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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elections-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elections subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>National Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Council of States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cantonal_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantonal_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cantonal elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantonal_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referendums</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referendums-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_referendums_(Popular_initiatives)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_referendums_(Popular_initiatives)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Constitutional referendums (Popular initiatives)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_referendums_(Popular_initiatives)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Municipal voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competences_at_different_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competences_at_different_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Competences at different levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competences_at_different_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voting qualifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voting_qualifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voting qualifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voting_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Votes_on_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Votes_on_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Votes on citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Votes_on_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksabstimmung_(Schweiz)" title="Volksabstimmung (Schweiz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksabstimmung (Schweiz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veitsi_referendumid" title="Šveitsi referendumid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šveitsi referendumid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votar_en_Suiza" title="Votar en Suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Votar en Suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votation_populaire" title="Votation populaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Votation populaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votazioni_in_Svizzera" title="Votazioni in Svizzera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Votazioni in Svizzera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="การลงคะแนนเสียงในสวิตเซอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การลงคะแนนเสียงในสวิตเซอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7942192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Politics of Switzerland">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" title="List of members of the Swiss Federal Council">Members</a> (by seniority) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beat_Jans" title="Beat Jans">Beat Jans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Guy Parmelin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Viola Amherd</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karin_Keller-Sutter" title="Karin Keller-Sutter">Karin Keller-Sutter</a> (Vice President)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_R%C3%B6sti" title="Albert Rösti">Albert Rösti</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Baume-Schneider" title="Élisabeth Baume-Schneider">Élisabeth Baume-Schneider</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland" title="Chancellor of Switzerland">Federal Chancellor</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rossi" title="Viktor Rossi">Viktor Rossi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Swiss_Council_of_States_(2019%E2%80%9323)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Swiss Council of States (2019–23)">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_National_Council_of_Switzerland,_2019%E2%80%9323" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the National Council of Switzerland, 2019–23">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voting</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Elections</div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_federal_election" title="1848 Swiss federal election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_Swiss_federal_election" title="1851 Swiss federal election">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Swiss_federal_election" title="1854 Swiss federal election">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Swiss_federal_election" title="1857 Swiss federal election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Swiss_federal_election" title="1860 Swiss federal election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Swiss_federal_election" title="1863 Swiss federal election">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_federal_election" title="1866 Swiss federal election">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Swiss_federal_election" title="1869 Swiss federal election">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_federal_election" title="1872 Swiss federal election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_federal_election" title="1875 Swiss federal election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Swiss_federal_election" title="1878 Swiss federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Swiss_federal_election" title="1881 Swiss federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_federal_election" title="1884 Swiss federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_federal_election" title="1887 Swiss federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_federal_election" title="1890 Swiss federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_federal_election" title="1893 Swiss federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_federal_election" title="1896 Swiss federal election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Swiss_federal_election" title="1899 Swiss federal election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_federal_election" title="1902 Swiss federal election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_federal_election" title="1905 Swiss federal election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_federal_election" title="1908 Swiss federal election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Swiss_federal_election" title="1911 Swiss federal election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_federal_election" title="1914 Swiss federal election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_federal_election" title="1917 Swiss federal election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_federal_election" title="1919 Swiss federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_federal_election" title="1922 Swiss federal election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_federal_election" title="1925 Swiss federal election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_federal_election" title="1928 Swiss federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_federal_election" title="1931 Swiss federal election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_federal_election" title="1935 Swiss federal election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_federal_election" title="1939 Swiss federal election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Swiss_federal_election" title="1943 Swiss federal election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_federal_election" title="1947 Swiss federal election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_federal_election" title="1951 Swiss federal election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_federal_election" title="1955 Swiss federal election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_federal_election" title="1959 Swiss federal election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_federal_election" title="1963 Swiss federal election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_federal_election" title="1967 Swiss federal election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_federal_election" title="1971 Swiss federal election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_federal_election" title="1975 Swiss federal election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_federal_election" title="1979 Swiss federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_federal_election" title="1983 Swiss federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_federal_election" title="1987 Swiss federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_federal_election" title="1991 Swiss federal election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_federal_election" title="1995 Swiss federal election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_federal_election" title="1999 Swiss federal election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_federal_election" title="2003 Swiss federal election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election" title="2007 Swiss federal election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_federal_election" title="2011 Swiss federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_federal_election" title="2023 Swiss federal election">2023</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">Referendums</a></div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1798_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1798 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1848 Swiss constitutional referendum">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_referendum" title="1866 Swiss referendum">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1872 Swiss constitutional referendum">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1874 Swiss constitutional referendum">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_referendum" title="1875 Swiss referendum">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Swiss_referendums" title="1876 Swiss referendums">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_Swiss_referendum" title="1877 Swiss referendum">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Swiss_referendums" title="1879 Swiss referendums">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1880 Swiss constitutional referendum">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Swiss_referendums" title="1882 Swiss referendums">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_referendum" title="1884 Swiss referendum">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1885 Swiss constitutional referendum">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_referendums" title="1887 Swiss referendums">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Swiss_insolvency_referendum" title="1889 Swiss insolvency referendum">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1890 Swiss insurance referendum">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Swiss_referendums" title="1891 Swiss referendums">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_animal_protection_referendum" title="1893 Swiss animal protection referendum">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Swiss_referendums" title="1894 Swiss referendums">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Swiss_referendums" title="1895 Swiss referendums">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_referendum" title="1896 Swiss referendum">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Swiss_referendums" title="1897 Swiss referendums">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Swiss_referendums" title="1898 Swiss referendums">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Swiss_referendums" title="1900 Swiss referendums">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_schools_referendum" title="1902 Swiss schools referendum">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Swiss_referendums" title="1903 Swiss referendums">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_copyright_referendum" title="1905 Swiss copyright referendum">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Swiss_foodstuffs_referendum" title="1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Swiss_armed_forces_referendum" title="1907 Swiss armed forces referendum">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_referendums" title="1908 Swiss referendums">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Swiss_electoral_system_referendum" title="1910 Swiss electoral system referendum">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1912 Swiss insurance referendum">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Swiss_disease_control_referendum" title="1913 Swiss disease control referendum">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1914 Swiss constitutional referendum">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Swiss_war_tax_referendum" title="1915 Swiss war tax referendum">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_stamp_duty_referendum" title="1917 Swiss stamp duty referendum">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Swiss_referendums" title="1918 Swiss referendums">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_referendums" title="1919 Swiss referendums">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Swiss_referendums" title="1920 Swiss referendums">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Swiss_referendums" title="1921 Swiss referendums">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_referendums" title="1922 Swiss referendums">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Swiss_referendums" title="1923 Swiss referendums">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Swiss_employment_protection_referendum" title="1924 Swiss employment protection referendum">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_referendums" title="1925 Swiss referendums">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Swiss_grain_supply_referendum" title="1926 Swiss grain supply referendum">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Swiss_referendum" title="1927 Swiss referendum">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_referendums" title="1928 Swiss referendums">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Swiss_referendums" title="1929 Swiss referendums">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1930 Swiss alcohol referendum">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_referendums" title="1931 Swiss referendums">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Swiss_federal_salaries_referendum" title="1933 Swiss federal salaries referendum">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Swiss_public_order_referendum" title="1934 Swiss public order referendum">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_referendums" title="1935 Swiss referendums">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Swiss_freemasonry_referendum" title="1937 Swiss freemasonry referendum">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Swiss_referendums" title="1938 Swiss referendums">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_referendums" title="1939 Swiss referendums">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Swiss_military_referendum" title="1940 Swiss military referendum">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1941 Swiss alcohol referendum">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Swiss_referendums" title="1942 Swiss referendums">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Swiss_unfair_competition_referendum" title="1944 Swiss unfair competition referendum">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Swiss_referendums" title="1945 Swiss referendums">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Swiss_referendums" title="1946 Swiss referendums">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_referendums" title="1947 Swiss referendums">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Swiss_sugar_industry_referendum" title="1948 Swiss sugar industry referendum">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Swiss_referendums" title="1949 Swiss referendums">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Swiss_referendums" title="1950 Swiss referendums">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_referendums" title="1951 Swiss referendums">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Swiss_referendums" title="1952 Swiss referendums">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Swiss_referendums" title="1953 Swiss referendums">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Swiss_referendums" title="1954 Swiss referendums">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_tenant_and_consumer_protection_referendum" title="1955 Swiss tenant and consumer protection referendum">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Swiss_referendums" title="1956 Swiss referendums">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Swiss_referendums" title="1957 Swiss referendums">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Swiss_referendums" title="1958 Swiss referendums">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_referendums" title="1959 Swiss referendums">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Swiss_referendums" title="1960 Swiss referendums">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Swiss_referendums" title="1961 Swiss referendums">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Swiss_referendums" title="1962 Swiss referendums">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_referendums" title="1963 Swiss referendums">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Swiss_referendums" title="1964 Swiss referendums">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Swiss_referendums" title="1965 Swiss referendums">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Swiss_referendum" title="1966 Swiss referendum">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_real_estate_referendum" title="1967 Swiss real estate referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Swiss_referendums" title="1968 Swiss referendums">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Swiss_referendums" title="1969 Swiss referendums">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Swiss_referendums" title="1970 Swiss referendums">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_referendums" title="1971 Swiss referendums">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Swiss_referendums" title="1972 Swiss referendums">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Swiss_referendums" title="1973 Swiss referendums">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Swiss_referendums" title="1974 Swiss referendums">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_referendums" title="1975 Swiss referendums">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Swiss_referendums" title="1976 Swiss referendums">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Swiss_referendums" title="1977 Swiss referendums">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Swiss_referendums" title="1978 Swiss referendums">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_referendums" title="1979 Swiss referendums">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Swiss_referendums" title="1980 Swiss referendums">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Swiss_referendums" title="1981 Swiss referendums">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Swiss_referendums" title="1982 Swiss referendums">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_referendums" title="1983 Swiss referendums">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Swiss_referendums" title="1984 Swiss referendums">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Swiss_referendums" title="1985 Swiss referendums">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Swiss_referendums" title="1986 Swiss referendums">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_referendums" title="1987 Swiss referendums">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Swiss_referendums" title="1988 Swiss referendums">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Swiss_referendums" title="1989 Swiss referendums">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Swiss_referendums" title="1990 Swiss referendums">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_referendums" title="1991 Swiss referendums">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Swiss_referendums" title="1992 Swiss referendums">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Swiss_referendums" title="1993 Swiss referendums">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Swiss_referendums" title="1994 Swiss referendums">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_referendums" title="1995 Swiss referendums">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Swiss_referendums" title="1996 Swiss referendums">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Swiss_referendums" title="1997 Swiss referendums">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Swiss_referendums" title="1998 Swiss referendums">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_referendums" title="1999 Swiss referendums">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Swiss_referendums" title="2000 Swiss referendums">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Swiss_referendums" title="2001 Swiss referendums">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Swiss_referendums" title="2002 Swiss referendums">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_referendums" title="2003 Swiss referendums">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Swiss_referendums" title="2004 Swiss referendums">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Swiss_referendums" title="2005 Swiss referendums">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Swiss_referendums" title="2006 Swiss referendums">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_referendums" title="2007 Swiss referendums">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Swiss_referendums" title="2008 Swiss referendums">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_referendums" title="2009 Swiss referendums">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Swiss_referendums" title="2010 Swiss referendums">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_gun_control_initiative" title="2011 Swiss gun control initiative">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Swiss_referendums" title="2012 Swiss referendums">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swiss_referendums" title="2013 Swiss referendums">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Swiss_referendums" title="2014 Swiss referendums">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_referendums" title="2015 Swiss referendums">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums" title="2016 Swiss referendums">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Swiss_referendums" title="2017 Swiss referendums">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swiss_referendums" title="2018 Swiss referendums">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_referendums" title="2019 Swiss referendums">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Swiss_referendums" title="2020 Swiss referendums">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Swiss_referendums" title="2021 Swiss referendums">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Swiss_referendums" title="2022 Swiss referendums">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_referendums" title="2023 Swiss referendums">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Swiss_referendums" title="2024 Swiss referendums">2024</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Federal courts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Federal Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Criminal_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Criminal Court of Switzerland">Federal Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Switzerland)">Federal Administrative Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Patent_Court_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Patent Court (Switzerland)">Federal Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">European Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau (AG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft (BL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt (BS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern (BE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus (GL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons (GR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura (JU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne (LU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel (NE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden (NW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden (OW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen (SH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz (SZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn (SO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen (SG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino (TI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau (TG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri (UR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais (VS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud (VD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug (ZG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">Zurich (ZH)</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">Cantonal legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">Cantonal executives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="List of municipalities of Switzerland">(Full list of Municipalities)</a> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Aargau" title="Municipalities of the canton of Aargau">Aargau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Innerrhoden#Political_subdivisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden#Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Basel-Landschaft" title="Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Bern" title="Municipalities of the canton of Bern">Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Fribourg" title="Municipalities of the canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Geneva" title="Municipalities of the canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Glarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Glarus">Glarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Graub%C3%BCnden" title="Municipalities of the canton of Graubünden">Graubünden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Jura" title="Municipalities of the canton of Jura">Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Lucerne" title="Municipalities of the canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Municipalities of the canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Nidwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Obwalden" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Obwalden">Obwalden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Schwyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Solothurn" title="Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Municipalities of the canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Thurgau" title="Municipalities of the canton of Thurgau">Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Ticino" title="Municipalities of the canton of Ticino">Ticino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Uri" title="Municipalities of the canton of Uri">Uri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Valais" title="Municipalities of the canton of Valais">Valais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Vaud" title="Municipalities of the canton of Vaud">Vaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Zug" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the canton of Zug">Zug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_canton_of_Zurich" title="Municipalities of the canton of Zurich">Zurich</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" 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class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/100px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/150px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg/200px-Ballot_Box_Silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="762" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">Referendum types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">Legislative referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Recall referendum">Recall referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_referendum" title="Popular referendum">Popular referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_by_country" title="Referendums by country">Referendums by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Canada" title="Referendums in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Referendums in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Iran" title="Referendums in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Israel" title="Referendums in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Kenya" title="Referendums in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania" title="Referendums in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Sweden" title="Referendums in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular initiative (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Taiwan" title="Referendums in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ukraine" title="Referendums in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by issue</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_referendum" title="Civil rights referendum">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_referendum" title="Financial referendum">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_referendum" title="Mining referendum">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_referendum" title="War referendum">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">EU</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Referendums by method</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_referendum" title="Electronic referendum">E-referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">History of direct democracy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">in USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">Popular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's jury">Citizen's jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_budgeting" title="Participatory budgeting">Participatory budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_direct_democracy_parties" title="List of direct democracy parties">List of direct democracy parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_title" title="Ballot title">Ballot title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Direct_Democracy" title="Template:Direct Democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Direct_Democracy" title="Template talk:Direct Democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Direct_Democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Direct Democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Voting in Switzerland</b> (called <b>votation</b>) is the process by which Swiss citizens make decisions about <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elect</a> <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">officials</a>. The history of <b>voting rights in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></b> mirrors the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">complexity of the nation</a> itself. The polling stations are opened on Saturdays and Sunday mornings but most<sup id="cite_ref-Wellig_2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellig_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people vote by post in advance. At noon on Sunday (<i>Abstimmungssonntag</i> in German, <i>Dimanche de votation</i> in French), voting ends and the results are usually known during the afternoon. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>'s voting system is unique among modern <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> nations in that <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> practises <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> in parallel with representative democracy, which is why the Swiss system is known as a <a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">semi-direct democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201522_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201522-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct democracy allows any citizen to challenge any law approved by the parliament or, at any time, propose a modification of the federal Constitution. In addition, in most <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> all votes are cast using paper ballots that are manually counted. At the federal level, voting can be organised for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a> (election of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendums</a> (votation on a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">constitution</a> made by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendums</a> (referendum on a law accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a> and, that collected 50,000 signatures of opponents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Federal popular initiatives</a> (votation on a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">constitution</a> made by citizens and that collected 100,000 signatures of supporters)</li></ul> <p>Approximately four times a year, voting occurs over various issues; these include both <a href="/wiki/Initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiatives">initiatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendums</a>, where policies are directly voted on by people, and <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>, where the populace votes for officials. Federal, cantonal and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">municipal</a> issues are polled simultaneously, and a majority of votes are cast by mail. Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, to answer 103 federal questions, besides many more cantonal and municipal questions (during the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums).<sup id="cite_ref-Golay_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golay-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most frequent themes are social issues (e.g. welfare, healthcare, and drug policy), public infrastructure (e.g. public transport and construction projects) and environmental issues (e.g. environment and nature protection), economics, public finances (including taxes), immigration, asylum, and education, but also about culture and media, state system, foreign affairs, and military issues – again on any of the three political levels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voter turnout in parliamentary elections saw a continuous decline since the 1970s, down to an all-time low of 42.2% in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-bfs.admin.ch_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfs.admin.ch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years however, voter participation has been slowly growing again and was at 48.5% in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-bfs.admin.ch_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfs.admin.ch-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average turnout for referendums was at 49.2% in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Federal popular initiatives</a> of little public appeal sometimes cause participation of less than 30% of the electorate, but controversial issues such as a proposed abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss army">Swiss army</a> or a possible accession of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> have seen turnouts over 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting_procedures">Voting procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voting procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_voting_material.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/200px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/300px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Swiss_voting_material.jpg/400px-Swiss_voting_material.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>The ballots and other voting documents mailed to each citizen of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> for the elections and referendums of 30 November 2008; here about 5 national, 2 cantonal, 4 municipal referendums, and 2 elections (government and parliament of the City of Bern) to take care of at the same time.<br />(click the picture for further descriptions)</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the Canton voting can be done through showing of hands, <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">postal voting</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Polling_station" title="Polling station">polling booths</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">electronically</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evoteswiss2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evoteswiss2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1971<sup id="cite_ref-mandatory_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandatory-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some cantons punished citizens for not voting (with a fine equivalent to <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">$</a>3). In the canton of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, voting is still <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory</a>. This is one reason for the turnout there usually being a little higher than in the rest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are no <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a> in Switzerland; all votes are counted by hand. Every municipality <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">randomly recruits</a> a number of citizens who have the duty of counting the ballots, but penalties for disobeying this duty have become rare. However, after people sort the ballots (e.g. "yes" and "no"), then the total number of "yes" and "no" votes are counted either manually or, in bigger cities, by an automatic counter (like <a href="/wiki/Banknote_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknote counter">the ones used in banks</a> to count banknotes); or the ballots are weighed by a <a href="/wiki/Precision_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision balance">precision balance</a>. Vote counting is usually accomplished within five or six hours, but in large cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, counting the votes in parliamentary elections may take much longer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postal_voting">Postal voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Postal voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png/200px-Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png/300px-Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png/400px-Swiss_federal_referendum_ballot_2006-11.png 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="2585" /></a><figcaption>Referendum ballot where one can answer either "yes" or "no" in the box. For the English translation, click on the image. As Switzerland has four official languages, the ballots are distributed in four versions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Voters are not required to <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">register</a> before <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a> in Switzerland. Since every person living in the country (both Swiss nationals and foreigners) must register with the municipality within two weeks of moving to a new place, the municipalities know the addresses of their citizens. Approximately two months before the polling date they send voters a letter containing an <a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">envelope</a> (with the word "Ballots" on it), the ballot itself and a small booklet informing them about the proposed changes in the law. The booklet on the referendums also includes texts by both the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">federal council</a> and the proponents of each referendum, allowing them to promote their position. </p><p>Once the voter has filled out their ballot these are put into an anonymous return envelope provided in the package. This first anonymous envelope and a signed transmission card that identify the voter is then put into the return envelope then sent back to the municipality. The return envelope is in fact the shipping envelope with a special opening strip that allow it to be reused to send back the vote. Many voters, especially in villages and small cities, put the return envelope directly into the municipality mailbox. Others return it by post, although not having to pay the postage in some cantons. </p><p>Once received at the municipality, the transmission card is checked to verify the right of the voter, then the anonymous return envelope is put into the ballot box with all the other votes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polling_places">Polling places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polling places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voters also have an option to cast their vote directly at <a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">polling places</a>. At polling places voters take the ballots that they have previously received in the mail and drop them off at the booth. However, after the introduction of postal voting most Swiss citizens do not utilise this service. Polling stations have traditionally been frequented by organisations collecting signatures for <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">federal popular initiatives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_voting">Electronic voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electronic voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting_in_Switzerland" title="Electronic voting in Switzerland">Electronic voting in Switzerland</a></div> <p>In 2003, in the Swiss canton of Geneva, some residents in the commune of Anières voted over the internet in a trial, marking the first time <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">e-voting</a> (electronic voting) was used in Switzerland for a binding referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-Wellig_2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wellig_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government has allowed cantons to gradually expand the use of e-voting over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Federal Council allowed the following cantons to offer electronic voting (called e-voting there) to Swiss persons living abroad who are registered in these cantons: Geneva, Lucerne, Basel-Stadt and Neuchâtel. This means about 34,000 registered Swiss abroad could vote electronically.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For voters living in Switzerland, the Federal Council offered the opportunity to vote over the Internet only to voters in the cantons of Geneva and Neuchâtel. About 90,000 persons living in Switzerland were able to vote online.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2019, two e-voting systems are in use in Switzerland. CHVote, from Geneva, is in use in cantons Vaud, Bern, Lucerne, Basel City, St Gallen and Aargau. The system is <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">AGPL</a>. But in 2018, Geneva decided to start to phase it out for cost reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other system is sVote from <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Post" title="Swiss Post">Swiss Post</a>, proprietary but disclosed software developed by <a href="/wiki/Scytl" title="Scytl">Scytl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018 It was used in Fribourg, Neuchâtel and Thurgau.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, politicians and computer experts launched a people's initiative to ban the use of e-voting for security reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections in Switzerland</a></div> <p>There are three primary election types. The first two, parliamentary elections and executive elections, allow Swiss citizens to vote for candidates to represent them in the government. Parliamentary elections are organised around a proportional multi-party voting system and executive elections are organized around a popular vote directly for individuals, where the individual with the most votes wins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201528-29_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201528-29-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third type of election, referendums, concern policy issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Council">National Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rules for the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Switzerland">National Council</a> are made federally. If a canton has two or more seats in the National Council, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> takes place. The ballot has as many lists as candidates are running. While citizens can propose a list, most are presented by parties. Any citizen can run for election. </p><p>Voters can either use a ready-made party ballot or a clear ballot. On both they can write in every candidate up to two times, and they can write in candidates of other lists. If they choose to leave some lines empty, they can give all the empty lines to one party, which constitutes a so-called party vote. For example, a voter can use the Social Democratic ballot with the candidates A, B and C but choose to strike B and C and write-in D from the Greens. A will get a candidate vote as well as D, and the Social Democrats will gain 2 votes over all and the Green 1. </p><p>Party votes and votes given to a single candidate (so-called candidate votes) are added and compose the number of votes for the list. If a list wins one or more seats, the candidates with the highest number of candidate votes wins. </p><p>Lists can join each other in an <a href="/wiki/Apparentment" title="Apparentment">apparentment</a> and sub-apparentments. For example, if the Social Democratic Party chooses to run with two lists, they can form a sub-apparentment. This sub-apparentment can then join an apparentment with the Green Party. In the voting outcome, they are first treated as one list - seats are given to the apparentment depending on how many votes it has got as a whole. As the voting outcome is calculated based on the <a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff system">Hagenbach-Bischoff system</a>, the last seat in every canton goes to the list or apparentment with the highest number of not regarded votes for the ordinarily given seats. </p><p>For example, in the 2007 National Council elections in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Canton of Jura</a>, the parties received the following percentage of votes (sub-apparentments are already calculated):<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democratic Party of Switzerland</a>: 36.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland</a>: 25.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a>: 13.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP.The Liberals">FDP.The Liberals</a>: 13.4%</li></ul> <p>Two seats were to be elected. One seat went to the Social Democrats. The Liberals and the People's Party had made an apparentment. Together, they gained 27.1% which was 2.1 percentage points more than the Christian Democratic Party. The second seat went to the People's Party (Dominique Baettig) although that party received fewer votes than the Christian Democratic Party. </p><p>Cantons with only one representative such as <a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a> elect them via <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> amended by <i>apparentment</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_States">Council of States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Council of States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Council_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Council of States">Council of States</a> are elected through different systems as decided by the cantons, because the body represents Switzerland's cantons (member states). However, there is a uniform mode of election taking place on the same date as the nationwide <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Switzerland">National Council</a> elections. This procedure is the <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a> ("Majorzwahl" in German). In the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">canton of Zug</a> and the canton of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, the elections take place before the other cantons according to Majorzwahl. </p><p>With the exception of the cantons of <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></span></span> and <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a></span></span> (which use <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> to elect their councilors), councilors are elected through an up to <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> of voting. In the first round of voting, candidates must obtain an <a href="/wiki/Supermajority#Majority_of_the_entire_membership" title="Supermajority">absolute majority of the vote</a> in order to be elected. If no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round of voting then a second round is held in which a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">simple plurality</a> is sufficient to be elected. The top two finishing candidates in the second round are elected.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantonal_elections">Cantonal elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cantonal elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_legislatures_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland">List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cantonal_executives_of_Switzerland" title="List of cantonal executives of Switzerland">List of cantonal executives of Switzerland</a></div> <p>The voters can also vote for the government of each canton. The ballot has only one line where the voter can place the full name of any of-age citizen that lives in the said canton, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">a write-in candidate</a>. There are no party votes, only candidate votes; so this procedure is called ("Majorzwahl") where the candidate with the most votes wins. However, cantons use a <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, during the first ballot only candidates which win an absolute majority are elected. If not all officers are elected during the first round as second round takes place where a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">simple majority</a> is sufficient to be elected (known as <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality</a> in the US). </p><p>All Cantons have a single chamber parliament mostly elected by proportional representation. Most of them have several <a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral districts">electoral districts</a> of different size and some varieties in the formulas to calculate the seats per party. Graubünden and both Appenzells elect their parliament in majority system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referendums">Referendums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Referendums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">List of Swiss federal referendums</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_referendums">Legislative referendums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legislative referendums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Optional_referendum" title="Optional referendum">Optional referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum" title="Mandatory referendum">Mandatory referendum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_referendum_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory referendum in Switzerland">Mandatory referendum in Switzerland</a></div> <p>Citizens can call constitutional and legislative referendums. <i>Legislative</i> referendums are only possible on laws passed by the legislature. Citizens cannot initiate legislation of their own crafting through legislative referendums.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electorate, however, has the right to initiate <i>constitutional</i> legislation with a <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">federal popular initiative</a> (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each proposal there is a box on the ballot which the voter has to fill with either a "Yes" or a "No". If there are proposals that contradict each other, there is also a tie-break question: "If both proposals are adopted by the people, which proposal do you favor? (the so-called "subsidiary question" introduced in 1987). To challenge a law, citizens must collect 50,000 signatures within 100 days of the official publication of a new law. If they manage to do it, a nationwide referendum is held. And if the majority of the voters reject the law, it is canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201522_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201522-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Influence_of_the_legislative_referendums_on_the_political_system">Influence of the legislative referendums on the political system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence of the legislative referendums on the political system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The possibility for the citizens to challenge any law influences the whole political system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encourages parties to form coalition governments, to minimize the risk that an important party tries to block the action of the government by systematically launching referendums. It gives legitimacy to political decisions. It forces the authorities to listen to all sectors of the population, to minimize the risk that they reject new laws in referendums. Before presenting a new bill to the parliament, the federal government usually makes a wide consultation to ensure that no significant group is frontally opposed to it, and willing to launch a referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_referendums_(Popular_initiatives)"><span id="Constitutional_referendums_.28Popular_initiatives.29"></span>Constitutional referendums (Popular initiatives)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Constitutional referendums (Popular initiatives)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">Federal popular initiative</a></div> <p>Modifications to the constitution are subject to obligatory vote and require a double majority both of all voters nationally and of the cantons. Such votes are called when the parliament proposes a constitutional modification, or when 100,000 citizens sign in eighteen months a <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">federal popular initiative</a> that clearly states a proposed constitutional change. And the minimum participation has to be higher than 40% (as cantonal referendum procedure).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201523_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201523-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="40% in which cantons, exactly? (July 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If the appropriate number of citizens sign onto the popular initiative within the eighteen month timeframe, the Federal Council and Parliament will deliberate whether or not to recommend the initiative for official legislation. Once approved, new constitutional provisions will be made based upon the already existing legislation the new initiative affects.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to the cantonal vote, 20 of the 26 cantons have each one vote, but the 6 so-called <a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">half-cantons</a> (because they were so historically split centuries ago) only have a half vote each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201524_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201524-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cantonal vote is determined by a popular vote among the people of that canton; if the majority supports a proposal then the canton as a whole is regarded as supporting the proposal. </p><p>This cantonal vote means that small cantons are represented equally with the larger ones. For example, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Country">Basel-Country</a> as a canton has about 256,000 inhabitants, but has only half a cantonal vote (the other "half canton" being <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-City" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-City">Basel-City</a>). On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">canton of Uri</a> has a full cantonal vote, but only 35,000 inhabitants. </p><p>More than 550 referendums have occurred since the constitution of 1848 (legislative or constitutional).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_voting">Municipal voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Municipal voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every <a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a>, town or city has a deliberative assembly — in some villages, it is the <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town meeting</a>, where all adult citizens may vote by <a href="/wiki/Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies#Show_of_hands" title="Voting methods in deliberative assemblies">show of hands</a>. At such meetings the citizen can also present oral or written proposals which are voted on at the next meeting. In larger towns, elected assemblies take the place of the town meetings which are usually elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in one or more districts. </p><p>Municipal government is always elected by the citizens, mostly in a majority voting with some exceptions. Those municipal councils have about five to nine members. Loosely one can say, the smaller the town, the fewer party members are in the council. The leader of the council is mostly also voted by the citizens in a majority voting. </p><p>The municipal assemblies vote on changes to the "town statutes" (Gemeindereglement), governing such matters as the use of public space, on financial commitments exceeding the competence of the executive branch, and on naturalisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competences_at_different_levels">Competences at different levels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Competences at different levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Distribution of powers and responsibilities<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Federal powers (Swiss Constitution) </th> <th scope="col">Cantonal powers (cantonal constitutions) </th> <th scope="col">Municipal powers (cantonal legislation) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Organisation of federal authorities</td> <td>Organisation of cantonal authorities (own constitution, own anthem, own flag)</td> <td>Education (kindergarten and primary schools) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foreign affairs</td> <td>Cross-border cooperation</td> <td>Municipal taxes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Army and civil protection</td> <td>Police</td> <td>Waste management </td></tr> <tr> <td>National roads (highways)</td> <td>Relations between religion and state</td> <td>Municipal streets </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuclear energy</td> <td>Culture</td> <td>Local infrastructure </td></tr> <tr> <td>Postal services and telecommunication</td> <td>Public health</td> <td>Local police </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monetary policy</td> <td>Cantonal streets</td> <td>Zoning </td></tr> <tr> <td>Social security (pensions, invalids)</td> <td>Forests, water, natural resources</td> <td>Citizenship </td></tr> <tr> <td>Federal taxes</td> <td>Education (secondary schools and universities)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Civil law, criminal law</td> <td>Protection of the environment</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Civil and criminal procedure</td> <td>Protection of nature and heritage</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Customs</td> <td>Citizenship</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Education (technical universities)</td> <td>Cantonal taxes</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Energy policy</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Principles for zoning</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protection of the environment</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Citizenship</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting_qualifications">Voting qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Voting qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country as of 2018 has about 8.5 million inhabitants, 6.25 million of which are <a href="/wiki/Swiss_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss citizen">Swiss citizens</a> who have the right to vote once 18 years old. Some <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> and municipalities have granted foreigners the right to vote in certain elections if they have lived a certain number of years in Switzerland. </p><p>All Swiss citizens aged 18 years or older have been allowed to vote at the federal level since women were granted suffrage on 7 February 1971. All adult citizens have been able to vote at the canton level since 27 November 1990, when <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, the last canton to deny universal suffrage, was compelled by a federal court decision. </p><p>In addition, Swiss citizens living outside of the country who are older than 18 are also allowed to vote on federal matters and, in some cantons, on cantonal matters. For these voters, registration through the local or nearest Swiss consulate is compulsory (as they are not already registered in the municipality in which they live). They can choose to register at the most recent Swiss municipality in which they were registered previously, or at their <a href="/wiki/Place_of_origin" title="Place of origin">place of origin</a> otherwise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Votes_on_citizenship">Votes on citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Votes on citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss citizenship">Swiss citizenship</a></div> <p>The municipal parliament, administration or a naturalisation committee decides about naturalisations. However, in some towns, naturalisations were subject to a popular vote. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a> decided in 2003 that naturalisations were an administrative act and thus must obey the prohibition of arbitrariness, which rules out rejections by anonymous popular vote without an explanatory statement. </p><p>There are ongoing discussions about changing the rules: one proposal consists of automatically naturalising foreigners if they fulfill the formal criteria, and citizens can propose non-naturalisation if they give a reason for the proposal. The proposal would be voted on, and if the foreigner doesn't accept the outcome of the vote, he can order the court to verify the objectivity of the reasons. Some politicians have started a <a href="/wiki/Federal_popular_initiative" title="Federal popular initiative">federal popular initiative</a> to change the Swiss Constitution in order to make votes on naturalizations legal,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it reached <a href="/wiki/June_2008_Swiss_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2008 Swiss referendum">a referendum in June 2008</a> and was soundly rejected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss-Political-System.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Swiss-Political-System.pdf/page1-200px-Swiss-Political-System.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Swiss-Political-System.pdf/page1-300px-Swiss-Political-System.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Swiss-Political-System.pdf/page1-400px-Swiss-Political-System.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>"Swiss political system", document about Swiss democracy, inside of a CD_ROM made by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Women's suffrage in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">List of Swiss federal referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in Switzerland">Right of foreigners to vote in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_rights_act_(Switzerland)" title="Political rights act (Switzerland)">Political rights act (Switzerland)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCormon2015" class="citation cs2">Cormon, Pierre (2015), <i>Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners</i> (2 ed.), Geneva, Switzerland: Slatkine, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8321-0607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8321-0607-5"><bdi>978-2-8321-0607-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swiss+Politics+for+Complete+Beginners&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Slatkine&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-8321-0607-5&rft.aulast=Cormon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, <i>Swiss political institutions</i>, Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-606-01295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-606-01295-3">978-2-606-01295-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011a" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUXkX4U1Ir8"><i>The Swiss Government Report 1</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/SUXkX4U1Ir8">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Government+Report+1&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSUXkX4U1Ir8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011b" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QJORezLAaw"><i>The Swiss Government Report 2</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/9QJORezLAaw">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Swiss+Government+Report+2&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9QJORezLAaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011c" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011c), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9Ei50c2c1I"><i>How Direct Democracy Works In Switzerland - Report 3</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/V9Ei50c2c1I">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Direct+Democracy+Works+In+Switzerland+-+Report+3&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV9Ei50c2c1I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011d" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011d), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fp48yJT4Cy4"><i>How People in Switzerland Vote - Report 4</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/Fp48yJT4Cy4">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+People+in+Switzerland+Vote+-+Report+4&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFp48yJT4Cy4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschbühl2011e" class="citation cs2">Hirschbühl, Tina (2011e), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pp66RSP8gAQ"><i>Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements - Report 5</i></a>, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/pp66RSP8gAQ">archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Switzerland+%26+the+EU%3A+The+Bilateral+Agreements+-+Report+5&rft.pub=Federal+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+FDFA%2C+Presence+Switzerland&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hirschb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dpp66RSP8gAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn. "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism," <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>, Jun. 2023, Vol. 59: No. 2. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wellig_2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wellig_2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wellig_2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelligPortenierMendezGermann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wellig, Christoph; Portenier, Alicia; Mendez, Fernando; Germann, Micha; Serdult, Uwe (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12773850">"Fifteen years of internet voting in Switzerland [History, Governance and Use]"</a>. <i>2015 Second International Conference on EDemocracy & EGovernment (ICEDEG)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2015+Second+International+Conference+on+EDemocracy+%26+EGovernment+%28ICEDEG%29&rft.atitle=Fifteen+years+of+internet+voting+in+Switzerland+%5BHistory%2C+Governance+and+Use%5D&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wellig&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Portenier%2C+Alicia&rft.au=Mendez%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Germann%2C+Micha&rft.au=Serdult%2C+Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12773850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201522-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201522_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201522_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCormon2015">Cormon (2015)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golay-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golay_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, <i>Swiss political institutions</i>, Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-606-01295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-606-01295-3">978-2-606-01295-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/politik/abstimmungen.assetdetail.7146057.html">"Themen der eidgenössischen Volksabstimmungen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSL)</span> (official site). 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I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting (25 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/online-democracy_opposition-against-e-voting-project-gathers-pace/44708930">"Opposition against e-voting project gathers pace"</a>. <i>SWI swissinfo.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>Popular initiatives do not originate in Parliament or in the government but come directly from the citizens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Portal&rft.atitle=Right+to+a+popular+initiative&rft.au=Swiss+Federal+Chancellery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ch.ch%2Fabstimmungen_und_wahlen%2F01277%2F01283%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201525–26_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCormon2015">Cormon (2015)</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormon201523-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormon201523_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCormon2015">Cormon (2015)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swiss Federal Chancellery. 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Admin.ch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/pore/vi/vi320.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Initiative+populaire+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale+%27pour+des+naturalisations+d%C3%A9mocratiques%27&rft.pub=Admin.ch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fch%2Ff%2Fpore%2Fvi%2Fvi320.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoting+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">referendums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliamentary<br />elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_federal_election" title="1848 Swiss federal election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_Swiss_federal_election" title="1851 Swiss federal election">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Swiss_federal_election" title="1854 Swiss federal election">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_Swiss_federal_election" title="1857 Swiss federal election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Swiss_federal_election" title="1860 Swiss federal election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_Swiss_federal_election" title="1863 Swiss federal election">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_federal_election" title="1866 Swiss federal election">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_Swiss_federal_election" title="1869 Swiss federal election">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_federal_election" title="1872 Swiss federal election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_federal_election" title="1875 Swiss federal election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Swiss_federal_election" title="1878 Swiss federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_Swiss_federal_election" title="1881 Swiss federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_federal_election" title="1884 Swiss federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_federal_election" title="1887 Swiss federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_federal_election" title="1890 Swiss federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_federal_election" title="1893 Swiss federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_federal_election" title="1896 Swiss federal election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Swiss_federal_election" title="1899 Swiss federal election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_federal_election" title="1902 Swiss federal election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_federal_election" title="1905 Swiss federal election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_federal_election" title="1908 Swiss federal election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Swiss_federal_election" title="1911 Swiss federal election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_federal_election" title="1914 Swiss federal election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_federal_election" title="1917 Swiss federal election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_federal_election" title="1919 Swiss federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_federal_election" title="1922 Swiss federal election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_federal_election" title="1925 Swiss federal election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_federal_election" title="1928 Swiss federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_federal_election" title="1931 Swiss federal election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_federal_election" title="1935 Swiss federal election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_federal_election" title="1939 Swiss federal election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Swiss_federal_election" title="1943 Swiss federal election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_federal_election" title="1947 Swiss federal election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_federal_election" title="1951 Swiss federal election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_federal_election" title="1955 Swiss federal election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_federal_election" title="1959 Swiss federal election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_federal_election" title="1963 Swiss federal election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_federal_election" title="1967 Swiss federal election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_federal_election" title="1971 Swiss federal election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_federal_election" title="1975 Swiss federal election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_federal_election" title="1979 Swiss federal election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_federal_election" title="1983 Swiss federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_federal_election" title="1987 Swiss federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_federal_election" title="1991 Swiss federal election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_federal_election" title="1995 Swiss federal election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_federal_election" title="1999 Swiss federal election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_federal_election" title="2003 Swiss federal election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_federal_election" title="2007 Swiss federal election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_federal_election" title="2011 Swiss federal election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_federal_election" title="2019 Swiss federal election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_federal_election" title="2023 Swiss federal election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums" title="List of Swiss federal referendums">Referendums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1798_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1798 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_Helvetic_Republic_constitutional_referendum" title="1802 Helvetic Republic constitutional referendum">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1848 Swiss constitutional referendum">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_Swiss_referendum" title="1866 Swiss referendum">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1872 Swiss constitutional referendum">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1874 Swiss constitutional referendum">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_Swiss_referendum" title="1875 Swiss referendum">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Swiss_referendums" title="1876 Swiss referendums">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_Swiss_referendum" title="1877 Swiss referendum">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_Swiss_referendums" title="1879 Swiss referendums">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1880 Swiss constitutional referendum">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_Swiss_referendums" title="1882 Swiss referendums">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Swiss_referendum" title="1884 Swiss referendum">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1885 Swiss constitutional referendum">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_Swiss_referendums" title="1887 Swiss referendums">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Swiss_insolvency_referendum" title="1889 Swiss insolvency referendum">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1890 Swiss insurance referendum">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_Swiss_referendums" title="1891 Swiss referendums">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Swiss_animal_protection_referendum" title="1893 Swiss animal protection referendum">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_Swiss_referendums" title="1894 Swiss referendums">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_Swiss_referendums" title="1895 Swiss referendums">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Swiss_referendum" title="1896 Swiss referendum">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Swiss_referendums" title="1897 Swiss referendums">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Swiss_referendums" title="1898 Swiss referendums">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Swiss_referendums" title="1900 Swiss referendums">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Swiss_schools_referendum" title="1902 Swiss schools referendum">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Swiss_referendums" title="1903 Swiss referendums">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Swiss_copyright_referendum" title="1905 Swiss copyright referendum">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Swiss_foodstuffs_referendum" title="1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Swiss_armed_forces_referendum" title="1907 Swiss armed forces referendum">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Swiss_referendums" title="1908 Swiss referendums">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Swiss_electoral_system_referendum" title="1910 Swiss electoral system referendum">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Swiss_insurance_referendum" title="1912 Swiss insurance referendum">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Swiss_disease_control_referendum" title="1913 Swiss disease control referendum">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Swiss_constitutional_referendum" title="1914 Swiss constitutional referendum">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Swiss_war_tax_referendum" title="1915 Swiss war tax referendum">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Swiss_stamp_duty_referendum" title="1917 Swiss stamp duty referendum">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Swiss_referendums" title="1918 Swiss referendums">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Swiss_referendums" title="1919 Swiss referendums">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Swiss_referendums" title="1920 Swiss referendums">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Swiss_referendums" title="1921 Swiss referendums">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Swiss_referendums" title="1922 Swiss referendums">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Swiss_referendums" title="1923 Swiss referendums">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Swiss_employment_protection_referendum" title="1924 Swiss employment protection referendum">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Swiss_referendums" title="1925 Swiss referendums">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Swiss_grain_supply_referendum" title="1926 Swiss grain supply referendum">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Swiss_referendum" title="1927 Swiss referendum">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Swiss_referendums" title="1928 Swiss referendums">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Swiss_referendums" title="1929 Swiss referendums">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1930 Swiss alcohol referendum">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Swiss_referendums" title="1931 Swiss referendums">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Swiss_federal_salaries_referendum" title="1933 Swiss federal salaries referendum">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Swiss_public_order_referendum" title="1934 Swiss public order referendum">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Swiss_referendums" title="1935 Swiss referendums">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Swiss_freemasonry_referendum" title="1937 Swiss freemasonry referendum">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Swiss_referendums" title="1938 Swiss referendums">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Swiss_referendums" title="1939 Swiss referendums">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Swiss_military_referendum" title="1940 Swiss military referendum">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Swiss_alcohol_referendum" title="1941 Swiss alcohol referendum">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Swiss_referendums" title="1942 Swiss referendums">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Swiss_unfair_competition_referendum" title="1944 Swiss unfair competition referendum">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Swiss_referendums" title="1945 Swiss referendums">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Swiss_referendums" title="1946 Swiss referendums">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Swiss_referendums" title="1947 Swiss referendums">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Swiss_sugar_industry_referendum" title="1948 Swiss sugar industry referendum">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Swiss_referendums" title="1949 Swiss referendums">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Swiss_referendums" title="1950 Swiss referendums">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Swiss_referendums" title="1951 Swiss referendums">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Swiss_referendums" title="1952 Swiss referendums">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Swiss_referendums" title="1953 Swiss referendums">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Swiss_referendums" title="1954 Swiss referendums">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Swiss_tenant_and_consumer_protection_referendum" title="1955 Swiss tenant and consumer protection referendum">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Swiss_referendums" title="1956 Swiss referendums">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Swiss_referendums" title="1957 Swiss referendums">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Swiss_referendums" title="1958 Swiss referendums">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Swiss_referendums" title="1959 Swiss referendums">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Swiss_referendums" title="1960 Swiss referendums">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Swiss_referendums" title="1961 Swiss referendums">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Swiss_referendums" title="1962 Swiss referendums">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Swiss_referendums" title="1963 Swiss referendums">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Swiss_referendums" title="1964 Swiss referendums">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Swiss_referendums" title="1965 Swiss referendums">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Swiss_referendum" title="1966 Swiss referendum">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Swiss_real_estate_referendum" title="1967 Swiss real estate referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Swiss_referendums" title="1968 Swiss referendums">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Swiss_referendums" title="1969 Swiss referendums">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Swiss_referendums" title="1970 Swiss referendums">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Swiss_referendums" title="1971 Swiss referendums">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Swiss_referendums" title="1972 Swiss referendums">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Swiss_referendums" title="1973 Swiss referendums">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Swiss_referendums" title="1974 Swiss referendums">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Swiss_referendums" title="1975 Swiss referendums">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Swiss_referendums" title="1976 Swiss referendums">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Swiss_referendums" title="1977 Swiss referendums">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Swiss_referendums" title="1978 Swiss referendums">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Swiss_referendums" title="1979 Swiss referendums">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Swiss_referendums" title="1980 Swiss referendums">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Swiss_referendums" title="1981 Swiss referendums">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Swiss_referendums" title="1982 Swiss referendums">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Swiss_referendums" title="1983 Swiss referendums">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Swiss_referendums" title="1984 Swiss referendums">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Swiss_referendums" title="1985 Swiss referendums">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Swiss_referendums" title="1986 Swiss referendums">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Swiss_referendums" title="1987 Swiss referendums">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Swiss_referendums" title="1988 Swiss referendums">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Swiss_referendums" title="1989 Swiss referendums">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Swiss_referendums" title="1990 Swiss referendums">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Swiss_referendums" title="1991 Swiss referendums">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Swiss_referendums" title="1992 Swiss referendums">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Swiss_referendums" title="1993 Swiss referendums">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Swiss_referendums" title="1994 Swiss referendums">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Swiss_referendums" title="1995 Swiss referendums">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Swiss_referendums" title="1996 Swiss referendums">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Swiss_referendums" title="1997 Swiss referendums">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Swiss_referendums" title="1998 Swiss referendums">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Swiss_referendums" title="1999 Swiss referendums">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Swiss_referendums" title="2000 Swiss referendums">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Swiss_referendums" title="2001 Swiss referendums">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Swiss_referendums" title="2002 Swiss referendums">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Swiss_referendums" title="2003 Swiss referendums">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Swiss_referendums" title="2004 Swiss referendums">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Swiss_referendums" title="2005 Swiss referendums">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Swiss_referendums" title="2006 Swiss referendums">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Swiss_referendums" title="2007 Swiss referendums">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Swiss_referendums" title="2008 Swiss referendums">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Swiss_referendums" title="2009 Swiss referendums">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Swiss_referendums" title="2010 Swiss referendums">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Swiss_gun_control_initiative" title="2011 Swiss gun control initiative">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Swiss_referendums" title="2012 Swiss referendums">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Swiss_referendums" title="2013 Swiss referendums">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Swiss_referendums" title="2014 Swiss referendums">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_referendums" title="2015 Swiss referendums">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums" title="2016 Swiss referendums">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Swiss_referendums" title="2017 Swiss referendums">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Swiss_referendums" title="2018 Swiss referendums">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Swiss_referendums" title="2019 Swiss referendums">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Swiss_referendums" title="2020 Swiss referendums">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Swiss_referendums" title="2021 Swiss referendums">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Swiss_referendums" title="2022 Swiss referendums">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_referendums" title="2023 Swiss referendums">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Swiss_referendums" title="2024 Swiss referendums"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Referendums_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Referendums_in_Europe" title="Template:Referendums in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Referendums_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Referendums in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Referendums_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Referendums in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Referendums_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Referendums in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Referendums in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_France" title="Referendums in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy" title="Referendums in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania" title="Referendums in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Netherlands" title="Referendums in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Poland" title="Referendums in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Slovakia" title="Referendums in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Sweden" title="Referendums in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Ukraine" title="Referendums in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Referendums in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Transnistria" title="Referendums in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Jersey" title="Referendums in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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