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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#0068FF;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#0052A1;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-13rbivf-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#589E50;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;background-color:#B80000;margin:0;}.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#DB7F7F;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#DB7F7F;border-bottom-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:#B80000;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active,.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus{color:#3F3F42;background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (hover: hover){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer 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eustbbg1"><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div class="ssrcss-1ocoo3l-Wrap e42f8511"><div width="300" class="ssrcss-hhhbpo-ContainerWithSidebarWrapper e1jl38b40"><div width="compact" class="ssrcss-rgov1k-MainColumn e1sbfw0p0"><article class="ssrcss-1mc1y2-ArticleWrapper e1nh2i2l6"><header class="ssrcss-18mgjmu-HeadingWrapper e1nh2i2l5"><h1 tabindex="-1" id="main-heading" class="ssrcss-gcq6xq-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">Charlottesville: Why are the ‘Unite the Right’ organisers on trial?</h1><p class="ssrcss-1rv0moy-Contributor e5xb54n2"><span><strong>By Bernd Debusmann Jr</strong><br/>BBC News, Washington</span></p><div><dl class="ssrcss-vzegzu-MetadataStrip e1ojgjhb2"><div class="ssrcss-8d0yke-MetadataStripItem e1ojgjhb1"><dt class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Published</dt><dd class="ssrcss-m5j4pi-MetadataContent e1ojgjhb0"><span class="ssrcss-8g95ls-MetadataSnippet ecn1o5v2"><time data-testid="timestamp" datetime="2021-10-26T17:01:54.000Z"><span 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https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-1ecljvk-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span>White supremacist Richard Spencer is among the defendants on trial for their role in the deadly 2017 'Unite the Right' rally</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><b class="ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3">Over four years after a deadly far-right extremist rally in Virginia, organisers of the event are facing a civil trial to determine whether they should be held responsible for the chaos that ensued. </b></p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The "Unite the Right" rally that began on the night of 11 August 2017, in Charlottesville, was seen as a defining moment in recent American history. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">An alleged neo-Nazi plowed into counter-protesters with his car, killing one and injuring dozens of other.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Now, nine people injured in the violence are suing 24 of the organisers and promoters, some of whom have gained notoriety as self-declared leaders of the "alt-right". Jury selection began on Monday and a trial is due to start as early as this week.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Here's what we know.</p></div></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44619374" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">'A battle for the soul of America'</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-48806265" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">Charlottesville attacker: I regret my actions</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-44457873" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">The black man who took on the Klan</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="crosshead-block" class="ssrcss-mysbf6-ComponentWrapper-CrossheadComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><h2 class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">What is the lawsuit about?</h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The lawsuit alleges that the defendants "conspired to plan, promote and carry out the violent events" that took place at the rally. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"Defendants brought with them to Charlottesville the imagery of the Holocaust, of slavery, of Jim Crow and of fascism," the lawsuit says. "They also brought with them semi-automatic weapons, pistols, mace, rods, armour shields and torches." </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Attorneys for the plaintiffs say they have collected more than 5.3 terabytes of evidence, including social media posts and chat room exchanges from messaging platform Discord. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The lawsuit invokes a 1871 law passed after the US Civil War, which was originally intended to protect black Americans from the Ku Klux Klan following their emancipation from slavery. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The law allows private citizens to sue others believed to have committed civil rights violations. The plaintiffs, however, must prove that the defendants conspired to do so and that injuries resulted.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"That's just a testament to the fact that we have a situation in this country where people can credibly accuse others of committing the kind of act that Congress was worried about after the Civil War," attorney Roberta Kaplan was quoted as saying by the Washington Post. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The lawsuit is backed by a campaign group, Integrity First for America. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"The goal, first and foremost, is accountability for the defendants and justice for the plaintiffs and for the community in Charlottesville," said the group's Executive Director, Amy Spitalnick. </p></div></div><div data-component="media-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><div class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-aqb7dr-Container e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1d84lqw-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 210.69 60" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M36.76 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.18v11.79H30c4.28 0 5.61-.25 7.37-1a5.58 5.58 0 002.47-2 4.86 4.86 0 00.85-2.55 5.11 5.11 0 00-.87-3.33 6.31 6.31 0 00-3.06-2.13zM35.25 24.36a5.28 5.28 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.6-5-7.63-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.42-1.98z"></path><path d="M0 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.33 11.33 0 01-5.3 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.89 1.64H16.72V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.34 11.34 0 014.94 4 9.73 9.73 0 011.8 5.93c0 4.09-1.77 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.9 13.9 0 016.74 3.92 10.42 10.42 0 012.71 7.32 10.86 10.86 0 01-1.92 5.88zM110.22 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.17v11.79h5.5c4.28 0 5.62-.25 7.37-1a5.53 5.53 0 002.47-2 4.69 4.69 0 00.85-2.55 5 5 0 00-.84-3.35 6.22 6.22 0 00-3.06-2.11zM108.71 24.36a5.24 5.24 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.59-5-7.62-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.41-1.98z"></path><path d="M73.46 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.35 11.35 0 01-5.29 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.86 1.63H90.19V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.31 11.31 0 014.93 4 9.67 9.67 0 011.8 5.93c.06 4.09-1.76 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.86 13.86 0 016.74 3.92 10.38 10.38 0 012.71 7.32 10.78 10.78 0 01-1.92 5.88zM146.93 0v60h63.76V0zM198 48.24a36.9 36.9 0 01-8.07 3 38.19 38.19 0 01-8.6.93 28.11 28.11 0 01-12.73-2.8 22.06 22.06 0 01-8.73-7.84 20.39 20.39 0 01-3.35-11.13 21.92 21.92 0 013.4-11.71 23 23 0 019-8A28.39 28.39 0 01182 7.86a35.63 35.63 0 017.52 1 58.32 58.32 0 018 2.65v8A40.05 40.05 0 00189.8 16a28.65 28.65 0 00-7.39-1.28 19.92 19.92 0 00-9 1.7 15.8 15.8 0 00-6.57 5.51 14.64 14.64 0 006.46 21.71 21.75 21.75 0 009.09 1.65 26.09 26.09 0 007.1-1.2 34.81 34.81 0 008.5-4z"></path></svg></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-rjl2v3-ErrorMessage eitf6461"><div class="ssrcss-mufbiz-StyledInnerContainer eitf6460"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This video can not be played</p><h2 class="ssrcss-1qr3f1s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Media caption, </span>The statue of General Robert E Lee was towed away from Market Street Park, Charlottesville</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="crosshead-block" class="ssrcss-mysbf6-ComponentWrapper-CrossheadComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><h2 class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">What is the defence team saying? </h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The defendants include prominent figures in America's white nationalist and far-right movement, including Jason Kessler, the rally's main organiser and Richard Spencer, a white supremacist who famously coined the term "alt-right" and spoke at the event. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Some of the defendants, including Mr Spencer and "the crying Nazi" Christopher Cantwell - so nicknamed for a tearful YouTube video he posted in the aftermath of the rally - are representing themselves in court. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Several of the defendants have also claimed that mentions of violence, combat and weapons ahead of the event were referencing the possibility of having to defend themselves from counter-protesters. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Some have said that their communications are protected by their constitutional rights. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"You can say any nasty thing you want about any person or group you want and that is protected by the First Amendment," Edward ReBrook IV, an attorney for one of the defendants, former Nationalist Socialist Movement leader Jeff Schoep, told the Associated Press. "That's not me saying that, that's the Supreme Court." </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Several of the defendants and their lawyers did not respond to the BBC's requests for comment. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The plaintiffs have already received default judgements against seven of the defendants who refused to cooperate. </p></div></div><div data-component="crosshead-block" class="ssrcss-mysbf6-ComponentWrapper-CrossheadComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><h2 class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">What happened at the murder trial?</h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The man who drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at the Charlottesville rally, James Alex Fields, was sentenced to life in prison in June 2019. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Four of the plaintiffs in the current lawsuit were injured in the incident, which killed Heather Heyer, 32. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xtcmof-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Heather Heyer memorial" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027085933im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-1ecljvk-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span>A street memorial in Charlottesville commemorated the death of Heather Heyer in the days after the rally</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">A self-described neo-Nazi from Ohio, Fields pleaded guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crimes as part of a deal with prosecutors, who agreed to not seek the death penalty. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">At his sentencing in 2019, Fields apologised for the "hurt and loss" he caused at the Unite the Right event. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"Every day I think about how things could have gone differently and how I regret my actions," he said. "I'm sorry." </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">In December 2018, Fields was also convicted of murder at the state level. </p></div></div><div data-component="crosshead-block" class="ssrcss-mysbf6-ComponentWrapper-CrossheadComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><h2 class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">How might this court case affect future rallies and protests?</h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Advocates for the plaintiffs have explicitly said that they hope to bankrupt the Unite the Right organisers and send a message to other far-right extremists and white supremacists in the future. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"A case like this can also have much broader impacts in making clear there will be very real consequences for violent extremism, deterring others who are looking on and understanding those consequences," said Integrity First's Ms Spitalnick. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Mark Pitcavage, a senior research fellow at the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism, who has monitored far-right groups for decades, told the BBC that the case "has the potential to deal a blow to the white supremacist movement".</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Mr Pitcavage said that many rally organisers and attendees already suffered consequences in the immediate aftermath of the rally.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">These consequences ranged from job losses and school expulsions after being publicly "outed" as white supremacists, to legal consequences such as the current lawsuit and Mr Field's murder conviction. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"The trial itself serves white supremacists as a reminder of what a debacle Charlottesville turned out to be," Mr Pitcavage added. "It's almost like a booster shot to the backlash in 2017, reminding everyone how badly that turned out for white supremacists." </p></div></div><div data-component="crosshead-block" class="ssrcss-mysbf6-ComponentWrapper-CrossheadComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><h2 class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">How was Charlottesville a defining moment in US politics? </h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Opponents of former US President Donald Trump often refer to the incident as one of the defining moments of his administration. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">At the time, Mr Trump came under fire from both sides of the political spectrum for comments at a news conference, in which he appeared to defend the extremists as "very fine people" and said "many sides" were responsible for the violence. In subsequent statements, he denounced neo-Nazis and other white supremacist groups as "repugnant". </p></div></div><div data-component="media-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-17obw6s-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><div class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-aqb7dr-Container e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1d84lqw-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 210.69 60" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M36.76 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.18v11.79H30c4.28 0 5.61-.25 7.37-1a5.58 5.58 0 002.47-2 4.86 4.86 0 00.85-2.55 5.11 5.11 0 00-.87-3.33 6.31 6.31 0 00-3.06-2.13zM35.25 24.36a5.28 5.28 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.6-5-7.63-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.42-1.98z"></path><path d="M0 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.33 11.33 0 01-5.3 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.89 1.64H16.72V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.34 11.34 0 014.94 4 9.73 9.73 0 011.8 5.93c0 4.09-1.77 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.9 13.9 0 016.74 3.92 10.42 10.42 0 012.71 7.32 10.86 10.86 0 01-1.92 5.88zM110.22 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.17v11.79h5.5c4.28 0 5.62-.25 7.37-1a5.53 5.53 0 002.47-2 4.69 4.69 0 00.85-2.55 5 5 0 00-.84-3.35 6.22 6.22 0 00-3.06-2.11zM108.71 24.36a5.24 5.24 0 001.51-4.23c-.06-2.62-1.59-5-7.62-5h-4.67v11.21h3.37c3.56 0 6.01-.62 7.41-1.98z"></path><path d="M73.46 0v60h63.76V0zm46.69 45.76a11.35 11.35 0 01-5.29 4.24 22.16 22.16 0 01-8.86 1.63H90.19V8.41h12.21a22.73 22.73 0 019 1.44 11.31 11.31 0 014.93 4 9.67 9.67 0 011.8 5.93c.06 4.09-1.76 6.94-5.51 8.86a13.86 13.86 0 016.74 3.92 10.38 10.38 0 012.71 7.32 10.78 10.78 0 01-1.92 5.88zM146.93 0v60h63.76V0zM198 48.24a36.9 36.9 0 01-8.07 3 38.19 38.19 0 01-8.6.93 28.11 28.11 0 01-12.73-2.8 22.06 22.06 0 01-8.73-7.84 20.39 20.39 0 01-3.35-11.13 21.92 21.92 0 013.4-11.71 23 23 0 019-8A28.39 28.39 0 01182 7.86a35.63 35.63 0 017.52 1 58.32 58.32 0 018 2.65v8A40.05 40.05 0 00189.8 16a28.65 28.65 0 00-7.39-1.28 19.92 19.92 0 00-9 1.7 15.8 15.8 0 00-6.57 5.51 14.64 14.64 0 006.46 21.71 21.75 21.75 0 009.09 1.65 26.09 26.09 0 007.1-1.2 34.81 34.81 0 008.5-4z"></path></svg></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-rjl2v3-ErrorMessage eitf6461"><div class="ssrcss-mufbiz-StyledInnerContainer eitf6460"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This video can not be played</p><h2 class="ssrcss-1qr3f1s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-1rnnz6t-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Media caption, </span>The US president ignored questions over whether his response went far enough</figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Mr Trump's actions at the time later became a rallying cry for supporters of Democrat Joe Biden.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">A 2020 campaign video declaring Mr Biden's candidacy began with the words "Charlottesville, Virginia".</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i86"><div class="ssrcss-18snukc-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Mr Biden has referred to the event as "a defining moment" for the United States. </p></div></div><section data-component="tag-list" class="ssrcss-2z3pjz-SectionWrapper e1nh2i2l2"><div class="ssrcss-1ydmugk-StyledTagContainer ed0g1kj1"><div class="ssrcss-4c4zzp-SectionHeaderWrapper 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class="ssrcss-gv3boi-RankedHeadline e1ia0oo94">The singer who chose his faith over Adele tour</span></span></span></p></span></a></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-1d4jr8k-PromoItem e1ia0oo92"><div class="ssrcss-11rb3jo-Promo ett16tt0"><div class="ssrcss-1wok6t6-PromoNoImage e98n9a20"><div class="ssrcss-som5se-PromoContent e1f5wbog7"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1cbga70-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/web/20211027085933/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-59054166" class="ssrcss-1f70ru8-PromoLink e1f5wbog0"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-17zglt8-PromoHeadline e1f5wbog4"><span aria-hidden="false"><span class="ssrcss-1kf25qv-HeadlineContainer e1ia0oo95"><span class="ssrcss-7s5py8-Rank e1ia0oo91">7</span><span class="ssrcss-gv3boi-RankedHeadline e1ia0oo94">US white supremacists face a legal reckoning</span></span></span></p></span></a></div></div></div></div></li><li class="ssrcss-1d4jr8k-PromoItem e1ia0oo92"><div class="ssrcss-11rb3jo-Promo ett16tt0"><div 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organisers.\",\"lastUpdated\":1635324739055,\"firstPublished\":1635267714000,\"lastPublished\":1635267714000,\"analytics\":{\"page\":{\"name\":\"news.world.us_and_canada.story.59054166.page\",\"contentId\":\"urn:bbc:cps:3bdb0a9a-596b-420e-b1b7-883c9a427c24\",\"section\":\"world::us_and_canada\",\"producer\":\"NEWS\",\"additionalProperties\":{\"custom_var_1\":\"2021-10-26T17:01:54.000Z\",\"custom_var_2\":\"2021-10-26T17:01:54.000Z\",\"custom_var_3\":\"Alt-right~United+States~Charlottesville~Virginia\",\"custom_var_4\":\"5b6c6c9d-693f-4314-a81b-a6cc646fcfa7~82857f8e-8134-462a-bb32-b7b14f4eab75~bc0b0e3f-4ef2-4a31-adc3-3c1afb37382f~db2fa126-50ea-4e2e-81fa-6f7957acdafe\"}}},\"site\":{\"name\":\"BBC News\",\"uri\":\"/news\"},\"section\":{\"name\":\"US & Canada\",\"uri\":\"/news/world/us_and_canada\"},\"timestampRelative\":\"15 hours ago\",\"publishedDateTime\":\"2021-10-26T17:01:54.000Z\",\"translations\":{\"aroundTheBBC\":\"Around the BBC\",\"externalLinksWarningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"published\":\"Published\",\"relatedInternetLinks\":\"Related Internet Links\",\"seeAlsos\":\"More on this story\",\"socialEmbed\":{\"instagram\":{\"warningText\":null,\"linkText\":null},\"facebook\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original post on Facebook\"},\"twitter\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original tweet on Twitter\"},\"youtube\":{\"warningText\":\"Warning: Third party content may contain adverts\",\"linkText\":null}},\"tagList\":\"Related Topics\",\"updated\":\"Updated\"}},\"headline\":\"Charlottesville: Why are the ‘Unite the Right’ organisers on trial?\",\"content\":{\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"White supremacist Richard Spencer is among the defendants on trial for their role in the deadly 2017 'Unite the Right' rally\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Richard Spencer\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/18634/production/_121229899_gettyimages-830755846.jpg 976w\"},\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over four years after a deadly far-right extremist rally in Virginia, organisers of the event are facing a civil trial to determine whether they should be held responsible for the chaos that ensued. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over four years after a deadly far-right extremist rally in Virginia, organisers of the event are facing a civil trial to determine whether they should be held responsible for the chaos that ensued. \",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \\\"Unite the Right\\\" rally that began on the night of 11 August 2017, in Charlottesville, was seen as a defining moment in recent American history. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \\\"Unite the Right\\\" rally that began on the night of 11 August 2017, in Charlottesville, was seen as a defining moment in recent American history. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An alleged neo-Nazi plowed into counter-protesters with his car, killing one and injuring dozens of other.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An alleged neo-Nazi plowed into counter-protesters with his car, killing one and injuring dozens of other.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now, nine people injured in the violence are suing 24 of the organisers and promoters, some of whom have gained notoriety as self-declared leaders of the \\\"alt-right\\\". Jury selection began on Monday and a trial is due to start as early as this week.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Now, nine people injured in the violence are suing 24 of the organisers and promoters, some of whom have gained notoriety as self-declared leaders of the \\\"alt-right\\\". Jury selection began on Monday and a trial is due to start as early as this week.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Here's what we know.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Here's what we know.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'A battle for the soul of America'\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44619374\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'A battle for the soul of America'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Charlottesville attacker: I regret my actions\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-48806265\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Charlottesville attacker: I regret my actions\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The black man who took on the Klan\",\"locator\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-44457873\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The black man who took on the Klan\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"What is the lawsuit about?\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The lawsuit alleges that the defendants \\\"conspired to plan, promote and carry out the violent events\\\" that took place at the rally. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The lawsuit alleges that the defendants \\\"conspired to plan, promote and carry out the violent events\\\" that took place at the rally. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Defendants brought with them to Charlottesville the imagery of the Holocaust, of slavery, of Jim Crow and of fascism,\\\" the lawsuit says. \\\"They also brought with them semi-automatic weapons, pistols, mace, rods, armour shields and torches.\\\" \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Defendants brought with them to Charlottesville the imagery of the Holocaust, of slavery, of Jim Crow and of fascism,\\\" the lawsuit says. \\\"They also brought with them semi-automatic weapons, pistols, mace, rods, armour shields and torches.\\\" \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Attorneys for the plaintiffs say they have collected more than 5.3 terabytes of evidence, including social media posts and chat room exchanges from messaging platform Discord. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Attorneys for the plaintiffs say they have collected more than 5.3 terabytes of evidence, including social media posts and chat room exchanges from messaging platform Discord. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The lawsuit invokes a 1871 law passed after the US Civil War, which was originally intended to protect black Americans from the Ku Klux Klan following their emancipation from slavery. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The lawsuit invokes a 1871 law passed after the US Civil War, which was originally intended to protect black Americans from the Ku Klux Klan following their emancipation from slavery. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The law allows private citizens to sue others believed to have committed civil rights violations. The plaintiffs, however, must prove that the defendants conspired to do so and that injuries resulted.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The law allows private citizens to sue others believed to have committed civil rights violations. The plaintiffs, however, must prove that the defendants conspired to do so and that injuries resulted.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"That's just a testament to the fact that we have a situation in this country where people can credibly accuse others of committing the kind of act that Congress was worried about after the Civil War,\\\" attorney Roberta Kaplan was quoted as saying by the Washington Post. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"That's just a testament to the fact that we have a situation in this country where people can credibly accuse others of committing the kind of act that Congress was worried about after the Civil War,\\\" attorney Roberta Kaplan was quoted as saying by the Washington Post. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The lawsuit is backed by a campaign group, Integrity First for America. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The lawsuit is backed by a campaign group, Integrity First for America. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The goal, first and foremost, is accountability for the defendants and justice for the plaintiffs and for the community in Charlottesville,\\\" said the group's Executive Director, Amy Spitalnick. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The goal, first and foremost, is accountability for the defendants and justice for the plaintiffs and for the community in Charlottesville,\\\" said the group's Executive Director, Amy Spitalnick. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"caption\":\"The statue of General Robert E Lee was towed away from Market Street Park, Charlottesville\",\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"ElementsMediaPlayer\",\"items\":[{\"id\":\"p09p11st\",\"title\":\"Statue that sparked US protests is removed\",\"holdingImageUrl\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p09p12t5.jpg\",\"kind\":\"programme\",\"isEmbeddingAllowed\":true,\"isAdvertisingAllowed\":true}]}}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"What is the defence team saying? \"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The defendants include prominent figures in America's white nationalist and far-right movement, including Jason Kessler, the rally's main organiser and Richard Spencer, a white supremacist who famously coined the term \\\"alt-right\\\" and spoke at the event. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The defendants include prominent figures in America's white nationalist and far-right movement, including Jason Kessler, the rally's main organiser and Richard Spencer, a white supremacist who famously coined the term \\\"alt-right\\\" and spoke at the event. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some of the defendants, including Mr Spencer and \\\"the crying Nazi\\\" Christopher Cantwell - so nicknamed for a tearful YouTube video he posted in the aftermath of the rally - are representing themselves in court. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some of the defendants, including Mr Spencer and \\\"the crying Nazi\\\" Christopher Cantwell - so nicknamed for a tearful YouTube video he posted in the aftermath of the rally - are representing themselves in court. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several of the defendants have also claimed that mentions of violence, combat and weapons ahead of the event were referencing the possibility of having to defend themselves from counter-protesters. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several of the defendants have also claimed that mentions of violence, combat and weapons ahead of the event were referencing the possibility of having to defend themselves from counter-protesters. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some have said that their communications are protected by their constitutional rights. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some have said that their communications are protected by their constitutional rights. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"You can say any nasty thing you want about any person or group you want and that is protected by the First Amendment,\\\" Edward ReBrook IV, an attorney for one of the defendants, former Nationalist Socialist Movement leader Jeff Schoep, told the Associated Press. \\\"That's not me saying that, that's the Supreme Court.\\\" \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"You can say any nasty thing you want about any person or group you want and that is protected by the First Amendment,\\\" Edward ReBrook IV, an attorney for one of the defendants, former Nationalist Socialist Movement leader Jeff Schoep, told the Associated Press. \\\"That's not me saying that, that's the Supreme Court.\\\" \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several of the defendants and their lawyers did not respond to the BBC's requests for comment. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several of the defendants and their lawyers did not respond to the BBC's requests for comment. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The plaintiffs have already received default judgements against seven of the defendants who refused to cooperate. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The plaintiffs have already received default judgements against seven of the defendants who refused to cooperate. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"What happened at the murder trial?\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The man who drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at the Charlottesville rally, James Alex Fields, was sentenced to life in prison in June 2019. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The man who drove his car into a crowd of counter-protesters at the Charlottesville rally, James Alex Fields, was sentenced to life in prison in June 2019. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four of the plaintiffs in the current lawsuit were injured in the incident, which killed Heather Heyer, 32. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Four of the plaintiffs in the current lawsuit were injured in the incident, which killed Heather Heyer, 32. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A street memorial in Charlottesville commemorated the death of Heather Heyer in the days after the rally\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Heather Heyer memorial\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/51EC/production/_121227902_gettyimages-1152762296.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A self-described neo-Nazi from Ohio, Fields pleaded guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crimes as part of a deal with prosecutors, who agreed to not seek the death penalty. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A self-described neo-Nazi from Ohio, Fields pleaded guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crimes as part of a deal with prosecutors, who agreed to not seek the death penalty. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At his sentencing in 2019, Fields apologised for the \\\"hurt and loss\\\" he caused at the Unite the Right event. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At his sentencing in 2019, Fields apologised for the \\\"hurt and loss\\\" he caused at the Unite the Right event. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Every day I think about how things could have gone differently and how I regret my actions,\\\" he said. \\\"I'm sorry.\\\" \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Every day I think about how things could have gone differently and how I regret my actions,\\\" he said. \\\"I'm sorry.\\\" \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In December 2018, Fields was also convicted of murder at the state level. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In December 2018, Fields was also convicted of murder at the state level. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"How might this court case affect future rallies and protests?\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Advocates for the plaintiffs have explicitly said that they hope to bankrupt the Unite the Right organisers and send a message to other far-right extremists and white supremacists in the future. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Advocates for the plaintiffs have explicitly said that they hope to bankrupt the Unite the Right organisers and send a message to other far-right extremists and white supremacists in the future. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"A case like this can also have much broader impacts in making clear there will be very real consequences for violent extremism, deterring others who are looking on and understanding those consequences,\\\" said Integrity First's Ms Spitalnick. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"A case like this can also have much broader impacts in making clear there will be very real consequences for violent extremism, deterring others who are looking on and understanding those consequences,\\\" said Integrity First's Ms Spitalnick. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mark Pitcavage, a senior research fellow at the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism, who has monitored far-right groups for decades, told the BBC that the case \\\"has the potential to deal a blow to the white supremacist movement\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mark Pitcavage, a senior research fellow at the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism, who has monitored far-right groups for decades, told the BBC that the case \\\"has the potential to deal a blow to the white supremacist movement\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Pitcavage said that many rally organisers and attendees already suffered consequences in the immediate aftermath of the rally.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Mr Pitcavage said that many rally organisers and attendees already suffered consequences in the immediate aftermath of the rally.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These consequences ranged from job losses and school expulsions after being publicly \\\"outed\\\" as white supremacists, to legal consequences such as the current lawsuit and Mr Field's murder conviction. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These consequences ranged from job losses and school expulsions after being publicly \\\"outed\\\" as white supremacists, to legal consequences such as the current lawsuit and Mr Field's murder conviction. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The trial itself serves white supremacists as a reminder of what a debacle Charlottesville turned out to be,\\\" Mr Pitcavage added. \\\"It's almost like a booster shot to the backlash in 2017, reminding everyone how badly that turned out for white supremacists.\\\" \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The trial itself serves white supremacists as a reminder of what a debacle Charlottesville turned out to be,\\\" Mr Pitcavage added. \\\"It's almost like a booster shot to the backlash in 2017, reminding everyone how badly that turned out for white supremacists.\\\" \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"crosshead\",\"text\":\"How was Charlottesville a defining moment in US politics? \"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opponents of former US President Donald Trump often refer to the incident as one of the defining moments of his administration. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opponents of former US President Donald Trump often refer to the incident as one of the defining moments of his administration. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At the time, Mr Trump came under fire from both sides of the political spectrum for comments at a news conference, in which he appeared to defend the extremists as \\\"very fine people\\\" and said \\\"many sides\\\" were responsible for the violence. In subsequent statements, he denounced neo-Nazis and other white supremacist groups as \\\"repugnant\\\". \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At the time, Mr Trump came under fire from both sides of the political spectrum for comments at a news conference, in which he appeared to defend the extremists as \\\"very fine people\\\" and said \\\"many sides\\\" were responsible for the violence. 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