through powers granted to him by the ruling party legislature.<a href="#cite_note-WPdecree-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages in Venezuela</a> and decreased living standards led to <a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">a wave of protests in 2014</a> that escalated into daily marches nationwide, repression of dissent and a decline in Maduro's popularity.<a href="#cite_note-CNBCanalysts-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BInightmare-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> An <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">opposition-led National Assembly was elected in 2015</a> and a movement toward recalling Maduro began in 2016, which was ultimately cancelled by Maduro's government; Maduro maintained power through the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a> (CNE) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNBCanalysts-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BInightmare-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The Supreme Tribunal removed power from the elected National Assembly, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">another wave of protests in 2017</a>. As a response to the protests, Maduro called for a rewrite of the constitution, and the <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">Constituent Assembly of Venezuela</a> was elected in 2017 under voting conditions that many concluded were irregular.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> On 20 May 2018, presidential elections were held;<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> President Maduro <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">was sworn in</a> on 10 January 2019 with widespread condemnation, and the president of the National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a>, was declared interim president on 23 January 2019 by the opposition legislative body—kicking off a <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">presidential crisis</a> that spanned nearly four years and <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Responses to the Venezuelan presidential crisis">divided the international community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZerpaHuyo-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-TSJ-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-23">[21]</a> In 2024, he ran for a third term in <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">an election</a> which the Maduro-aligned CNE claimed he won<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a>—without providing evidence—casting Venezuela into a <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_political_crisis" title="2024 Venezuelan political crisis">political crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TimesFlees-25">[23]</a> The opposition gathered vote tallies that showed their candidate, <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Edmundo González">Edmundo González</a>, had won the most votes.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Maduro was sworn in for his third term on 10 January 2025.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Maduro heads an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> government, and has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-DITboliburg-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_01-10-25-31">[28]</a> Between 2013 and 2023, Venezuela dropped 42 places in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-32">[29]</a> According to estimations by the United Nations (UN) and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, under Maduro's administration, more than 20,000 people have been subject to extrajudicial killings and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="Venezuelan refugee crisis">seven million Venezuelans</a> have been forced to flee the country.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk2-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> The UN Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela concluded that the country's justice system independence has been deeply eroded; the mission also identified frequent <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> violations, including political external interference and the admission of evidence through torture.<a href="#cite_note-:62-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-38">[35]</a> Most Venezuelan television channels are controlled by the state, and information unfavourable to the government is not covered completely.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> In 2018, a Board of Independent Experts designated by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) alleged that <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> have been committed in Venezuela during Maduro's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-:17-40">[37]</a> In 2021, the Office of the Prosecutor of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) announced the opening of <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Venezuela" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela">an investigation regarding the situation in the country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-41">[38]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_personal_life">Early and personal life</h2></div> Nicolás Maduro Moros was born on 23 November 1962 in Caracas,<a href="#cite_note-fn1-1">[a]</a> Venezuela, into a working-class family.<a href="#cite_note-elmundo2012-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> His father, Nicolás Maduro García, who was a prominent trade union leader,<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> died in a motor vehicle accident on 22 April 1989. His mother, Teresa de Jesús Moros, was born in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, a Colombian border town at the boundary with Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-eltiempo.com-46">[43]</a> He was born into a leftist family<a href="#cite_note-elmundo2012-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-GUARD2013-47">[44]</a> and "militant dreamer of the <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Electoral_del_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Electoral del Pueblo">Movimiento Electoral del Pueblo</a> (MEP)".<a href="#cite_note-minci.gob.ve-48">[45]</a> Maduro was raised in Calle 14, a street in Los Jardines, El Valle, a working-class neighborhood on the western outskirts of Caracas.<a href="#cite_note-eltiempo.com-46">[43]</a> The only male of four siblings, he had three sisters, María Teresa, Josefina, and Anita.<a href="#cite_note-minci.gob.ve-48">[45]</a> Maduro was raised as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. In 2012, it was reported by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> that he was a follower of Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> guru <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a> and previously visited the guru in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times2012-12-22-49">[46]</a> He stated in a 2013 interview that "my grandparents were Jewish, from a <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> background, and converted to Catholicism in Venezuela".<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_and_Cilia_Flores_in_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Maduro and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a> in 2019</figcaption></figure> Maduro has been married twice. His first marriage was to Adriana Guerra Angulo, with whom he had his only son, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">Nicolás Maduro Guerra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> also known as "Nicolasito", who was appointed to several senior government posts (Chief of the Presidency's Special Inspectors Body, head of the National Film School, and a seat in the National Assembly).<a href="#cite_note-FOXson-53">[50]</a> He later married <a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a>, a lawyer and politician who replaced Maduro as <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">president of the National Assembly</a> in August 2006, when he resigned to become <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, becoming the first woman to serve as president of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-csm-54">[51]</a> The two had been in a romantic relationship since the 1990s when Flores was <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>'s lawyer following the <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts</a><a href="#cite_note-APnephews-55">[52]</a> and were married in July 2013 months after Maduro became president.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> While they have no children together, Maduro has three step-children from his wife's first marriage to Walter Ramón Gavidia; Walter Jacob, Yoswel, and Yosser.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Maduro is a fan of <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>'s music and his campaigns for peace and love. Maduro has said that he was inspired by the music and counterculture of 1960s and 70s, mentioning also <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plant" title="Robert Plant">Robert Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:MBR-200_meeting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MBR-200_meeting.png/218px-MBR-200_meeting.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MBR-200_meeting.png/327px-MBR-200_meeting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MBR-200_meeting.png/436px-MBR-200_meeting.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="741" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/MBR-200" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR-200">MBR-200</a> members meeting in 1997 (Maduro is on the far left and Chávez is in the center)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_1999.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_1999.png/218px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_1999.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_1999.png/327px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_en_1999.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="381" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Maduro in 1999 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/1999_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Constituent National Assembly">National Constituent Assembly</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png/218px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png/327px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png/436px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="529" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Maduro on 13 April 2002, during the <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 coup d'état</a>, in a protest demanding the release of Chávez</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_union_work">Education and union work</h3></div> Maduro attended a <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public high school</a>, the Liceo José Ávalos, in El Valle.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian2-59">[56]</a> His introduction to politics was when he became a member of his high school's student union.<a href="#cite_note-elmundo2012-42">[39]</a> According to school records, Maduro did not graduate from high school.<a href="#cite_note-GUARD2013-47">[44]</a> According to author and former Venezuelan Army Commander in Chief Carlos Peñaloza,<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Maduro was considered a <a href="/wiki/Person_of_interest" title="Person of interest">person of interest</a> by Venezuelan authorities in the kidnapping of <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Niehous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Niehous (page does not exist)">William Niehous</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Niehous" class="extiw" title="es:William Niehous">es</a>],<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> an American businessman and head of <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a> in Venezuela, who was held hostage by leftist militants who would later become close to Hugo Chávez.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Maduro found employment as a bus driver for many years for the <a href="/wiki/Caracas_Metro" title="Caracas Metro">Caracas Metro</a> company. He began his political career in the 1980s, by becoming an unofficial trade unionist representing the bus drivers of the Caracas Metro system. He was also employed as a bodyguard for <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Rangel" title="José Vicente Rangel">José Vicente Rangel</a> during Rangel's unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/1983_Venezuelan_general_election" title="1983 Venezuelan general election">1983 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GUARD2013-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> At 24 years of age, Maduro resided in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> with other militants of leftist organizations in South America who had moved to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1986, attending a one-year course at the Escuela Nacional de Cuadros Julio Antonio Mella, a centre of political education directed by the Union of Young Communists.<a href="#cite_note-eltiempo.com-46">[43]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] During his time in Cuba, Maduro was instructed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Miret_Prieto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Miret Prieto (page does not exist)">Pedro Miret Prieto</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Miret_Prieto" class="extiw" title="es:Pedro Miret Prieto">es</a>], a senior member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba">Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba</a> who was close to <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MBR–200">MBR–200</h3></div> According to Carlos Peñaloza, Maduro was allegedly tasked by the Castro government to serve as a "<a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a>" working for the <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia" title="Dirección de Inteligencia">Cuba's Dirección de Inteligencia</a> to approach Hugo Chávez, who was experiencing a burgeoning military career.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> In the early 1990s, he joined <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Bolivarian_Movement-200" title="Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200">MBR-200</a> and campaigned for the release of Chávez when he was jailed for his role in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GUARD2013-47">[44]</a> In the late 1990s, Maduro was instrumental in founding the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Movement of the Fifth Republic</a>, which supported Chávez in his run for president in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-guardian2-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly">National Assembly</h3></div> Maduro was elected on the MVR ticket to the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies">Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies</a> in <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="1998 Venezuelan parliamentary election">1998</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/1999_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">National Constituent Assembly</a> in 1999, and finally to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> in <a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2000</a>, at all times representing the <a href="/wiki/Capital_District_(Venezuela)" title="Capital District (Venezuela)">Capital District</a>. The Assembly elected him as Speaker, a role he held from 2005 until 2006.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_minister_of_Venezuela">Foreign minister of Venezuela</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Venezuela_April_2010-29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption>Maduro as foreign minister, beside <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a>, presenting <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> the <a href="/wiki/Key_to_the_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Key to the City">Key to the City</a> of Caracas in April 2010</figcaption></figure> Maduro was appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> in 2006, and served under Chávez in that position until being appointed <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</a> in October 2012, after the <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">presidential elections</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/BBC_Mundo" title="BBC Mundo">BBC Mundo</a>, during Maduro's tenure as foreign minister, "he was considered a key player in pushing the foreign policy of his country beyond Latin American borders to approach almost any government that rivaled the United States."<a href="#cite_note-NationDivided-66">[63]</a> Venezuela's foreign policy stances during his term included ending <a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Taiwan–Venezuela relations">unofficial relations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> in favor of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> support for <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a>, breaking off <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Israel–Venezuela relations">diplomatic ties with Israel</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">2008–09 Gaza War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognizing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Palestine–Venezuela relations">establishing diplomatic relations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Colombia–Venezuela relations">turnaround in relations with Colombia</a> in <a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008</a> (with Ecuador) and again in <a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">2010</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cnn-71">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> as independent states,<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Temir Porras, a 2019 visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Paris Institute of Political Studies</a> who was Maduro's chief of staff during his tenure as foreign minister, said that in the early days of <a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a>, Maduro was considered "pragmatic" and a "very skilled politician" who was "good at negotiating and bargaining".<a href="#cite_note-Porras-74">[71]</a> Porras said the Maduro "was extremely effective at getting in touch with heads of state and getting the agreements (...) signed and achieved in a very rapid period of time".<a href="#cite_note-Porras-74">[71]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rory_Carroll" title="Rory Carroll">Rory Carroll</a>, Maduro did not speak any foreign languages while serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006_detention_in_New_York">2006 detention in New York</h3></div> In September 2006, while attempting to travel back to Venezuela via <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a>, Maduro was briefly detained by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a> officers at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> for around 90 minutes, after paying for three airline tickets in cash. Both Maduro and President Hugo Chávez were in New York City attending the 61st session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>, where President Chávez called US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> "the devil" during <a href="/wiki/2006_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" title="2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations">his speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN06-76">[73]</a> The incident began when Maduro tried to pick up an item that had been screened at a security checkpoint at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">JFK International Airport</a>, and security personnel told Maduro that he was prohibited from doing so. Maduro later identified himself as a diplomat from the Venezuelan government, but officials still escorted him to a room for conducting secondary screening.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> At one point, authorities ordered Maduro and other Venezuelan officials to spread their arms and legs and be frisked, but Maduro and others forcefully refused. His diplomatic passport and ticket were retained for a time, and finally given back to him.<a href="#cite_note-NBCN06-78">[75]</a> Speaking at the Venezuelan mission to the UN after his release, Maduro said his detention by the US authorities was illegal and he filed a complaint at the United Nations. US and UN officials called the incident regrettable but said Maduro had been identified for "secondary screening". Homeland Security spokesman Russ Knocke denied that Maduro was mistreated, saying that there was not evidence of abnormalities during the screening process. A UN diplomat said that Maduro was not authorized to speak publicly while his trip was delayed because he had shown up late without a ticket, prompting the screening.<a href="#cite_note-NBCN06-78">[75]</a> Maduro said the incident prevented him from traveling home on the same day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When he was informed of the incident, President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a> said Maduro's detention was retaliation for <a href="/wiki/2006_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Hugo Chávez speech at the United Nations">his own speech at the UN General Assembly</a> and stated that the authorities detained Maduro over his links <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">to the Venezuelan failed coup in 1992</a>, a charge that President Chávez denied.<a href="#cite_note-NBCN06-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_President_of_Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</h2></div> Prior to his appointment to the vice presidency, Maduro had been chosen by Chávez in 2011 to succeed him in the presidency if he were to die from cancer. This choice was made due to Maduro's loyalty to Chávez and because of his good relations with other <a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">chavistas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a>, former minister <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Chac%C3%B3n" title="Jesse Chacón">Jesse Chacón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">Jorge Rodríguez</a>. Bolivarian officials[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] predicted that following Chávez's death, Maduro would have political difficulties and that Venezuela would experience instability.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Chávez appointed Maduro <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</a> on 13 October 2012, shortly after Chavez' victory in that month's <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">presidential election</a>. Two months later, on 8 December 2012, Chávez announced that his recurring cancer had returned and that he would be returning to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> for emergency surgery and further medical treatment. Chávez said that, should his condition worsen and a new presidential election be called to replace him, Venezuelans should vote for Maduro to succeed him. This was the first time that Chávez named a potential successor to his movement, as well as the first time he publicly acknowledged the possibility of his death.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Chávez's endorsement of Maduro sidelined <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a>, a former vice president and powerful <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">Socialist Party</a> official with ties to the <a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces_of_the_Bolivarian_Republic_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela">armed forces</a>, who had been widely considered a top candidate to be Chávez's successor. After Maduro was endorsed by Chávez, Cabello "immediately pledged loyalty" to both men.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interim_president">Interim president</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> My firm opinion, as clear as the full moon – irrevocable, absolute, total – is ... that you elect Nicolas Maduro as President. I ask this of you from my heart. He is one of the young leaders with the greatest ability to continue, if I cannot. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Hugo Chávez during a nationwide TV address (<a href="/wiki/Cadena_nacional" title="Cadena nacional">cadena nacional</a>) (8 December 2012)<a href="#cite_note-cnn-71">[68]</a></cite></div> </div> Upon the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">death of Hugo Chávez</a> on 5 March 2013, Maduro assumed the powers and responsibilities of the president. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">Jorge Arreaza</a> to take his place as vice president. Since Chávez died within the first four years of his term, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution of Venezuela</a> stated that a presidential <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">election</a> had to be held within 30 days of his death.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Maduro was unanimously chosen as the Socialist Party's candidate in the election.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> When he assumed temporary power, opposition leaders argued that Maduro violated articles 229, 231, and 233 of the Venezuelan Constitution, by assuming power over the president of the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Venezuela">President of Venezuela</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Presidency of Nicolás Maduro">Presidency of Nicolás Maduro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png/220px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png/330px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png/440px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_19_April_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Maduro taking the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> as president of Venezuela on 19 April 2013</figcaption></figure> The succession to the presidency of Maduro in 2013, according to Corrales and Penfold, was due to multiple mechanisms established by Maduro's predecessor, Chávez. Initially, oil prices were high enough for Maduro to maintain necessary spending for support, specifically with the military. Foreign ties that were established by Chávez were also used by Maduro as he applied skills that he had learned while serving as a foreign minister. Finally, the PSUV and government institutions aligned behind Maduro, and "the regime used the institutions of repression and <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, also created under Chávez, to become more repressive <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vis-%C3%A0-vis" class="extiw" title="wikt:vis-à-vis">vis-à-vis</a> the opposition".<a href="#cite_note-DRAGONp13-89">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_(9214605314).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_%289214605314%29.jpg/220px-UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_%289214605314%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_%289214605314%29.jpg/330px-UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_%289214605314%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_%289214605314%29.jpg/440px-UNASUR_respalda_a_Presidente_Evo_Morales_%289214605314%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5414" data-file-height="3609" /></a><figcaption>President Maduro among other Latin American leaders participating in a 2013 <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">UNASUR</a> summit</figcaption></figure> In April 2013, <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">Maduro was elected president</a>, narrowly defeating opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles</a> with just 1.5% of the vote separating the two. Capriles demanded a recount, refusing to recognize the outcome as valid.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Maduro was inaugurated as president on 19 April, after the election commission had promised a full audit of the election results.<a href="#cite_note-sworn-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> In October 2013, he announced the creation of a new agency, the Vice Ministry of Supreme Happiness, to coordinate social programmes.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Opposition leaders in Venezuela delivered a May 2016 petition to the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="National Electoral Council of Venezuela">National Electoral Council</a> (CNE) calling for a recall referendum, with the populace to vote on whether to remove Maduro from office.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_June2016_referendum-94">[91]</a> On 5 July 2016, the Venezuelan intelligence service detained five opposition activists involved with the recall referendum, with two other activists of the same party, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a>, also arrested.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Ouster_-95">[92]</a> After delays in verification of the signatures, protestors alleged the government was intentionally delaying the process. The government, in response, argued the protestors were part of a plot to topple Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_2016_Maduro-96">[93]</a> On 1 August 2016, CNE announced that enough signatures had been validated for the recall process to continue. While opposition leaders pushed for the recall to be held before the end of 2016, allowing a new presidential election to take place, the government vowed a recall would not occur until 2017, ensuring the current vice president would potentially come to power.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Recall_August2016-97">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg/220px-Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg/330px-Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg/440px-Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_-_Maduro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1202" /></a><figcaption>President Maduro speaking at a <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">Venezuelan Constituent Assembly</a> session on 10 August 2017</figcaption></figure> In May 2017, Maduro proposed the <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election</a>, which was later held on 30 July 2017 despite wide international condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-LaLista-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPeuroMEX-99">[96]</a> The United States sanctioned Maduro following the election, labeling him as a "dictator", preventing him from entering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-SANCTIONED-100">[97]</a> Other nations, such as China,<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> and Cuba<a href="#cite_note-:5-103">[100]</a> offered their support to Maduro and the Constituent Assembly elections. The presidential elections, whose original electoral date was scheduled for December 2018, was subsequently pulled ahead to 22 April before being pushed back to 20 May.<a href="#cite_note-BBCweighs-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOAdelay-17">[16]</a> Analysts described the poll as a <a href="/wiki/Show_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Show election">show election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ShamAC-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShamFT-106">[103]</a> with the elections having the lowest <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> in the country's democratic era.<a href="#cite_note-:9-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Beginning six months after being elected, Maduro was given the power to <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a> by the pre-2015 Venezuelan legislature (from 19 November 2013 to 19 November 2014, 15 March 2015 to 31 December 2015)<a href="#cite_note-WPdecree-6">[5]</a> and later by the Supreme Tribunal (since 15 January 2016) to address the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">economic crisis</a> in the country, with strong condemnation by the Venezuelan opposition claiming that the legislature's power had been usurped by the court.<a href="#cite_note-DECREE8-109">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> His presidency has coincided with a decline in Venezuela's socioeconomic status, with crime, inflation, poverty and hunger increasing; analysts have attributed Venezuela's decline to both Chávez and Maduro's economic policies,<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-112">[109]</a> while Maduro has blamed <a href="/wiki/Speculative_attack" title="Speculative attack">speculation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">economic warfare</a> waged by his political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report "accused Nicolas Maduro's government of committing some of the worst human rights violations in Venezuela's history".<a href="#cite_note-VOAAI-114">[111]</a> The report found the violence was carried out especially in Venezuela's poor neighborhoods, and included "8,292 extrajudicial executions carried out between 2015 and 2017".<a href="#cite_note-VOAAI-114">[111]</a> In one year, 22% of homicides (4,667) were committed by security forces.<a href="#cite_note-VOAAI-114">[111]</a> Amnesty International's <a href="/wiki/Erika_Guevara_Rosas" title="Erika Guevara Rosas">Erika Guevara-Rosas</a> said, "The government of President Maduro should guarantee the right to life, instead of taking the lives of the country's young people."<a href="#cite_note-VOAAI-114">[111]</a> During the later years of Maduro's presidency, pro-government police and military forces launched the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_the_People_Operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of the People Operation (page does not exist)">Liberation of the People Operation</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Liberaci%C3%B3n_del_Pueblo" class="extiw" title="es:Operación Liberación del Pueblo">es</a>]", which they stated targeted <a href="/wiki/Street_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gangs">street gangs</a> and non-state paramilitary formations which they alleged had taken control of poor neighbourhoods. The operations reportedly resulted in thousands of arrests and an estimated 9,000 deaths, with the Venezuelan opposition claiming that the operations are actually a state instrument of repression. The UN subsequently released a report condemning the violent methods of the operation. Although the Venezuelan Government's <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarek_William_Saab" title="Tarek William Saab">Tarek William Saab</a> has admitted that his office received dozens of reports of "police excesses", he defended the need for the operations and stated that his office would be working alongside the police and military "to safeguard human rights". The Venezuelan Foreign Ministry has criticised the UN's report, calling it "neither objective, nor impartial" and listed what it believed were a total of 60 errors in the report.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> On 4 August 2018, at least two drones armed with explosives detonated in the area where Maduro was delivering an address to military officers in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The Venezuelan government claims the event was a targeted attempt to assassinate Maduro, though the cause and intention of the explosions is debated.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Others[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have suggested the incident was a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> operation designed by the government to justify repression of opposition in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-122">[119]</a> Porras (Maduro's former chief of staff) said in 2019 that Maduro "delivered practically nothing in terms of public policy, in terms of direction" during his first term because, in Porras' opinion, "he does not have a clear vision for the country. He is very much focused on consolidating his power among his own peers in Chavismo and much less on exercising or implementing a strategic vision for the country."<a href="#cite_note-Porras-74">[71]</a> However, following increased <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">international sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis</a> in 2019, the Maduro government abandoned socialist policies established by Chávez, such as price and currency controls, which resulted in the country seeing a rebound from economic decline.<a href="#cite_note-:52-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> wrote that Venezuela had also obtained "extra money from selling gold (both from illegal mines and from its reserves) and narcotics".<a href="#cite_note-:52-123">[120]</a> On 3 May 2020, Venezuelan security forces <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">prevented an attempt</a> to overthrow Maduro by armed Venezuelan dissidents. The attempt was organised by an American private security company, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Goudreau#Silvercorp_USA" title="Jordan Goudreau">Silvercorp USA</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Goudreau" title="Jordan Goudreau">Jordan Goudreau</a> and the men were trained in Colombia. Goudreau claimed the operation had involved 60 troops, including two former US special forces members.<a href="#cite_note-ind040520-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian040520-125">[122]</a> The Venezuelan government claimed the United States and its <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) were responsible for the operation and had support from Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> denied involvement in the operation. Goudreau claimed that Guaidó and two political advisers had signed a contract with him for US$213 million in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-guardian040520-125">[122]</a> Eight of the attackers were killed, with another thirteen, including two Americans, captured.<a href="#cite_note-Gideon-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Rouhani in meeting with Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro 02" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg/220px-President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg/330px-President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg/440px-President_Rouhani_in_meeting_with_Venezuelan_President_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Maduro meeting with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> On 6 March 2014, marking the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">1 year anniversary of Hugo Chavez's death</a>, Maduro announced on <a href="/wiki/Cadena_nacional" title="Cadena nacional">live television</a> that he was <a href="/wiki/2014_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2014 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">breaking diplomatic and commercial relations with Panama</a> after the country's president <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Martinelli" title="Ricardo Martinelli">Ricardo Martinelli</a> expressed support for the demonstrators during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">protests that began on 12 February</a> and called on the OAS to investigate.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Relations were later restored in July 2014, after Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">Jorge Arreaza</a> attended the inauguration of President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> On 11 August 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> said that he is "not going to rule out a military option" to confront the government of Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> On 23 January 2019, Maduro announced that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following President Trump's announcement of recognizing <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a>, the Venezuelan opposition leader, as the interim President of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/2018_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">diplomatic crisis with Panama occurred in 2018</a>, after the Panamanian government imposed sanctions on Maduro and several key officials of the Bolivarian government. Venezuela responded by imposing reciprocal sanctions on Panamanian companies and as well as prominent Panamanian officials, including President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Varela" title="Juan Carlos Varela">Juan Carlos Varela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> The diplomatic crisis ended on 26 April 2018 when President Maduro announced that he had called President Varela and agreed to the return of the ambassadors and the return of air communication between both countries.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> On 14 January 2019, days after <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> recognised Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó as the country's interim president, Maduro called Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> "a <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> of the modern era".<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Maduro has a strategic partnership with Russian leader Vladimir Putin. After <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022</a>, Maduro discussed increasing cooperation with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-138">[135]</a> Due to the raised oil prices resulting from the conflict, conversations have begun between Maduro and US officials, suggesting the possibility of lifting of US sanctions on Venezuela and improved relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a> in November, multiple world leaders interacted with Maduro, including <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Prime Minister of Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa" title="António Costa">António Costa</a> and American <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, with President Macron addressing Maduro as "president" and stating "I would be happy if we could talk to each other for longer to engage in useful bilateral work for the region."<a href="#cite_note-:18-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Days later on 27 November, the United States eased sanctions on Venezuela and allowed <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a> to temporarily work with the Venezuelan government.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_(52938796503).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_%2852938796503%29.jpg/220px-30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_%2852938796503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_%2852938796503%29.jpg/330px-30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_%2852938796503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_%2852938796503%29.jpg/440px-30.05.2023_-_Fotografia_oficial_dos_Presidentes_dos_pa%C3%ADses_da_Am%C3%A9rica_do_Sul_%2852938796503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Maduro at the <a href="/wiki/2023_South_American_summit" title="2023 South American summit">2023 South American summit</a></figcaption></figure> Maduro made an official state visit to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> He also visited <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in September 2023, requesting China's support for Venezuela to join the economic bloc <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> and saying he wanted China's investment in Latin America and the Caribbean to increase. Brazil's president <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> supported Maduro's request to join BRICS.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> During the visit, Maduro also signed an agreement that included the training of Venezuelan astronauts, expressing his wish to send Venezuelans to the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, Maduro has frequently supported the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian cause">Palestinian cause</a> in international forums, declaring that "<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> was a young Palestinian unjustly crucified by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>".<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> On 7 November 2023, he condemned <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s actions in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> and accused Israel of committing <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">genocide against Palestinians</a> in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Maduro promoted a <a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">consultative referendum</a> in Venezuela to support Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">claim to the Essequibo region</a>, which is disputed with, and controlled by, neighboring <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. The referendum took place on 3 December 2023, and a large majority (nearly 100%) voted in favour of Venezuela's claims, though it had a low turnout.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempts">Assassination attempts</h3></div> Maduro has faced numerous attempts at his life during his presidency. In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Caracas_drone_attack" title="2018 Caracas drone attack">2018 Caracas drone attack</a> incident, while giving a speech to rally, Maduro was targeted by two drones that exploded during a speech. In September 2024, the Venezuelan police captured and arrested three Americans, two Spaniards, and a Czech national carrying sniper rifles and other munitions to allegedly assassinate Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> In a public statement, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior,_Justice_and_Peace_(Venezuela)" title="Ministry of Interior, Justice and Peace (Venezuela)">Minister of Interior, Justice and Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a> held the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">Spanish intelligence</a> responsible for the coup attempt, calling it 'not surprising'. The minister shared that they had arrested yet another US military active-duty member, Wilber Joseph Castañeda, with evidence from his cell phone linking him to terrorist attacks during the <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 Venezuelan presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">Venezuelan protests (2014–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputed_presidency">Disputed presidency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg/220px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg/330px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg/440px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_2019_Inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Maduro in January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> building</figcaption></figure> With widespread condemnation,<a href="#cite_note-:14-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZerpaHuyo-21">[19]</a> President Maduro <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">was sworn in</a> on 10 January 2019. Minutes after he took the oath, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) approved a resolution declaring his presidency illegitimate and calling for new elections.<a href="#cite_note-:7-153">[150]</a> The National Assembly invoked a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> and some nations removed their embassies from Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-Fourteen-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> with Colombia,<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> and the United States<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> saying Maduro was converting Venezuela into a de facto dictatorship. The president of the National Assembly, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a>, was declared interim president on 23 January 2019;<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> the US, Canada, Brazil and several Latin American <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_2019_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis#RecognitionMG" class="mw-redirect" title="Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis">countries supported Guaidó as interim president</a> the same day; Russia, China, and Cuba supported Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-TSJ-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-23">[21]</a> As of March 2019, over 50 countries, the OAS, and the <a href="/wiki/Lima_Group" title="Lima Group">Lima Group</a> do not recognize Maduro as the legitimate president of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The Supreme Tribunal rejected the National Assembly decisions,<a href="#cite_note-TSJ-22">[20]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile</a> welcomed Guaidó as interim president.<a href="#cite_note-France24-163">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> issued a communication stating that Maduro had used unconstitutional means and a "sham electoral system" to maintain an unlawful presidency that is not recognized by most of Venezuela's neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroViola-164">[161]</a> Maduro disputed Guaidó's claim and broke off diplomatic ties with several nations who recognized Guaidó's claim.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Maduro's government states that the crisis is a "coup d'état led by the United States to topple him and control <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">the country's oil reserves</a>."<a href="#cite_note-presidencia.gob.ve-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Europa_Press-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_charges">Dictatorship charges</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png/220px-Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png/330px-Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png/440px-Nicolas_Maduro_February_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Maduro speaking at <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> in February 2017</figcaption></figure> Maduro has been accused of authoritarian leadership since he took office in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-DITboliburg-30">[27]</a> After the opposition won the <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 parliamentary elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYTmuzzle-168">[165]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> National Assembly—consisting of <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">pro-Maduro Bolivarian</a> officials—filled the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> with Maduro allies;<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> the New York Times reported that Venezuela was "moving closer to one-man rule".<a href="#cite_note-NYTmuzzle-168">[165]</a> In 2016, the Supreme Tribunal refused to acknowledge the democratically elected National Assembly's attempts to recall Maduro, and the words dictator and authoritarianism began to appear: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> wrote of a "full-on dictatorship",<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Javier Corrales wrote in <a href="/wiki/Americas_Quarterly" title="Americas Quarterly">Americas Quarterly</a> that Venezuela was "transition[ing] to a full dictatorship",<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> and OAS General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Luis_Almagro" title="Luis Almagro">Luis Almagro</a> said that Maduro was becoming a dictator.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> After election officials closely aligned with the government blocked an attempt to summon a recall referendum against Maduro, Venezuelan political analysts cited in The Guardian warned of authoritarianism and a dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_(29663133670).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_%2829663133670%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_%2829663133670%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_%2829663133670%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_%2829663133670%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_%2829663133670%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_Speaks_With_Venezuelan_President_Maduro_%2829663133670%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4623" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>Maduro meeting with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> on 26 September 2016</figcaption></figure> The Supreme Tribunal took over the legislative powers of the National Assembly in March, provoking the <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis</a>; a Corrales opinion piece in the Washington Post asked, "What happens next for the dictatorship of President Nicolás Maduro?"<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent National Assembly">2017 Constituent National Assembly</a> poised to declare itself the governing body of Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> sanctioned President Maduro, labeled him a dictator, and prevented him from entering the United States.<a href="#cite_note-SANCTIONED-100">[97]</a> Chilean president <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a> also labeled Maduro a dictator.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> described the process that had led to the National Assembly's being taken over, labeled Venezuela a dictatorship, and said the "Venezuelan government is tightening its stranglehold on the country's basic institutions of democracy at a terrifying speed."<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The Financial Times published an article,"Sending a message to Venezuela's dictatorship" discussing "international censure of Nicolás Maduro, Venezuela's thuggish president".<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> editorial board wrote an opinion that "the Trump administration should harbor no illusions about Maduro, who appears bent on assuming the mantle of dictator."<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox Media</a> published an opinion entitled "How Venezuela went from a rich democracy to a dictatorship on the brink of collapse."<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> stated that during Maduro's presidency, the country's democracy deteriorated further, with the 2017 report downgrading Venezuela from a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regime</a>, the lowest category, with an index of 3.87 (the second lowest in Latin America, along with Cuba), reflecting "Venezuela's continued slide towards dictatorship" as the government has side-lined the opposition-dominated National Assembly, jailed or disenfranchised leading opposition politicians and violently suppressed opposition protests.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg/220px-El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg/330px-El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg/440px-El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Foreign leaders greet Maduro at <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">Maduro's second inauguration</a> on 10 January 2019</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">Venezuelan presidential elections were held prematurely in May 2018</a>; the New York Times printed a news piece about the elections, headlining the word dictator, "Critics Say He Can't Beat a dictator. This Venezuelan thinks he can".<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Miguel Angel Latouche, a political science professor at <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> wrote an opinion piece entitled, "Venezuela is now a dictatorship",<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> and CNN reported that US Republicans were using the term Venezuelan dictator to describe a Democratic candidate.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Noriega" title="Roger Noriega">Roger Noriega</a> wrote in the Miami Herald that a "lawless regime" and "narcodictatorship" headed by Maduro, <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a> had driven "Venezuela to the brink of collapse".<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> The 10 January 2019 <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro</a> was widely condemned<a href="#cite_note-SwearsIllegitimate-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-HowDid-187">[184]</a> and led to further commentary that Maduro had consolidated power and become a dictator from the <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">Irish Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> the <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">Economist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> Canada's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> labeled Maduro an "illegitimate dictator" responsible for "terrible oppression" and the humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> The Canadian minister of foreign affairs, <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a>, stated that "Having seized power through fraudulent and anti-democratic elections held on May 20, 2018, the Maduro regime is now fully entrenched as a dictatorship."<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Presidents <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> of Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> of Brazil condemned what they called Maduro's dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Univisión announcer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ramos_(news_anchor)" title="Jorge Ramos (news anchor)">Jorge Ramos</a> described his detention following a live interview of Maduro, saying that if Maduro does not release the seized video of the interview, "he is behaving exactly like a dictator".<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> stated "of course Maduro is a dictator".<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Reporter Kenneth Rapoza wrote an opinion piece for <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> with the title, "Basically everyone now knows Venezuela is a dictatorship."<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birthplace_and_nationality">Birthplace and nationality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 310px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16EihzCLMTw">¿Dónde nació Nicolás Maduro?</a> [Where was Nicolás Maduro born?] Diario Las Américas TV</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> To be elected as President of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, to not hold another nationality, to be over thirty years old, to not be a member of the clergy, to not be subject to a court conviction and to meet the other requirements established in this Constitution </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Article 227 of the Constitution of Venezuela</cite></div> </div> Maduro's birthplace and nationality have been questioned several times,<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> with some placing doubt that he could hold the office of the presidency, given that Article 227 of the Venezuelan constitution states that "To be elected as president of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, to not hold another nationality, to be over thirty years old, to not be a member of the clergy, to not be subject to a court conviction and to meet the other requirements in this Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-EN-203">[200]</a> After his triumph in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 presidential elections</a>, opposition deputies warned that they would investigate the double nationality of Maduro.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 2014, official declarations by the Venezuela government shared four different birthplaces of Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Tachira state</a>'s governor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vielma_Mora" title="José Vielma Mora">José Vielma Mora</a> assured that Maduro was born in El Palotal sector of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_del_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Antonio del Táchira">San Antonio del Táchira</a> and that he had relatives that live in the towns of Capacho and <a href="/wiki/Rubio,_Venezuela" title="Rubio, Venezuela">Rubio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> The opposition deputy Abelardo Díaz reviewed the civil registry of El Valle, as well as the civil registry referenced by Vielma Mora, without finding any proof or documentation that could confirm Maduro's birthplace.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> In June 2013, two months after assuming the presidency, Maduro claimed in a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, in Los Chaguaramos, in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Parish" title="San Pedro Parish">San Pedro Parish</a>. During an interview with a Spanish journalist, also in June 2013, <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a> claimed that Maduro was born in El Valle parish, in the <a href="/wiki/Libertador_Bolivarian_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertador Bolivarian Municipality">Libertador Municipality of Caracas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EN-203">[200]</a> In October 2013, <a href="/wiki/Tibisay_Lucena" title="Tibisay Lucena">Tibisay Lucena</a>, head of the National Electoral Council, assured in the <a href="/wiki/Globovisi%C3%B3n" title="Globovisión">Globovisión</a> TV show <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Villegas" title="Vladimir Villegas">Vladimir a la 1</a> that Maduro was born in <a href="/wiki/La_Candelaria_Parish" title="La Candelaria Parish">La Candelaria Parish</a> in Caracas, showing copies of the registry presentation book of all the newborns the day when allegedly Maduro was born. In April 2016 during a <a href="/wiki/Cadena_nacional" title="Cadena nacional">cadena nacional</a>, Maduro changed his birthplace narrative once more, saying that he was born in Los Chaguaramos, specifically in Valle Abajo, adding that he was baptized in the San Pedro church.<a href="#cite_note-EN-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> In 2016, a group of Venezuelans asked the National Assembly to investigate whether Maduro was Colombian in an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> addressed to the National Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ramos_Allup" title="Henry Ramos Allup">Henry Ramos Allup</a> that justified the request by the "reasonable doubts there are around the true origins of Maduro, because, to date, he has refused to show his birth certificate". The 62 petitioners, including former ambassador <a href="/wiki/Diego_Arria" title="Diego Arria">Diego Arria</a>, businessman <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Granier" title="Marcel Granier">Marcel Granier</a> and opposition former military, assuring that according to the Colombian constitution Maduro is "Colombian by birth" for being "the son of a Colombian mother and for having resided" in the neighboring country "during his childhood".<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The same year several former members of the Electoral Council sent an open letter to Tibisay Lucena requesting to "exhibit publicly, in a printed media of national circulation the documents that certify the strict compliance with Articles 41 and 227 of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, that is to say, the birth certificate and the Certificate of Venezuelan Nationality by Birth of Nicolás Maduro Moros in order to verify if he is Venezuelan by birth and without another nationality". The document mentions that the current president of the CNE incurs in "a serious error, and even an irresponsibility, when she affirms that Maduro's nationality 'is not a motto of the National Electoral Council'" and the signatories also refer to the four different moments in which different politicians have awarded four different places of birth as official.<a href="#cite_note-auto-209">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diario_Las_Am%C3%A9ricas" title="Diario Las Américas">Diario Las Américas</a> claimed to have access to the birth inscriptions of Teresa de Jesús Moros, Maduro's mother, and of José Mario Moros, his uncle, both registered in the parish church of San Antonio of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-auto-209">[206]</a> Opposition deputies have assured that the birth certificate of Maduro must say that he is the son of a Colombian mother, which would represent proof that confirms that the president has double nationality and that he cannot hold any office under Article 41 of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-EN-203">[200]</a> Deputy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Sol%C3%B3rzano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Fernández Solórzano (page does not exist)">Dennis Fernández Solórzano</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Dennis Fernández">es</a>] has headed a special commission that investigates the origins of the president and has declared that "Maduro's mother is a Colombian citizen" and that the Venezuelan head of State would also be Colombian.<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a> The researcher, historian and former deputy Walter Márquez declared months after the presidential elections that Maduro's mother was born in Colombia and not in Rubio, Táchira. Márquez has also declared that Maduro "was born in Bogotá, according to the verbal testimonies of people who knew him as a child in Colombia and the documentary research we did" and that "there are more than 10 witnesses that corroborate this information, five of them live in Bogotá".<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg/220px-Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg/330px-Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg/440px-Nulidad_elecciones_presidenciales_de_Venezuela_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sentence of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">Supreme Tribunal in exile</a> that annuls the 2013 presidential elections and requests the presidency and the CNE to send a certified copy of the president's birth certificate, as well as the resignation from his Colombian nationality</figcaption></figure> On 28 October 2016, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice issued a ruling stating that according to incontrovertible evidence, it had absolute certainty that Maduro was born in Caracas, in the parish of La Candelaria, known then as the Libertador Department of the Federal District, on 23 November 1962.<a href="#cite_note-EN-203">[200]</a> The ruling does not reproduce Maduro's birth certificate. Instead, it quotes a communique signed on 8 June by the Colombian vice-minister of foreign affairs Patti Londoño Jaramillo: "No related information was found, nor civil registry of birth, nor citizenship card that allows [us] to infer that president Nicolás Maduro Moros is a Colombian national". The Supreme Court warned the deputies and the Venezuelans that "sowing doubts about the origins of the president" may "lead to the corresponding criminal, civil, administrative and, if applicable, disciplinary consequences" for "attack against the State".<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a> On 11 January 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile</a> decreed the nullity of the 2013 presidential elections after lawyer Enrique Aristeguieta Gramcko presented evidence about the presumed non-existence of ineligibility conditions of Maduro to be elected and to hold the office of the presidency. Aristeguieta argued in the appeal that, under Article 96, Section B, of the Political Constitution of Colombia, Nicolás Maduro Moros, even in the unproven case of having been born in Venezuela, is "Colombian by birth" because he is the son of a Colombian mother and by having resided in that territory during his youth. The Constitutional Chamber admitted the demand and requested the presidency and the Electoral Council to send a certified copy of the president's birth certificate, in addition to his resignation from Colombian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> In March 2018 former Colombian president <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Pastrana">Andrés Pastrana</a> made reference to the baptism certificate of Maduro's mother, noting that the disclosed document reiterates the Colombian origin of the mother of the president and that therefore Maduro has Colombian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3></div> Maduro continued the practice of his predecessor, Hugo Chávez, of denouncing alleged conspiracies against him or his government; in a period of fifteen months following his election, dozens of conspiracies, some supposedly linked to assassination and coup attempts, were reported by Maduro's government.<a href="#cite_note-APconspiracy-213">[210]</a> In this same period, the number of attempted coups claimed by the Venezuelan government outnumbered all attempted and executed coups occurring worldwide in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FPcoupFATIGUE-214">[211]</a> In TV program <a href="/wiki/La_Hojilla" title="La Hojilla">La Hojilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Hojilla" title="La Hojilla">Mario Silva</a>, a TV personality of the main state-run channel <a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">Venezolana de Televisión</a>, stated in March 2015 that Maduro had received about 13 million psychological attacks.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> Observers say that Maduro uses such conspiracy theories as a strategy to distract Venezuelans from the root causes of problems facing his government.<a href="#cite_note-LAconspiracy-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-APconspiracy-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUTERSjan2013-218">[215]</a> According to American news publication <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, Maduro's predecessor, Hugo Chávez, "relied on his considerable populist charm, conspiratorial rhetoric, and his prodigious talent for crafting excuses" to avoid backlash from troubles Venezuela was facing, with Foreign Policy further stating that for Maduro, "the appeal of reworking the magic that once saved his mentor is obvious".<a href="#cite_note-FPcoupFATIGUE-214">[211]</a> Andrés Cañizales, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello_Catholic_University" title="Andrés Bello Catholic University">Andrés Bello Catholic University</a>, said that as a result of the lack of reliable mainstream <a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">news broadcasting</a>, most Venezuelans stay informed via <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet hoax">internet hoaxes</a> have a higher impact in Venezuela than in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_(46518721302).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_%2846518721302%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_%2846518721302%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_%2846518721302%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_%2846518721302%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_%2846518721302%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Pompeo_Meets_With_Brazilian_President_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brasilia_%2846518721302%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4733" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> discussed Venezuela with Brazil's new president <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> in January 2019</figcaption></figure> In early 2015, the Maduro government accused the United States of attempting to overthrow him. The Venezuelan government performed elaborate actions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] to respond to such alleged attempts and to convince the public that its claims were true.<a href="#cite_note-FPcoupFATIGUE-214">[211]</a> The reactions included the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Antonio Ledezma</a> in February 2015, placing travel restrictions on American tourists and holding military marches and public exercises "for the first time in Venezuela's democratic history".<a href="#cite_note-FPcoupFATIGUE-214">[211]</a> After the United States ordered sanctions to be placed on seven Venezuelan officials for human rights violations, Maduro used anti-U.S. rhetoric to bump up his approval ratings.<a href="#cite_note-IBTapr15-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-SBS15-221">[218]</a> However, according to Venezuelan political scientist Isabella Picón, only about 15% of Venezuelans believed in the alleged coup attempt accusations at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FPcoupFATIGUE-214">[211]</a> In 2016, Maduro again claimed that the United States was attempting to assist the opposition with a coup attempt[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. On 12 January 2016, the Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS), <a href="/wiki/Luis_Almagro" title="Luis Almagro">Luis Almagro</a>, threatened to invoke the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Democratic_Charter" title="Inter-American Democratic Charter">Inter-American Democratic Charter</a>, an instrument used to defend democracy in the Americas when threatened, when opposition National Assembly members were barred from taking their seats by the Maduro-aligned Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Human rights organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HRWdc-223">[220]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Foundation" title="Human Rights Foundation">Human Rights Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> called for the OAS to invoke the Democratic Charter. After more controversies and pursuing a recall on Maduro, on 2 May 2016, opposition members of the National Assembly met with OAS officials to ask for the body to implement the Democratic Charter.<a href="#cite_note-MHmay16-225">[222]</a> Two days later on 4 May, the Maduro government called for a meeting the next day with the OAS, with Venezuelan Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a> stating that the United States and the OAS were attempting to overthrow Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-KCS-226">[223]</a> On 17 May 2016 in a national speech, Maduro called OAS Secretary General Luis Almagro "a traitor" and stated that he worked for the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Almagro sent a letter rebuking Maduro, and refuting the claim.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_(46422484424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2846422484424%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2846422484424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2846422484424%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2846422484424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2846422484424%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_Delivers_Remarks_to_the_Venezuelan_American_Community_%2846422484424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>In 2019, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> warned Venezuelan soldiers to renounce Maduro.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a></figcaption></figure> The Trump administration described Maduro's government as a "dictatorship".<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> When meeting with Latin American leaders during the <a href="/wiki/Seventy-second_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Seventy-second session of the United Nations General Assembly">seventy-second session</a> of the UN General Assembly, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> discussed possible United States military intervention in Venezuela, to which they all denied the offer.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Maduro's son, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">Nicolás Maduro Guerra</a>, stated during the 5th <a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">Constituent Assembly of Venezuela</a> session that if the United States were to attack Venezuela, "the rifles would arrive in New York, Mr. Trump, we would arrive and take the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>".<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shifter" title="Michael Shifter">Michael Shifter</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Dialogue" title="Inter-American Dialogue">Inter-American Dialogue</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, "a military action of the United States against Venezuela would be contrary to the movements of the Trump administration to retire troops from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>."<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> John Bolton has declared that "all options are on the table" but has also said that "our objective is a peaceful transfer of power".<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">Censorship in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_and_media_control_during_the_Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Censorship and media control during the Venezuelan presidential crisis">Censorship and media control during the Venezuelan presidential crisis</a></div> During Maduro's first tenure, between 2013 and 2018, 115 media outlets were shut down, including 41 print outlets, 65 radio outlets and 9 television channels.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> During the first seven months of 2019, the Press and Society Institute of Venezuela found at least 350 cases of violations of freedom of expression .<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">presidential crisis</a>, Venezuela has been exposed to frequent "information blackouts", periods without access to the internet or other news services during important political events.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-cpj30april-237">[234]</a> Since January, the National Assembly, and Guaido's speeches are regularly disrupted, television channels and radio programs have been censored, and many journalists were illegally detained.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> The Venezuelan press workers union reported that in 2019, 40 journalists had been arrested unlawfully as of 12 March.<a href="#cite_note-Escalona-238">[235]</a> As of June 2019, journalists have been denied access to seven sessions of the National Assembly by the National Guard.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> The state controls most Venezuelan television channels, and information unfavorable to the government is not covered completely.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> Newspapers and magazines are scarce, as most cannot afford paper to print.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> The underfunded web infrastructure has led to slow Internet connection speeds.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> The information blackouts have promoted the creation of underground news coverage that is usually broadcast through social media and instant message services like <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> The dependence of Venezuelans on social media has also promoted the spread of disinformation and pro-Maduro propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Timearticle2-39">[36]</a> Venezuela's rank on the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> has dropped 42 places since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:16-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> (IACHR) has made a call to the Maduro administration to reestablish TV and radio channels that have been closed, cease the restrictions on Internet access, and protect the rights of journalists.<a href="#cite_note-OASmay-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-OAStalcual-242">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Venezuela" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela">International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Let's overcome the differences, the conflict we had." "The doors of the Miraflores palace are open...so that we can talk about the differences we have, the conflict that arose and overcome it," </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Maduro said on 23 April, 2024 in an event held at the Miraflores presidential palace, with Karim Khan (the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court), who is investigating Venezuela for possible human right crimes, standing next to him. In the event Maduro said he agreed to allow the reopening of the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The UN Human Rights Office was expelled from Venezuela in February after it had expressed concern over the detention of <a href="/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_San_Miguel" title="Rocío San Miguel">Rocío San Miguel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MercoPress_2024_r972-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2024_q787-244">[241]</a></cite></div> </div> A Board of Independent Experts designated by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) published a 400-page report in 2018 that <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> have been committed in Venezuela during Maduro's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-:17-40">[37]</a> The Board concluded that Maduro could be "responsible for dozens of murders, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extra-judicial executions</a>, more than 12,000 cases of <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary detention">arbitrary detentions</a>, more than 290 cases of torture, attacks against the judiciary and a 'state-sanctioned humanitarian crisis' affecting hundreds of thousands of people".<a href="#cite_note-LesaHum-245">[242]</a> In February 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) announced that it would open preliminary probes into the alleged <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> performed by Venezuelan authorities.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> On 27 September 2018, six states parties to the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute</a>: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Canada, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, Chile, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, referred the situation in Venezuela since 12 February 2014 to the ICC, requesting the Prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Fatou_Bensouda" title="Fatou Bensouda">Fatou Bensouda</a> to initiate an investigation on crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the territory. The following day, the Presidency assigned the situation to Pre-Trial Chamber I.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> In March 2019 <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported in an article entitled "Maduro loses grip on Venezuela's poor, a vital source of his power" that barrios are turning against Maduro and that "many blame government brutality for the shift".<a href="#cite_note-LosesGrip-248">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foro_Penal" title="Foro Penal">Foro Penal</a> said that 50 people—mostly in barrios—had been killed by security forces in only the first two months of the year, and 653 had been arrested for protesting or speaking against the government. Cofavic, a victims' rights group, estimated "3,717 extrajudicial killings in the past two years, mostly of suspected criminals in barrios".<a href="#cite_note-LosesGrip-248">[245]</a> In April 2019, the US Department of State alleged that Venezuela, "led by Nicolas Maduro, has consistently violated the human rights and dignity of its citizens" and "driven a once prosperous nation into economic ruin with his authoritarian rule" and that "Maduro's thugs have engaged in extra-judicial killings and torture, taken political prisoners, and severely restricted freedom of speech, all in a brutal effort to retain power."<a href="#cite_note-MaduroViola-164">[161]</a> The State Department report highlighted abuse by the nation's security forces, including a number of deaths, the suspicious death of opposition politician <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alb%C3%A1n_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Albán Salazar">Fernando Albán Salazar</a>, the detention of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marrero" title="Roberto Marrero">Roberto Marrero</a>, and repression of demonstrators during <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">Venezuelan protests</a> which left at least 40 dead in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroViola-164">[161]</a> The third and last report of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> addressed extrajudicial executions, torture, enforced disappearances, and other rights violations allegedly committed by Venezuelan security forces in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-reutersIndependenceday-249">[246]</a> The High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> expressed her concerns for the "shockingly high" number of extrajudiciary killings and urged for the dissolution of the FAES.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Michellereport-250">[247]</a> According to the report, 1569 cases of executions as consequence as a result of "resistance to authority" were registered by the Venezuelan authorities from 1 January to 19 March.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Michellereport-250">[247]</a> Other 52 deaths that occurred during 2019 protests have been attributed to colectivos.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> The report also details how the Venezuelan government has "aimed at neutralising, repressing and criminalising political opponents and people critical of the government" since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Fr24Michellereport-250">[247]</a> A report by the human rights advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported in September 2019 that the poor communities in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> no longer in support of Maduro's government have witnessed arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial executions at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Police">Venezuelan police</a> unit. The Venezuelan government has repeatedly declared that the victims were armed criminals who had died during "confrontations." Still, several witnesses or families of victims have challenged these claims, and in many cases, victims were last seen alive in police custody. Although Venezuelan authorities told the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (OHCHR) that five FAES agents were convicted on charges including attempted murder for crimes committed in 2018 and that 388 agents were under investigation for crimes committed between 2017 and 2019, the OHCHR also reported that "[i]nstitutions responsible for the protection of human rights, such as the Attorney General's Office, the courts and the Ombudsperson, usually do not conduct prompt, effective, thorough, independent, impartial and transparent investigations into human rights violations and other crimes committed by State actors, bring perpetrators to justice, and protect victims and witnesses."<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> The government made three times more observations than the number of recommendations included in the UN report, and at the same time included false or incomplete claims.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> On 14 December 2020, the Office of the Prosecutor released a report on the office's year activities, stating that it believed there was a "reasonable basis" to think that "since at least April 2017, civilian authorities, members of the armed forces and pro-government individuals have committed the crimes against humanity." and that it expected to decide in 2021 whether to open an investigation or not.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-254">[251]</a> On 4 November 2021, ICC Prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Karim_Ahmad_Khan" title="Karim Ahmad Khan">Karim Khan</a> announced the opening of an investigation regarding the situation in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-:2-255">[252]</a> The Venezuelan human rights organization <a href="/wiki/PROVEA" title="PROVEA">PROVEA</a> has identified more than 43,000 people whose "right to personal integrity" has been violated since Maduro took office in 2013, including 1,652 people who were tortured, 7,309 people who were subjected to "cruel, inhumane and degrading" treatment or punishment, and at least 28 people who were killed in the country's prisons.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_independence">Judicial independence</h3></div> On 16 September 2021, the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela released its second report on the country's situation, concluding that the independence of the Venezuelan justice system under Maduro has been deeply eroded to the extent of playing an important role in aiding the state repression and perpetuating state impunity for human rights violations. The document identified frequent <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> violations, including the use of pre-trial detention as a routine (rather than an exceptional measure) and judges sustaining detentions or charges based on manipulated or fabricated evidence, evidence obtained through illegal means, and evidence obtained through coercion or torture; in some of the reviewed cases, the judges also failed to protect torture victims, returning them to detentions centers were torture was denounced, "despite having heard victims, sometimes bearing visible injuries consistent with torture, make the allegation in court". The report also concluded that prosecutorial and judicial individuals at all levels witnessed or experienced external interference in decision-making and that several reported receiving instructions either from the judicial or prosecutorial hierarchy or from political officials on how to decide cases.<a href="#cite_note-:62-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trafficking_and_money_laundering_incidents">Drug trafficking and money laundering incidents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcosobrinos incident">Narcosobrinos incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartel_of_the_Suns" title="Cartel of the Suns">Cartel of the Suns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg/180px-Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg/270px-Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg/360px-Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1382" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg/180px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg/270px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg/360px-Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_reward_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcosobrinos incident">Efraín Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas</a> after their arrest by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Drug_Enforcement_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Drug Enforcement Administration">United States Drug Enforcement Administration</a> on 10 November 2015 Right: Maduro reward poster issued on 26 March 2020</div></div></div></div> Two nephews of Maduro's wife, Efraín Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas, were found guilty in a US court of conspiracy to import cocaine in November 2016, with some of their funds possibly assisting Maduro's presidential campaign in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 Venezuelan presidential election</a> and potentially for the <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections</a>, with the funds mainly used to "help their family stay in power".<a href="#cite_note-INSIGHT-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCnov19-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-REUT18nov-259">[256]</a> One informant stated that the two often flew out of Terminal 4 of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_International_Airport_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar International Airport (Venezuela)">Simon Bolivar Airport</a>, a terminal reserved for the president.<a href="#cite_note-INSIGHT-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCnov19-258">[255]</a> After Maduro's nephews were apprehended by the US <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> for the illegal distribution of cocaine on 10 November 2015, carrying diplomatic passports, Maduro posted a statement on Twitter criticizing "attacks and imperialist ambushes", saying "the Father land will continue on its path".<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a>, a senior official in Maduro's government, was quoted as saying the arrests were a "kidnapping" by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Ex-Venezuelan vice president <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a>, who served Maduro from 2017 to 2018, is under U.S. sanctions for drug trafficking and aiding <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>. He is accused by the <a href="/wiki/U.S_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S State Department">U.S State Department</a> of aiding sanctioned Iran terrorist-backed groups, including <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>. He is also accused of having ties with various illicit organizations, including <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartel_of_the_Suns" title="Cartel of the Suns">Cartel of the Suns</a>. On 18 May 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a> placed sanctions in effect against high-level official <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a>. OFAC stated that Cabello and others used their power within the Bolivarian government "to personally profit from extortion, money laundering, and embezzlement", with Cabello allegedly directing drug trafficking activities with Venezuelan Vice President <a href="/wiki/Tareck_El_Aissami" title="Tareck El Aissami">Tareck El Aissami</a> while dividing drug profits with President Maduro. On 26 March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> charged Maduro and other Venezuelan officials and some Colombian former FARC members for what <a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a> described as "narco-terrorism": the shipping of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> to the US to wage a health war on US citizens. According to Barr, Venezuelan leaders and the FARC faction organised an "air bridge" from a Venezuelan air base transporting cocaine to Central America and a sea route to the Caribbean. The US government offered $15 million for any information that would lead to his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt2020-263">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr2020-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> Maduro's nephews were freed in October 2022 as a prisoner swap for seven jailed Americans.<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homophobic_statements">Homophobic statements</h3></div> As foreign minister, during a tenth anniversary gathering commemorating the <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</a> going into the <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 Venezuelan presidential election</a>, Maduro called opposition members "snobs" and "little faggots."<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> During the presidential campaign of 2013, Maduro used anti-gay attacks as a political weapon, calling representatives of the opposition "faggots".<a href="#cite_note-homofobia-269">[266]</a> Maduro used anti-gay speech toward his opponent <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles</a> calling him a "little princess" and saying "I do have a wife, you know? I do like women!"<a href="#cite_note-homofobia-269">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> In 2017, Maduro expressed his personal support for same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger_crisis">Hunger crisis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caja_CLAP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caja_CLAP.jpg/300px-Caja_CLAP.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caja_CLAP.jpg/450px-Caja_CLAP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caja_CLAP.jpg/600px-Caja_CLAP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>A food box provided by <a href="/wiki/Local_Committee_for_Supply_and_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Committee for Supply and Production">CLAP</a>, with the supplier (Grand Group Limited, owned by Maduro) receiving government funds</figcaption></figure> In August 2017, <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luisa Ortega Díaz">Luisa Ortega Díaz</a>, Chief Prosecutor of Venezuela from 2007 until her sacking in August 2017, accused Maduro of profiting from the <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a>. The government-operated <a href="/wiki/Local_Committees_for_Supply_and_Production" title="Local Committees for Supply and Production">Local Committees for Supply and Production</a> (CLAP), which provides food to impoverished Venezuelans, made contracts with Group Grand Limited, a company that Ortega said was "presumably owned by Nicolás Maduro" through front-men Rodolfo Reyes, Álvaro Uguedo Vargas and Alex Saab. The Venezuelan government paid Group Grand Limited, a Mexican entity, for basic foods, which it supplied to CLAP. Maduro accused Ortega of working with the United States to damage his government.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> An April 2019 communication from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> highlighted a 2017 <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> investigation finding that the government paid US$42 for food that cost under US$13 and that "Maduro's inner circle kept the difference, which totaled more than $200 million dollars in at least one case", adding that food boxes were "distributed in exchange for votes".<a href="#cite_note-MaduroViola-164">[161]</a> On 18 October 2018, Mexican prosecutors accused the Venezuelan government and Mexican individuals of buying poor-quality food products for CLAP and exporting them to Venezuela to double their value for sale.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a>, Venezuelan National Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Juan Guaidó</a> said that the Maduro government had plans to steal for humanitarian purposes the products that entered the country, including plans to distribute these products through the government's food-distribution program CLAP.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> While Venezuelans were affected by hunger and shortages, Maduro and his government officials publicly shared images of themselves eating luxurious meals, images that were met with displeasure by Venezuelans.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[276]</a> Despite the majority of Venezuelans losing weight due to hunger, members of the Maduro's administration appeared to gain weight.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[276]</a> In November 2017, while giving a lengthy, live cadena broadcast, Maduro, unaware he was still being filmed, pulled out an <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">empanada</a> from his desk and began eating it.<a href="#cite_note-Pastrygate-280">[277]</a> This occurred amid controversy over Maduro's gaining weight during the nationwide food and medicine shortage; with many on social media criticizing the publicly broadcast incident.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> In September 2018, Maduro ate at one of <a href="/wiki/Nusret_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusret Gökçe">Nusret Gökçe</a>'s luxury restaurants in Istanbul. Gökçe, popularly known as Salt Bae, served Maduro and his wife a meat-heavy meal, offering a personalized shirt and box of cigars with Maduro's name engraved.<a href="#cite_note-:0-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> The incident received international criticism and The Wall Street Journal also reported that the incident left poor Venezuelans incensed.<a href="#cite_note-LosesGrip-248">[245]</a> In December 2018, videos and pictures were leaked showing a glamorous Christmas party that counted with an expensive feast, including French wine, taking place in the seat of the pro-Maduro <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a>. The images received considerable backlash from social networks, criticizing the costs of the party during the grave economic crisis in the country and the hypocrisy of Maduro's government.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Operation Car Wash</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf/page1-220px-Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf/page1-330px-Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf/page1-440px-Corrupt_Venezuelan_Regime.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>The "Corrupt Venezuelan Regime", according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a></figcaption></figure> In an investigative interview with Euzenando Prazeres de Azevedo, president of Constructora Odebrecht in Venezuela, the executive revealed how Odebrecht paid $35 million to fund Maduro's <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 presidential campaign</a> if Odebrecht projects would be prioritized in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-WPode-284">[281]</a> Americo Mata, Maduro's campaign manager, initially asked for $50 million for Maduro, though the final $35 million was settled.<a href="#cite_note-WPode-284">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> Maduro was sentenced to 18 years and 3 months in prison on 15 August 2018 by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile</a>, with the exiled high court stating "there is enough evidence to establish the guilt ... [of] corruption and legitimation of capital".<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> Secretary General, Luis Almagro, supported the verdict and asked for the Venezuelan National Assembly to recognize the ruling of the Supreme Tribunal in exile.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> The US State Department issued a fact sheet stating that Maduro's most serious corruption involved embezzlement in which "a European bank accepted exorbitant commissions to process approximately $2 billion in transactions related to Venezuelan third–party money launderers, shell companies, and complex financial products to siphon off funds from PdVSA".<a href="#cite_note-MaduroViola-164">[161]</a> The State Department also alleges that Maduro expelled authorized foreign companies from the mining sector to allow officials to exploit Venezuela's resources for their own gain, using unregulated miners under the control of Venezuela's armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-MaduroViola-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Venezuelan_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis">International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm/220px--Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="293" data-mwtitle="Nicolás_Maduro_sanctioned.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_sanctioned.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Announcement of sanctions against Maduro by National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">H. R. McMaster</a> and Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a></figcaption></figure> Thirteen government officials were sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Treasury">United States Department of Treasury</a> due to their involvement with the <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TREASven-288">[285]</a> Two months later, the Canadian government sanctioned members of the Maduro government, including Maduro, preventing Canadian nationals from participating in property and financial deals with him due to the rupture of Venezuela's constitutional order.<a href="#cite_note-CanadaSanc-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-CanadaSanc2-290">[287]</a> After the Constituent Assembly election, the United States sanctioned Maduro on 31 July 2017, making him the fourth foreign <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> to be sanctioned by the United States after Bashar al-Assad of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> of North Korea and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a> of Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-Herald2017-291">[288]</a> Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Steven Mnuchin</a> stating "Maduro is a dictator who disregards the will of the Venezuelan people".<a href="#cite_note-SANCTIONED-100">[97]</a> Maduro fired back at the sanctions during his victory speech saying "I don't obey imperial orders. I'm against the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> that governs the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, and I'm proud to feel that way."<a href="#cite_note-Herald2017-291">[288]</a> On 29 March 2018, Maduro was sanctioned by the Panamanian government for his alleged involvement with "money laundering, financing of terrorism and financing the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>".<a href="#cite_note-PanamaSanc-292">[289]</a> Maduro is also banned from entering <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia31Jan2019-293">[290]</a> The Colombian government maintains a list of people banned from entering Colombia or subject to expulsion; as of January 2019, the list had 200 people with a "close relationship and support for the Nicolás Maduro regime".<a href="#cite_note-MaduroHeads-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colombia31Jan2019-293">[290]</a> After the breakdown of the Barbados Agreements, he disqualified the pre-candidate <a href="/wiki/Maria_Corina_Machado" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Corina Machado">Maria Corina Machado</a> through the Supreme Court, similar to the official government. After that, the US Sanctions were reapplied under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> In September 2024, an Argentine federal court issued an arrest warrant against Maduro and several other Venezuelan officials for crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png/220px-President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png/330px-President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png/440px-President_Maduro%27s_approval_rating.png 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Source: Datanálisis through July 2017; as of March 2019, Maduro's approval rating stands at 14%<a href="#cite_note-Wyss4Mar-299">[296]</a></figcaption></figure> In October 2013, Maduro's approval rating stood between 45% and 50% with Reuters stating that it was possibly due to Hugo Chávez's endorsement.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> One year later in October 2014, Maduro's approval rating was at 24.5% according to pollster Datanálisis.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> In November 2014, Datanálisis polls indicated that more than 66% of Venezuelans believed that Maduro should not finish his six-year term, with government supporters representing more than 25% of those believing that Maduro should resign.<a href="#cite_note-BInov2014-302">[299]</a> In March and April 2015, Maduro saw a small increase in approval after initiating a campaign of anti-US rhetoric following the sanctioning of seven officials accused by the United States of participating in human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-IBTapr15-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-SBS15-221">[218]</a> During a recall movement gathered from late-October through November 2016, a poll by Venebarómetro found that "88% of 'likely' voters in a recall would choose to oust Maduro."<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_2016_Maduro2-303">[300]</a> Among similar polls, Hercon concluded that up to 81.3% of voters responded being willing to recall Maduro,<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> Meganálisis that up to 78.3% of respondents disagreed that Maduro continued governing,<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> and Datanálisis that 75% of Venezuelans considered that Maduro should be recalled.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> In September 2018, Meganálisis polls found that 84.6% of Venezuelans surveyed wanted Maduro and his government to be removed from power.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> Following the suspension of the recall movement, a Venebarómetro poll found that 61.4% found that Maduro had become a dictator,<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> while in a poll taken by Keller and Associates 63% of those questioned thought that Maduro was a dictator.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 presidential elections</a>, a Datanálisis poll indicated that 16.7% of voters would vote for Maduro as candidate, compared to 27.6% and 17.1% of voters that would choose rival candidates <a href="/wiki/Henri_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Henri Falcón">Henri Falcón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bertucci" title="Javier Bertucci">Javier Bertucci</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> During the presidential crisis, The Wall Street Journal reported that <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrios</a> were turning against Maduro in "a shift born of economic misery and police violence".<a href="#cite_note-LosesGrip-248">[245]</a> Surveys between 30 January and 1 February 2019 by Meganálisis recorded that 4.1% of Venezuelans recognized Maduro as president, 11.2% were undecided, and 84.6% of respondents recognized Guaidó as interim president. The study of 1,030 Venezuelans was conducted in 16 states and 32 cities.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> A separate pollster, Hinterlaces, ran a poll from 21 January to 2 February 2019 that found that 57% of Venezuelans recognized Maduro as the legitimate president of Venezuela, 32% recognized Guaidó, and 11% were unsure.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> By 4 March 2019, a Datanálisis poll found Guaidó's approval at 61%, and Maduro's at all-time low of 14%, with Guaidó win 77% in a theoretical election with Maduro, who received 23% of support.<a href="#cite_note-Wyss4Mar-299">[296]</a> Datanálisis found that, among the poorest 20% of Venezuelans, Maduro's support had fallen to 18% in February 2019 from 40% two years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-LosesGrip-248">[245]</a> In a 2019 analyst José Briceño-Ruiz, based on the Meganalisis poll and other trends, said that Maduro was "extremely unpopular".<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> In February 2023, a year before the <a href="/wiki/Next_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Venezuelan presidential election">2024 presidential elections</a>, a Datincorp poll concluded that 15.69% of voters would vote for Maduro as a candidate, in contrast to 16.86% that would vote for opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Corina_Machado" title="María Corina Machado">María Corina Machado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>Maduro was parodied in the <a href="/wiki/Web_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Web animation">animated web series</a> <a href="/wiki/Isla_Presidencial" title="Isla Presidencial">Isla Presidencial</a>, along with most of the other Latin American leaders, portrayed as a man of limited intelligence, twisted speech, and capable of talking with birds, the latter being a reference to a comment made by Maduro during the <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 presidential elections</a>, when he said that the late Chávez had reincarnated in a little bird and talked to him to bless his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Animaniacs_(2020_TV_series)" title="Animaniacs (2020 TV series)">2020 revival of the Animaniacs series</a> has featured Maduro, mocking him and the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">hyperinflation in Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a></li> <li>Several documentaries that discuss the Bolivarian Revolution and the Crisis in Venezuela, including <a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Revolution" title="In the Shadow of the Revolution">In the Shadow of the Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_La_Calle" class="mw-redirect" title="A La Calle">A La Calle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:12-321">[318]</a> depict Maduro as well.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Revoked and returned awards and honours. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:690px;">Awards and orders </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;">Country </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;">Date </th> <th scope="col" style="width:110px;">Place </th> <th scope="col" style="width:300px;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/70px-VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/105px-VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png/140px-VEN_Order_of_the_Liberator_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator" title="Order of the Liberator">Order of the Liberator</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>19 April 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela </td> <td>Highest decoration of Venezuela, given to every president.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f99"><a href="/wiki/File:ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/70px-ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/105px-ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/140px-ARG_Order_of_the_Liberator_San_Martin_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td style="background:#f99"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Liberator_General_San_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Order of the Liberator General San Martín">Order of the Liberator General San Martín</a> (Revoked) </td> <td style="background:#f99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td style="background:#f99">8 May 2013 </td> <td style="background:#f99"><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina </td> <td style="background:#f99">Highest decoration of Argentina awarded by political ally <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a>. Revoked on 11 August 2017 by President <a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a> for <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">human rights violations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/70px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/105px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/140px-BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Condor_of_the_Andes" title="Order of the Condor of the Andes">Order of the Condor of the Andes</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>26 May 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, Bolivia </td> <td>Highest decoration of Bolivia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png/70px-Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png/105px-Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png/140px-Bicentenary_Order_of_the_Admirable_Campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="56" /></a> </td> <td>Bicentenary Order of the Admirable Campaign </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </td> <td>15 June 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trujillo_(state)" title="Trujillo (state)">Trujillo</a>, Venezuela </td> <td>Venezuelan order.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Star_of_Palestine_(Palestine)_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg/70px-The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg/105px-The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg/140px-The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decorations,_medals_and_badges_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorations, medals and badges of Palestine">Star of Palestine</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> </td> <td>16 May 2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela </td> <td>Highest decoration of Palestine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_Sandino_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Orden_Sandino_1.svg/70px-Orden_Sandino_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Orden_Sandino_1.svg/105px-Orden_Sandino_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Orden_Sandino_1.svg/140px-Orden_Sandino_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Order of Augusto César Sandino </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </td> <td>17 March 2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, Nicaragua </td> <td>Highest decoration of Nicaragua.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/70px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>18 March 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Habana" class="mw-redirect" title="La Habana">La Habana</a>, Cuba </td> <td>Cuban order.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <ul><li>In 2014, Maduro was named as one of TIME magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 Most Influential People</a>. In the article, it explained that whether or not Venezuela collapses "now depends on Maduro", saying it also depends on whether Maduro "can step out of the shadow of his pugnacious predecessor and compromise with his opponents".<a href="#cite_note-TIMEmaduro-328">[325]</a></li> <li>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> (RSF) Top 35 Predators of Press Freedom list placed Maduro as a "predator" to press freedom in Venezuela, with RSF noting his method of "carefully orchestrated censorship and economic asphyxiation" toward media organizations.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a></li> <li>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project</a> (OCCRP), an international non-governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption, gave President Maduro the Person of the Year Award that "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption". The OCCRP stated that they "chose Maduro for the global award on the strength of his corrupt and oppressive reign, so rife with mismanagement that citizens of his oil-rich nation are literally starving and begging for medicines" and that Maduro and his family steal millions of dollars from government coffers to fund patronage that maintains President Maduro's power in Venezuela. The group also explains how Maduro had overruled the legislative branch filled with opposition politicians, repressed citizen protests and had relatives involved in drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-NMoccrp-331">[328]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_presidential_campaign">2013 presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 Venezuelan presidential election</a></div> Maduro won the second presidential election after the death of Hugo Chávez, with 50.61% of the votes against the opposition's candidate <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles_Radonski" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrique Capriles Radonski">Henrique Capriles Radonski</a> who had 49.12% of the votes. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a> contested his election as fraud and as a violation of the constitution. However, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Venezuela">Supreme Court of Venezuela</a> ruled that under Venezuela's Constitution, Maduro is the legitimate president and was invested as such by the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> (Asamblea Nacional).<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_presidential_campaign">2018 presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 Venezuelan presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign">2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_campa%C3%B1a_presidencial_Venezuela_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Logo_campa%C3%B1a_presidencial_Venezuela_2018.png/220px-Logo_campa%C3%B1a_presidencial_Venezuela_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Logo_campa%C3%B1a_presidencial_Venezuela_2018.png/330px-Logo_campa%C3%B1a_presidencial_Venezuela_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Logo_campa%C3%B1a_presidencial_Venezuela_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Nicolás Maduro's 2018 presidential campaign logo</figcaption></figure> Maduro was declared as the winner of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 election</a> with 67.8% of the vote. The result was denounced as fraudulent by most neighboring countries, including Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Peña Nieto</a>'s Mexico, Chile, Colombia, Brazil, Canada and the United States,<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> as well as organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:11-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-336">[333]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, but recognized as legitimate by other neighboring countries such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">López Obrador</a>'s Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> Bolivia,<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> Cuba,<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>,<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Nicaragua<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> and some other <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a> countries,<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> along with South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> China,<a href="#cite_note-:1-345">[342]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_presidential_campaign">2024 presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 Venezuelan presidential election</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="4">First round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013</a> </th> <td>7,587,579 </td> <td>50.6 </td> <td>No. 1 </td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018</a> </th> <td>6,245,862 </td> <td>67.8 </td> <td>No. 1 </td> <td>Elected </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024</a> </th> <td>5,150,092 </td> <td>51.2 </td> <td>No. 1 </td> <td>Elected </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/48px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/64px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_state_of_emergency_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 state of emergency in Venezuela">2016 state of emergency in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">List of presidents of Venezuela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-1">b</a> Although Nicolás Maduro's exact birthplace has been questioned on several occasions and high-ranking government officials have differed on its details, most sources agree that he was born in Caracas. See <a href="#Birthplace_and_nationality">§ Birthplace and nationality</a> for more details. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The original electoral date was December 2018 but was pulled ahead to 22 April and then pushed back to 20 May.<a href="#cite_note-BBCweighs-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-VOAdelay-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> See "<a href="#Dictatorship_charges">§ Dictatorship charges</a>" for full discussion and sources. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBusch2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Busch, Alexander (12 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzz.ch/english/why-venezuelas-dictator-nicolas-maduro-can-still-hold-on-to-power-ld.1843055">"Why Venezuela's dictator can still hold on to power"</a>. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-6829">0376-6829</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Why+Venezuela%27s+dictator+can+still+hold+on+to+power&rft.date=2024-08-12&rft.issn=0376-6829&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzz.ch%2Fenglish%2Fwhy-venezuelas-dictator-nicolas-maduro-can-still-hold-on-to-power-ld.1843055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/venezuela-nicolas-maduro-elections-fraud-dictator/">"How Venezuela's Maduro went from usurper to dictator"</a>. openDemocracy. Retrieved 24 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=How+Venezuela%27s+Maduro+went+from+usurper+to+dictator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fvenezuela-nicolas-maduro-elections-fraud-dictator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/international/5071060-syria-fall-dictatorships/amp/">"Venezuela's Maduro could be the next dictator to fall"</a>. The Hill. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 24 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Maduro+could+be+the+next+dictator+to+fall&rft.date=2025-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Finternational%2F5071060-syria-fall-dictatorships%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj-5"><a href="#cite_ref-wsj_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Córdoba,_JoséVyas,_Kejal2012" class="citation news cs1">de Córdoba, José; Vyas, Kejal (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324001104578168283496596560">"Venezuela's Future in Balance"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405112343/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324001104578168283496596560">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Future+in+Balance&rft.date=2012-12-09&rft.au=de+C%C3%B3rdoba%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Vyas%2C+Kejal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887324001104578168283496596560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPdecree-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPdecree_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPdecree_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaz-Struck,_Emilia_and_Juan_Forero2013" class="citation news cs1">Diaz-Struck, Emilia and Juan Forero (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuelan-president-maduro-given-power-to-rule-by-decree/2013/11/19/af304c3c-516b-11e3-9ee6-2580086d8254_story.html">"Venezuelan president Maduro given power to rule by decree"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619003634/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuelan-president-maduro-given-power-to-rule-by-decree/2013/11/19/af304c3c-516b-11e3-9ee6-2580086d8254_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015. <q>Venezuela's legislature on Tuesday gave President Nicolás Maduro decree powers that he says are necessary for an 'economic offensive' against the spiraling inflation and food shortages buffeting the country's economy ahead of important municipal elections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+president+Maduro+given+power+to+rule+by+decree&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.au=Diaz-Struck%2C+Emilia+and+Juan+Forero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fvenezuelan-president-maduro-given-power-to-rule-by-decree%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Faf304c3c-516b-11e3-9ee6-2580086d8254_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31899510">"Venezuela: President Maduro granted power to govern by decree"</a>. BBC News. 16 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112211132/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-31899510">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2017. 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Retrieved 24 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venezuela+president+declares+economic+emergency+as+inflation+hits+141%25&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.au=Brodzinsky%2C+Sibylla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F16%2Fvenezuela-president-declares-economic-emergency-as-inflation-hits-141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorely,_Will2016" class="citation news cs1">Worely, Will (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-is-going-to-shut-down-for-a-whole-week-because-of-an-energy-crisis-a6939246.html">"Venezuela is going to shut down for a whole week because of an energy crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525075026/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/venezuela-is-going-to-shut-down-for-a-whole-week-because-of-an-energy-crisis-a6939246.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efectococuyo.com/politica/sepa-quienes-son-los-11-venezolanos-senalados-por-la-oea-por-crimenes-de-lesa-humanidad/">the original</a> on 22 June 2018. 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Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Venezuela+faces+landmark+ICC+investigation+over+alleged+crimes+against+humanity&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fnov%2F04%2Fvenezuela-faces-landmark-icc-investigation-over-alleged-crimes-against-humanity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elmundo2012-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elmundo2012_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elmundo2012_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elmundo2012_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002135115/http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/politica/perfil---nicolas-maduro-cruzo-la-calle.aspx">"Perfil | ¿Quién es Nicolás Maduro?"</a>. 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March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203072800/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/03/2013397107588721.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+Nicolas+Maduro+%E2%80%93+Americas&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F2013%2F03%2F2013397107588721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2015" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Peter (17 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSHuCgAAQBAJ&q=nicolas+maduro+born+1962&pg=PA289">Historical Dictionary of Socialism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-442-25827-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-442-25827-3"><bdi>978-1-442-25827-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203221412/https://books.google.com/books?id=vSHuCgAAQBAJ&q=nicolas+maduro+born+1962&pg=PA289">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. 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Profile of Venezuela's new president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325213941/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/15/nicolas-maduro-profile-venezuela-president">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2015. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002202404/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/23/world/americas/nicolas-maduro-chavezs-chosen-successor-draws-mixed-opinions.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Waiting+to+See+if+a+%27Yes+Man%27+Picked+to+Succeed+Ch%C3%A1vez+Might+Say+Something+Else&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F23%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fnicolas-maduro-chavezs-chosen-successor-draws-mixed-opinions.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShmulovich2013" class="citation web cs1">Shmulovich, Michal (13 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/venezuelas-anti-semitic-leader-admits-jewish-ancestry/">"Venezuela's 'anti-Semitic' leader admits Jewish ancestry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718120320/https://www.timesofisrael.com/venezuelas-anti-semitic-leader-admits-jewish-ancestry/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+%27anti-Semitic%27+leader+admits+Jewish+ancestry&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Shmulovich&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fvenezuelas-anti-semitic-leader-admits-jewish-ancestry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/2014/08/27/1590635-el-veloz-ascenso-nicolasito-maduro-hijo-del-presidente">"Venezuela's Chavez Says Cancer Back, Plans Surgery"</a>. USA Today. 27 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112081219/http://www.infobae.com/2014/08/27/1590635-el-veloz-ascenso-nicolasito-maduro-hijo-del-presidente">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavez+Says+Cancer+Back%2C+Plans+Surgery&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2F2014%2F08%2F27%2F1590635-el-veloz-ascenso-nicolasito-maduro-hijo-del-presidente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFermín2015" class="citation web cs1">Fermín, Daniel (12 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elestimulo.com/climax/las-aptitudes-del-hijo-del-presi/">"La boleta de clase del hijo de Maduro"</a>. El Estímulo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905215444/http://elestimulo.com/climax/las-aptitudes-del-hijo-del-presi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Est%C3%ADmulo&rft.atitle=La+boleta+de+clase+del+hijo+de+Maduro&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft.aulast=Ferm%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felestimulo.com%2Fclimax%2Flas-aptitudes-del-hijo-del-presi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOXson-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOXson_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054912/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/">"Venezuelan president's son, Nicolas Maduro Jr., showered in dollar bills as economy collapses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Latino">Fox News Latino</a>. 19 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/03/19/venezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy/">the original</a> on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+president%27s+son%2C+Nicolas+Maduro+Jr.%2C+showered+in+dollar+bills+as+economy+collapses&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F03%2F19%2Fvenezuelan-president-son-nicolas-maduro-jr-showered-in-dollar-bills-as-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csm-54"><a href="#cite_ref-csm_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne,_AndrewNaranjo,_Mario2012" class="citation news cs1">Cawthorne, Andrew; Naranjo, Mario (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1209/Who-is-Nicolas-Maduro-possible-successor-to-Hugo-Chavez">"Who is Nicolas Maduro, Possible Successor to Hugo Chávez?"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209221800/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Latest-News-Wires/2012/1209/Who-is-Nicolas-Maduro-possible-successor-to-Hugo-Chavez">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Who+is+Nicolas+Maduro%2C+Possible+Successor+to+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%3F&rft.date=2012-12-09&rft.au=Cawthorne%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Naranjo%2C+Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FLatest-News-Wires%2F2012%2F1209%2FWho-is-Nicolas-Maduro-possible-successor-to-Hugo-Chavez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APnephews-55"><a href="#cite_ref-APnephews_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreier2015" class="citation news cs1">Dreier, Hannah (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/9278d1676305432d8c1c324a55002612">"US Court: Nephews of Venezuela First Lady Held Without Bail"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023924/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/Nephews-of-Venezuela-first-lady-indicted-in-US-on-drug-charges-ordered-held-without-bail/id-9278d1676305432d8c1c324a55002612">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=US+Court%3A+Nephews+of+Venezuela+First+Lady+Held+Without+Bail&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.aulast=Dreier&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F9278d1676305432d8c1c324a55002612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuererroDominguezShoichet2015" class="citation news cs1">Guererro, Kay; Dominguez, Claudia; Shoichet, Catherine E. (12 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/11/americas/venezuela-president-family-members-arrested/">"Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro's family members indicted in U.S. court"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113184957/http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/11/americas/venezuela-president-family-members-arrested/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+President+Nicolas+Maduro%27s+family+members+indicted+in+U.S.+court&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft.aulast=Guererro&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Shoichet%2C+Catherine+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F11%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-president-family-members-arrested%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeza2015" class="citation news cs1">Meza, Alfredo (22 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/11/20/actualidad/1448020596_339737.html">"La generosa tía Cilia"</a>. El País. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122145458/https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/11/20/actualidad/1448020596_339737.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=La+generosa+t%C3%ADa+Cilia&rft.date=2015-11-22&rft.aulast=Meza&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Finternacional%2F2015%2F11%2F20%2Factualidad%2F1448020596_339737.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/maduro-hippy-love-led-zeppelin-john-lennon">Whole lotta love: Maduro 'the hippy' reared on Led Zeppelin and Lennon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015940/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/08/maduro-hippy-love-led-zeppelin-john-lennon">Archived</a> 7 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Tue 8 April 2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian2-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez,_Virginia2012" class="citation news cs1">Lopez, Virginia (13 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/12/hugo-chavez-heir">"Nicolás Maduro: Hugo Chávez's incendiary heir"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904045301/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/12/hugo-chavez-heir">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro%3A+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+incendiary+heir&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fdec%2F12%2Fhugo-chavez-heir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1992" class="citation news cs1">Brooke, James (11 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/11/world/fiery-nationalism-drove-venezuelan-plotters.html">"Fiery Nationalism Drove Venezuelan Plotters"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fiery+Nationalism+Drove+Venezuelan+Plotters&rft.date=1992-02-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F02%2F11%2Fworld%2Ffiery-nationalism-drove-venezuelan-plotters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaloza2014" class="citation book cs1">Peñaloza, Carlos (2014). Chávez, el delfin de Fidel: la historia secreta del golpe del 4 de febrero. Miami: Alexandria Library. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5057-5033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5057-5033-1"><bdi>978-1-5057-5033-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904959157">904959157</a>. <q>Among the escorts of Fidel who entered the country that night who entered camouflaged as Cuban, without being identified, Nicolás Maduro, the young man who was sought after for the kidnapping of William Niehaus since 1979.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+el+delfin+de+Fidel%3A+la+historia+secreta+del+golpe+del+4+de+febrero&rft.place=Miami&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Alexandria+Library&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904959157&rft.isbn=978-1-5057-5033-1&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1aloza&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitello2013" class="citation news cs1">Vitello, Paul (22 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/william-niehous-survived-three-years-in-captivity-in-venezuela/article14976517/">"William Niehous survived three years in captivity in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507004107/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/william-niehous-survived-three-years-in-captivity-in-venezuela/article14976517/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=William+Niehous+survived+three+years+in+captivity+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.aulast=Vitello&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fwilliam-niehous-survived-three-years-in-captivity-in-venezuela%2Farticle14976517%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/movil/detallenota.aspx?idNota=108779">"Nicolás Maduro a la cabeza de la revolución"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024923/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/movil/detallenota.aspx?idNota=108779">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish). Últimas Noticias. 9 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaloza2014" class="citation book cs1">Peñaloza, Carlos (2014). Chávez, el delfin de Fidel: la historia secreta del golpe del 4 de febrero. Miami: Alexandria Library. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5057-5033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5057-5033-1"><bdi>978-1-5057-5033-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904959157">904959157</a>. <q>Maduro had gone through a long process of formation in Cuba under the protection of Pedro Miret, the powerful Cuban commander and man very close to Fidel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+el+delfin+de+Fidel%3A+la+historia+secreta+del+golpe+del+4+de+febrero&rft.place=Miami&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Alexandria+Library&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904959157&rft.isbn=978-1-5057-5033-1&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1aloza&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñaloza2014" class="citation book cs1">Peñaloza, Carlos (2014). Chávez, el delfin de Fidel: la historia secreta del golpe del 4 de febrero. Miami: Alexandria Library. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5057-5033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5057-5033-1"><bdi>978-1-5057-5033-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904959157">904959157</a>. <q>... Maduro returned to Venezuela with the permission to approach Chávez acting as a mole of the G2.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+el+delfin+de+Fidel%3A+la+historia+secreta+del+golpe+del+4+de+febrero&rft.place=Miami&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Alexandria+Library&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904959157&rft.isbn=978-1-5057-5033-1&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1aloza&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationDivided-66"><a href="#cite_ref-NationDivided_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2012/12/121207_venezuela_perfil_nicolas_maduro_az">"Nicolás Maduro, el presidente de una nación dividida"</a> [Nicolás Maduro, president of a divided nation] (in Spanish). BBC Mundo. 15 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324234558/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2012/12/121207_venezuela_perfil_nicolas_maduro_az">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro%2C+el+presidente+de+una+naci%C3%B3n+dividida&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias%2F2012%2F12%2F121207_venezuela_perfil_nicolas_maduro_az&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> El Universal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2007/07/18/en_pol_art_taiwanese-diplomats_18A901361">Taiwanese diplomats to leave Venezuela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326140444/http://www.eluniversal.com/2007/07/18/en_pol_art_taiwanese-diplomats_18A901361">Archived</a> 26 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (18 July 2007). Accessed 18 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> El Universal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2007/07/30/pol_art_venezolanos-resident_380749.shtml">Venezolanos residentes en Taiwán temerosos ante rupturas de lazos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518133554/http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2007/07/30/pol_art_venezolanos-resident_380749.shtml">Archived</a> 18 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (30 July 2007). Accessed 19 December 2007(in Spanish) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/28/israel.venezuela/">"Israel expels Venezuelan ambassador"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 28 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232733/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/28/israel.venezuela/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Israel+expels+Venezuelan+ambassador&rft.date=2009-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F01%2F28%2Fisrael.venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasgon2019" class="citation news cs1">Rasgon, Adam (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-official-slams-us-over-its-support-for-venezuelan-opposition-leader/">"Palestinian official slams US over its support for Venezuelan opposition leader"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008142857/https://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-official-slams-us-over-its-support-for-venezuelan-opposition-leader/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Palestinian+official+slams+US+over+its+support+for+Venezuelan+opposition+leader&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Rasgon&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fpalestinian-official-slams-us-over-its-support-for-venezuelan-opposition-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoichet2012" class="citation news cs1">Shoichet, Catherine E. (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/09/world/americas/venezuela-maduro/">"Venezuela: As Chavez Battles Cancer, Maduro Waits in the Wings"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025653/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/09/world/americas/venezuela-maduro">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+As+Chavez+Battles+Cancer%2C+Maduro+Waits+in+the+Wings&rft.date=2012-12-09&rft.aulast=Shoichet&rft.aufirst=Catherine+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F12%2F09%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/11/2682612.htm?section=justin">"Venezuela recognises rebel Georgian regions"</a>. ABC News. Moscow: Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913101821/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/11/2682612.htm?section=justin">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela+recognises+rebel+Georgian+regions&rft.date=2009-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2009%2F09%2F11%2F2682612.htm%3Fsection%3Djustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuitrago,_Deisy_and_Andrew_Cawthorne2011" class="citation news cs1">Buitrago, Deisy and Andrew Cawthorne (1 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-chavez/hugo-chavez-sends-solidarity-to-gaddafi-syria-idUSTRE7901QW20111002">"Hugo Chavez sends solidarity to Gaddafi, Syria"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150321/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-chavez/hugo-chavez-sends-solidarity-to-gaddafi-syria-idUSTRE7901QW20111002">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez+sends+solidarity+to+Gaddafi%2C+Syria&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft.au=Buitrago%2C+Deisy+and+Andrew+Cawthorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-chavez%2Fhugo-chavez-sends-solidarity-to-gaddafi-syria-idUSTRE7901QW20111002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porras-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porras_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porras_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porras_74-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-03-04/former-chief-staff-maduro-focused-consolidating-his-power">"Former chief of staff: Maduro is 'focused on consolidating his power'"</a>. Public Radio International. 4 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308044033/https://www.pri.org/stories/2019-03-04/former-chief-staff-maduro-focused-consolidating-his-power">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Radio+International&rft.atitle=Former+chief+of+staff%3A+Maduro+is+%27focused+on+consolidating+his+power%27&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2019-03-04%2Fformer-chief-staff-maduro-focused-consolidating-his-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Carroll" title="Rory Carroll">Carroll, Rory</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr/page/120">"5: Survival of the fittest"</a>. Comandante: Inside Hugo Chávez's Venezuela. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-457-9"><bdi>978-1-59420-457-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012039514">2012039514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Survival+of+the+fittest&rft.btitle=Comandante%3A+Inside+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+Venezuela&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012039514&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-457-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomandantemythre0000carr%2Fpage%2F120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN06-76"><a href="#cite_ref-CNN06_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/09/23/fm.detained/index.html">"Venezuelan official briefly detained at New York airport"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 24 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609110824/http://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/09/23/fm.detained/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2019. 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Retrieved 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavez+Says+Cancer+Back%2C+Plans+Surgery&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft.au=James%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F12%2F08%2Fvenezuela-chavez-cancer%2F1756293%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooks,_Nathan2012" class="citation news cs1">Crooks, Nathan (8 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-09/venezuela-s-chavez-says-new-cancer-cells-detected-in-cuba-exams.html">"Venezuela's Chavez Says New Cancer Cells Detected in Cuba Exams"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121218043853/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-09/venezuela-s-chavez-says-new-cancer-cells-detected-in-cuba-exams.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavez+Says+New+Cancer+Cells+Detected+in+Cuba+Exams&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft.au=Crooks%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-12-09%2Fvenezuela-s-chavez-says-new-cancer-cells-detected-in-cuba-exams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20664349">"Profile: Nicolas Maduro"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921054246/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20664349">Archived</a> 21 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Shoichet, Catherine E.; Ford, Dana (5 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/05/world/americas/venezuela-chavez-main/index.html?hpt=wo_c1">"Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez dies"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308035835/http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/05/world/americas/venezuela-chavez-main/index.html?hpt=wo_c1">Archived</a> 8 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS/AP2013" class="citation news cs1">CBS/AP (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hugo-chavezs-handpicked-successor-at-helm-in-venezuela-for-time-being/">"Hugo Chavez's handpicked successor at helm in Venezuela, for time being"</a>. CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507214202/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57572743/hugo-chavezs-handpicked-successor-at-helm-in-venezuela-for-time-being/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez%27s+handpicked+successor+at+helm+in+Venezuela%2C+for+time+being&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.au=CBS%2FAP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhugo-chavezs-handpicked-successor-at-helm-in-venezuela-for-time-being%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926123131/http://www.analitica.com/bitblioteca/venezuela/constitucion_ingles.pdf">"Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analitica.com/bitblioteca/venezuela/constitucion_ingles.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Bolivarian+Republic+of+Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.analitica.com%2Fbitblioteca%2Fvenezuela%2Fconstitucion_ingles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/venezuelas-foreign-minister-says-vp-maduro-is-interim-president/">"Venezuela's foreign minister says VP Maduro is interim president"</a> . Fox News Channel. 5 March 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-87"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll,_RoryLopez,_Virginia2013" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory; Lopez, Virginia (9 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/09/venezuela-maduro-challenge">"Venezuelan opposition challenges Nicolás Maduro's legitimacy"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624224130/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/09/venezuela-maduro-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+opposition+challenges+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro%27s+legitimacy&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Rory&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F09%2Fvenezuela-maduro-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/va/derecho/go225-266.html">"Constitución de la República de Venezuela"</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121215000816/http://www.angelfire.com/va/derecho/go225-266.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constituci%C3%B3n+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+Venezuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fva%2Fderecho%2Fgo225-266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAGONp13-89"><a href="#cite_ref-DRAGONp13_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorralesPenfold2015" class="citation book cs1">Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2 April 2015). Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2593-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2593-0"><bdi>978-0-8157-2593-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+in+the+Tropics%3A+The+Legacy+of+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2593-0&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft.au=Penfold%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoichet2013" class="citation news cs1">Shoichet, Catherine (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/15/world/americas/venezuela-elections/index.html">"Chavez's Political Heir Declared Winner; Opponent Demands Recount"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416183902/http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/15/world/americas/venezuela-elections/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chavez%27s+Political+Heir+Declared+Winner%3B+Opponent+Demands+Recount&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.aulast=Shoichet&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F15%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-elections%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sworn-91"><a href="#cite_ref-sworn_91-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22220526">"Nicolas Maduro sworn in as new Venezuelan president"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624003300/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22220526">Archived</a> 24 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Kroth, Olivia (18 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/18-04-2013/124319-maduro_inauguration-0/">"Delegations from 15 countries to assist Maduro's inauguration in Venezuela"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419131231/http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/18-04-2013/124319-maduro_inauguration-0/">Archived</a> 19 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pravda.ru. Retrieved 18 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027230021/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-fights-shortage-blues-with-new-happiness-agency/2013/10/25/59ba5b5a-3daa-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html">"Venezuela Fights Shortage Blues With New Happiness Agency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-fights-shortage-blues-with-new-happiness-agency/2013/10/25/59ba5b5a-3daa-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Fights+Shortage+Blues+With+New+Happiness+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fvenezuela-fights-shortage-blues-with-new-happiness-agency%2F2013%2F10%2F25%2F59ba5b5a-3daa-11e3-b0e7-716179a2c2c7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_June2016_referendum-94"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_June2016_referendum_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36576771">"Venezuela starts validating recall referendum signatures"</a>. BBC. 21 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130836/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36576771">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela+starts+validating+recall+referendum+signatures&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-36576771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ_Ouster_-95"><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Ouster_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurmanaev2016" class="citation web cs1">Kurmanaev, Anatoly (6 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuela-detains-activists-calling-for-maduro-s-ouster-group-says-1467828376">"Venezuela Detains Activists Calling for Maduro's Ouster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160812170457/http://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuela-detains-activists-calling-for-maduro-s-ouster-group-says-1467828376">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Detains+Activists+Calling+for+Maduro%27s+Ouster&rft.date=2016-07-06&rft.aulast=Kurmanaev&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fvenezuela-detains-activists-calling-for-maduro-s-ouster-group-says-1467828376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian_2016_Maduro-96"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_2016_Maduro_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibylla_Brodzinsky2016" class="citation web cs1">Sibylla Brodzinsky (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/27/venezuela-opposition-protests-nicolas-maduro-recall-vote">"Venezuela government stalling recall vote to keep power, opposition claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729112900/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/27/venezuela-opposition-protests-nicolas-maduro-recall-vote">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venezuela+government+stalling+recall+vote+to+keep+power%2C+opposition+claims&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.au=Sibylla+Brodzinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F27%2Fvenezuela-opposition-protests-nicolas-maduro-recall-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_Recall_August2016-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_Recall_August2016_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2016" class="citation news cs1">Cawthorne, Andrew (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN10C3DV">"Venezuela election board okays opposition recall push first phase"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118023826/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN10C3DV">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+election+board+okays+opposition+recall+push+first+phase&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN10C3DV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaLista-98"><a href="#cite_ref-LaLista_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/07/31/la-lista-de-los-40-paises-democraticos-que-hasta-el-momento-desconocieron-la-asamblea-constituyente-de-venezuela/">"La lista de los 40 países democráticos que hasta el momento desconocieron la Asamblea Constituyente de Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobae" title="Infobae">Infobae</a> (in Spanish). 31 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050300/http://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2017/07/31/la-lista-de-los-40-paises-democraticos-que-hasta-el-momento-desconocieron-la-asamblea-constituyente-de-venezuela/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=La+lista+de+los+40+pa%C3%ADses+democr%C3%A1ticos+que+hasta+el+momento+desconocieron+la+Asamblea+Constituyente+de+Venezuela&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fvenezuela%2F2017%2F07%2F31%2Fla-lista-de-los-40-paises-democraticos-que-hasta-el-momento-desconocieron-la-asamblea-constituyente-de-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPeuroMEX-99"><a href="#cite_ref-WPeuroMEX_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/fear-spreads-in-venezuela-ahead-of-planned-protest-of-controversial-election/2017/07/28/caef4bd4-73a0-11e7-8c17-533c52b2f014_story.html">"Fear spreads in Venezuela ahead of planned protest of controversial election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 28 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801003245/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/fear-spreads-in-venezuela-ahead-of-planned-protest-of-controversial-election/2017/07/28/caef4bd4-73a0-11e7-8c17-533c52b2f014_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fear+spreads+in+Venezuela+ahead+of+planned+protest+of+controversial+election&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Ffear-spreads-in-venezuela-ahead-of-planned-protest-of-controversial-election%2F2017%2F07%2F28%2Fcaef4bd4-73a0-11e7-8c17-533c52b2f014_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SANCTIONED-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SANCTIONED_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANCTIONED_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANCTIONED_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/sm0137.aspx">"Treasury Sanctions the President of Venezuela"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>. 31 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801154443/https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/sm0137.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasury+Sanctions+the+President+of+Venezuela&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2FPages%2Fsm0137.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-china-idUSKBN1AJ04X">"China backs ally Venezuela, says Constituent Assembly vote..."</a> Reuters. 3 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182422/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-china-idUSKBN1AJ04X">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China+backs+ally+Venezuela%2C+says+Constituent+Assembly+vote...&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-politics-china-idUSKBN1AJ04X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2824984">"Comment by the Information and Press Department on the situation in Venezuela"</a>. www.mid.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182332/http://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2824984">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mid.ru&rft.atitle=Comment+by+the+Information+and+Press+Department+on+the+situation+in+Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fforeign_policy%2Fnews%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FcKNonkJE02Bw%2Fcontent%2Fid%2F2824984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-103"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Circles (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://havanatimes.org/?p=126497">"Cuba Denounces US Campaign against Venezuela"</a>. Havana Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707033503/https://havanatimes.org/%3Fp%3D126497">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Havana+Times&rft.atitle=Cuba+Denounces+US+Campaign+against+Venezuela&rft.date=2017-08&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Circles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhavanatimes.org%2F%3Fp%3D126497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globovision.com/article/cne-el-22-de-abril-se-realizaran-las-presidenciales">"CNE: El 22 de abril se realizarán las presidenciales"</a>. Globovision. 7 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630063933/https://globovision.com/article/cne-el-22-de-abril-se-realizaran-las-presidenciales">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globovision&rft.atitle=CNE%3A+El+22+de+abril+se+realizar%C3%A1n+las+presidenciales&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobovision.com%2Farticle%2Fcne-el-22-de-abril-se-realizaran-las-presidenciales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShamAC-105"><a href="#cite_ref-ShamAC_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2018" class="citation news cs1">Sen, Ashish Kumar (18 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election">"Venezuela's Sham Election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026110848/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/venezuela-s-sham-election/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2018. <q>Nicolás Maduro is expected to be re-elected president of Venezuela on May 20 in an election that most experts agree is a sham</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Sham+Election&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ashish+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fnew-atlanticist%2Fvenezuela-s-sham-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShamFT-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ShamFT_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/edd6c4a0-5906-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0">"Venezuela's sham presidential election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 16 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925035420/https://www.ft.com/content/edd6c4a0-5906-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2018. <q>The vote, of course, is a sham. Support is bought via ration cards issued to state workers with the implicit threat that both job and card are at risk if they vote against the government. Meanwhile, the country's highest profile opposition leaders are barred from running, in exile, or under arrest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+sham+presidential+election&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fedd6c4a0-5906-11e8-b8b2-d6ceb45fa9d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521015319/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-05-20/the-latest-pope-francis-prays-for-venezuelans">"The Latest: Venezuela Opposition Calls Election a 'Farce'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Associated Press. 21 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-05-20/the-latest-pope-francis-prays-for-venezuelans">the original</a> on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=The+Latest%3A+Venezuela+Opposition+Calls+Election+a+%27Farce%27&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2018-05-20%2Fthe-latest-pope-francis-prays-for-venezuelans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221101748/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/maduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales/">"Maduro gana con la abstención histórica más alta en comicios presidenciales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Efecto_Cocuyo" title="Efecto Cocuyo">Efecto Cocuyo</a>. 20 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efectococuyo.com/politica/maduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales/">the original</a> on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Efecto+Cocuyo&rft.atitle=Maduro+gana+con+la+abstenci%C3%B3n+hist%C3%B3rica+m%C3%A1s+alta+en+comicios+presidenciales&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefectococuyo.com%2Fpolitica%2Fmaduro-gana-con-la-abstencion-historica-mas-alta-en-comicios-presidenciales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DECREE8-109"><a href="#cite_ref-DECREE8_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraul2017" class="citation news cs1">Kraul, Chris (17 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-venezuela-contreras-20170517-story.html">"Human rights activists say many Venezuelan protesters face abusive government treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521130420/http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-venezuela-contreras-20170517-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Human+rights+activists+say+many+Venezuelan+protesters+face+abusive+government+treatment&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft.aulast=Kraul&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmexico-americas%2Fla-fg-venezuela-contreras-20170517-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2017/07/18/gobierno-extiende-por-decima-vez-el-decreto-de-emergencia-economica/">"Gobierno extiende por décima vez el decreto de emergencia económica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a> (in European Spanish). 18 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718170727/https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2017/07/18/gobierno-extiende-por-decima-vez-el-decreto-de-emergencia-economica/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=Gobierno+extiende+por+d%C3%A9cima+vez+el+decreto+de+emergencia+econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2017%2F07%2F18%2Fgobierno-extiende-por-decima-vez-el-decreto-de-emergencia-economica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0VL0AE">"Venezuela top court grants Maduro economic emergency powers,..."</a> Reuters. 12 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182319/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0VL0AE">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019. <q>Venezuela's Supreme Court approved President Nicolas Maduro's "economic emergency" decree on Thursday, setting up a showdown after the Venezuelan Congress rejected the measure last month. Maduro's decree includes wider executive powers to control the budget, companies and the currency amid a severe economic crisis in the OPEC nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+top+court+grants+Maduro+economic+emergency+powers%2C...&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN0VL0AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmary_Hernandez,_Mariano_Castillo_and_Deborah_Bloom2017" class="citation web cs1">Osmary Hernandez, Mariano Castillo and Deborah Bloom (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/americas/venezuelan-food-crisis-weight-loss/">"Venezuelan food crisis reflected in skipped meals and weight loss"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604221329/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/21/americas/venezuelan-food-crisis-weight-loss">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2017. 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Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Por+que+h%C3%A1+tanta+desconfian%C3%A7a+em+torno+da+suposta+tentativa+de+atentado+contra+Maduro%3F&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticia%2F2018%2F08%2F06%2Fpor-que-ha-tanta-desconfianca-em-torno-da-suposta-tentativa-de-atentado-contra-maduro.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article216168435.html">"Venezuela, ¿vórtice de inestabilidad en el Caribe?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_Herald" title="El Nuevo Herald">El Nuevo Herald</a>. 6 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001617/https://www.elnuevoherald.com/opinion-es/opin-col-blogs/opinion-sobre-venezuela/article216168435.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nuevo+Herald&rft.atitle=Venezuela%2C+%C2%BFv%C3%B3rtice+de+inestabilidad+en+el+Caribe%3F&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnuevoherald.com%2Fopinion-es%2Fopin-col-blogs%2Fopinion-sobre-venezuela%2Farticle216168435.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-122"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauer2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lauer, Mirko (6 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/1292261-maduro-fuego">"Maduro bajo fuego"</a> [Maduro under fire]. <a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La República</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806130116/https://larepublica.pe/politica/1292261-maduro-fuego">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=Maduro+bajo+fuego&rft.date=2018-08-06&rft.aulast=Lauer&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2F1292261-maduro-fuego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/12/18/more-dollars-and-fewer-protests-in-venezuela">"More dollars and fewer protests in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 18 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320173521/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/12/18/more-dollars-and-fewer-protests-in-venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2019. <q>Most Western and Latin American countries recognise Mr Guaidó's claim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=More+dollars+and+fewer+protests+in+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2019%2F12%2F18%2Fmore-dollars-and-fewer-protests-in-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ind040520-124"><a href="#cite_ref-ind040520_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2020" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Louise (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/green-beret-venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-us-military-america-a9498661.html">"Former Green Beret claims to have led failed plot to overthrow Venezuelan president Maduro"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Former+Green+Beret+claims+to+have+led+failed+plot+to+overthrow+Venezuelan+president+Maduro&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fgreen-beret-venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-us-military-america-a9498661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian040520-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian040520_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian040520_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2020" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom (4 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/04/venezuela-jordan-goudreau-raid-maduro">"Venezuela: anti-Maduro battle isn't over as ex-US soldier says he launched raid"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+anti-Maduro+battle+isn%27t+over+as+ex-US+soldier+says+he+launched+raid&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F04%2Fvenezuela-jordan-goudreau-raid-maduro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asianage.com/world/americas/050520/venezuela-two-us-nationals-arrested-for-plotting-to-overthrow-maduro-regime.html">"Venezuela: Two US nationals arrested for plotting to overthrow Maduro regime"</a>. The Asian Age. 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Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+Two+US+nationals+arrested+for+plotting+to+overthrow+Maduro+regime&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F050520%2Fvenezuela-two-us-nationals-arrested-for-plotting-to-overthrow-maduro-regime.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gideon-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Gideon_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52592824">"Trump denies role in Venezuela incursion"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=%27Bolsonaro+is+Hitler%21%27+Venezuela%27s+Maduro+exclaims+amid+Brazil+spat&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-politics-brazil%2Fbolsonaro-is-hitler-venezuelas-maduro-exclaims-amid-brazil-spat-idUSKCN1P82FJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/putin-maduro-discussed-increasing-partnership-between-russia-venezuela-ifx-2022-03-01/">"Putin and Maduro discussed increasing partnership between Russia, Venezuela -IFX"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Putin+and+Maduro+discussed+increasing+partnership+between+Russia%2C+Venezuela+-IFX&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fputin-maduro-discussed-increasing-partnership-between-russia-venezuela-ifx-2022-03-01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2022" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Luke (17 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/17/nicolas-maduro-cop27-climate-offender-venezuela">"'Asking an arsonist to put out a fire': climate offender Maduro makes Cop27 comeback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201051505/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/17/nicolas-maduro-cop27-climate-offender-venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Asking+an+arsonist+to+put+out+a+fire%27%3A+climate+offender+Maduro+makes+Cop27+comeback&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fnov%2F17%2Fnicolas-maduro-cop27-climate-offender-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/276aac3e-25bd-45c2-b5f4-8459240c9462/">"Maduro hails 'cordial' talks with US as west seeks new oil supplies"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Macron+accused+of+%27U-turn%27+over+Maduro+encounter&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20221108-macron-accused-of-u-turn-over-maduro-encounter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/us-eases-oil-sanctions-venezuela-chevron-maduro/">"Experts react: As the US eases oil sanctions, is Venezuela coming in from the cold?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. 27 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201051514/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/us-eases-oil-sanctions-venezuela-chevron-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Experts+react%3A+As+the+US+eases+oil+sanctions%2C+is+Venezuela+coming+in+from+the+cold%3F&rft.date=2022-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fnew-atlanticist%2Fus-eases-oil-sanctions-venezuela-chevron-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/saudi-arabia-welcomes-venezuelan-leader-maduro-reaching-us-99834216">"Saudi Arabia welcomes Venezuelan leader Maduro, reaching out to yet another US foe"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+welcomes+Venezuelan+leader+Maduro%2C+reaching+out+to+yet+another+US+foe&rft.date=2023-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fsaudi-arabia-welcomes-venezuelan-leader-maduro-reaching-us-99834216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2023" class="citation web cs1">Vasquez, Alex (10 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-10/venezuela-s-maduro-wants-china-s-support-to-join-the-brics#xj4y7vzkg">"Venezuela's Maduro Wants China's Support to Join the BRICS"</a>. Bloomberg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202175943/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-10/venezuela-s-maduro-wants-china-s-support-to-join-the-brics#xj4y7vzkg">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Maduro+Wants+China%27s+Support+to+Join+the+BRICS&rft.date=2023-09-10&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-09-10%2Fvenezuela-s-maduro-wants-china-s-support-to-join-the-brics%23xj4y7vzkg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/venezuela/2023/09/14/la-euforia-del-dictador-nicolas-maduro-en-china-tras-reunirse-con-xi-jinping-vamos-pa-la-luna/">"La euforia del dictador Nicolás Maduro en China tras reunirse con Xi Jinping: "Vamos pa' la Luna""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobae" title="Infobae">Infobae</a> (in Spanish). 14 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202180100/https://www.infobae.com/venezuela/2023/09/14/la-euforia-del-dictador-nicolas-maduro-en-china-tras-reunirse-con-xi-jinping-vamos-pa-la-luna/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=La+euforia+del+dictador+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+en+China+tras+reunirse+con+Xi+Jinping%3A+%22Vamos+pa%27+la+Luna%22&rft.date=2023-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Fvenezuela%2F2023%2F09%2F14%2Fla-euforia-del-dictador-nicolas-maduro-en-china-tras-reunirse-con-xi-jinping-vamos-pa-la-luna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5180991/0/las-polemicas-palabras-nicolas-maduro-jesucristo-fue-un-joven-palestino-crucificado-injustamente-por-imperio-espanol/">"Las polémicas palabras de Nicolás Maduro: "Jesucristo fue un joven palestino crucificado injustamente por el Imperio español""</a>. <a href="/wiki/20minutos" class="mw-redirect" title="20minutos">20minutos</a> (in Spanish). 12 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015170126/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/5180991/0/las-polemicas-palabras-nicolas-maduro-jesucristo-fue-un-joven-palestino-crucificado-injustamente-por-imperio-espanol/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=20minutos&rft.atitle=Las+pol%C3%A9micas+palabras+de+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro%3A+%22Jesucristo+fue+un+joven+palestino+crucificado+injustamente+por+el+Imperio+espa%C3%B1ol%22&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutos.es%2Fnoticia%2F5180991%2F0%2Flas-polemicas-palabras-nicolas-maduro-jesucristo-fue-un-joven-palestino-crucificado-injustamente-por-imperio-espanol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/opposition-to-israels-massacre-in-gaza-growing-worldwide-despite-support-by-us-west/3060465">"Opposition to Israel's massacre in Gaza growing worldwide despite support by US, West"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. 21 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128144434/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/opposition-to-israels-massacre-in-gaza-growing-worldwide-despite-support-by-us-west/3060465">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. 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Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Venezuela%2C+a+wannabe+dictator+and+a+dilemma+for+Trump&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fct-venezuela-maduro-dictatorship-trump-edit-0403-jm-20170402-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleem,_Zeeshan2017" class="citation web cs1">Aleem, Zeeshan (19 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2017/9/19/16189742/venezuela-maduro-dictator-chavez-collapse">"How Venezuela went from a rich democracy to a dictatorship on the brink of collapse"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+Venezuela+went+from+a+rich+democracy+to+a+dictatorship+on+the+brink+of+collapse&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.au=Aleem%2C+Zeeshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2F9%2F19%2F16189742%2Fvenezuela-maduro-dictator-chavez-collapse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/Democracy_Index_2017.pdf?mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiWkRKbU1HWmxNVEUwTW1FdyIsInQiOiJPdlltVFV0blFRQzZNVERCZHhVeitZRElmUGplOHh3NWs1d2wzVzdRS1JvNU1kVmUxQVRESU9LbEVSOVwvR1F4aG1PV1NlS0ZZcng4NzBcLzVNZ09JOUxiZU5TTEVPekVHayttOTRqQkQ5TkNzWGN08RlowQTZ0UzlUK0pDdm9PVGlcLyJ9">"Democracy Index 2017"</a> (PDF). 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This Venezuelan thinks he can"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070113/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/world/americas/venezuela-election-opposition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Critics+Say+He+Can%27t+Beat+a+dictator.+This+Venezuelan+thinks+he+can&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.au=Casey%2C+Nicholas+and+Ana+Vanessa+Herrero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-election-opposition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatouche,_Miguel_Angel2018" class="citation web cs1">Latouche, Miguel Angel (24 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/venezuela-is-now-a-dictatorship-96960">"Venezuela is now a dictatorship"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302085731/http://theconversation.com/venezuela-is-now-a-dictatorship-96960">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2019. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302140341/https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/16/politics/rnc-maduro-alexandria-ocasio-cortez/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Republicans+compare+Alexandria+Ocasio-Cortez+to+Venezuelan+dictator&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft.au=Krieg%2C+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F08%2F16%2Fpolitics%2Frnc-maduro-alexandria-ocasio-cortez%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoriega,_Roger2018" class="citation news cs1">Noriega, Roger (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article220810410.html">"U.S., region can get tougher on the lawless Maduro regime"</a>. Miami Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042853/https://www.miamiherald.com/latest-news/article220810410.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+region+can+get+tougher+on+the+lawless+Maduro+regime&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.au=Noriega%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Flatest-news%2Farticle220810410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwearsIllegitimate-186"><a href="#cite_ref-SwearsIllegitimate_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e">"Venezuela swears in an illegitimate President"</a>. Financial Times. 10 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920084639/https://www.ft.com/content/401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela+swears+in+an+illegitimate+President&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F401e52a0-1405-11e9-a581-4ff78404524e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowDid-187"><a href="#cite_ref-HowDid_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrero,_Ana_Vanessa_and_Megan_Specia2019" class="citation news cs1">Herrero, Ana Vanessa and Megan Specia (10 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html">"Venezuela is in crisis. So how did Maduro secure a second term?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111012015/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela+is+in+crisis.+So+how+did+Maduro+secure+a+second+term%3F&rft.date=2019-01-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.au=Herrero%2C+Ana+Vanessa+and+Megan+Specia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F10%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-maduro-inauguration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennigan,_Tom2019" class="citation news cs1">Hennigan, Tom (24 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/venezuela-guaidó-turns-to-allies-after-maduro-blocks-aid-1.3803932">"Venezuela: Guaidó turns to allies after Maduro blocks aid"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225174638/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/venezuela-guaid%C3%B3-turns-to-allies-after-maduro-blocks-aid-1.3803932">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+Guaid%C3%B3+turns+to+allies+after+Maduro+blocks+aid&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.au=Hennigan%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fvenezuela-guaid%C3%B3-turns-to-allies-after-maduro-blocks-aid-1.3803932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs,_Stephen2019" class="citation news cs1">Gibbs, Stephen (11 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/world-leaders-shun-venezuela-as-dictator-maduro-sworn-in-pmxtp3htg">"World leaders shun Venezuela as 'dictator' Maduro sworn in"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100838/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/world-leaders-shun-venezuela-as-dictator-maduro-sworn-in-pmxtp3htg">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=World+leaders+shun+Venezuela+as+%27dictator%27+Maduro+sworn+in&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fworld-leaders-shun-venezuela-as-dictator-maduro-sworn-in-pmxtp3htg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCara_Labrador,_Rocio2019" class="citation web cs1">Cara Labrador, Rocio (24 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/venezuela-crisis">"Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301072054/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/venezuela-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Petrostate&rft.date=2019-02-24&rft.au=Cara+Labrador%2C+Rocio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fvenezuela-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Von_Andreas2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ross, Von Andreas (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/venezuela-nicolas-maduro-laesst-reporter-festhalten-16061796.html">"Der Diktator Maduro lässt Reporter festhalten, die ihn mit der blanken Not der Venezolaner konfrontieren"</a>. FAZ (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303192521/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/venezuela-nicolas-maduro-laesst-reporter-festhalten-16061796.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FAZ&rft.atitle=Der+Diktator+Maduro+l%C3%A4sst+Reporter+festhalten%2C+die+ihn+mit+der+blanken+Not+der+Venezolaner+konfrontieren&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=Ross%2C+Von+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fvenezuela-nicolas-maduro-laesst-reporter-festhalten-16061796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/02/16/venezuelas-dictator-vows-to-block-deliveries-of-american-aid">"Venezuela's dictator vows to block deliveries of American aid"</a>. The Economist. 16 February 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226154832/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2019/02/16/venezuelas-dictator-vows-to-block-deliveries-of-american-aid">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. 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Retrieved 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Venezuela+calls+for+extraordinary+OAS+meeting&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft.aulast=Ordonez&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle75643637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KCS-226"><a href="#cite_ref-KCS_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdonez2016" class="citation news cs1">Ordonez, Franco (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/world/article75948317.html">"Venezuela accuses U.S. of conspiring to topple Nicolás Maduro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507125146/http://www.kansascity.com/news/nation-world/world/article75948317.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+accuses+U.S.+of+conspiring+to+topple+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Ordonez&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansascity.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle75948317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518100205/http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/317010/maduro-sobre-almagro-es-un-traidor-desde-hace-tiempo-algun-dia-contare-su-historia/">"Maduro sobre Almagro: 'Es un traidor, algún día contaré su historia'"</a>. Noticias24. 17 May 2016. 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Retrieved 28 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ditch+Maduro+or+lose+everything%2C+Trump+tells+Venezuelan+army&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F18%2Ftrump-venezuela-nicolas-maduro-juan-guaido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerica" class="citation news cs1">Merica, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/11/politics/trump-xi-north-korea/index.html">"Trump says he won't rule out military option in Venezuela"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075515/https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/11/politics/trump-xi-north-korea/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2018. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Nicolas-Maduro-Guerra-sobre-intervencion-de-Trump-Llegariamos-a-tomar-la-Casa-Blanca-20170812-0027.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2017. 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Retrieved 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=%C2%BFC%C3%B3mo+ser%C3%ADa+una+invasi%C3%B3n+de+Estados+Unidos+en+Venezuela%3F&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Pardo&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Finternacional%2F2019%2F02%2F04%2F5c56e08b21efa0380b8b4665.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHains2019" class="citation news cs1">Hains, Tim (1 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2019/02/01/john_bolton_all_options_are_on_the_table_for_venezuela_transfer_of_power.html">"John Bolton: "All Options Are On The Table" For Venezuela; Hope For "Peaceful" Transfer Of Power"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Real+Clear+Politics&rft.atitle=John+Bolton%3A+%22All+Options+Are+On+The+Table%22+For+Venezuela%3B+Hope+For+%22Peaceful%22+Transfer+Of+Power&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Hains&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Fvideo%2F2019%2F02%2F01%2Fjohn_bolton_all_options_are_on_the_table_for_venezuela_transfer_of_power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/durante-el-gobierno-de-maduro-se-han-cerrado-115-medios-de-comunicacion">"Durante el gobierno de Maduro se han cerrado 115 medios de comunicación, según el SNTP"</a> (in Spanish). NTN24. Durante el gobierno de Maduro se han cerrado 115 medios de comunicación, según el SNTP. 2 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417091429/https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/durante-el-gobierno-de-maduro-se-han-cerrado-115-medios-de-comunicacion">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. 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El Impulso (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062823/https://www.elimpulso.com/2019/03/13/173-agresiones-a-trabajadores-de-la-prensa-contabiliza-comision-de-medios-de-la-asamblea-nacional-13mar/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/11-de-abril/120412/canciller-maduro-llama-sifrinitos-y-fascistas-a-dirigentes-opositores">the original</a> on 2 July 2012. 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Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez%27s+Foreign+Minister+Calls+Opposition+Party+%22Little+Faggots%22&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queerty.com%2Fhugo-chavezs-foreign-minister-calls-opposition-party-little-faggots-20120413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-homofobia-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-homofobia_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-homofobia_269-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espiritugay.com/el-venezolano-nicolas-maduro-utiliza-la-homofobia-para-captar-votos/">"Nicolás Maduro utiliza la homofobia para captar votos"</a>. Espiritu Gay. 15 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221021241/http://www.espiritugay.com/el-venezolano-nicolas-maduro-utiliza-la-homofobia-para-captar-votos/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espiritu+Gay&rft.atitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+utiliza+la+homofobia+para+captar+votos&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espiritugay.com%2Fel-venezolano-nicolas-maduro-utiliza-la-homofobia-para-captar-votos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/13/venezuela-us-kill-maduro-capriles-homophobic_n_2870729.html">"Venezuela Says U.S. Plans To Kill Capriles, Maduro Accused Of Homophobic Slur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. 13 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530075235/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/13/venezuela-us-kill-maduro-capriles-homophobic_n_2870729.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela+Says+U.S.+Plans+To+Kill+Capriles%2C+Maduro+Accused+Of+Homophobic+Slur&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fvenezuela-us-kill-maduro-capriles-homophobic_n_2870729.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530002041/http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/156028/controversia-sobre-sexualidad-toma-protagonismo-en-carrera-electoral-venezuela/">"Reuters: controversia sobre la sexualidad toma protagonismo en la carrera electoral de Venezuela"</a>. Noticias24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/156028/controversia-sobre-sexualidad-toma-protagonismo-en-carrera-electoral-venezuela/">the original</a> on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticias24&rft.atitle=Reuters%3A+controversia+sobre+la+sexualidad+toma+protagonismo+en+la+carrera+electoral+de+Venezuela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticias24.com%2Fvenezuela%2Fnoticia%2F156028%2Fcontroversia-sobre-sexualidad-toma-protagonismo-en-carrera-electoral-venezuela%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shangay.com/maduro-creo-que-todo-el-mundo-se-puede-casar-aunque-sea-homosexual">Maduro: "Creo que todo el mundo se puede casar, aunque sea homosexual"</a> shangay.com, 20 November 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> (in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasexta.com/programas/salvados/mejores-momentos/esta-maduro-a-favor-de-legalizar-el-matrimonio-homosexual-y-despenalizar-el-aborto-en-venezuela_201711195a11ecf40cf2018c197b187f.html">¿Está Maduro a favor de legalizar el matrimonio homosexual y despenalizar el aborto en Venezuela?</a> La Sexta, 20 November 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/maduro-seria-dueno-empresa-mexicana-distribuidora-los-clap_200140">"Maduro podría ser dueño de empresa méxicana distribuidora de los CLAP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nacional_(Caracas)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Nacional (Caracas)">El Nacional</a> (in Spanish). 23 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823190712/http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/politica/maduro-seria-dueno-empresa-mexicana-distribuidora-los-clap_200140">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nacional&rft.atitle=Maduro+podr%C3%ADa+ser+due%C3%B1o+de+empresa+m%C3%A9xicana+distribuidora+de+los+CLAP&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.el-nacional.com%2Fnoticias%2Fpolitica%2Fmaduro-seria-dueno-empresa-mexicana-distribuidora-los-clap_200140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyss2017" class="citation news cs1">Wyss, Jim (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article168977357.html">"Venezuela's ex-prosecutor Luisa Ortega accuses Maduro of profiting from nation's hunger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824021423/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article168977357.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+ex-prosecutor+Luisa+Ortega+accuses+Maduro+of+profiting+from+nation%27s+hunger&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Wyss&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela%2Farticle168977357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrengaman2017" class="citation news cs1">Prengaman, Peter (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824001526/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/brazils-chief-prosecutor-institutional-rape-venezuela-49376967">"Venezuela's ousted prosecutor accuses Maduro of corruption"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/brazils-chief-prosecutor-institutional-rape-venezuela-49376967">the original</a> on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+ousted+prosecutor+accuses+Maduro+of+corruption&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Prengaman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fbrazils-chief-prosecutor-institutional-rape-venezuela-49376967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021111557/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexico-prosecutors-find-fraud-venezuela-food-aid-program-58597223">"Mexico prosecutors find fraud in Venezuela food aid program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. 18 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexico-prosecutors-find-fraud-venezuela-food-aid-program-58597223">the original</a> on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Mexico+prosecutors+find+fraud+in+Venezuela+food+aid+program&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Fmexico-prosecutors-find-fraud-venezuela-food-aid-program-58597223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/02/04/en-vivo-guaido-espera-nuevas-sanciones-de-la-ue-contra-el-regimen-de-maduro/">"Juan Guaidó denunció que el régimen de Nicolás Maduro quiere transferir 1.200 millones de dólares a Uruguay"</a>. InfoBAE (in Spanish). 4 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204225927/https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/02/04/en-vivo-guaido-espera-nuevas-sanciones-de-la-ue-contra-el-regimen-de-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019. <q>Guaidó no dio más detalles de su denuncia pero sí agregó que, además, el chavismo "planea robar" la ayuda humanitaria que está recolectando con colaboración de la comunidad internacional.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoBAE&rft.atitle=Juan+Guaid%C3%B3+denunci%C3%B3+que+el+r%C3%A9gimen+de+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+quiere+transferir+1.200+millones+de+d%C3%B3lares+a+Uruguay&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fvenezuela%2F2019%2F02%2F04%2Fen-vivo-guaido-espera-nuevas-sanciones-de-la-ue-contra-el-regimen-de-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_279-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcooperante.com/de-banquete-en-banquete-los-rojitos-que-no-escatiman-a-la-hora-de-comer-pese-a-la-crisis/">"De banquete en banquete: Los "rojitos" que no escatiman a la hora de comer pese a la crisis"</a>. El Cooperate (in European Spanish). 22 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925025327/https://elcooperante.com/de-banquete-en-banquete-los-rojitos-que-no-escatiman-a-la-hora-de-comer-pese-a-la-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Cooperate&rft.atitle=De+banquete+en+banquete%3A+Los+%22rojitos%22+que+no+escatiman+a+la+hora+de+comer+pese+a+la+crisis&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcooperante.com%2Fde-banquete-en-banquete-los-rojitos-que-no-escatiman-a-la-hora-de-comer-pese-a-la-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pastrygate-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Pastrygate_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes,_Christal2017" class="citation news cs1">Hayes, Christal (3 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/venezuelan-president-eats-empanada-live-tv-while-addressing-starving-nation-701050">"Venezuelan President Eats Empanada on Live TV While Addressing Starving Nation"</a>. Newsweek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225065104/http://www.newsweek.com/venezuelan-president-eats-empanada-live-tv-while-addressing-starving-nation-701050">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+President+Eats+Empanada+on+Live+TV+While+Addressing+Starving+Nation&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Christal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fvenezuelan-president-eats-empanada-live-tv-while-addressing-starving-nation-701050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/venezuelan-president-eats-empanada-live-tv-while-addressing-starving-nation-701050">"As his people starve, Venezuelan President munches on empanada while addressing the nation on live TV"</a>. Newsweek. 3 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527045039/http://www.newsweek.com/venezuelan-president-eats-empanada-live-tv-while-addressing-starving-nation-701050">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=As+his+people+starve%2C+Venezuelan+President+munches+on+empanada+while+addressing+the+nation+on+live+TV&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fvenezuelan-president-eats-empanada-live-tv-while-addressing-starving-nation-701050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-maduro/venezuelans-outraged-by-maduros-steak-feast-at-salt-bae-restaurant-idUSKCN1LY02M">"Venezuelans outraged by Maduro's steak feast at Salt Bae restaurant"</a>. Reuters. Reuters Editorial. 18 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918033317/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-maduro/venezuelans-outraged-by-maduros-steak-feast-at-salt-bae-restaurant-idUSKCN1LY02M">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuelans+outraged+by+Maduro%27s+steak+feast+at+Salt+Bae+restaurant&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-maduro%2Fvenezuelans-outraged-by-maduros-steak-feast-at-salt-bae-restaurant-idUSKCN1LY02M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/la-ostentosa-fiesta-navidena-del-tsj-en-medio-de-la-crisis-mas-grande-del">"La ostentosa fiesta navideña del TSJ en medio de la crisis más grande del país"</a>. NTN24. 15 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203221336/https://www.ntn24.com/america-latina/venezuela/la-ostentosa-fiesta-navidena-del-tsj-en-medio-de-la-crisis-mas-grande-del">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NTN24&rft.atitle=La+ostentosa+fiesta+navide%C3%B1a+del+TSJ+en+medio+de+la+crisis+m%C3%A1s+grande+del+pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntn24.com%2Famerica-latina%2Fvenezuela%2Fla-ostentosa-fiesta-navidena-del-tsj-en-medio-de-la-crisis-mas-grande-del&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPode-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPode_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPode_284-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020140712/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/ousted-venezuelan-prosecutor-leaks-odebrecht-bribe-video/2017/10/12/32b6f4f8-af9f-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html">"Ousted Venezuelan prosecutor leaks Odebrecht bribe video"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. 12 October 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/ousted-venezuelan-prosecutor-leaks-odebrecht-bribe-video/2017/10/12/32b6f4f8-af9f-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ousted+Venezuelan+prosecutor+leaks+Odebrecht+bribe+video&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fousted-venezuelan-prosecutor-leaks-odebrecht-bribe-video%2F2017%2F10%2F12%2F32b6f4f8-af9f-11e7-9b93-b97043e57a22_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcooperante.com/americo-mata-el-chavista-que-habria-recibido-fondos-de-odebrecht-para-campana-presidencial-de-maduro/">"Américo Mata habría recibido pagos de Odebrecht para campaña de Maduro"</a>. El Cooperante (in European Spanish). 25 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154433/https://elcooperante.com/americo-mata-el-chavista-que-habria-recibido-fondos-de-odebrecht-para-campana-presidencial-de-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Cooperante&rft.atitle=Am%C3%A9rico+Mata+habr%C3%ADa+recibido+pagos+de+Odebrecht+para+campa%C3%B1a+de+Maduro&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcooperante.com%2Famerico-mata-el-chavista-que-habria-recibido-fondos-de-odebrecht-para-campana-presidencial-de-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/08/15/tsj-en-el-exilio-sentencio-a-nicolas-maduro-a-18-anos-y-3-meses-de-carcel-por-corrupcion/">"TSJ en el exilio sentenció a Nicolás Maduro a 18 años y 3 meses de cárcel por corrupción - LaPatilla.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a> (in European Spanish). 15 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816111827/https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/08/15/tsj-en-el-exilio-sentencio-a-nicolas-maduro-a-18-anos-y-3-meses-de-carcel-por-corrupcion/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=TSJ+en+el+exilio+sentenci%C3%B3+a+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+a+18+a%C3%B1os+y+3+meses+de+c%C3%A1rcel+por+corrupci%C3%B3n+-+LaPatilla.com&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2F2018%2F08%2F15%2Ftsj-en-el-exilio-sentencio-a-nicolas-maduro-a-18-anos-y-3-meses-de-carcel-por-corrupcion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/08/20/almagro-le-solicita-al-presidente-de-la-an-que-acate-la-sentencia-emitida-por-el-tsj-en-el-exilio-contra-maduro/">"Almagro solicita al presidente de la AN que acate la sentencia emitida por el TSJ en el exilio contra Maduro (Carta)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a> (in European Spanish). 20 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821113623/https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/08/20/almagro-le-solicita-al-presidente-de-la-an-que-acate-la-sentencia-emitida-por-el-tsj-en-el-exilio-contra-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=Almagro+solicita+al+presidente+de+la+AN+que+acate+la+sentencia+emitida+por+el+TSJ+en+el+exilio+contra+Maduro+%28Carta%29&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2F2018%2F08%2F20%2Falmagro-le-solicita-al-presidente-de-la-an-que-acate-la-sentencia-emitida-por-el-tsj-en-el-exilio-contra-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TREASven-288"><a href="#cite_ref-TREASven_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170726.aspx">"Venezuela-related Designations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Treasury">United States Department of Treasury</a>. 26 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927141511/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170726.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Treasury&rft.atitle=Venezuela-related+Designations&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fresource-center%2Fsanctions%2FOFAC-Enforcement%2FPages%2F20170726.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadaSanc-289"><a href="#cite_ref-CanadaSanc_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/09/venezuela_sanctions.html">"Venezuela sanctions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. 22 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116095333/https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/09/venezuela_sanctions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018. 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Retrieved 22 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canada+sanctions+40+Venezuelans+with+links+to+political%2C+economic+crisis&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fcanada-sanctions-40-venezuelans-with-links-to-political-economic-crisis%2Farticle36367074%2F%3Fref%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herald2017-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herald2017_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herald2017_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzei2017" class="citation news cs1">Mazzei, Patricia (31 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article164575852.htm">"U.S. slaps sanctions on Maduro and labels him a 'dictator'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a>. 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El Cooperante (in European Spanish). 29 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101149/https://elcooperante.com/conozca-a-los-55-jerarcas-chavistas-que-panama-puso-en-la-mira-por-fondos-dudosos/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2018. 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RCN Radio. 31 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413035717/https://www.rcnradio.com/colombia/primera-parte-de-lista-de-colaboradores-de-maduro-que-no-pueden-ingresar-colombia">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primera+parte+de+lista+de+colaboradores+de+Maduro+que+no+pueden+ingresar+a+Colombia&rft.pub=RCN+Radio&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcnradio.com%2Fcolombia%2Fprimera-parte-de-lista-de-colaboradores-de-maduro-que-no-pueden-ingresar-colombia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaduroHeads-294"><a href="#cite_ref-MaduroHeads_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/colombia-prohibe-el-ingreso-al-pais-a-200-personas-cercanas-a-maduro-320994">"Maduro encabeza lista de 200 venezolanos que no pueden entrar al país"</a> [Maduro tops list of 200 Venezuelans who can not enter the country]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 30 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413035436/https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/colombia-prohibe-el-ingreso-al-pais-a-200-personas-cercanas-a-maduro-320994">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Tiempo&rft.atitle=Maduro+encabeza+lista+de+200+venezolanos+que+no+pueden+entrar+al+pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Fpolitica%2Fgobierno%2Fcolombia-prohibe-el-ingreso-al-pais-a-200-personas-cercanas-a-maduro-320994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/venezuela-sanctions-actions-and-supporting-democracy/">"Venezuela: Sanctions Actions and Supporting Democracy"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=US+reimposes+some+sanctions+after+Venezuela+bans+presidential+hopeful&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F1%2F30%2Fus-reimposes-some-sanctions-after-venezuela-bans-presidential-hopeful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240923-venezuelan-court-issues-arrest-warrant-for-argentina-s-milei">"Argentina seeks Maduro's arrest for crimes against humanity"</a>. France 24. 23 September 2024. 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Miami Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323174700/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article227074859.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019. <q>According to a recent Datanalisis poll, Guaidó has an approval rating of 61 percent while Maduro's has hit an all-time low of 14 percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=%27The+chain+of+command+is+broken%2C%27+Guaid%C3%B3+tells+supporters+upon+his+return+to+Venezuela&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.au=Wyss%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela%2Farticle227074859.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> citing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/fmonaldi/status/1101893032540962816">Francisco Monaldi Tweet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406224046/https://twitter.com/fmonaldi/status/1101893032540962816">Archived</a> 6 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 2 March, "Maduro cae a su mínimo histórico de aprobación con 14%. Guaidó logra 61% de aprobación y arrasaría en una elección con 77% vs. 23% Maduro." </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2013" class="citation news cs1">Cawthorne, Andrew (4 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-maduro-idUSBRE99304A20131004">"Venezuela's Maduro stuck in shadow of 'El Comandante' Chavez"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117181329/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-maduro-idUSBRE99304A20131004">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Maduro+stuck+in+shadow+of+%27El+Comandante%27+Chavez&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-venezuela-maduro-idUSBRE99304A20131004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/12/01/para-el-857-de-los-venezolanos-la-situacion-del-pais-es-mala-encuesta-datanalisis/">"Para el 85.7% de los venezolanos la situación del país es mala (encuesta Datanalisis)"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Para+el+85.7%25+de+los+venezolanos+la+situaci%C3%B3n+del+pa%C3%ADs+es+mala+%28encuesta+Datanalisis%29&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2014%2F12%2F01%2Fpara-el-857-de-los-venezolanos-la-situacion-del-pais-es-mala-encuesta-datanalisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BInov2014-302"><a href="#cite_ref-BInov2014_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/venezuela-is-on-borrowed-time-2014-11">"Venezuela Is On Borrowed Time"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Venezuela+government+stalling+recall+vote+to+keep+power%2C+opposition+claims&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.au=Sibylla+Brodzinsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F27%2Fvenezuela-opposition-protests-nicolas-maduro-recall-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.analitica.com/actualidad/actualidad-nacional/encuestadora-hercon-813-revocaria-al-gobierno-de-nicolas-maduro/">"Encuestadora Hercon: 81.3% revocaría al gobierno de Nicolás Maduro"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=Al+menos+78.3%25+de+los+venezolanos+se+niega+a+que+Maduro+contin%C3%BAe+en+el+poder+%28Encuesta%29+-+LaPatilla.com&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2F2016%2F06%2F29%2Fal-menos-783-de-los-venezolanos-se-niega-a-que-maduro-continue-en-el-poder-encuesta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elimpulso.com/2016/08/17/datanalisis-popularidad-maduro-la-mas-baja-los-ultimos-nueve-meses/">"Datanálisis: Popularidad de Maduro es la más baja en los últimos nueve meses"</a>. El Impulso (in Spanish). 17 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629134628/https://www.elimpulso.com/2016/08/17/datanalisis-popularidad-maduro-la-mas-baja-los-ultimos-nueve-meses/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Impulso&rft.atitle=Datan%C3%A1lisis%3A+Popularidad+de+Maduro+es+la+m%C3%A1s+baja+en+los+%C3%BAltimos+nueve+meses&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elimpulso.com%2F2016%2F08%2F17%2Fdatanalisis-popularidad-maduro-la-mas-baja-los-ultimos-nueve-meses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/09/17/el-846-de-los-venezolanos-quieren-que-maduro-y-el-chavismo-se-vayan-ya-del-poder-encuesta-meganalisis/">"El 84.6% de los venezolanos quieren que Maduro y el chavismo se vayan ya del poder (encuesta Meganálisis) - LaPatilla.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a>. 17 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629075051/https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/09/17/el-846-de-los-venezolanos-quieren-que-maduro-y-el-chavismo-se-vayan-ya-del-poder-encuesta-meganalisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. 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El Estímulo. 12 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629075052/https://elestimulo.com/venezuela/2016-12-12/estudio-el-dialogo-le-paso-factura-a-la-oposicion-y-recupero-al-chavismo/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. 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El Estímulo (in Spanish). 9 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629075051/https://elestimulo.com/venezuela/2016-12-09/estudio-el-legado-de-chavez-se-diluye-por-culpa-de-un-impopular-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. 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Retrieved 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tal+Cual&rft.atitle=La+necesidad+de+una+candidatura+%C3%BAnica+y+el+inesperado+Javier+Bertucci+%28II%29&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Amaya&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalcualdigital.com%2Fla-necesidad-de-una-candidatura-unica-y-el-inesperado-javier-bertucci-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/02/solo-4-1-de-venezolanos-reconocen-a-maduro-como-presidente-guaido-se-alza-con-84-6-de-apoyo-popular-flash-meganalisis/">"Solo 4.1 % de venezolanos reconocen a Maduro como presidente: Guaidó se alza con 84.6 % de apoyo popular (Flash Meganálisis)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Patilla" title="La Patilla">La Patilla</a> (in European Spanish). 2 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204143631/https://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/02/solo-4-1-de-venezolanos-reconocen-a-maduro-como-presidente-guaido-se-alza-con-84-6-de-apoyo-popular-flash-meganalisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2019. 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Retrieved 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Datincorp+%E2%80%93+Informe+del+estudio+%E2%80%93+Cohesi%C3%B3n+%E2%80%93+Pol%C3%ADtica+%E2%80%93+5+de+febrero+del+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datincorp.com%2Fdoc%2Finforme-venezuela-05feb23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Maduro-pajarito-llegan-Isla-Presidencial_0_977902438.html">"Maduro y su pajarito llegan a "La Isla Presidencial""</a> [Maduro and his bird arrive on "La Isla Presidencial"] (in Spanish). Clarín. 20 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225453/http://www.clarin.com/mundo/Maduro-pajarito-llegan-Isla-Presidencial_0_977902438.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maduro+y+su+pajarito+llegan+a+%22La+Isla+Presidencial%22&rft.pub=Clar%C3%ADn&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fmundo%2FMaduro-pajarito-llegan-Isla-Presidencial_0_977902438.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shock.co/cine-y-tv/animaniacs-version-2020-se-burlo-de-nicolas-maduro-y-johnny-depp">"'Animaniacs' versión 2020 se burló de Nicolás Maduro y Johnny Depp"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shock&rft.atitle=%27Animaniacs%27+versi%C3%B3n+2020+se+burl%C3%B3+de+Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+y+Johnny+Depp&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shock.co%2Fcine-y-tv%2Fanimaniacs-version-2020-se-burlo-de-nicolas-maduro-y-johnny-depp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/maduro-y-la-hiperinflacion-protagonizan-un-episodio-de-animaniacs/">"Maduro y la hiperinflación protagonizan un episodio de Animaniacs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Nacional_(Venezuela)" title="El Nacional (Venezuela)">El Nacional</a> (in Spanish). 21 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226170356/https://www.elnacional.com/entretenimiento/maduro-y-la-hiperinflacion-protagonizan-un-episodio-de-animaniacs/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022. 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Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caracas+Chronicles&rft.atitle=World+Premiere%3A+In+the+Shadow+of+the+Revolution&rft.date=2017-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caracaschronicles.com%2F2017%2F10%2F08%2Fworld-premiere-shadow-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102191132/https://elnuevopais.net/2018/11/01/chavismo-la-peste-del-siglo-xxi-es-premiado-como-mejor-documental-en-nueva-york/">""Chavismo: la peste del siglo XXI" es premiado como mejor documental en Nueva York"</a> (in Spanish). El Nuevo País. 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Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Chavismo%3A+la+peste+del+siglo+XXI%22+es+premiado+como+mejor+documental+en+Nueva+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felnuevopais.net%2F2018%2F11%2F01%2Fchavismo-la-peste-del-siglo-xxi-es-premiado-como-mejor-documental-en-nueva-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Amaya" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez Amaya, Humberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/entretenimiento/pueblo-soy-documental-para-evitar-indiferencia_263316">"El pueblo soy yo, un documental para evitar la indiferencia"</a> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+pueblo+soy+yo%2C+un+documental+para+evitar+la+indiferencia&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Amaya&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.el-nacional.com%2Fnoticias%2Fentretenimiento%2Fpueblo-soy-documental-para-evitar-indiferencia_263316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-321"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefilmexperience.net/blog/2021/9/11/doc-corner-a-la-calle.html">"Doc Corner: 'A la calle'"</a>. 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El Economista. 19 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504054830/http://eleconomista.com.mx/internacional/2013/04/19/nicolas-maduro-asume-presidencia-venezuela">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maduro+asume+Presidencia+en+Venezuela&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feleconomista.com.mx%2Finternacional%2F2013%2F04%2F19%2Fnicolas-maduro-asume-presidencia-venezuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saij.gob.ar/481-nacional-condecoracion-dn20130000481-2013-05-02/123456789-0abc-184-0000-3102soterced?">"Decreto Nacional 481/2013"</a>. Boletín Oficial. 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Retrieved 26 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial&rft.atitle=Decreto+Nacional+481%2F2013&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saij.gob.ar%2F481-nacional-condecoracion-dn20130000481-2013-05-02%2F123456789-0abc-184-0000-3102soterced%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2052105-por-decreto-el-gobierno-le-retiro-a-nicolas-maduro-la-condecoracion-que-le-habia-otorgado-cristina-en-2013">"Por decreto, el Gobierno le retiró a Nicolás Maduro la condecoración que le había otorgado Cristina en 2013"</a> [By decree, the Government retired to Nicolás Maduro the decoration that had granted him Cristina in 2013]. La Nación (in Spanish). 11 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811150432/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/2052105-por-decreto-el-gobierno-le-retiro-a-nicolas-maduro-la-condecoracion-que-le-habia-otorgado-cristina-en-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2017. 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Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oananews.org&rft.atitle=Congratulations+to+Venezuelan+President&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oananews.org%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2Fcongratulations-venezuelan-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicol%C3%A1s+Maduro" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mppre.gob.ve/en/2019/01/07/turkey-inauguration-president-maduro/">"Turkey will attend the inauguration of President Maduro"</a>. Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores. 7 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112091554/http://mppre.gob.ve/en/2019/01/07/turkey-inauguration-president-maduro/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. 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0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Nicolás Maduro at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Nicolás Maduro">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" class="extiw" title="q:Nicolás Maduro">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58132" class="extiw" title="d:Q58132">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981207020811/http://www.mre.gov.ve/">Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores</a> (Venezuelan Foreign Ministry) (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cidob.org/lider-politico/nicolas-maduro-moros">Biography by CIDOB</a> (in Spanish)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ameliach" title="Francisco Ameliach">Francisco Ameliach</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President of the National Assembly</a> 2005–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Araque" title="Alí Rodríguez Araque">Alí Rodríguez Araque</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> 2006–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</a> 2012–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Arreaza" title="Jorge Arreaza">Jorge Arreaza</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> 2013–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> 2016–2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tabar%C3%A9_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Tabaré Vázquez">Tabaré Vázquez</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations</a> 2016–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mauricio_Macri" title="Mauricio Macri">Mauricio Macri</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> 2013–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicolás_Maduro559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Template:Nicolás Maduro"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Nicolás Maduro (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolás Maduro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicolás_Maduro559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolás Maduro</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (2013–present) (disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President of Venezuela</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Venezuela" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Venezuela">Minister of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela</a> (2006–2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Presidency of Nicolás Maduro">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Protests against Nicolás Maduro">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election_protests" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election protests">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Venezuelan_protests" title="2014 Venezuelan protests">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Venezuelan protests">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_protests" title="2017 Venezuelan protests">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_protests" title="2019 Venezuelan protests">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salida" title="La Salida">La Salida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2016 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2016 recall movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tumeremo_massacre" title="2016 Tumeremo massacre">First Tumeremo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_National_Assembly_attack" title="2017 Venezuelan National Assembly attack">National Assembly attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fort_Paramacay" title="Attack on Fort Paramacay">Attack on Fort Paramacay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Valencia,_Venezuela_fire" title="2018 Valencia, Venezuela fire">Valencia fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas_drone_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracas drone attack">Caracas drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2018_Tumeremo_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2018 Tumeremo massacre">Third Tumeremo massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_uprising_attempt" title="2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt">30 April uprising attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarigua_prison_riot" title="Acarigua prison riot">Acarigua prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanare_prison_riot" title="Guanare prison riot">Guanare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Apure_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Apure clashes">Apure clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Arauca_clashes" title="2022 Arauca clashes">Arauca clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Venezuelan_recall_referendum_project" title="2022 Venezuelan recall referendum project">2022 recall movement</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakazo" title="Dakazo">Dakazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_L%C3%B3pez#Imprisonment" title="Leopoldo López">Detention of Leopoldo López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ledezma" title="Antonio Ledezma">Detention of Antonio Ledezma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_protests_(2014%E2%80%93present)#Resolution_8610" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan protests (2014–present)">Resolution 8610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Committees_for_Supply_and_Production" title="Local Committees for Supply and Production">Local Committees for Supply and Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_card" title="Homeland card">Homeland card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro#2017_incarceration" title="Gilber Caro">Detention of Gilber Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">2017 Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_Garc%C3%ADa_(politician)" title="Carlos Andrés García (politician)">Death of Carlos Andrés García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_against_Hatred" title="Law against Hatred">Law against Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Junquito_raid" title="El Junquito raid">El Junquito raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Juan_Requesens" title="Detention of Juan Requesens">Detention of Juan Requesens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viernes_Rojo" title="Viernes Rojo">Viernes Rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alb%C3%A1n_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Albán Salazar">Death of Fernando Albán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%AD_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Alí Domínguez">Murder of Alí Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Venezuelan_blackouts" title="2019 Venezuelan blackouts">Widespread blackouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marrero" title="Roberto Marrero">Detention of Roberto Marrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilber_Caro#2019_detention_and_disappearance" title="Gilber Caro">Disappearance of Gilber Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Acosta_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Rafael Acosta Arévalo">Death of Rafael Acosta Arévalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_Rufo_Chac%C3%B3n" title="Attack of Rufo Chacón">Attack of Rufo Chacón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmundo_Rada" title="Edmundo Rada">Murder of Edmundo Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Alacr%C3%A1n" title="Operación Alacrán">Operación Alacrán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Barquisimeto_shooting" title="2020 Barquisimeto shooting">Barquisimeto shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon_(2020)" title="Operation Gideon (2020)">Operation Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vega_raid" title="La Vega raid">La Vega raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Solidarity_Law" title="Anti-Solidarity Law">Anti-Solidarity Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Agreement" title="Barbados Agreement">Barbados Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2023 Venezuelan referendum">2023 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_San_Miguel" title="Rocío San Miguel">Detention of Rocío San Miguel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_migrant_crisis" title="2015 Colombia–Venezuela migrant crisis">Colombian diplomatic/migration crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_affair" title="Narcosobrinos affair">Narcosobrinos affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Panama%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2018 Panama–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">Panama diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_shipping_of_humanitarian_aid_to_Venezuela" title="2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela">Humanitarian aid mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelet_Report" title="Bachelet Report">Bachelet Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Saab" title="Alex Saab">Detention of Alex Saab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis">Guyana–Venezuela crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999 Constituent National Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1999 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">1999 Constituent Assembly election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">2013 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Nicolás Maduro presidential campaign">Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election">2024 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Cilia Flores</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_Guerra" title="Nicolás Maduro Guerra">Nicolás Maduro Guerra</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efra%C3%ADn_Antonio_Campo_Flores" title="Efraín Antonio Campo Flores">Efraín Antonio Campo Flores</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_affair" title="Narcosobrinos affair">Francisco Flores de Freitas</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Venezuela" title="Hyperinflation in Venezuela">Hyperinflation in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Venezuela" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela">International Criminal Court investigation in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">Shortages in Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">← Hugo Chávez</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Category:Nicolás Maduro">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="President_of_Venezuela_(list)307" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="President_of_Venezuela_(list)307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 1830</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Monagas" title="José Gregorio Monagas">J. G. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Castro_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)">J. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Felipe_de_Tovar" title="Manuel Felipe de Tovar">Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Crisóstomo Falcón">Falcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ezequiel_Bruzual" title="Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual">Bruzual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ruperto_Monagas" title="José Ruperto Monagas">J. R. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Linares_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Francisco Linares Alcántara">Linares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Valera" title="José Gregorio Valera">Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo" title="Joaquín Crespo">Crespo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3genes_L%C3%B3pez" title="Hermógenes López">H. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Rojas_Pa%C3%BAl" title="Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl">Rojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Andueza_Palacio" title="Raimundo Andueza Palacio">Andueza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas_Pulido" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido">Villegas Pulido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo" title="Joaquín Crespo">Crespo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Andrade" title="Ignacio Andrade">Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">C. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_Fortoul" title="José Gil Fortoul">Gil Fortoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorino_M%C3%A1rquez_Bustillos" title="Victorino Márquez Bustillos">Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_P%C3%A9rez" title="Juan Bautista Pérez">J. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras" title="Eleazar López Contreras">López Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Medina_Angarita" title="Isaías Medina Angarita">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Gallegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Delgado_Chalbaud" title="Carlos Delgado Chalbaud">Delgado Chalbaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Su%C3%A1rez_Flamerich" title="Germán Suárez Flamerich">Suárez Flamerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal">Larrazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Sanabria" title="Edgar Sanabria">Sanabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni" title="Raúl Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Herrera_Campins" title="Luis Herrera Campins">Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lusinchi" title="Jaime Lusinchi">Lusinchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Lepage" title="Octavio Lepage">Lepage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Ramón José Velásquez">Velásquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Cabello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Guaidó</a>1</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/90px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/135px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/180px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> as "interim president" during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a> until 2023</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_legislatures_of_Venezuela209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legislative_leaders_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Legislative leaders of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legislative_leaders_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Legislative leaders of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legislative_leaders_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legislative leaders of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_legislatures_of_Venezuela209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of legislatures of Venezuela</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela" title="Senate of Venezuela">Senate</a> (1959–1999)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_R._Travieso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos R. Travieso (page does not exist)">Travieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni" title="Raúl Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Beltr%C3%A1n_Prieto_Figueroa" title="Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa">Pieto Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Augusto_Dubuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Augusto Dubuc (page does not exist)">Dubuc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armando_Vegas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armando Vegas (page does not exist)">Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A9rez_D%C3%ADaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Antonio Pérez Díaz (page does not exist)">Pérez Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Barrios_(politician)" title="Gonzalo Barrios (politician)">Barrios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Godofredo_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godofredo González (page does not exist)">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinaldo_Leandro_Mora" title="Reinaldo Leandro Mora">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Lepage" title="Octavio Lepage">Lepage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Morales_Bello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Morales Bello (page does not exist)">Morales Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Par%C3%ADs_Montesinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro París Montesinos (page does not exist)">Montesinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Lepage" title="Octavio Lepage">Lepage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_G%C3%B3mez_Tamayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Gómez Tamayo (page does not exist)">Gómez Tamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crist%C3%B3bal_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Dal%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristóbal Fernández Daló (page does not exist)">Fernández Daló</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Pablo_Aguilar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Pablo Aguilar (page does not exist)">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Alfonso_D%C3%A1vila" title="Luis Alfonso Dávila">Dávila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies">Chamber of Deputies</a> (1959–1999)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a> (1959–1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Vicente_Ledezma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Vicente Ledezma (page does not exist)">Ledezma</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Luis_Arcaya" title="Ignacio Luis Arcaya">Arcaya</a> (1962–1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9ctor_Santaella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Héctor Santaella (page does not exist)">Santaella</a> (1964–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alirio_Ugarte_Pelayo" title="Alirio Ugarte Pelayo">Ugarte Pelayo</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dionisio_L%C3%B3pez_Orihuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dionisio López Orihuela (page does not exist)">López Orihuela</a> (1966–1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Betancourt_y_Galindez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Betancourt y Galindez (page does not exist)">Betancourt</a> (1967–1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_Rond%C3%B3n_Lovera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="César Rondón Lovera (page does not exist)">Rondón Lovera</a> (1968–1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_D%C3%A1ger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Dáger (page does not exist)">Dáger</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%A9idenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Léidenz (page does not exist)">Léidenz</a> (1970–1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Ram%C3%ADrez_Cubill%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo Ramírez Cubillán (page does not exist)">Ramírez Cubillán</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_%C3%81lvarez_Paz" title="Oswaldo Álvarez Paz">Álvarez Paz</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Canache_Mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Canache Mata (page does not exist)">Canache Mata</a> (1979–1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armando_S%C3%A1nchez_Bueno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armando Sánchez Bueno (page does not exist)">Sánchez Bueno</a> (1982–1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Ferrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo Ferrer (page does not exist)">Ferrer</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Iturbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Rodríguez Iturbe (page does not exist)">Iturbe</a> (1987–</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Enrique_Oberto" title="Luis Enrique Oberto">Oberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Laur%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelo Lauría">Lauría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Guillermo_Aveledo" title="Ramón Guillermo Aveledo">Aveledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixora_Rojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixora Rojas">Rojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Capriles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> (1999–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willian_Lara" title="Willian Lara">Lara</a> (2000–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ameliach" title="Francisco Ameliach">Amelaich</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maduro</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilia_Flores" title="Cilia Flores">Flores</a> (2006–2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Soto_Rojas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Soto Rojas (page does not exist)">Soto Rojas</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Cabello</a> (2012–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ramos_Allup" title="Henry Ramos Allup">Ramos Allup</a> (2016–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Borges" title="Julio Borges">Borges</a> (2017–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Barboza" title="Omar Barboza">Barboza</a> (2018–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Guaidó</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">Rodríguez</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_South_American_countries42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_South_America" title="Template:Heads of state of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Heads of state of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_South_American_countries42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state of South American countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador"><img alt="Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Noboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay"><img alt="Paraguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Boluarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Santokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay"><img alt="Uruguay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou" title="Luis Lacalle Pou">Lacalle Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maduro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Template:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Template talk:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_republics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of republics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_heads_of_state_of_republics264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Current heads of state of republics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></li> <li>Angola: <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">João Lourenço</a></li> <li>Benin: <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Talon" title="Patrice Talon">Patrice Talon</a></li> <li>Botswana: <a href="/wiki/Duma_Boko" title="Duma Boko">Duma Boko</a></li> <li>Burkina Faso: <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>*</li> <li>Burundi: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a></li> <li>Cameroon: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a></li> <li>Cape Verde: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Neves" title="José Maria Neves">José Maria Neves</a></li> <li>Central African Republic: <a href="/wiki/Faustin-Archange_Touad%C3%A9ra" title="Faustin-Archange Touadéra">Faustin-Archange Touadéra</a></li> <li>Chad: <a href="/wiki/Mahamat_D%C3%A9by" title="Mahamat Déby">Mahamat Déby</a></li> <li>Comoros: <a href="/wiki/Azali_Assoumani" title="Azali Assoumani">Azali Assoumani</a></li> <li>Democratic Republic of the Congo: <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></li> <li>Republic of the Congo: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li>Djibouti: <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li> <li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Abdel Fattah el-Sisi</a></li> <li>Equatorial Guinea: <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo</a></li> <li>Eritrea: <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li>Ethiopia: <a href="/wiki/Taye_Atske_Selassie" title="Taye Atske Selassie">Taye Atske Selassie</a></li> <li>Gabon: <a href="/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema" title="Brice Oligui Nguema">Brice Oligui Nguema</a>*</li> <li>Gambia: <a href="/wiki/Adama_Barrow" title="Adama Barrow">Adama Barrow</a></li> <li>Ghana: <a href="/wiki/John_Mahama" title="John Mahama">John Mahama</a></li> <li>Guinea: <a href="/wiki/Mamady_Doumbouya" title="Mamady Doumbouya">Mamady Doumbouya</a>*</li> <li>Guinea-Bissau: <a href="/wiki/Umaro_Sissoco_Embal%C3%B3" title="Umaro Sissoco Embaló">Umaro Sissoco Embaló</a></li> <li>Ivory Coast: <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a></li> <li>Kenya: <a href="/wiki/William_Ruto" title="William Ruto">William Ruto</a></li> <li>Liberia: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Boakai" title="Joseph Boakai">Joseph Boakai</a></li> <li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">Mohamed al-Menfi</a>*</li> <li>Madagascar: <a href="/wiki/Andry_Rajoelina" title="Andry Rajoelina">Andry Rajoelina</a></li> <li>Malawi: <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Chakwera" title="Lazarus Chakwera">Lazarus Chakwera</a></li> <li>Mali: <a href="/wiki/Assimi_Go%C3%AFta" title="Assimi Goïta">Assimi Goïta</a>*</li> <li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></li> <li>Mauritius: <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Gokhool" title="Dharam Gokhool">Dharam Gokhool</a></li> <li>Mozambique: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Nyusi" title="Filipe Nyusi">Filipe Nyusi</a></li> <li>Namibia: <a href="/wiki/Nangolo_Mbumba" title="Nangolo Mbumba">Nangolo Mbumba</a></li> <li>Niger: <a href="/wiki/Abdourahamane_Tchiani" title="Abdourahamane Tchiani">Abdourahamane Tchiani</a>*</li> <li>Nigeria: <a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Bola Tinubu</a></li> <li>Rwanda: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a></li> <li>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: <a href="/wiki/Brahim_Ghali" title="Brahim Ghali">Brahim Ghali</a></li> <li>São Tomé and Príncipe: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vila_Nova" title="Carlos Vila Nova">Carlos Vila Nova</a></li> <li>Senegal: <a href="/wiki/Bassirou_Diomaye_Faye" title="Bassirou Diomaye Faye">Bassirou Diomaye Faye</a></li> <li>Seychelles: <a href="/wiki/Wavel_Ramkalawan" title="Wavel Ramkalawan">Wavel Ramkalawan</a></li> <li>Sierra Leone: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maada_Bio" title="Julius Maada Bio">Julius Maada Bio</a></li> <li>Somalia: <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li>Somaliland: <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Mohamed_Abdullahi" title="Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi">Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi</a></li> <li>South Africa: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a></li> <li>South Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit" title="Salva Kiir Mayardit">Salva Kiir Mayardit</a></li> <li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a>*</li> <li>Tanzania: <a href="/wiki/Samia_Suluhu_Hassan" title="Samia Suluhu Hassan">Samia Suluhu Hassan</a></li> <li>Togo: <a href="/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></li> <li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Kais_Saied" title="Kais Saied">Kais Saied</a></li> <li>Uganda: <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li> <li>Zambia: <a href="/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema" title="Hakainde Hichilema">Hakainde Hichilema</a></li> <li>Zimbabwe: <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abkhazia: <a href="/wiki/Badra_Gunba" title="Badra Gunba">Badra Gunba</a>*</li> <li>Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li> <li>Bangladesh: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shahabuddin" title="Mohammed Shahabuddin">Mohammed Shahabuddin</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li>East Timor: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>Georgia (country): <a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a></li> <li>India: <a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a></li> <li>Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Prabowo Subianto</a></li> <li>Iran: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li>Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></li> <li>Kazakhstan: <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan: <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Sadyr Japarov</a></li> <li>Laos: <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></li> <li>Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Aoun" title="Joseph Aoun">Joseph Aoun</a></li> <li>Maldives: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Muizzu" title="Mohamed Muizzu">Mohamed Muizzu</a></li> <li>Mongolia: <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a></li> <li>Myanmar: <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>*</li> <li>Nepal: <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Poudel</a></li> <li>North Korea: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li>Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li>Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a></li> <li>Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Tharman_Shanmugaratnam" title="Tharman Shanmugaratnam">Tharman Shanmugaratnam</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Choi_Sang-mok" title="Choi Sang-mok">Choi Sang-mok</a>*</li> <li>South Ossetia: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gagloev" title="Alan Gagloev">Alan Gagloev</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></li> <li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a></li> <li>Tajikistan: <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li> <li>Turkmenistan: <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Serdar Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li>Uzbekistan: <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Shavkat Mirziyoyev</a></li> <li>Vietnam: <a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Lương Cường">Lương Cường</a></li> <li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albania: <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> </li> <li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Van_der_Bellen" title="Alexander Van der Bellen">Alexander Van der Bellen</a></li> <li>Belarus: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a></li> <li>Bosnia and Herzegovina: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87" title="Denis Bećirović">Denis Bećirović</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljka_Cvijanovi%C4%87" title="Željka Cvijanović">Željka Cvijanović</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a></li> <li>Bulgaria: <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a></li> <li>Croatia: <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a></li> <li>Cyprus: <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Christodoulides" title="Nikos Christodoulides">Nikos Christodoulides</a></li> <li>Czech Republic: <a href="/wiki/Petr_Pavel" title="Petr Pavel">Petr Pavel</a></li> <li>Estonia: <a href="/wiki/Alar_Karis" title="Alar Karis">Alar Karis</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stubb" title="Alexander Stubb">Alexander Stubb</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a></li> <li>Hungary: <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Sulyok" title="Tamás Sulyok">Tamás Sulyok</a></li> <li>Iceland: <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a></li> <li>Kosovo: <a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a></li> <li>Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a></li> <li>Lithuania: <a href="/wiki/Gitanas_Naus%C4%97da" title="Gitanas Nausėda">Gitanas Nausėda</a></li> <li>Malta: <a href="/wiki/Myriam_Spiteri_Debono" title="Myriam Spiteri Debono">Myriam Spiteri Debono</a></li> <li>Moldova: <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a></li> <li>Montenegro: <a href="/wiki/Jakov_Milatovi%C4%87" title="Jakov Milatović">Jakov Milatović</a></li> <li>North Macedonia: <a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a></li> <li>Northern Cyprus: <a href="/wiki/Ersin_Tatar" title="Ersin Tatar">Ersin Tatar</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a></li> <li>Romania: <a href="/wiki/Ilie_Bolojan" title="Ilie Bolojan">Ilie Bolojan</a>*</li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li>San Marino: <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Civerchia" title="Francesca Civerchia">Francesca Civerchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalibor_Riccardi" title="Dalibor Riccardi">Dalibor Riccardi</a></li> <li>Serbia: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a></li> <li>Slovakia: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini" title="Peter Pellegrini">Peter Pellegrini</a></li> <li>Slovenia: <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Nataša Pirc Musar</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></li> <li>Transnistria: <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Krasnoselsky" title="Vadim Krasnoselsky">Vadim Krasnoselsky</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li>Ukraine: <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barbados: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a></li> <li>Costa Rica: <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Chaves_Robles" title="Rodrigo Chaves Robles">Rodrigo Chaves Robles</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Miguel Díaz-Canel</a></li> <li>Dominica: <a href="/wiki/Sylvanie_Burton" title="Sylvanie Burton">Sylvanie Burton</a></li> <li>Dominican Republic: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Abinader" title="Luis Abinader">Luis Abinader</a></li> <li>El Salvador: <a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Nayib Bukele</a></li> <li>Guatemala: <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Ar%C3%A9valo" title="Bernardo Arévalo">Bernardo Arévalo</a></li> <li>Haiti: <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Presidential_Council" title="Transitional Presidential Council">Transitional Presidential Council</a>*</li> <li>Honduras: <a href="/wiki/Xiomara_Castro" title="Xiomara Castro">Xiomara Castro</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li> <li>Nicaragua: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Murillo" title="Rosario Murillo">Rosario Murillo</a></li> <li>Panama: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Mulino" title="José Raúl Mulino">José Raúl Mulino</a></li> <li>Trinidad and Tobago: <a href="/wiki/Christine_Kangaloo" title="Christine Kangaloo">Christine Kangaloo</a></li> <li>United States: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina: <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li>Bolivia: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a></li> <li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a></li> <li>Colombia: <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Gustavo Petro</a></li> <li>Ecuador: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Noboa" title="Daniel Noboa">Daniel Noboa</a></li> <li>Guyana: <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Irfaan Ali</a></li> <li>Paraguay: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a></li> <li>Peru: <a href="/wiki/Dina_Boluarte" title="Dina Boluarte">Dina Boluarte</a></li> <li>Suriname: <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Chan Santokhi</a></li> <li>Uruguay: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou" title="Luis Lacalle Pou">Luis Lacalle Pou</a></li> <li>Venezuela: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fiji: <a href="/wiki/Naiqama_Lalabalavu" title="Naiqama Lalabalavu">Naiqama Lalabalavu</a></li> <li>Kiribati: <a href="/wiki/Taneti_Maamau" title="Taneti Maamau">Taneti Maamau</a></li> <li>Marshall Islands: <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a></li> <li>Federated States of Micronesia: <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Simina" title="Wesley Simina">Wesley Simina</a></li> <li>Nauru: <a href="/wiki/David_Adeang" title="David Adeang">David Adeang</a></li> <li>Palau: <a href="/wiki/Surangel_Whipps_Jr." title="Surangel Whipps Jr.">Surangel Whipps Jr.</a></li> <li>Samoa: <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a></li> <li>Vanuatu: <a href="/wiki/Nikenike_Vurobaravu" title="Nikenike Vurobaravu">Nikenike Vurobaravu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Asterisk (*) indicate an acting head of state · Italics indicate a head of state of non-UN member state</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNASUR_leaders" title="Template:UNASUR leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNASUR_leaders" title="Template talk:UNASUR leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNASUR_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNASUR leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana"><img alt="Guyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irfaan_Ali" title="Irfaan Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Santokhi" title="Chan Santokhi">Santokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maduro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Template:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Template talk:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state of OPEC member states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_of_OPEC_member_states74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a> of <a href="/wiki/OPEC#Membership" title="OPEC">OPEC member states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Tebboune</a> (Algeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="João Lourenço">Lourenço</a> (Angola)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo" title="Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo">Obiang</a> (Equatorial Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Oligui_Nguema" title="Brice Oligui Nguema">Oligui Nguema</a> (Gabon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Rashid</a> (Iraq)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishal_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Mishal</a> (Kuwait)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Menfi" title="Mohamed al-Menfi">al-Menfi</a> (Libya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bola_Tinubu" title="Bola Tinubu">Tinubu</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Sassou Nguesso</a> (Republic of the Congo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a> (Saudi Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Mohamed</a> (United Arab Emirates)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maduro</a> (Venezuela)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ALBA23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_ALBA_leaders" title="Template:Current ALBA leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_ALBA_leaders" title="Template talk:Current ALBA leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_ALBA_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Current ALBA leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ALBA23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda"><img alt="Antigua and Barbuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Browne" title="Gaston Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia"><img alt="Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Arce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel" title="Miguel Díaz-Canel">Díaz-Canel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica"><img alt="Dominica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Skerrit" title="Roosevelt Skerrit">Skerrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada"><img alt="Grenada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dickon_Mitchell" title="Dickon Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Murillo" title="Rosario Murillo">Murillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis"><img alt="Saint Kitts and Nevis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Terrance_Drew" title="Terrance Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia"><img alt="Saint Lucia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Pierre" title="Philip J. 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