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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Postdoktor" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Postdoktor" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o" 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inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Norge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Norge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulike_typer_postdoktorstillinger_i_Norge_og_internasjonalt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulike_typer_postdoktorstillinger_i_Norge_og_internasjonalt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ulike typer postdoktorstillinger i Norge og internasjonalt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulike_typer_postdoktorstillinger_i_Norge_og_internasjonalt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postdoktorer_i_det_norske_akademiske_hierarki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postdoktorer_i_det_norske_akademiske_hierarki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Postdoktorer i det norske akademiske hierarki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postdoktorer_i_det_norske_akademiske_hierarki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antall_postdoktorer_i_Norge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antall_postdoktorer_i_Norge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Antall postdoktorer i Norge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antall_postdoktorer_i_Norge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Postdoktor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 25 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoc" title="Postdoc – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Postdoc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoktor" title="Postdoktor – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Postdoktor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDdoktor" title="Nýdoktor – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýdoktor" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="باحث ما بعد الدكتوراه – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باحث ما بعد الدكتوراه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phok-s%C5%AB-%C4%81u_gi%C3%A1n-ki%C3%B9-o%C3%A2n" title="Phok-sū-āu gián-kiù-oân – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phok-sū-āu gián-kiù-oân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoc" title="Postdoc – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Postdoc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4reldoktor" title="Järeldoktor – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Järeldoktor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μεταδιδακτορικός συνεργάτης – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταδιδακτορικός συνεργάτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Postdoctoral researcher" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigador_posdoctoral" title="Investigador posdoctoral – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Investigador posdoctoral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پسادکتری – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پسادکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chercheur_postdoctoral" title="Chercheur postdoctoral – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chercheur postdoctoral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%82%AC%ED%9B%84%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90" title="박사후연구원 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박사후연구원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="पोस्ट डॉक्टरल शोधार्थी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोस्ट डॉक्टरल शोधार्थी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assegnista_di_ricerca" title="Assegnista di ricerca – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assegnista di ricerca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98-%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="פוסט-דוקטורט – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוסט-דוקטורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoc" title="Postdoc – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Postdoc" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%93%A1" title="博士研究員 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="博士研究員" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercet%C4%83tor_postdoctoral" title="Cercetător postdoctoral – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cercetător postdoctoral" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Постдокторантура – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постдокторантура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoc" title="Postdoc – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Postdoc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="முனைவர் பட்ட மேலாய்வாளர் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முனைவர் பட்ட மேலாய்வாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="นักวิจัยหลังปริญญาเอก – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักวิจัยหลังปริญญาเอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Постдокторантура – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Постдокторантура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%8C" title="博士後 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博士後" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1125292#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Postdoktor" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Postdoktor" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Postdoktor"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Postdoktor"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Postdoktor" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Postdoktor" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&oldid=22980538" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne 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title="Doktorgrad">doktorgrad</a> med sikte på å oppnå fast akademisk stilling ved et universitet eller forskningsinstitutt, typisk på laveste ordinære faste nivå. I de fleste land oppfattes ordningen mer som et slags stipend, og regnes ikke til de ordinære vitenskapelige stillingene. </p><p>Stillingstypen stammer fra USA, der den blir betegnet som <i>postdoctoral fellow</i> og forkortet <i>postdoc.</i> I de fleste land er postdoktor en forskerstilling eller rolle man har før man oppnår ordinær vitenskapelig stilling på begynnertrinnet, f.eks. i USA som <i><a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a></i> (universitetslektor); formålet med en postdoktorstilling er dermed å kvalifisere seg vitenskapelig (forskningsmessig) for en slik universitetslektorstilling. Det er dermed vanlig at arbeidsoppgavene bare eller hovedsakelig omfatter forskning, med beskjeden eller ingen undervisningsplikt, for å muliggjøre tilstrekkelig vitenskapelig merittering. Det er store forskjeller i stillingsbetegnelser, ansettelsesforhold, antall postdoktorer og hvordan slike stillinger brukes internasjonalt. Lengden på postdoktorstipend kan internasjonalt variere betydelig, fra noen uker eller måneder til flere år, og i USA og mange andre land har ordningen mer karakter av studentstipend enn av vitenskapelig stilling, med betydelig lavere lønn og tilsvarende status i universitetssystemet. Det er relativt vanlig internasjonalt å ha flere postdoktorstipend etter hverandre, siden en postdoktorperiode sjelden er nok til å oppnå fast vitenskapelig stilling. </p><p>Postdoktorstipend ble innført i Norge i 1980-årene, men stillingstypen fikk først større utbredelse etter årtusenskiftet. I Norge er postdoktor en formell stilling som brukes dels i <a href="/wiki/Universitetslektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetslektor">lektor</a>–<a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a>-stigen i universitets- og høgskolesektoren og dels i <a href="/wiki/Forsker" title="Forsker">forskerstigen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Instituttsektoren" title="Instituttsektoren">instituttsektoren</a> om en midlertidig rekrutteringsstilling på nivået under <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rsteamanuensis" title="Førsteamanuensis">førsteamanuensis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Forsker_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Forsker II">forsker II</a>/seniorforsker. Norge har gått lengre enn noen andre land i retning av å formalisere postdoktor som en vitenskapelig stilling. Arbeidsoppgaver for postdoktorer har i stor grad bare bestått av forskning ettersom formålet med stillingen er å kvalifisere seg vitenskapelig; ved universitetene forekommer det i noen tilfeller at stillingen er tillagt en mer begrenset undervisningsplikt, mens andre postdoktorer ved universitetene og de aller fleste postdoktorer i <a href="/wiki/Instituttsektoren" title="Instituttsektoren">instituttsektoren</a> kun har forskningsoppgaver. Det har vært skepsis mot å tillegge stillingen undervisningsplikt bl.a. fordi det vil komme i veien for formålet med stillingen om å kvalifisere seg vitenskapelig. I <i><a href="/wiki/European_Framework_for_Research_Careers" title="European Framework for Research Careers">European Framework for Research Careers</a></i> tilhører postdoktorstillinger kategorien R2. </p><p>I noen land har postdoktorer i likhet med stipendiater en formell veileder eller faglig mentor. I EU-finansierte programmer er det vanlig at postdoktorer har veiledere.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Norge er det foreslått å innføre en formell mentorordning og plan for stipendperioden.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norge">Norge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Norge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Norge"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a> er postdoktor en midlertidig utdanningsstilling for en forsker som ønsker å kvalifisere seg videre etter avlagt <a href="/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad">doktorgrad</a>. Stillingen brukes både i <a href="/wiki/Universitetslektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetslektor">lektor</a>–<a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professorstigen</a> i universitets- og høgskolesektoren og i <a href="/wiki/Forsker" title="Forsker">forskerstigen</a> i instituttsektoren. En postdoktor i Norge ansettes på <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rem%C3%A5l" title="Åremål">åremål</a>. Det er vanlig å ha postdoktorstilling før man oppnår fast ansettelse som <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rsteamanuensis" title="Førsteamanuensis">førsteamanuensis</a> (i universitets- og høgskolesektoren) eller <a href="/wiki/Forsker_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Forsker II">forsker II</a> (i instituttsektoren). </p><p>I løpet av ansettelsesperioden vil en postdoktor ofte gjennomføre forskning minst av samme omfang som en vanlig doktorgrad. Postdoktorer kan gjennomføre et frittstående forskningsprosjekt eller inngå i et større prosjekt og forskergruppe. </p><p>Postdoktorstilling ble tidlig tatt i bruk innen <a href="/wiki/Naturvitenskap" title="Naturvitenskap">naturvitenskapelig</a> grunnforskning. Det kan være flere begrunnelser for dette: </p> <ol><li>en mulighet til øket fordypning og ferdighetsforbedring for en forsker og mulighet til å bygge opp en mer omfattende publikasjonsliste.</li> <li>mulighet til å arbeide i andre forskningsmiljøer, gjerne i et annet land.</li></ol> <p>Et annet aspekt er at det tidvis har vært få faste stillinger ved universitetene. Postdoktor-stillinger har dermed blitt en mulighet til å drive meritterende forskning for å bedre sine kvalifikasjoner. Bare doktorgrad er normalt ikke tilstrekkelig for å oppnå fast stilling i akademia, særlig ikke ved institusjoner i Oslo, der søkere til universitetsstillinger ofte allerede har <a href="/wiki/Professorkompetanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Professorkompetanse">professorkompetanse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ulike_typer_postdoktorstillinger_i_Norge_og_internasjonalt">Ulike typer postdoktorstillinger i Norge og internasjonalt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ulike typer postdoktorstillinger i Norge og internasjonalt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ulike typer postdoktorstillinger i Norge og internasjonalt"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulike typer postdoktorstillinger er langt vanligere i USA enn i Europa, men de siste tiårene har europeiske land i ulik grad kopiert den amerikanske ordningen. Det er likevel store forskjeller i stillingsbetegnelser, ansettelsesforhold, antall postdoktorer og hvordan slike stillinger brukes. En ordning med postdoktorstipend ble i Norge innført av forskningsrådene på 1980-tallet, og i 1998 fikk lærestedene rett til selv å opprette postdoktorstillinger. Internasjonalt er Norge et av de land som har gått lengst i retning av å formalisere postdoktornivået.<sup id="cite_ref-NIFU_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIFU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Norge ansettes postdoktorer med stillingsbetegnelsen postdoktor, som har stillingskode 1352. Internasjonalt varierer de formelle titlene for personer med denne type stillinger, og nivået kan også variere. Norske postdoktorstillinger ligger nivåmessig i den øvre enden av skalaen siden norske postdoktorer regnes som vitenskapelig ansatte i større grad enn andre land. I USA er <i>postdoctoral fellow</i> en stilling man har for å kvalifisere seg med sikte på å oppnå stilling som <i>assistant professor</i> (universitetslektor). Den norske postdoktortittelen oversettes vanligvis til engelsk som regel som <i>postdoctoral fellow</i>, men har tidligere også blitt oversatt som <i>senior research fellow</i> (<i>research fellow</i> er den normale oversettelsen av doktorgradsstipendiat). Noe av årsaken til diskrepansen i bruken av postdoktorbetegnelsen i Norge og USA er at selve doktorgraden, særlig på 1900-tallet, ble brukt svært ulikt i de to systemene; i USA var doktorgraden inngangsbilletten til en vitenskapelig karriere, mens i Norge fylte andre grader denne rollen og doktorgraden var lenge en grad som allerede veletablerte akademikere tok. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postdoktorer_i_det_norske_akademiske_hierarki">Postdoktorer i det norske akademiske hierarki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Postdoktorer i det norske akademiske hierarki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Postdoktorer i det norske akademiske hierarki"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formalnivå<br /><small style="color: #444444;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/European_Framework_for_Research_Careers" title="European Framework for Research Careers">European Framework<i><br /></i>for Research Careers</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Iversen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iversen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></small></th> <th>Forskerstigen<br /><small>(hovedsakelig<br />i <a href="/wiki/Instituttsektoren" title="Instituttsektoren">instituttsektoren</a>)</small></th> <th>Forsknings- og<br />undervisningsstigen<br />(lektor–professor-stigen)<br /><small>(hovedsakelig<br />ved universiteter)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professornivå</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;"><i>R4 Leading Researcher</i></small> </th> <td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Forsker#Forsker_I_(forsker_med_professorkompetanse)" title="Forsker">Forsker I / forsker med<br />professorkompetanse</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1183)</small><br />(<i>Research Professor</i>)</td> <td style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed silver; vertical-align: text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1013/1404)</small><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 8013/9301 – II-stillinger)</small><br />(<i>Professor</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-top: 0px;"><i>Felles kompetansekrav: <a href="/wiki/Professorkompetanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Professorkompetanse">Professorkompetanse</a></i><br /><i>← mobilitet på tvers →</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rsteamanuensis" title="Førsteamanuensis">Førsteamanuensisnivå</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;"><i>R3 Established Researcher</i></small> </th> <td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Forsker#Forsker_II/seniorforsker" title="Forsker">Forsker II / seniorforsker</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1109/1110)</small><br />(<i>Senior Researcher</i>)</td> <td style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed silver; vertical-align: text-top;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rsteamanuensis" title="Førsteamanuensis">Førsteamanuensis</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1011)</small><br />(<i>Associate Professor</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-top: 0px;"><i>Felles kompetansekrav: <a href="/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad">Doktorgrad</a></i><br /><i>normalt krav utover dette</i><br /><i>← mobilitet på tvers →</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rekrutteringsstilling<br />med doktorgrad<br /><small style="color: #444444;"><i>R2 Recognised Researcher</i></small> </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: #98FB98; text-align: center;"><i><b>Postdoktor</b></i><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1352)</small><br />(<i>Postdoctoral Fellow</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">Amanuensisnivå</a> </th> <td style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Forsker#Forsker_III/forsker" title="Forsker">Forsker III / forsker</a><br /><small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1108)</small><br />(<i>Researcher</i>)</td> <td style="border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 1px dashed silver; vertical-align: text-top;"><a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">Amanuensis</a> <small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1010)´</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitetslektor" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetslektor">Universitetslektor</a> <small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1009)</small><br />(<i>Assistant Professor</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; border-top: 0px;"><i>Felles kompetansekrav: <a href="/wiki/Eksamen_av_h%C3%B8yere_grad" title="Eksamen av høyere grad">Høyere grad</a></i><br /><i>← mobilitet på tvers →</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Rekrutteringsstillinger<br />uten doktorgrad<br /><small style="color: #444444;"><i>R1 First Stage Researcher</i></small> </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: #98FB98; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Stipendiat" title="Stipendiat">Stipendiat</a> <small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1017/1378)</small><br />(<i>Research Fellow</i>) </td></tr> <tr style="background: #98FB98;"> <td colspan="2" style="background: #98FB98; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Vitenskapelig_assistent" title="Vitenskapelig assistent">Vitenskapelig assistent</a> <small style="color: #444444;">(SKO 1020/1019)</small><br />(<i>Research Assistant</i>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>«Mobilitet på tvers» i figuren viser til at de formelle utdannings- og vitenskapelige kompetansekravene er de samme og at det er vanlig å veksle mellom stigene, ikke til at den enkelte ansatt har en ubetinget rett til omgjøring av egen eksisterende stilling. Mobilitet vil normalt skje ved søknad på ny stilling, eller ved <a href="/wiki/Kallelse" title="Kallelse">kallelse</a> i bistillinger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antall_postdoktorer_i_Norge">Antall postdoktorer i Norge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Antall postdoktorer i Norge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Antall postdoktorer i Norge"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fagområde</th> <th>1991</th> <th>1993</th> <th>1995</th> <th>1997</th> <th>1999</th> <th>2001</th> <th>Antall personer 1991–2001 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humaniora" title="Humaniora">Humaniora</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>5</td> <td>12</td> <td>38</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samfunnsvitenskap" title="Samfunnsvitenskap">Samfunnsvitenskap</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>17</td> <td>20</td> <td>45</td> <td>92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matnat" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Matnat">Matnat</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>77</td> <td>61</td> <td>84</td> <td>99</td> <td>161</td> <td>408 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">Teknologi</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>26</td> <td>34</td> <td>50</td> <td>115 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medisin" title="Medisin">Medisin</a></td> <td>38</td> <td>73</td> <td>91</td> <td>97</td> <td>139</td> <td>212</td> <td>461 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landbruk" title="Landbruk">Landbruks</a>- og <a href="/wiki/Fiskeri" title="Fiskeri">fiskerifag</a><br />samt <a href="/wiki/Veterin%C3%A6rmedisin" title="Veterinærmedisin">veterinærmedisin</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>2</td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td>9</td> <td>19</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Totalt<sup id="cite_ref-NIFU_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIFU-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>74</th> <th>166</th> <th>175</th> <th>232</th> <th>313</th> <th>525</th> <th>1154 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postdoktor&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/other/guides_for_applicants/h2020-guide-appl-msca-if-2018-20_en.pdf">H2020 Programme: Guide for Applicants</a> (The Supervisor is the scientist appointed at the beneficiary to supervise the researcher throughout the whole duration of the action)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forskerforum.no/postdoktorene-skal-fa-karriereplan-og-mentor/">Regjeringen vil gi postdoktorene karriereplan og mentor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIFU-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-NIFU_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIFU_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nifustep.no/norsk/publikasjoner/postdoktorordningen">Postdoktorordningen. NIFU Skriftserie, 37 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114074753/http://www.nifustep.no/norsk/publikasjoner/postdoktorordningen">Arkivert</a> 14. januar 2006 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iversen-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iversen_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eric Iversen; m.fl. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nifu.brage.unit.no/nifu-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2358894/NIFUarbeidsnotat2014-11.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>International and Sector Mobility in Norway</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NIFU" class="mw-redirect" title="NIFU">NIFU</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3APostdoktor&rft.au=Eric+Iversen&rft.btitle=International+and+Sector+Mobility+in+Norway&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=NIFU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnifu.brage.unit.no%2Fnifu-xmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11250%2F2358894%2FNIFUarbeidsnotat2014-11.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Eksplisitt bruk av m.fl. (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Eksplisitt_bruk_av_m.fl." title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Eksplisitt bruk av m.fl.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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