CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91412e4038955c2f',cH: 'ECICO9nHK8sQUxwYKr4suoKKR16ohfRbnepMVshT3TU-1739914880-1.2.1.1-CXSKY_bC8sK4OqAzpHApAM5Zp2F4cJnv8iOtW0FWQ6y2Ari6s05OJzzb9MhLXR7n',cUPMDTk: "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/SOC02660&__cf_chl_tk=FtziMvvJXdDFDdDWf5pXlpmAsL40hnoPle7rxB820SA-1739914880-1.0.1.1-l1s781aGQwmfsH.4SWk7zh6yTyc1mvN8br0hL5D1.P0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739914880',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/SOC02660&__cf_chl_f_tk=FtziMvvJXdDFDdDWf5pXlpmAsL40hnoPle7rxB820SA-1739914880-1.0.1.1-l1s781aGQwmfsH.4SWk7zh6yTyc1mvN8br0hL5D1.P0",md: "9.R6g_5bC0LD9qTMxiIeuGUm7HqhOeh8CCYX0L.vBic-1739914880-1.2.1.1-8WJWhflPPMht8AsbAfFsdApO3m5DD00FL22XStxjTdOI9DE5lHbdfKnQ4WTUr3QDXCRfhsl8Rjz6DHGv_uwrq4sQByylnxNO7sZHbvgOHaEbknUGf6H4KyWODfL2klL4Em5Ic1uMa21c5mxu4EK8FysC2drFNKzWvvVZAIAmdartuqx04Ek.s8KzqOPk7cCj5tVF_TS1nLTrEKwgtjMeh8_SBbzVWmM8UAUuyI0EZZ.3j8SwqPYEzbUBaKcKRM0UnuFA0uVAdbeGKhM5h00KdiGAMkzFcqKpw98B_BMp7ck6hDEzhBZ6mCDabF7Lul0J5iYirse2c814MxiWETCWWdKa7m_uR9ru1sdkuVVjUKyIZazeeYvkxa1yZTyJApQxy4OrcFLQDXWoyaU0ZNqMoeJ94segkywk9ERCsuPmGdKoU4ZJydrFJL9eZUV8lcQgBpcGh6baRRsKBodvTfi3FaJm0ifbo6LcdwXX0kFxGIkAm4aI_VJpOiT54XMoFaPd_U9L_3zM8_WJLhQj6KuQT2RSCSBX5hxzUR62Bzxa3lAT9tcObYnLV70rr5JFtEcdXToBshEjFuP2nyli4UW1opYRt.hy1dNqlv59zWkL5LK8Aw6joVY_GLNwyxOtum3MNkG8uPt0sGXI.snr_w0KIVJEXNZplxu8e4pnNlUiMZRq7X0U8_mEdNPspOc6qXqq1AYwqRyR1sd2jHAo31sp24RKM.UKzVssjwnKQDJrUP0ljrxknN7HnNTC0z6JQbKuKqGg_0ZJRBvr.igjFtbaXjOoy2jiyiG9WG0y3lCCXNV5V3MgYwqIc.vawcg.xFjv_OFwCbneqQ6zk4Sh3j5KUOu5h9y8hqN9x4f3WcwAtZLUtoLEq8z5.SBCR_AAXEidN7tdqIiPw01EYijxlNbMBk83w54fgy_YDoJyQ5fhhghGwhHuWleRtFgIfvNzJrTRvGb17fb02I6GXUSX_ebxdpWv816QToWYcXQ4MV7m50y3RmGj_N.cLLwV5hQVFkkBP0D6l55KteMJL4NCQTSrM6V.3C0oBd6szqhXMaKS8BAxjrxHWOIU6e2HqTlCLmwiTGklSVtd0vU5fMJZSWs6z_NiIl2pwQiJEJDMl.ALyOqYE5JA3s9uJvNXtDiR7xrlf4Lqne97_8PxcxSaJLo8V3vow_vEKvfygn.5F0pxp2mUntIf6Ykn4zEhYfLF7Deid0jtpiq68hqqj.fzsLBnZLP7yVScT.FZudTIjCIqA2GBzBkxs5AwbOQqgYlBJovYIj1DpGetyYISJh7BFcQQbV5v.Qe0QYOqc4zMJpjoneQaOIu9h1TYATTd1ZpfRAIW9VNkMCvKczac.mDx7AJ3Ona4hCpbPxxl1TMIOFyVQ6_pWzxwZezOSYcs3f0pkjKMVRlUA.UzP7H8krjGkP0HD.cWHSQgN8dSRPK4.fra8M_y0UauADVWPT2xS99QvUNXwej.vbUljOOaxnm6xsRg8RVMFntbhzHzBy8sn8h7SQbzTIxb6KPHbiOvWh3Hz_cMf6rLlUNerioC68dLwQ.Sho9dwYqJnFJkL1ZRkkxgJS8Eavu8j.6z1t7urEkrOpVPFUQjyQBccc188xcMyqGu33q_k2dK3fE6nf.raQRvMhCFAMqyBB4zfcTgFYp_9_6LGvGKvvZtH4hNq.PMpeOXzRjwIEKbiEtrhVegXQHCJ.nx4tGBiVZ2OnliIgCev43dJQzu.4d2JzhqZfFBM0yBgCjo81Rc1fv28Mo.r4frxmAVUtD9sXQAKgqbdMa_c4BH_xMRL9NYjHclAuYCqO4sdLcB4SsJQr9VPyBOpLC_aINHVfXRZZ6PDDtVKeTtqBKd2.k8hMqr0l.fNmKuEh.MD4vwPbb6M9IB5A8sTuFmGg0i4eryQmxu769D7kOcT9hec.ifiZ94nfMpUXWpnpOZ2Gqm6MTJt17XQxFAW52o2UUklklwp2cAbRuf6tKcwrMKEaBd.Jpz1O2h6Bb9d4WK2jlJ8hgug81fXebjxUIHzfOHl9FXGufh1vEsQWBBwfAtkOh4la78biBeVzs76WNsG7fWZ0tHx0sCGAZnNgSu2jaVD6bD6B1Tk5BEQogjSf6JprhYCv6_GmOV76gieZvX8ZOiGan91MC4LigbQev9QNI3oUXTW96XhHVltpUjw3ZcExpgv8j8bdYqXHmBjNqNr.A1r21mbbN9S9HeoVF0Mb3TVIo_OwEgVz7FjHhbCVqfxeGFV.e_YMZfDjMgtV5ph4phYMJC_qsi.q3NVAD80oGEAAbCIoifoLeOo_Vai1PSp9n93YuTAGfSZnIy1_ZEZ28cbKWBC.oZdCiuj_n.pLXGmXnXveM0_vo.4z6ESuGT_up895qEvpqb4sRgRZ6555Hw27YTmWAZbDjpszRKYMQM61izyoVddOUmc4VcjdUmWrQ_eLbjIyT96XwxTf18sAaFIfaSlsTjaMiROpBMRJeaxOVltfJil7FAjbTU.1dH74SKpjb3T6TINX1hMww.D9dJWv3PBsVV79avvl6tkxUNwf0KpcdufbuR1GhgNyRrBgTJa80A3myNK8WP_gAxOVHEISN8UZkw8c7hFt0R3BGUc9avYY3DUlFqt1k4HBrXF2.G468ohzby0RsfeOZXUQ",mdrd: "Gg1htHe1Q6nn3IRKVqkIvGmO3GGrIwY2c5cObjFgGnQ-1739914880-1.2.1.1-N5S_BSXP7fqMfY1uDrPz12cXZwg8273bLBOahksHZJIcXF1hgtLX1tPcW1_g80xznKHT7J._xRFIXiWFwVxbM3XVqqsEbX7xi2vAVZMfVAVsoN0THB.ojzAI9mmJw5pZ1S9tS0OqztnfMdTQyshk1oD_Qx1Y4YYvMFweeRPsbrq5PvfFz9ebXgBYjZHQELRhREs.ThCLD4ZYAeyrTnFnxtWQKBi1dWNuVGiaD3jrgU4jrR625nddNHdVo9ZNuPDawtFCo0mRm806MTZKVVng9NMu_2GpM7DN8F8lFz4McYgFeLlopmzSnoyhZig53lKgDbA5x9P15TSzAuuXdGbTe0bIOdgXtlotGt60xl1O3VtlO2Oazp_jy0Vqay9yixTgsa6mgrtDAkqLHtr0cMJR3ziTobpgIMSjUXbW2P2QxgbTnzwAk9aWP0dVPx8C8rO9gPh4ons9L_mf1lV1XAc7cBrWhNgLu5VyDFYrngHPiK1Qoe1AiE6YWOm4d20KfAMR4cgyoubivt0R_NQ4JFV_Vi_cQyx4wMouGnntxI73f0OzS8BpVAaJmaqqrsbAWdt8A_UXLpdeamAvstzg8AQ0LvGzLehBtQu4hkooUyc68S_VVNnZtnqPs5kiEjhKqTSNCbYEwaWSHaUVH3ezh.ZwhbKWP9qGz0YwRF2vc3ur3hdiJu6eg9h_pnisMDCwumVsJ1JA_X2gGhZ25Yi3ZMR96VRdXaudsjHgqLhomf9AgH0q1og..tqN7nx.Z8EMbJmIcmtMT4R2Ss03WzOCXI4Ds4LNs7kXksBzsWbNYDSoVxRm4bRiozBescgXoISF2TtdCmx0a6xvTeWYI08S4_PLc.oqB.2b1nXVZpeNEHUAuJeOPuB.l8Y1y1A9.oyqjteHzS_o_0nxquvwvM3EgHl52anBfFN1mbJBKot.7W83nZ8k5P0YQ7VzNtlyZ4hFDE1iC9LeGewqpMHN6VsZPMRxjFnKrk6eyz0rJb0zHlyl7jmWYfIcY0eFmymRjsaHfV8Vh3nTXjxT_JiTPcXPQnkalBFTPgeJVmEuCLyWnIUfVncDYZHvwkRTzsqZ9HfrbrpRw1M0HHTwUBUeOFfNDSRZE2_gt8E2OqF.hY3CLFvJ.gOZgt_YiEgJ4COn96iDJmDf3LpfSZlaD7F1.WsVR3Y.gICkKGXabiOPK9l0noxlz_HmWgYE58SCgrgg5w4wke1JqeuifwLzTKCP8J9PonMOWkpZiyCQSvP7FqBHPWurwlo3fm3cogGSb2K3aBd6kYp65xJPQGjtBgqvyybUbwBsJf1_3GcZLt4cmBlSKT2Btak_AmWS7nbgF0b08_3QKO2eyZhgIiRrUQo24nNAi5Gs4_nlazrvUDSf5pML_OeSf9HHsKigxmaDAeEaQ2wMFAfCzq5pzUp5C..ln5_Jgqa1yRWR3WazeNraNCVjxcQmpUT5Yl1bZRhpwcvfH8ZL0GaTloiLy3o_RCDGFYlKSjly1gWqcERqAk57FQB_nJ20OLNsA6mLmVlHMN6p66eDgas_FaSk3aC8695FMRT05P4hC_5RoeernQk.tCL4jOwVZ__lKlDCbGVaTdJCoKd5srFRHi3EgGmglntTvkT1SKccTg0F0Z66hfdPmYlJt2vTCsi9nfXfwN.GTgumOQsZjqD70w9yWol0Q3sSMNLIYajP1HWtBMeUhH_SPi.smcHrw17GRKuKmpWtK_acCfQ9CgF85eG.q86UIUnz7STo_mCxOegwy2up7jo_KXyBJjsaOVhBKW3Jsz4tcc_gRCXKlRkeM_xF11MXykpqItfQEtmVKsGiGNtYZ0m4JCrmGNH6uEmfMP7ogPKET.Mhqo19oMOMOEWoPkaAsDGxyt9nDh.8wFeyyTRPpoDLd9EYrM7273NDNkWxSooNEcdPX6hFrEe5l8_eZtIG0grKZ.gMt_fmHByehf8ChkJjsMAfz2WGhJUdzq.R9M7vHSzMuZebgK96"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91412e4038955c2f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/SOC02660&__cf_chl_rt_tk=FtziMvvJXdDFDdDWf5pXlpmAsL40hnoPle7rxB820SA-1739914880-1.0.1.1-l1s781aGQwmfsH.4SWk7zh6yTyc1mvN8br0hL5D1.P0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>