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Letter: December 2021">December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2021">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2021">October 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2021">September 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2021">August 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2019">December 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2019">November 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2019">October 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2019">September 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2019">August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2019">July 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2019">June 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2019">May 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2019">April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2019">March 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2019">February 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2019">January 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2018">December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2018">November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2018">October 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2018">September 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2018">August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2018">July 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2018">June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2018">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2018">April 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">Scholarly work related to the administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">More scholary articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">Tracking</a> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register">Historical additions to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">Terms and definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a></li> <li><a href="#Deference">Deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a></li> <li>Ex parte communications</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li> <li><a href="/Due_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">More terms and definitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">Laws and statutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">More laws and statutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">Executive orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Carter_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Carter related to the administrative state">Jimmy Carter</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12044_(Jimmy_Carter,_1978)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)">Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Reagan_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Reagan related to the administrative state">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12291_(Ronald_Reagan,_1981)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)">Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12498_(Ronald_Reagan,_1985)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)">Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Clinton_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Clinton related to the administrative state">Bill Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12866_(Bill_Clinton,_1993)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)">Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13132_(Bill_Clinton,_1999)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)">Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_George_W._Bush_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President George W. Bush related to the administrative state">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13258_(George_W._Bush,_2002)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)">Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13422_(George_W._Bush,_2007)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)">Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Obama_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Obama related to the administrative state">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13497_(Barack_Obama,_2009)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)">Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13563_(Barack_Obama,_2011)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)">Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13610_(Barack_Obama,_2012)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)">Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Trump_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Trump related to the administrative state">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13765_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13771_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13772_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13777_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13781_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13783_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13789_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13836_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13837_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13839_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13843_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Biden_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Biden related to the administrative state">Joseph Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13990_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13992_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14003_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14018_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14025_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">More executive orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="#Executive_departments">Executive departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Dept. of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Dept. of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Dept. of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Dept. of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Dept. of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Dept. of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Dept. of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Dept. of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Dept. of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Dept. of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Dept. of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Dept. of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Dept. of Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Executive_agencies">Executive agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">U.S. Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Independent_agencies">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">Court cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">More court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align:center; width:200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #364DA8; color:white"><big>Administrative State <big> </big></big></th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state"><img alt="Administrative State Icon Gold.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/a3/Administrative_State_Icon_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div></div><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Read more about the <a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">administrative state</a> on Ballotpedia. </td></tr></tbody></table><center> <table style="width:50%; background:#fff; solid; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="middle"><i>This article is a sprout; we plan on making it grow in the future. If you would like to help it grow, please consider <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">donating</a> to Ballotpedia.</i><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> The <b>National Labor Relations Board</b> (NLRB) is an <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">independent federal agency</a> established in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Noteworthy_events"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Noteworthy events</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#NLRB_rules_that_agency_ALJs_were_properly_appointed_(2018)"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">NLRB rules that agency ALJs were properly appointed (2018)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#U.S._Supreme_Court_upholds_employer_arbitration_agreements,_declines_to_apply_Chevron_deference_(2018)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">U.S. Supreme Court upholds employer arbitration agreements, declines to apply <i>Chevron</i> deference (2018)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noteworthy_events"><a href="/Noteworthy_events" title="Noteworthy events">Noteworthy events</a></span></h2> <h3><span id="NLRB_rules_that_agency_ALJs_were_properly_appointed_.282018.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="NLRB_rules_that_agency_ALJs_were_properly_appointed_(2018)">NLRB rules that agency ALJs were properly appointed (2018)</span></h3> <p>The commissioners of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Labor Relations Board</a> (NLRB) ruled on August 6, 2018, that the agency's ALJs were validly appointed by the agency pursuant to the Appointments Clause of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The commissioners' unanimous vote rejected a challenge by Westrock Services Inc., a graphics printing company, that argued for the dismissal of the company's case before the NLRB on the grounds that the agency's ALJs had not been properly appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-bna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bna-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>Westrock claimed that the NLRB's ALJs had not been appointed by the appropriate department head. The company argued that only the heads of cabinet-level agencies and the departments included under 5 U.S.C. § 101 constituted department heads for the purposes of the Appointments Clause. As such, Westrock argued that the NLRB commissioners did not have the authority to ratify their ALJ appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-bna_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bna-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>The NLRB commissioners rejected Westrock's claims and based their dismissal on the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>'s decision in <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i>, which held that the ALJs of the <a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) are inferior officers of the United States who must be appointed by the SEC commissioners, rather than hired by agency staff, in accordance with the Appointments Clause. The NLRB commissioners also cited <i><a href="/Free_Enterprise_Fund_v._Public_Company_Accounting_Oversight_Board" title="Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board">Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board</a></i>, which held that the SEC, as a “freestanding component of the Executive Branch, not subordinate to or contained within any other such component, ... constitutes a ‘Departmen[t]’ for the purposes of the Appointments Clause.” Therefore, the NLRB concluded that its commissioners, like those of the SEC, jointly function as a department head for the purposes of the Appointment Clause.<sup id="cite_ref-press_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>Westrock had not responded to the ruling as of August 7, 2018. The company can appeal the decision in federal court.<sup id="cite_ref-bna_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bna-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="U.S._Supreme_Court_upholds_employer_arbitration_agreements.2C_declines_to_apply_Chevron_deference_.282018.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="U.S._Supreme_Court_upholds_employer_arbitration_agreements,_declines_to_apply_Chevron_deference_(2018)">U.S. Supreme Court upholds employer arbitration agreements, declines to apply <i>Chevron</i> deference (2018)</span></h3> <p>On Monday, May 21, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that arbitration agreements between employers and employees are enforceable under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA). The Supreme Court ruling reversed and remanded a decision from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, which had ruled that the agreement violated the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and was not enforceable under the FAA. </p><p>The case involved a dispute between Epic Systems Corporation and a group of its employees regarding an arbitration agreement for wage-and-hour claims. In writing for the majority, Justice Neil Gorsuch observed that the case did not qualify for <a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a>—a principle of judicial review in which a federal court defers to a federal agency’s interpretation of an ambiguous statute that the agency administers. <i>Chevron</i> did not apply, according to Gorsuch, because no ambiguity existed in the NLRA statute, which is administered by the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). Instead, Gorsuch wrote that the NLRB had sought to "interpret [the NLRA] in a way that limits the work of the Arbitration Act, which the agency does not administer." </p><p>Gorsuch further stated that Congress had put forth clear instructions for the enforcement of arbitration agreements in the NLRA and that any effort to change the policy must come from Congress itself. He wrote, "The policy may be debatable but the law is clear: Congress has instructed that arbitration agreements like those before us must be enforced as written. While Congress is of course always free to amend this judgment, we see nothing suggesting it did so in the NLRA—much less that it manifested a clear intention to displace the Arbitration Act.”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies and offices of the administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_administrative_state_coverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia's administrative state coverage">Ballotpedia's administrative state coverage</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nlrb.gov/">National Labor Relations Board homepage</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=National+Labor+Relations+Board">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nlrb.gov/who-we-are/our-history"><i>National Labor Relations Board</i>, "Our History," accessed April 9, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bna_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bna_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bna_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.bna.com/labor-board-affirms-n73014481451/"><i>Bloomberg News</i>, "Labor Board Affirms Appointments of In-House Judges," August 6, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-press-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-press_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-press_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-press_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://nlrb.gov/news-outreach/news-story/nlrb-administrative-law-judges-validly-appointed"><i>National Labor Relations Board</i>, "NLRB Administrative Law Judges Validly Appointed," August 6, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://wamu.org/story/18/05/21/supreme-court-decision-delivers-blow-to-workers-rights/"><i>WAMU</i>, "Supreme Court Decision Delivers Blow To Workers’ Rights," May 21, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.redstate.com/streiff/2018/05/21/breaking.-scotus-overturns-arbitration-ruling-nlrb-gives-congress-real-work/"><i>Red State</i>, "BREAKING. SCOTUS Overturns Arbitration Ruling By NLRB And Gives Congress Real Work To Do," May 21, 2018</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:TASP_hnt" title="Template:TASP hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:TASP_hnt&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Main</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">The Administrative State Project main page</a> • <a href="/Administrative_State_Project_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative State Project Index">Administrative State Project Index</a> • <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a> • <a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Deference">Deference</a> • <a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Ballotpedia's administrative state legislation tracker</a></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="13"><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" title="The Administrative State Project"><img alt="The Administrative State Project Badge.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/150px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/225px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/4d/The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png/300px-The_Administrative_State_Project_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Reporting</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a> • <a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register,_1936-2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register, 1936-2016">Historical additions to the Federal Register, 1936-2016</a> • Pages added monthly to the Federal Register, 1995-2017</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Laws</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a> • <a href="/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> • <a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a> • <a href="/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a> • <a href="/Electronic_Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Electronic Freedom of Information Act">Electronic Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act_of_1938" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</a> • <a href="/Federal_Housekeeping_Statute" title="Federal Housekeeping Statute">Federal Housekeeping Statute</a> • <a href="/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> • <a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_Act_of_1914" title="Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914">Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914</a> • <a href="/Freedom_of_Information_Act" title="Freedom of Information Act">Freedom of Information Act</a> • <a href="/Government_in_the_Sunshine_Act" title="Government in the Sunshine Act">Government in the Sunshine Act</a> • <a href="/Independent_Offices_Appropriations_Act_of_1952" title="Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952">Independent Offices Appropriations Act of 1952</a> • <a href="/Information_Quality_Act" title="Information Quality Act">Information Quality Act</a> • <a href="/Interstate_Commerce_Act" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a> • <a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> • <a href="/Paperwork_Reduction_Act" title="Paperwork Reduction Act">Paperwork Reduction Act</a> • <a href="/Pendleton_Act" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a> • <a href="/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a> • <a href="/REINS_Act_(Wisconsin)" title="REINS Act (Wisconsin)">REINS Act (Wisconsin)</a> • <a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a> • <a href="/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934" title="Securities Exchange Act of 1934">Securities Exchange Act of 1934</a> • <a href="/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> • <a href="/Small_Business_Regulatory_Enforcement_Fairness_Act" title="Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act">Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act</a> • <a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a> • <a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Cases</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> • <i><a href="/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Association_of_Data_Processing_Service_Organizations_v._Camp" title="Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp">Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp</a></i> • <i><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> • <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> • <i><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_(FTC)_v._Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" title="Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California">Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California</a></i> • <i><a href="/Field_v._Clark" title="Field v. Clark">Field v. Clark</a></i> • <i><a href="/Food_and_Drug_Administration_v._Brown_and_Williamson_Tobacco_Corporation" title="Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation">Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_(INS)_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha</a></i> • <i><a href="/J.W._Hampton_Jr._%26_Company_v._United_States" title="J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States">J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> • <i><a href="/Marshall_v._Barlow%27s" title="Marshall v. Barlow's">Marshall v. Barlow's</a></i> • <i><a href="/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> • <i><a href="/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co." title="National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.">National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> • <i><a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_v._Chenery_Corporation" title="Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation">Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Western_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Universal_Camera_Corporation_v._National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board">Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> • <i><a href="/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wayman_v._Southard" title="Wayman v. Southard">Wayman v. Southard</a></i> • <i><a href="/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> • <i><a href="/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Associations" title="Whitman v. American Trucking Associations">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wiener_v._United_States" title="Wiener v. United States">Wiener v. United States</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Terms</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adjudication_(administrative_state)" title="Adjudication (administrative state)">Adjudication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Administrative_judge" title="Administrative judge">Administrative judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Arbitrary-or-capricious_test" title="Arbitrary-or-capricious test">Arbitrary-or-capricious test</a> • <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a> • <a href="/Barrier_to_entry" title="Barrier to entry">Barrier to entry</a> • <a href="/Bootleggers_and_Baptists" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a> • <a href="/Chevron_deference_(doctrine)" title="Chevron deference (doctrine)">Chevron deference (doctrine)</a> • <a href="/Civil_servant" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a> • <a href="/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> • <a href="/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> • <a href="/Codify_(administrative_state)" title="Codify (administrative state)">Codify (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a> • <a href="/Compliance_costs" title="Compliance costs">Compliance costs</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> • <a href="/Coordination_(administrative_state)" title="Coordination (administrative state)">Coordination (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Direct_and_indirect_costs_(administrative_state)" title="Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)">Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Enabling_statute" title="Enabling statute">Enabling statute</a> • <a href="/Ex_parte_communication_(administrative_state)" title="Ex parte communication (administrative state)">Ex parte communication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal law</a> • <a href="/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> • <a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a> • <a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Formalism_(law)" title="Formalism (law)">Formalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Functionalism_(law)" title="Functionalism (law)">Functionalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a> • <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a> • <a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Joint_resolution_of_disapproval_(administrative_state)" title="Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)">Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Major_rule" title="Major rule">Major rule</a> • <a href="/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">Negotiated rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a href="/OIRA_prompt_letter" title="OIRA prompt letter">OIRA prompt letter</a> • <a href="/Organic_statute" title="Organic statute">Organic statute</a> • <a href="/Pragmatism_(law)" title="Pragmatism (law)">Pragmatism (law)</a> • <a href="/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a> • <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">Promulgate</a> • <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a> • <a href="/Publication_rulemaking" title="Publication rulemaking">Publication rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_budget" title="Regulatory budget">Regulatory budget</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_dark_matter" title="Regulatory dark matter">Regulatory dark matter</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_policy_officer" title="Regulatory policy officer">Regulatory policy officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_reform_officer" title="Regulatory reform officer">Regulatory reform officer</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_review" title="Regulatory review">Regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Rent_seeking" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a> • <a href="/Retrospective_regulatory_review" title="Retrospective regulatory review">Retrospective regulatory review</a> • <a href="/Risk_assessment_(administrative_state)" title="Risk assessment (administrative state)">Risk assessment (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> • <a href="/Significant_regulatory_action" title="Significant regulatory action">Significant regulatory action</a> • <a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a> • <a href="/Statutory_authority" title="Statutory authority">Statutory authority</a> • <a href="/Substantive_law_and_procedural_law" title="Substantive law and procedural law">Substantive law and procedural law</a> • <a href="/Sue_and_settle" title="Sue and settle">Sue and settle</a> • <a href="/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">Sunset provision</a> • <a href="/Unified_Agenda_of_Federal_Regulatory_and_Deregulatory_Actions" title="Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions">Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions</a> • <a href="/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> • <a href="/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">United States Statutes at Large</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Bibliography</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small> <ul><li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22From_Administrative_State_to_Constitutional_Government%22_by_Joseph_Postell_(2012)" title=""From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)">"From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Interring_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Eric_A._Posner_and_Adrian_Vermeule_(2002)" title=""Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)">"Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Checks_%26_Balances_of_the_Regulatory_State%22_by_Paul_R._Verkuil_(2016)" title=""The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)">"The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Myth_of_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Keith_E._Whittington_and_Jason_Iuliano_(2017)" title=""The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)">"The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Progressive_Origins_of_the_Administrative_State:_Wilson,_Goodnow,_and_Landis%22_by_Ronald_J._Pestritto_(2007)" title=""The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)">"The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Rise_and_Rise_of_the_Administrative_State%22_by_Gary_Lawson_(1994)" title=""The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)">"The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Threat_to_Liberty%22_by_Steven_F._Hayward_(2017)" title=""The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)">"The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Agencies</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> • <a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> • <a href="/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Contact</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ways_you_can_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Ways you can help">Contribute</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a><hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Executive:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Leslie_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Leslie Graves">Leslie Graves, President</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Gwen_Beattie" title="Ballotpedia:Gwen Beattie">Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer</a><br /> <p><b>Communications:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Alison_Graves" title="Ballotpedia:Alison Graves">Alison Graves</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Carley_Allensworth" title="Ballotpedia:Carley Allensworth">Carley Allensworth</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Abigail_Campbell" title="Ballotpedia:Abigail Campbell">Abigail Campbell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Sarah_Groat" title="Ballotpedia:Sarah Groat">Sarah Groat</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nathaniel_Harwood" title="Ballotpedia:Nathaniel Harwood">Nathaniel Harwood</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Dillon_Redmond" title="Ballotpedia:Dillon Redmond">Dillon Redmond</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Erica_Shumaker" title="Ballotpedia:Erica Shumaker">Erica Shumaker</a><br /> <b>External Relations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Andrew_Heath" title="Ballotpedia:Andrew Heath">Andrew Heath</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Hannah_Nelson" title="Ballotpedia:Hannah Nelson">Hannah Nelson</a><br /> <b>Operations:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Meghann_Olshefski" title="Ballotpedia:Meghann Olshefski">Meghann Olshefski</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Amanda_Herbert" title="Ballotpedia:Amanda Herbert">Amanda Herbert</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Morris" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Morris">Mandy Morris</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Caroline_Presnell" title="Ballotpedia:Caroline Presnell">Caroline Presnell</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Rindfleisch" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Rindfleisch">Kelly Rindfleisch</a><br /> <b>Policy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jimmy_McAllister" title="Ballotpedia:Jimmy McAllister">Jimmy McAllister</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Molly_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Molly Byrne">Molly Byrne</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jon_Dunn" title="Ballotpedia:Jon Dunn">Jon Dunn</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Annelise_Reinwald" title="Ballotpedia:Annelise Reinwald">Annelise Reinwald</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Soukup" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Soukup">Emma Soukup</a><br /> <b>Content Strategy:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Josh_Altic" title="Ballotpedia:Josh Altic">Josh Altic</a> <br /> <b>Tech:</b> <a href="/Ballotpedia:Matt_Latourelle" title="Ballotpedia:Matt Latourelle">Matt Latourelle</a> • <a 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class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Cory_Eucalitto" title="Ballotpedia:Cory Eucalitto">Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Mandy_Gillip" title="Ballotpedia:Mandy Gillip">Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Doug_Kronaizl" title="Ballotpedia:Doug Kronaizl">Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Jaclyn_Beran" title="Ballotpedia:Jaclyn Beran">Jaclyn Beran</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Marielle_Bricker" title="Ballotpedia:Marielle Bricker">Marielle Bricker</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Joseph_Brusgard" title="Ballotpedia:Joseph Brusgard">Joseph Brusgard</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Emma_Burlingame" title="Ballotpedia:Emma Burlingame">Emma Burlingame</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Kelly_Coyle" title="Ballotpedia:Kelly Coyle">Kelly Coyle</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Thomas_Ellis" title="Ballotpedia:Thomas Ellis">Thomas Ellis</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Frank_Festa" title="Ballotpedia:Frank Festa">Frank Festa</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Nicole_Fisher" title="Ballotpedia:Nicole Fisher">Nicole Fisher</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Brianna_Hosea" title="Ballotpedia:Brianna Hosea">Brianna Hosea</a> • <a 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