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<span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poor_Richard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_Richard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Poor Richard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_Richard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Serialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanac_del_pobre_Richard" title="Almanac del pobre Richard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Almanac del pobre Richard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanaque_del_pobre_Richard" title="Almanaque del pobre Richard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Almanaque del pobre Richard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Almanach_du_Bonhomme_Richard" title="L'Almanach du Bonhomme Richard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L'Almanach du Bonhomme Richard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%82%9C%ED%95%9C_%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%90" title="가난한 리처드의 연감 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가난한 리처드의 연감" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanacco_del_Povero_Richard" title="Almanacco del Povero Richard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Almanacco del Povero Richard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Poor Richard's Almanack" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poor Richard's Almanack" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanaque_do_Pobre_Ricardo" title="Almanaque do Pobre Ricardo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Almanaque do Pobre Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Yearly work by Benjamin Franklin (1732–1758)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern-day Washington Post cartoon strip, see <a href="/wiki/Richard%27s_Poor_Almanac" title="Richard's Poor Almanac">Richard's Poor Almanac</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poor_Richard_Almanack_1739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A front page of the Poor Richard's Almanack for the "year of Christ 1739", written by Richard Sanders and printed by Benjamin Franklin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Poor_Richard_Almanack_1739.jpg/220px-Poor_Richard_Almanack_1739.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Poor_Richard_Almanack_1739.jpg/330px-Poor_Richard_Almanack_1739.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Poor_Richard_Almanack_1739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>1739 Edition of <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Poor Richard's Almanack</b></i> (sometimes <i>Almanac</i>) was a yearly <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, who adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> of "Poor Richard" or "Richard Saunders" for this purpose. The publication appeared continually from 1732 to 1758. It sold exceptionally well for a pamphlet published in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>; print runs reached 10,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franklin, the American <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statesman" class="extiw" title="wikt:statesman">statesman</a>, and accomplished <a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">publisher and printer</a>, achieved success with <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i>. Almanacks were very popular books in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)#Declaration_of_Independence" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">colonial America</a>, offering a mixture of seasonal weather forecasts, practical household hints, puzzles, and other amusements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> was also popular for its extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Wordplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordplay">wordplay</a>, and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg/350px-Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg/525px-Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg/700px-Oliver_Pelton_-_Benjamin_Franklin_-_Poor_Richard%27s_Almanac_Illustrated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8394" data-file-height="6798" /></a><figcaption>A nineteenth-century print based on <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i>, showing the author surrounded by twenty-four illustrations of many of his best-known sayings</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 28, 1732, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> announced in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette">The Pennsylvania Gazette</a></i> that he had just printed and published the first edition of <i>The Poor Richard</i>, by Richard Saunders, Philomath.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franklin published the first <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> on December 28, 1732,<sup id="cite_ref-IHA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and continued to publish new editions for 25 years, bringing him much economic success and popularity. The almanack sold as many as 10,000 copies a year.<sup id="cite_ref-TQ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TQ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1735, upon the death of Franklin's brother, James, Franklin sent 500 copies of <i>Poor Richard's</i> to his widow for free, so that she could make money selling them.<sup id="cite_ref-IHA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Almanack</i> contained the <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayings">sayings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">astronomical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrological">astrological</a> information that a typical almanac of the period would contain. Franklin also included the occasional <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical exercise">mathematical exercise</a>, and the <i>Almanack</i> from 1750 features an early example of <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a>. It is chiefly remembered, however, for being a repository of Franklin's <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>, many of which live on in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. These maxims typically counsel thrift and courtesy, with a dash of cynicism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spaces that occurred between noted calendar days, Franklin included proverbial sentences about industry and frugality. Several of these sayings were borrowed from an earlier writer, <a href="/wiki/George_Savile,_1st_Marquess_of_Halifax" title="George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a>, many of whose aphorisms sprang from, "... [a] basic skepticism directed against the motives of men, manners, and the age."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1757, Franklin made a selection of these and prefixed them to the almanac as the address of an old man to the people attending an auction. This was later published as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth">The Way to Wealth</a></i>, and was popular in both America and England.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poor_Richard">Poor Richard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poor Richard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin borrowed the name "Richard Saunders" from the seventeenth-century author of <i><a href="/wiki/Rider%27s_British_Merlin" title="Rider's British Merlin">Rider's British Merlin</a></i>, a popular London almanac which continued to be published throughout the eighteenth century. Franklin created the Poor Richard persona based in part on <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>'s pseudonymous character, "<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bickerstaff" title="Isaac Bickerstaff">Isaac Bickerstaff</a>". In a series of three letters in 1708 and 1709, known as the Bickerstaff papers, "Bickerstaff" predicted the imminent death of astrologer and almanac maker <a href="/wiki/John_Partridge_(astrologer)" title="John Partridge (astrologer)">John Partridge</a>. Franklin's Poor Richard, like Bickerstaff, claimed to be a <a href="/wiki/Philomath" title="Philomath">philomath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a> and, like Bickerstaff, predicted the deaths of actual astrologers who wrote traditional almanacs. In the early editions of <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i>, predicting and falsely reporting the deaths of these astrologers—much to their dismay—was something of a running joke. However, Franklin's endearing character of "Poor" Richard Saunders, along with his wife Bridget, was ultimately used to frame (if comically) what was intended as a serious resource that people would buy year after year. To that end, the satirical edge of Swift's character is largely absent in Poor Richard. Richard was presented as distinct from Franklin himself, occasionally referring to the latter as his printer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1940785–791_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1940785–791-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later editions, the original Richard Saunders character gradually disappeared, replaced by a Poor Richard, who largely stood in for Franklin and his own practical scientific and business perspectives. By 1758, the original character was even more distant from the practical advice and proverbs of the almanac, which Franklin presented as coming from "Father Abraham," who in turn got his sayings from Poor Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1940791–794_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1940791–794-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serialization">Serialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Serialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the appeals of the <i>Almanack</i> was that it contained various "news stories" in <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serial</a> format, so that readers would purchase it year after year to find out what happened to the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonists</a>. One of the earliest of these was the "prediction" that the author's "good Friend and Fellow-Student, Mr. <a href="/wiki/Titan_Leeds" title="Titan Leeds">Titan Leeds</a>" would die on October 17 of that year, followed by the rebuttal of Mr. Leeds himself that he would die, not on the 17th, but on October 26. Appealing to his readers, Franklin urged them to purchase the next year or two or three or four editions to show their support for his prediction. The following year, Franklin expressed his regret that he was too ill to learn whether he or Leeds was correct. Nevertheless, the ruse had its desired effect: people purchased the <i>Almanack</i> to find out who was correct.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Later editions of the <i>Almanack</i> would claim that Leeds had died and that the person claiming to be Leeds was an impostor; Leeds, in fact, died in 1738, which prompted Franklin to applaud the supposed impostor for ending his ruse.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some writers the content of the <i>Almanack</i> became inextricably linked with Franklin's character—and not always to favorable effect. Both <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> caricatured the <i>Almanack</i>—and Franklin by extension—in their writings, while <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, reflecting on the public unveiling in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> of a statue to honor Franklin, wrote: </p> <blockquote><p> ... we shall find out that Franklin was born in Boston, and invented being struck with lightning and printing and the Franklin medal, and that he had to move to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> because great men were so plenty in Boston that he had no chance, and that he revenged himself on his native town by saddling it with the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a>, and that he discovered the almanac, and that a penny saved is a penny lost, or something of the kind.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Almanack</i> was also a reflection of the <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_mores" class="mw-redirect" title="Social mores">social mores</a> of his times, rather than a philosophical document setting a path for new-freedoms, as the works of Franklin's contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> were. Historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a> offers, as an example, the adage "Let thy maidservant be faithful, strong, and homely" as indication of Franklin's belief in the legitimacy of controlling the sexual lives of servants for the economic benefit of their masters.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one modern biographer has published the claim that Franklin "stole", not borrowed, the name of Richard Saunders from the deceased astrologer-doctor. Franklin also "borrowed—apparently without asking—and adapted the title of an almanac his brother <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin</a> was publishing at Newport: <i>Poor Robin's Almanack</i> (itself appropriated from a seventeenth-century almanac published under the same title in London)".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a> gave a ship to <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a> who renamed it after the <i>Almanack</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> author—<i><a href="/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(1765)" title="USS Bonhomme Richard (1765)">Bonhomme Richard</a></i>, or "Goodman (that is, a polite title of address for a commoner who is not a member of the gentry) Richard" (the first of <a href="/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard" title="USS Bonhomme Richard">several US warships</a> so named).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Almanack</i> was translated into Italian, along with the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution" title="Pennsylvania Constitution">Pennsylvania State Constitution</a> (which Franklin helped draft) at the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also twice translated into French, reprinted in Great Britain in <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadside</a> for ease of posting, and was distributed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> to poor parishioners. It was the first work of English literature to be translated into <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated in 1812 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janez_Nepomuk_Primic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janez Nepomuk Primic (page does not exist)">Janez Nepomuk Primic</a> (1785–1823).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Almanack</i> also had a strong cultural and economic impact in the years following publication. In <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, changes in monetary policy in regard to foreign expenses were evident for years after the issuing of the <i>Almanack</i>. Later writers such as <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> were inspired by the almanac, and it went on to influence other publications of this type such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Farmer%27s_Almanac" title="Old Farmer's Almanac">Old Farmer's Almanac</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> considered <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> and Franklin to reflect the "spirit of capitalism" in a form of "classical" purity." This is why he filled the pages of Chapter 2 of his 1905 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></i> with illustrative quotations from Franklin's almanacks. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/American_almanacs" title="American almanacs">farmer's almanacs</a> trace their format and tradition to <i>Poor Richard's Almanack;</i> the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Farmer%27s_Almanac" title="Old Farmer's Almanac">Old Farmer's Almanac</a></i>, for instance, has included a picture of Franklin on its cover since 1851. </p><p>In 1958, the United States mobilized its naval forces in response to an <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">attack on Vice President Richard Nixon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela. The operation was code-named "Poor Richard".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#isaacspn2004">Isaacson, 2004</a>, pp. 94-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History Place (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Innovation Philadelphia (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#miller1961">Miller, 1961</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Independence Hall Association (1999–2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TQ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TQ_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oracle ThinkQuest (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasles (2001), pp. 492–493</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newcomb (1955), pp. 535–536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1940785–791-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1940785–791_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1940">Ross 1940</a>, p. 785–791.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss1940791–794-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss1940791–794_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1940">Ross 1940</a>, p. 791–794.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laughter (1999–2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles (1957), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zinn, 1980, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brands, H. W. (2000) <i>The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin</i> First Anchor Books Edition, March 2002. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-49540-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-49540-4">0-385-49540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064647/http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/lhd6/Pages/history.aspx">"The Frigate BonHomme Richard, United States Navy Website, History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.navy.mil/surfor/lhd6/Pages/history.aspx">the original</a> on 2017-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Frigate+BonHomme+Richard%2C+United+States+Navy+Website%2C+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.navy.mil%2Fsurfor%2Flhd6%2FPages%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dauer (1976), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazi-Leskovar2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mazi-Leskovar, Darja (May 2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2003/v48/n1-2/006972ar.html">"Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children"</a></span>. <i>Meta: Translators' Journal</i>. <b>48</b> (1–2). Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal: 250–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F006972ar">10.7202/006972ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1492-1421">1492-1421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meta%3A+Translators%27+Journal&rft.atitle=Domestication+and+Foreignization+in+Translating+American+Prose+for+Slovenian+Children&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=250-265&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F006972ar&rft.issn=1492-1421&rft.aulast=Mazi-Leskovar&rft.aufirst=Darja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Frevue%2Fmeta%2F2003%2Fv48%2Fn1-2%2F006972ar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srl.si/arhiv/2002-01/pdf/sumrada.pdf">"Janez Nepomuk Primic in ustanovitev stolice za slovenski jezik na liceju v Gradcu 1811"</a> [Janez Nepomuk Primic and the Establishment of the Chair of Slovene at the <i>Lyzeum</i> in Graz in 1811] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Slavistična revija [Journal of Slavic Linguistics]</i> (in Slovenian and English). <b>50</b> (1). January–March 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1855-7570">1855-7570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavisti%C4%8Dna+revija+%5BJournal+of+Slavic+Linguistics%5D&rft.atitle=Janez+Nepomuk+Primic+in+ustanovitev+stolice+za+slovenski+jezik+na+liceju+v+Gradcu+1811&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-03&rft.issn=1855-7570&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srl.si%2Farhiv%2F2002-01%2Fpdf%2Fsumrada.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kneeland <i>et al.</i> (1891), pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/weber/protestant-ethic/ch02.htm">Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Chapter 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Perlstein, Rick (29 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dM_enWzoghoC&pg=PA49"><i>Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-0626-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-0626-3"><bdi>978-1-4516-0626-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixonland%3A+The+Rise+of+a+President+and+the+Fracturing+of+America&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-0626-3&rft.aulast=Perlstein&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdM_enWzoghoC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArch1995" class="citation journal cs1">Arch, Stephen Carl (July 1995). "Writing a Federalist self: Alexander Graydon's memoirs of a life". <i><a href="/wiki/William_and_Mary_Quarterly" title="William and Mary Quarterly">William and Mary Quarterly</a></i>. 3rd Series. <b>52</b> (3). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 415–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2947293">10.2307/2947293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947293">2947293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Writing+a+Federalist+self%3A+Alexander+Graydon%27s+memoirs+of+a+life&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-432&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2947293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2947293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arch&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130116081449/http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/Ben_Franklin_3.htm">"Benjamin Franklin and his Times"</a>. <i>About.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/cs/inventorsalphabet/a/Ben_Franklin_3.htm">the original</a> on January 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin+and+his+Times&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Fcs%2Finventorsalphabet%2Fa%2FBen_Franklin_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/History/Carnegie/franklin/poorrichard.html">"Franklin: <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i>"</a>. <i>100 Years of Carnegie</i>. Men of Carnegie. Bucknell University. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=100+Years+of+Carnegie&rft.atitle=Franklin%3A+Poor+Richard%27s+Almanack&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2FHistory%2FCarnegie%2Ffranklin%2Fpoorrichard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Dauer, Manning J. (August 1976). "The impact of the American independence and the American Constitution: 1776–1848; with a brief epilogue". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>38</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: 37–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2129573">10.2307/2129573</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2129573">2129573</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154053226">154053226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+American+independence+and+the+American+Constitution%3A+1776%E2%80%931848%3B+with+a+brief+epilogue&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=37-55&rft.date=1976-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154053226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2129573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2129573&rft.aulast=Dauer&rft.aufirst=Manning+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich1829" class="citation book cs1">Goodrich, Charles A., Rev. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+calendar+history&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Pip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonsalmanac.com%2Fcalendar_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (1980). <i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></i>. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="isaacson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benjaminfranklin0000isaa"><i>Benjamin Franklin: an American life</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-07614" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6848-07614"><bdi>978-0-6848-07614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%3A+an+American+life&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-6848-07614&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenjaminfranklin0000isaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>See also:</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="poor'richard" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin, Benjamin</a> (1976) [1733-1758]. Brooks, Van Wyck (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poorrichardalman0000fran_s1a9/page/n5/mode/2up="><i>Poor Richard: The Almanacks for the years 1733-1758</i></a>. New York: Paddington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780846701200" title="Special:BookSources/9780846701200"><bdi>9780846701200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poor+Richard%3A+The+Almanacks+for+the+years+1733-1758&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Paddington+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780846701200&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoorrichardalman0000fran_s1a9%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External 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several pages of <i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i>"</a>. <i>flickr.com</i>. 14 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flickr.com&rft.atitle=High-Quality+Scanned+Images+of+several+pages+of+Poor+Richard%27s+Almanack&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Ffranklinremix%2Fsets%2F72057594064843539%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Richard%27s+Almanack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rarebookroom.org/">"Complete high-quality images for most of the almanacs"</a>. <i>Rare Book Room</i>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions,<br />other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain"><i>A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain</i> (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette"><i>The Pennsylvania Gazette</i> (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Poor Richard's Almanack</i> (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc."><i>Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity"><i>Experiments and Observations on Electricity</i> (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth"><i>The Way to Wealth</i> (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle"><i>Pennsylvania Chronicle</i> (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One"><i>Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One</i> (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy"><i>A Letter to a Royal Academy</i> (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage"><i>Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America</i> (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public"><i>An Address to the Public</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks"><i>A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks</i> (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"><i>The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</i> (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires"><i>Bagatelles and Satires</i> (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in <i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a></i> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS <i>Franklin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me"><i>Ben and Me</i> (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris"><i>Ben Franklin in Paris</i> (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)"><i>Benjamin Franklin</i> (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3142253#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/6a00a2ad-8b76-4f66-ab88-4b0659983b2a">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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