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href="#Consonant_contrast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Consonant contrast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_contrast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Consonant sequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowel_contrasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_contrasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Vowel contrasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_contrasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Vowel distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables_and_prosody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables_and_prosody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Syllables and prosody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllables_and_prosody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arabic script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Nubian_Script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Nubian_Script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Old Nubian Script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Nubian_Script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adapted_Latin_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapted_Latin_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adapted Latin script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapted_Latin_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagraphs_and_monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagraphs_and_monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Diagraphs and monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagraphs_and_monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbal_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verbal number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participant_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participant_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Participant number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participant_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event_number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event_number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Event number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event_number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_phrase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Noun phrase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_phrase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessive_adjective_+_noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_adjective_+_noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Possessive adjective + noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_adjective_+_noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Determiners_in_Kordofan_Nubian_(Examples_from_Tabaq)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Determiners_in_Kordofan_Nubian_(Examples_from_Tabaq)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Determiners in Kordofan Nubian (Examples from Tabaq)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Determiners_in_Kordofan_Nubian_(Examples_from_Tabaq)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun_+_numeral/quantifier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_+_numeral/quantifier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Noun + numeral/quantifier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_+_numeral/quantifier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Arabic_on_Kadaru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Arabic_on_Kadaru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence of Arabic on Kadaru</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_of_Arabic_on_Kadaru-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence of Arabic on Kadaru subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Arabic_on_Kadaru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_texts_and_lists_of_loan_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_texts_and_lists_of_loan_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Example texts and lists of loan words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_texts_and_lists_of_loan_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span><i>1.</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>2.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kadaru language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadaru_(Sprache)" title="Kadaru (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kadaru (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kadaru" title="Bahasa Kadaru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kadaru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikadaru" title="Kikadaru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikadaru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Kadaru" title="Lenga Kadaru – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Kadaru" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Кадару (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадару (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used - notably <code>kdu</code> for Kadaru.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: gold;">Kadaru</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: gold;">Kodhin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kadaru_people" title="Kadaru people">Kadaru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">25,000 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Central</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Kadaru–Ghulfan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Kadaru</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Kadaru (Kodur)</li> <li>Kururu (Tagle)</li> <li>Kafir (Ka’e)</li> <li>Kurtala (Ngokra)</li> <li>Dabatna (Kaaral)</li> <li>Kuldaji (Kendal)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: gold;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kdu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kdu">kdu</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kada1282">kada1282</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4361">Kadaru</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Kadaru is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Kadaru</b> (also Kadaro, Kadero, Kaderu, Kodhin, Kodhinniai, Kodoro, Tamya) is a <a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a> language spoken in the northern <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a> in the south of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by around 25,000 people in the Jibaal as-Sitta (Mountains of the Six)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hills, between Dilling and Delami. Kordofan Nubian is a cluster of dialects also called Ajang Language with names of dialects varying according to specific clans.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ajang people, they all belong to one language group and although some sounds and words might have changed with time, they can understand each other quite well.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ghulfan_language" title="Ghulfan language">Ghulfan</a>, with which it forms the Kadaru-Ghulfan subgroup of Hill Nubian. </p><p>In the Middle Ages, the Nubian language was used as <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Sudan and was used in writing, commerce and by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ali Obeid Birema, Kadero should be considered as a diminishing language caused by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and the ever-decreasing number of speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ethnologue</i> reports that there are six dialects spoken by six clan groups living on six separate hills: Kadaru (Kodur), Kururu (Tagle), Kafir (Ka’e), Kurtala (Ngokra), Dabatna (Kaaral) and Kuldaji (Kendal). The Western form used by the Berko people at Habila (southwest of Jebel Sitta, neighbouring the Ghulfan) may be another dialect or a separate language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Kadaru per se is understudied, many articles on Ajang Language use examples from various dialects, based on the fact that these are closely related dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 22 <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> in Kadaru, with voiced and voiceless <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> in five places of articulation. “There is only one <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> /ʃ/ which we assign to the palatal column. There are three alveolar liquids – a lateral, a trill, and a flap – and there are two central approximants.”.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants chart<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Labial </th> <th rowspan="2">Dental </th> <th colspan="2">Coronal </th> <th rowspan="2">Palatal </th> <th colspan="2">Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization"><small>labialized</small></a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization"><small>labialized</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Plosive </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness"><small>voiceless</small></a> </th> <td>p </td> <td>t̪ </td> <td>t </td> <td>(tʷ) </td> <td>c </td> <td>k </td> <td>(kʷ) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)"><small>voiced</small></a> </th> <td>b </td> <td>d̪ </td> <td>d </td> <td> </td> <td>ɟ </td> <td>g </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Fricative </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ʃ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Nasal </th> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Lateral </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Trill </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Flap </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ɽ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Approximant </th> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to the distribution, only 10 consonants were found in all the positions (initial, intervocalic and final). As seen in the table labial dental and velar consonants appear on the initial position only voiceless. The situation changes, however, in the final position where only labial and velar consonants appear, both voiceless. Contrary to <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese Arabic</a>, Kadaru-Kurtala labial plosives are voiceless in the final position of the word. </p><p>ɪ́p “tail” </p><p>ʃap “giraffe” </p><p>kɔ́p “lion” </p><p>nɔ́p “gold” tɔ́p “earth”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Distribution chart<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Intervocalic </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>(p) </th> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td>kɔp </td> <td>lion </td></tr> <tr> <th>b </th> <td>bʊ́l </td> <td>dog </td> <td>àbʊ́l </td> <td>mouth </td> <td colspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr> <th>t̪ </th> <td>t̪uríɲ </td> <td>locust </td> <td>jat̪ʊ </td> <td>goat </td> <td>ít̪ </td> <td>person </td></tr> <tr> <th>(d̪) </th> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td>bid̪id̪ </td> <td>bat </td> <td>bid̪id̪ </td> <td>bat </td></tr> <tr> <th>t </th> <td>tidəm </td> <td>ostrich </td> <td>titim </td> <td>dove </td> <td>ʃʊ́t </td> <td>thread </td></tr> <tr> <th>d </th> <td>doː </td> <td>skin </td> <td>dɛdʊ </td> <td>cloud </td> <td>ʃúd </td> <td>sand </td></tr> <tr> <th>(tʷ<big>)</big> </th> <td>tʷanʊ </td> <td>bellies </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td colspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr> <th>(c) </th> <td>caŋ </td> <td>python </td> <td colspan="2">- </td> <td colspan="2">- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_contrast">Consonant contrast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonant contrast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the language lacks minimal pairs, the following table shows pairs in which the two consonants are in minimal contrast in the syllable in which they occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Contrast chart<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>p-b </th> <td>- </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>b-m </th> <td>abʊl </td> <td>mouth </td> <td>ɔmʊl </td> <td>elephant </td></tr> <tr> <th>b-w </th> <td>bara </td> <td>yellow </td> <td>wata </td> <td>ash </td></tr> <tr> <th>m-w </th> <td>mɛɲ </td> <td>back </td> <td>wɛŋɡa </td> <td>that </td></tr> <tr> <th>t̪-d̪ </th> <td>(ít </td> <td>person </td> <td>bid̪id̪ </td> <td>bat) </td></tr> <tr> <th>t̪-t </th> <td>(t̪uɾíɲ </td> <td>locust </td> <td>titim </td> <td>dove) </td></tr> <tr> <th>d̪-d </th> <td>ʊd̪ʊ </td> <td>breast </td> <td>dɛdʊ </td> <td>cloud </td></tr> <tr> <th>t-t<sup>w</sup> </th> <td>taɽʊm </td> <td>tortoise </td> <td>tʷanʊ </td> <td>bellies </td></tr> <tr> <th>t-d </th> <td>tɛɲʊ </td> <td>thigh </td> <td>dɛdʊ </td> <td>cloud </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>katʊ </td> <td>field </td> <td>dɛdʊ </td> <td>cloud </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>ʃʊ́t </td> <td>thread </td> <td>ʃúd </td> <td>sand </td></tr> <tr> <th>d-n </th> <td>dʊl </td> <td>larynx </td> <td>nʊm </td> <td>throne </td></tr> <tr> <th>d-l </th> <td>(dɛdʊ </td> <td>cloud </td> <td>bɛlɛ </td> <td>sesame) </td></tr> <tr> <th>n-l </th> <td>(ɛnɛn </td> <td>mother </td> <td>bɛlɛ </td> <td>sesame) </td></tr> <tr> <th>l-r </th> <td>kɛlɪ </td> <td>food </td> <td>ɛrɪ </td> <td>rope </td></tr> <tr> <th>l-ɽ </th> <td>ʃalɛ </td> <td>salt </td> <td>taɽɛ </td> <td>plate </td></tr> <tr> <th>r-ɽ </th> <td>(ɪrɪɲ </td> <td>nose </td> <td>kɪ̀ɽáŋ </td> <td>drum) </td></tr> <tr> <th>c-ɟ </th> <td>(caŋ </td> <td>python </td> <td>ɟadʊ </td> <td>tongue) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_sequences">Consonant sequences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonant sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonant sequences in Kadaru are considered relatively free, even including a sequence of two plosive consonants. The table below shows that the range of consonant sequences in Kadaru is bigger than in, for example, Uncu, a different Ghulfan language closely related to Kadaru. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Chart<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Kadaru-Kurtala </th> <th>Word </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Uncu </th> <th>Word </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>nt̪ </td> <td>nɔnt̪ʊ </td> <td>moon </td> <td>nt̪ </td> <td>t̪ɛ̀nt̪ʊ </td> <td>intestines </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd̪ </td> <td>ɟʊ́nd̪ʊ </td> <td>small </td> <td>nd̪ </td> <td>kánd̪ɛ̀t̪ʊ </td> <td>bird </td></tr> <tr> <td>nt </td> <td>kúntú </td> <td>knee </td> <td>nt </td> <td>ɔ̀ntʊ́ </td> <td>arm </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd </td> <td>kʊnda </td> <td>smoke </td> <td>nd </td> <td>arɛndʊ́wa </td> <td>sky </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɲɟ </td> <td>kʊɲɟaŋ </td> <td>lyre </td> <td>ɲɟ </td> <td>tɔɲɟɔ </td> <td>thigh </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋɡ </td> <td>ɔŋɡɔl </td> <td>road </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>mt </td> <td>kʊmtɛ </td> <td>(woman's name) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɲd </td> <td>akiɲdʊ </td> <td>adze </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ld̪ </td> <td>eld̪o </td> <td>heart </td> <td>ld̪ </td> <td>ábʊld̪ɛ </td> <td>adze </td></tr> <tr> <td>lt </td> <td>káltʊ́ </td> <td>eye </td> <td>lt </td> <td>káltʊ̀ </td> <td>eye </td></tr> <tr> <td>lɖ </td> <td>kʊlɖaɟɪ </td> <td>(clan name) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lɕ </td> <td>ʊlɕa </td> <td>ear </td> <td>lɕ </td> <td>ʊlca </td> <td>ear </td></tr> <tr> <td>lm </td> <td>ʃalmɛ </td> <td>chin </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rb </td> <td>t̪arbʊ </td> <td>twenty </td> <td>rb </td> <td>t̪àrbɔ </td> <td>twenty </td></tr> <tr> <td>rt̪ </td> <td>kɔrt̪ʊ </td> <td>shoe </td> <td>rt̪ </td> <td>ɔrt̪ɪ </td> <td>sheep </td></tr> <tr> <td>rt </td> <td>wərtíl </td> <td>sheep </td> <td>rt </td> <td>àmʊrtɛ̂ </td> <td>palm </td></tr> <tr> <td>rd̪ </td> <td>kɔrd̪ʊ </td> <td>forest </td> <td>rd̪ </td> <td>ʃɛ̀rd̪ʊː </td> <td>short </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>rd </td> <td>kʷardɪlɛ </td> <td>cock </td></tr> <tr> <td>rʃ </td> <td>kɔrʃʊ </td> <td>six </td> <td>rʃ </td> <td>ɪ́rʃʊ </td> <td>wind </td></tr> <tr> <td>rk </td> <td>bɛrkʊ </td> <td>(placename) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>rŋ </td> <td>ɔrŋaɽʊ </td> <td>leaf </td></tr> <tr> <td>kl </td> <td>taklɛ </td> <td>(clan name) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>kr </td> <td>kákrɪ́ </td> <td>stones </td></tr> <tr> <td>kɽ </td> <td>ŋɔkɽal </td> <td>(clan name) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>dk </td> <td>kudkire </td> <td>dust </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kadaru one can identify 10 vowels distinguished by the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">advanced tongue root</a> dividing them into two 5 element groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">[-ATR] </th> <th colspan="3">[+ATR] </th></tr> <tr> <th>front </th> <th>central </th> <th>back </th> <th>front </th> <th>central </th> <th>back </th></tr> <tr> <th>close </th> <td>ɪ </td> <td> </td> <td>ʊ </td> <td>i </td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <th>mid </th> <td>ɛ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td>(e) </td> <td> </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <th>open </th> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(ə) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_contrasts">Vowel contrasts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowel contrasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>two identical vowels </th> <th>meaning </th> <th>single vowel </th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">i </th> <td>irid̪ </td> <td>canoe </td> <td>it̪ </td> <td>person </td></tr> <tr> <td>íríɲ </td> <td>scorpion </td> <td>ʃiŋ </td> <td>termite house </td></tr> <tr> <td>titim </td> <td>dove </td> <td>ʃíːl </td> <td>king </td></tr> <tr> <td>bid̪id̪ </td> <td>bat </td> <td>t̪i </td> <td>cow </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">ɪ </th> <td>kɪ́nɪ́ </td> <td>doors </td> <td>ɪ́p </td> <td>tail </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪ́rɪŋ </td> <td>nose </td> <td>t̪ɪ̀l </td> <td>hair </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɲɪŋɪl </td> <td>left side </td> <td>ɪː </td> <td>sun </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td>nenɟê </td> <td>what is it? </td> <td>kel </td> <td>stick </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">ɛ </th> <td>bɛlɛ </td> <td>sesame </td> <td>kɛ́l </td> <td>boundary </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɛnɛn </td> <td>mother </td> <td>mɛ̀ɲ </td> <td>back </td></tr> <tr> <td>t̪ɛrrɛ </td> <td>bull </td> <td>bɛ̀ː </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td>bɛɟɛ </td> <td>green </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ə </th> <td>kəɽəl </td> <td>(placename) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʃəʃə </td> <td>k.o. tree </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">a </th> <td>kàkà </td> <td>crow </td> <td>kal </td> <td>porridge </td></tr> <tr> <td>kákáː </td> <td>stone </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>áɾa </td> <td>rain </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tataŋ </td> <td>all </td> <td>tɔ́ː </td> <td>belly </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">ɔ </th> <td>ɔ́kɔ̀ </td> <td>chest </td> <td>kɔp </td> <td>lion </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔŋɡɔl </td> <td>road </td> <td>ɔŋ </td> <td>year </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔrrɔ </td> <td>two </td> <td>kòl </td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">o </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>doː </td> <td>skin </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oː </td> <td>hillside spring </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">ʊ </th> <td>kʊddʊ </td> <td>leg </td> <td>bʊ́l </td> <td>dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʊ́ɡʊ́ </td> <td>blood </td> <td>nʊm </td> <td>throne </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʊ́d̪ʊ́ </td> <td>breast </td> <td>dʊ́l </td> <td>larynx </td></tr> <tr> <td>kʊmʊ̀l </td> <td>snake </td> <td>ʃʊ́t </td> <td>thread </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">u </th> <td>unu </td> <td>flies </td> <td>ʃúd </td> <td>sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>kúntú </td> <td>knee </td> <td>kuː </td> <td>chicken stomach </td></tr> <tr> <td>kúndu </td> <td>smoke </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kùd̪ú </td> <td>mount </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_distribution">Vowel distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowel distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowel distribution. Vowels appear unrestricted when it comes to the position of the phoneme in a word. However, vowels from different [ATR] sets do not appear together in a word.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>phon. initial </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>medial </th> <th> </th> <th>final </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>i </th> <td>ɪrt̪id̪a </td> <td>root </td> <td>kedil </td> <td>bone </td> <td>èʃí </td> <td>hand </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɪ </th> <td>ɪ́ɟɪŋ </td> <td>nose </td> <td>t̪ɪ́l </td> <td>hair </td> <td>kɪ́nɪ́ </td> <td>doors </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td>èʃí </td> <td>hand </td> <td>bèrí </td> <td>yellow </td> <td>biɟe </td> <td>beer </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɛ </th> <td>ɛnɛn </td> <td>mother </td> <td>t̪ɛrrɛ </td> <td>bull </td> <td>bɛlɛ </td> <td>sesame </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td>unut̪ </td> <td>fly </td> <td>ʃút̪í </td> <td>fish spear </td> <td>úɡú </td> <td>big </td></tr> <tr> <th>ʊ </th> <td>ʊ́nɪ </td> <td>relative </td> <td>bʊ́l </td> <td>dog </td> <td>ɪ̀d̪ʊ </td> <td>woman </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td>óndo </td> <td>donkey </td> <td>kól </td> <td>house </td> <td>doː </td> <td>skin </td></tr> <tr> <th>ɔ </th> <td>ɔ́mʊl </td> <td>elephant </td> <td>bɔ́lt̪ʊ </td> <td> </td> <td>ɔrrɔ </td> <td>two </td></tr> <tr> <th>ə </th> <td>əboki </td> <td>(place name) </td> <td>koɟəŋ </td> <td>alligator </td> <td>ʃekkə </td> <td>(pers. name) </td></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td>àttʊ́ </td> <td>wing </td> <td>kal </td> <td>porridge </td> <td>dɔta </td> <td>tool </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syllables_and_prosody"><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">Syllables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syllables and prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kadaru-Kurtala one can find all four basic syllable types: CV, V, VC, CVC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Basic syllables<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>CV </th> <td>t̪í </td> <td>cow </td></tr> <tr> <th>V </th> <td>ɛ̀ː </td> <td>we </td></tr> <tr> <th>VC </th> <td>ɔŋ </td> <td>year </td></tr> <tr> <th>CVC </th> <td>kòl </td> <td>house </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The four types also combine in longer words, however the language lacks the combination V.V.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Syllables in words<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>CV.CV </th> <td>bɛ.lɛ </td> <td>sesame </td></tr> <tr> <th>CV.CVC </th> <td>ka.ɽɔl </td> <td>fish </td></tr> <tr> <th>CVC.CV </th> <td>kɔr.t̪ʊ </td> <td>shoe </td></tr> <tr> <th>CVC.CVC </th> <td>wər.til </td> <td>sheep </td></tr> <tr> <th>VC.CV </th> <td>on.do </td> <td>donkey </td></tr> <tr> <th>VC.CVC </th> <td>ɔŋ.ɡɔl </td> <td>road </td></tr> <tr> <th>V.CV </th> <td>ʊ.nɪ </td> <td>grass </td></tr> <tr> <th>V.CVC </th> <td>i.rid </td> <td>canoe </td></tr> <tr> <th>V.V </th> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Evidence shows a strong presence of long vowels both in word of one open syllable and in longer words. The evidence also suggests <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonality</a> in the language. Tagle (Kururu) language also from Jibaal as-Sitta shows more tendency of tonality with three tones: falling, high and low.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of sufficient research, one cannot say for sure, but one could assume that Kadaru is also a tonal language, since all Ajang languages are considered tonal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic_script">Arabic script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arabic script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the possible systems of writing Ajang languages is the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. ALESCO (Arab League Educational Scientific Cultural Organization) offered some solutions to how to write non-Arabic languages in Arabic script.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue with the Arabic script is the fact that Arabic has thirteen consonants that do not exist in Ajang. Moreover, for six consonants that could be found in Ajang but not in Arabic, ALESCO suggests solutions only to three of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>for g </td> <td>گ </td></tr> <tr> <td>for ɲ </td> <td>ݧ </td></tr> <tr> <td>for ŋ </td> <td>ݝ </td></tr> <tr> <td>for t̪ </td> <td>no symbol </td></tr> <tr> <td>for d̪ </td> <td>no symbol </td></tr> <tr> <td>for ɽ </td> <td>no symbol </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowels_2">Vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vowels become even more problematic, since Arabic has only three short and three long vowels. Ajang in contrast has seven vowels. Here ALESCO also suggests a possible solution. The proposed symbols, however, are confusing and are not available on computers.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Nubian_Script">Old Nubian Script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Old Nubian Script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advantage of <a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian#Writing" title="Old Nubian">Old Nubian</a> is the availability of symbols for all consonants. The script becomes problematic when it comes to spelling of + and – ATR vowels. The Ajang community has decided that the Old Nubian script would have to be adjusted for a better distinction between ATR vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Spelling </th></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>Ⲁ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʷa </td> <td>ɯⲀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɛ </td> <td>Ⲉ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɘ </td> <td>Ⲁy </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪ </td> <td>l </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʊ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɔ </td> <td>Ⲟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td>ɛy </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>ly </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>ⲞY </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>Ⲱ </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td>Ⲫ </td></tr> <tr> <td>d̪ </td> <td>Ⲇ </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>Ⲇ' </td></tr> <tr> <td>t̪ </td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>T' </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>N </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>Ⲗ </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>Ⲣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɽ </td> <td>Ⲣ' </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʃ </td> <td>Ϣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dʒ </td> <td>Ⳝ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɲ </td> <td>Ⳡ </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>Ⲅ </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>K </td></tr> <tr> <td>ŋ </td> <td>Ⳟ </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>Ϩ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adapted_Latin_script">Adapted Latin script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adapted Latin script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adapted <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> is considered the best option for spelling of Ajang languages because of its flexibility, availability of many symbols, and the possibility to indicate tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants_3">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>b [b], c [S], d [d], f [f], g [g], h [h], j [dz], k [k], 1 [1], Ir[c], m [m], n [n], ng [n], ny[n], r [r], t [t], th [t], w [w], y [j]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels_3">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>a [a], e [e], i [i], o [o], ø [o], u [u]<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diagraphs_and_monographs">Diagraphs and monographs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diagraphs and monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diagraphs are considered a solution to the challenge of writing of all eleven vowels present in Ajang languages. For example, Warki and Kaak use diagraphs for some consonants:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warki: /lr/ , /th/, /ng/ and /ny/ </p><p>Kaak: /dh, /th/, /rh/, /ng/ and /ny/ </p><p>In order to include both the [ATR] and tonality of vowels a different solution was created. By using some symbols available on computers and by putting diacritics one could both indicate the vowel and its tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>i </td> <td> </td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɨ </td> <td>æ </td> <td>ʊ </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td> </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɛ </td> <td>a </td> <td>ø </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alaki and Norton suggest a slightly different orthography to the one proposed by Jabr el Dar. They added ‘s’ for the palatal fricative in order to distinguish it from the palatal plosive ‘c’. They also propose umlauts for +ATR vowels in Kadaru, with the exception of the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>. The also recommend an orthography without tone marks, since it could have negative effects on the process of writing and reading.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_number">Verbal number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verbal number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uncu, a closely related language to Kadaru, shows evidence of <a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">verbal number</a> in its grammatical structure. In Uncu the number of the object or subject determines participant number, whereas the event number is determined by the frequency or repetition of an event.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participant_number">Participant number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Participant number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the object of a transitive verb is plural, the extension -er is added to the root of the verb before the infliction markers. In the case of intransitive verbs, the extension -er is added to the root of the verb when the subject is plural.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɪ̄tʊ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">door.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kūj-ōóŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">open-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kɪ̄tʊ́ kūj-ōóŋ</p><p style="display: none;">door.SG open-PAST.2SG</p><p style="clear: left;">“You (SG) opened a door.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɪ̄nɪ́</p><p style="margin: 0px;">door.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kūj-ēr-ōóŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">open-PLr-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">kɪ̄nɪ́ kūj-ēr-ōóŋ</p><p style="display: none;">door.PL open-PLr-PAST.2SG</p><p style="clear: left;">“You (SG) opened doors.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Intransitive verb: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋāj-ōóŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">walk-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ŋāj-ōóŋ</p><p style="display: none;">walk-PAST.2SG</p><p style="clear: left;">“You (SG) walked.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ŋāj-ēr-ūúŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">walk-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plurative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PLR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ŋāj-ēr-ūúŋ</p><p style="display: none;">walk-PLR-PAST.2PL</p><p style="clear: left;">“You (PL) walked.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Transitive verbs with a plural object or intransitive verbs with plural subject sometimes need a suppletive form including -k or -ʃ extension or involving change in vowel quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>TR verbs with suppletive forms for PL O<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>s </th> <th>o </th> <th> </th> <th>sell </th> <th> </th> <th>eat </th></tr> <tr> <td>SG </td> <td>SG </td> <td> </td> <td>ʃàn-í </td> <td> </td> <td>kōl-í </td></tr> <tr> <td>PL </td> <td>SG </td> <td> </td> <td>ʃàn-é </td> <td> </td> <td>kōl-é </td></tr> <tr> <td>SG </td> <td>PL </td> <td> </td> <td>ʃàn-î </td> <td> </td> <td>kàm-î </td></tr> <tr> <td>PL </td> <td>PL </td> <td> </td> <td>ʃàn-ê </td> <td> </td> <td>kàm-ê </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_number">Event number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Event number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Event number is used when a speaker wants to express performing of an action habitually or iteratively. It is marked by -ʈ, -ug, -k, -ʃ, -c extensions and partial reduplication of the root.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><b>Simplex verb with a plural object</b></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ùljé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ear.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">òná</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʃērg-ēr-ēé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">puncture-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plurative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PLR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ǐ ùljé òná ʃērg-ēr-ēé</p><p style="display: none;">1SG ear.PL 1SG.GEN puncture-PLR-PAST.1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">“I pierced my ears.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div><b>Repeated event verb with a singular object</b></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ǐ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kūmé=nàá</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rat=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ūrtál=gí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">exit-hole=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wār-í-kò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">search-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="same subject converb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SSC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrument(al)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tób=gí</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ground=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʃērk-éé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">puncture.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural action" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ǐ kūmé=nàá ūrtál=gí wār-í-kò tób=gí ʃērk-éé</p><p style="display: none;">1SG rat=GEN exit-hole=ACC search-SSC-INS ground=ACC puncture.REP-PAST.1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">“Searching for the rat exit-hole I poked the ground repeatedly.”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_phrase">Noun phrase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Noun phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kordofan Nubian, like in many Nubian languages one can find <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> constructions. There are two types of noun phrases in Nubian, namely ones consisting of a noun with or without modifiers, and ones with a single person pronoun, determine or a single quantifier without any nominal modifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_adjective_+_noun"><span id="Possessive_adjective_.2B_noun"></span>Possessive adjective + noun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Possessive adjective + noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kordofan Nubian possessive adjectives are derived from personal pronouns by adding the genitive linker -n.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples from Tabaq language. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td>an </td> <td>ʊn </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>ʊn </td> <td>wun </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>ʈɛn/ʈan </td> <td>ʈin </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">an</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">uudo</p><p style="margin: 0px;">goat</p></div><p style="display: none;">an uudo</p><p style="display: none;">1.SG.GEN goat</p><p style="clear: left;">‘My goat’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Determiners_in_Kordofan_Nubian_(Examples_from_Tabaq)"><span id="Determiners_in_Kordofan_Nubian_.28Examples_from_Tabaq.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiners</a> in Kordofan Nubian (Examples from Tabaq)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Determiners in Kordofan Nubian (Examples from Tabaq)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>This</td> <td>iŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>These</td> <td>ɛnɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>That</td> <td>waŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Those</td> <td>wanɛ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="determiner" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DET</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dʊl</p><p style="margin: 0px;">granary</p></div><p style="display: none;">iŋ dʊl</p><p style="display: none;">DET.SG granary</p><p style="clear: left;">‘this granary’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_+_numeral/quantifier"><span id="Noun_.2B_numeral.2Fquantifier"></span>Noun + numeral/<a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifier</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Noun + numeral/quantifier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nubian numerals follow the head noun. The same happens with quantifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">idu</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bɛra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><p style="display: none;">idu bɛra</p><p style="display: none;">person one</p><p style="clear: left;">‘one person’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʊʊdʊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">month</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kimiɲ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">four</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔɔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">have.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">ʊʊdʊ kimiɲ kɔɔ</p><p style="display: none;">month four have.3SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘s/he has four months’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Arabic_on_Kadaru">Influence of Arabic on Kadaru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Influence of Arabic on Kadaru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the language policy in Sudan, the <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabisation</a> of the educational system, and the fact that Arabic became the lingua franca of Sudan, indigenous languages become highly influenced by Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Obeid Birema studied the amount of loan words in Kadaru in many areas of life, ranging from daily life, through songs, to politics and market. In some cases, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loan words</a> in an expression was as high as 83.3% and the average percentage of loan words in the studied statements was 49.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_texts_and_lists_of_loan_words">Example texts and lists of loan words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Example texts and lists of loan words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1."><i>1.</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Iru robber ella tiigi robbema ogugi robbema kukuri robbema alla inɖigi onɖii robbema hamaamgi robbema ayyi haja.</i> </p><p><i>Schalenjeruwa shalenjerigi eiye ʈe she, inɖi iyembergi ilɽan kuner oway kil fanongu aan kora fanongu aan ger irshu fanongu, haa laakin eiyembe illa kunen kije ʈe.</i> </p><p>‘The people rear cows, they rear goats, and they rear chicken, and also, they rear donkeys, they breed doves anything.’ </p><p>‘The wild animals I know of, and there are those which I do not know of. I only hear people talk about them. There are gazelles; there are antelopes and porcupines. I do not know them all, I only hear about them.’ </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of loan words(1)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Borrowed Words and Expression </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>robber </td> <td>to keep animals </td></tr> <tr> <td>robbema </td> <td>used to keep animals </td></tr> <tr> <td>hamaamgi </td> <td>domestic doves </td></tr> <tr> <td>ayyi </td> <td>any </td></tr> <tr> <td>haja </td> <td>thing </td></tr> <tr> <td>laakin </td> <td>but </td></tr> <tr> <td>illa </td> <td>except (only) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Number of loan words: 6 out of 42 = 14.3% deviation </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2.">2.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Allijir lowaariko, fi alkharif neji belkureein.</i> </p><p>‘In summer we come in lorries, in rainy season we walk.’ </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of loan words (2)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Borrowed Words and Expression </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>lowaariko </td> <td>by lorries </td></tr> <tr> <td>fi </td> <td>in </td></tr> <tr> <td>alkharif </td> <td>rainy season </td></tr> <tr> <td>neji </td> <td>we come </td></tr> <tr> <td>belkureein </td> <td>with feet (walking) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Number of loan words: 5 out of 7 = 83.3% deviation </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kdu">Kadaru</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlamin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Alamin, Suzan (2014). 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Template:Eastern Sudanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Template talk:Eastern Sudanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Sudanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Sudanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan language family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Northern_k_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern <i>k</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dair_language" title="Dair language">Dair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilling_language" title="Dilling language">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hugeirat_language" title="El Hugeirat language">El Hugeirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulfan_language" title="Ghulfan language">Ghulfan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haraza_language" title="Haraza language">Haraza</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kadaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karko_language_(Sudan)" title="Karko language (Sudan)">Karko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Sudan)" title="Wali language (Sudan)">Wali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Nara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nyima_languages" title="Nyima languages">Nyima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afitti_language" title="Afitti language">Afitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyimang_language" title="Nyimang language">Nyimang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Taman_languages" title="Taman languages">Taman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mararit_language" title="Mararit language">Mararit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miisiirii_language" title="Miisiirii language">Miisiirii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungor_language" title="Sungor language">Sungor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_language" title="Tama language">Tama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Southern_n_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Southern Eastern Sudanic languages">Southern <i>n</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Surmic_languages" title="Surmic languages">Surmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_language" title="Kwegu language">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_language" title="Mursi language">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_language" title="Suri language">Suri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baale_language" title="Baale language">Baale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didinga_language" title="Didinga language">Didinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laarim_language" title="Laarim language">Laarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennet_language" title="Tennet language">Tennet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jebel_languages" title="Eastern Jebel languages">Eastern Jebel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaam_language" title="Gaam language">Gaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelo_language" title="Kelo language">Kelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molo_language" title="Molo language">Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillok_language" title="Sillok language">Sillok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Temein_languages" title="Temein languages">Temein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiga_Jirru_language" title="Keiga Jirru language">Keiga Jirru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temein_language" title="Temein language">Temein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tese_language" title="Tese language">Tese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Daju_languages" title="Daju languages">Daju</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logorik_language" title="Logorik language">Logorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_language" title="Shatt language">Shatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beigo_language" title="Beigo language">Beigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_Mongo_language" title="Daju Mongo language">Daju Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyolge_language" title="Nyolge language">Nyolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyala_language_(Sudan)" title="Nyala language (Sudan)">Nyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_language_(Chad)" title="Sila language (Chad)">Sila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large group listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nilotic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nilotic_languages" title="Eastern Nilotic languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_dialect" title="Kuku dialect">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandari_dialect" title="Mandari dialect">Mandari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teso%E2%80%93Turkana_languages" title="Teso–Turkana languages">Teso–Turkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamojong_language" title="Karamojong language">Karamojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_language" title="Teso language">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toposa_language" title="Toposa language">Toposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_language" title="Nyangatom language">Nyangatom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lotuko</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongotono_language" title="Dongotono language">Dongotono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(South_Sudan)" title="Lango language (South Sudan)">Lango (South Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokoya_language" title="Lokoya language">Lokoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopit_language" title="Lopit language">Lopit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuho_language" title="Otuho language">Otuho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maa_languages" title="Maa languages">Ongamo–Maa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilchamus_people#Language" title="Ilchamus people">Camus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dinka–Nuer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_language" title="Reel language">Reel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Bor_language" title="Belanda Bor language">Belanda Bor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_language" title="Jur language">Jur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ri_language" title="Päri language">Päri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuri_language" title="Thuri language">Thuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo language">Southern Luo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_dialect" title="Acholi dialect">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhola_dialect" title="Adhola dialect">Adhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Dholuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumam_dialect" title="Kumam dialect">Kumam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(Uganda)" title="Lango language (Uganda)">Lango (Uganda)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burun_languages" title="Burun languages">Burun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burun_language" title="Burun language">Northern Burun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Burun_language" title="Southern Burun language">Southern Burun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nilotic_languages" title="Southern Nilotic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupsabiny_language" title="Kupsabiny language">Kupsabiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaot_language" title="Sabaot language">Sabaot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nandi%E2%80%93Markweta_languages" title="Nandi–Markweta languages">Nandi–Markweta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiyo_language" title="Keiyo language">Keiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwet_language" title="Markwet language">Markwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terik_language" title="Terik language">Terik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Okiek–Mosiro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pökoot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Omotik–Datooga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none;"> <p>PLR:plurative REP:plural action SSC:same subject converb </p> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&oldid=1252308573">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadaru_language&oldid=1252308573</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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