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1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/france-gets-5000-ton-nuclear-reactor-parts-to-power-worlds-largest-fusion-plant" title="France gets 5,000-ton nuclear reactor parts to power world’s largest fusion plant"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">2</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/quantum-inspired-tech-turns-heat-into-electricity-via-light" title="Quantum-inspired tech turns heat into electricity via light with 60% efficiency">Quantum-inspired tech turns heat into electricity via light with 60% efficiency</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt" title="Rupendra Brahambhatt" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Rupendra Brahambhatt</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">a day ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 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1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/quantum-inspired-tech-turns-heat-into-electricity-via-light" title="Quantum-inspired tech turns heat into electricity via light with 60% efficiency"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">3</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/military" title="Military"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Military</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-nuclear-deterrence-need" title="US eyes new nuclear moves to counter Russia, China with gravity bomb, Ohio sub">US eyes new nuclear moves to counter Russia, China with gravity bomb, Ohio sub</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/abhishek-bhardwaj" title="Abhishek Bhardwaj" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Abhishek Bhardwaj</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">a day ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 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2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 1</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-nuclear-deterrence-need" title="US eyes new nuclear moves to counter Russia, China with gravity bomb, Ohio sub"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">4</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/autonomous-robotic-cameras-in-stratosphere" title="US deploys first-ever autonomous robotic cameras in stratosphere nationwide">US deploys first-ever autonomous robotic cameras in stratosphere nationwide</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal" title="Kapil Kajal" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Kapil Kajal</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 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2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 3</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/autonomous-robotic-cameras-in-stratosphere" title="US deploys first-ever autonomous robotic cameras in stratosphere nationwide"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary 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3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 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d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 1</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/non-flammable-battery-alsym-energy" title="New non-flammable battery offers 10X higher energy density, can replace lithium cells"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 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8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 1</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/new-material-to-power-smr" title="Carbon fiber cathodes to power next-gen small modular nuclear fusion reactors"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">8</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/drones-to-soar-without-gps-using-fingerprint-tech" title="Drones to soar without GPS using unique fingerprint-inspired navigation tech">Drones to soar without GPS using unique fingerprint-inspired navigation tech</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/jijo-malayil" title="Jijo Malayil" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Jijo Malayil</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 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10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/drones-to-soar-without-gps-using-fingerprint-tech" title="Drones to soar without GPS using unique fingerprint-inspired navigation tech"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">9</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/first-molten-salt-reactor-grid-power-us" title="Big US approval for Gen IV reactor Hermes 2 to generate 20 MWe clean power">Big US approval for Gen IV reactor Hermes 2 to generate 20 MWe clean power</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/ameya-paleja" title="Ameya Paleja" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Ameya Paleja</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 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9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/first-molten-salt-reactor-grid-power-us" title="Big US approval for Gen IV reactor Hermes 2 to generate 20 MWe clean power"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">10</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🚀</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/tokamak-energy-nuclear-fusion-reactor-gets-funding-boost" title="Egg-shaped nuclear fusion reactor lands big backing for 880 MW power plant">Egg-shaped nuclear fusion reactor lands big backing for 880 MW power plant</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/aman-tripathi" title="Aman Tripathi" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Aman Tripathi</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 days ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 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9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/tokamak-energy-nuclear-fusion-reactor-gets-funding-boost" title="Egg-shaped nuclear fusion reactor lands big backing for 880 MW power plant"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">1</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/culture" title="Culture"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Culture</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/culture/oldest-ever-jesus-is-god-inscription" title="Oldest ever 'Jesus is God' inscription found in Israeli prison, deemed greatest find">Oldest ever 'Jesus is God' inscription found in Israeli prison, deemed greatest find</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/maria-mocerino" title="Maria Mocerino" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Maria Mocerino</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">2 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/culture/oldest-ever-jesus-is-god-inscription" title="Oldest ever 'Jesus is God' inscription found in Israeli prison, deemed greatest find"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">2</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/space" title="Space"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Space</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/4-45-billion-year-old-mineral-reveals-hot-water-activity-on-mars" title="4.45 billion-year-old mineral reveals hot water activity on Mars">4.45 billion-year-old mineral reveals hot water activity on Mars</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/bojan-stojkovski" title="Bojan Stojkovski" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Bojan Stojkovski</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">3 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 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9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/4-45-billion-year-old-mineral-reveals-hot-water-activity-on-mars" title="4.45 billion-year-old mineral reveals hot water activity on Mars"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">3</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans" title="Robot drummer that's faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft">Robot drummer that's faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden" title="Christopher McFadden" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Christopher McFadden</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">5 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 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4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans" title="Robot drummer that's faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">4</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/science" title="Science"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Science</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity" title="Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing">Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt" title="Rupendra Brahambhatt" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Rupendra Brahambhatt</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">5 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/science/dtc-quantum-gate-with-high-fidelity" title="Exceptional quantum gate with 99.9% fidelity promises errorless computing"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">5</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology" title="Huawei AI chips to power China's next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs">Huawei AI chips to power China's next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/bojan-stojkovski" title="Bojan Stojkovski" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Bojan Stojkovski</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">5 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology" title="Huawei AI chips to power China's next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">6</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-energy-power-generation" title="Japan launches FAST fusion project to achieve limitless energy by 2030">Japan launches FAST fusion project to achieve limitless energy by 2030</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra" title="Prabhat Ranjan Mishra" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Prabhat Ranjan Mishra</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">6 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-energy-power-generation" title="Japan launches FAST fusion project to achieve limitless energy by 2030"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">7</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/space" title="Space"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Space</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/youngest-planet-ever-discovered" title="Youngest planet ever discovered has misaligned orbit, puzzles scientists">Youngest planet ever discovered has misaligned orbit, puzzles scientists</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden" title="Christopher McFadden" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Christopher McFadden</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">8 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/space/youngest-planet-ever-discovered" title="Youngest planet ever discovered has misaligned orbit, puzzles scientists"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">8</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/innovation" title="Innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Innovation</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-rankings" title="China military's supercomputer tops global rankings, clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W">China military's supercomputer tops global rankings, clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/bojan-stojkovski" title="Bojan Stojkovski" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Bojan Stojkovski</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">8 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-rankings" title="China military's supercomputer tops global rankings, clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">9</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/energy" title="Energy"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Energy</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/radiant-microreactor-triggers-shutdown" title="US' nuclear microreactor triggers shutdown within 300 milliseconds of emergency">US' nuclear microreactor triggers shutdown within 300 milliseconds of emergency</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra" title="Prabhat Ranjan Mishra" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Prabhat Ranjan Mishra</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">9 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 2.27371 11.9735 2.61097C12 2.93569 12 3.33431 12 3.8173V3.84206V7.08206V7.10683C12 7.58982 12 7.98844 11.9735 8.31316C11.9459 8.65042 11.8868 8.96044 11.7384 9.25164C11.5083 9.70323 11.1412 10.0704 10.6896 10.3005C10.3984 10.4489 10.0884 10.508 9.7511 10.5355C9.42638 10.5621 9.02776 10.5621 8.54477 10.5621H8.52001H4.61026C4.21179 10.5621 4.09575 10.5649 3.99016 10.5866C3.88424 10.6083 3.78175 10.6443 3.68547 10.6934C3.58948 10.7425 3.4971 10.8128 3.18595 11.0617L1.75468 12.2067L1.73805 12.22C1.62785 12.3082 1.51552 12.3981 1.41677 12.4634C1.32231 12.5258 1.13917 12.6376 0.900977 12.6379C0.62689 12.6382 0.367606 12.5136 0.196617 12.2993C0.0480218 12.1132 0.0209007 11.9003 0.0106575 11.7876C-5.22161e-05 11.6697 -2.44403e-05 11.5258 2.73938e-06 11.3846L5.48119e-06 11.3634V3.84206L5.24277e-06 3.81728C-2.44623e-06 3.3343 -8.76432e-06 2.93568 0.0265217 2.61097C0.0540768 2.27371 0.113215 1.96369 0.26159 1.67248C0.491686 1.22089 0.858839 0.853741 1.31043 0.623645C1.60163 0.475271 1.91165 0.416132 2.24891 0.388577C2.57363 0.362047 2.97224 0.362053 3.45523 0.362061ZM2.34663 1.58459C2.08358 1.60608 1.94906 1.64504 1.85522 1.69285C1.62942 1.8079 1.44585 1.99148 1.3308 2.21727C1.28298 2.31111 1.24403 2.44563 1.22254 2.70868C1.20047 2.97874 1.20001 3.32811 1.20001 3.84206V11.1137L2.43632 10.1246C2.44996 10.1137 2.46341 10.103 2.4767 10.0923C2.72994 9.88955 2.92138 9.73627 3.13953 9.62482C3.3321 9.52644 3.53708 9.45454 3.74891 9.41106C3.98887 9.36182 4.23411 9.36192 4.55852 9.36205C4.57555 9.36205 4.59279 9.36206 4.61026 9.36206H8.52001C9.03395 9.36206 9.38333 9.36159 9.65338 9.33953C9.91643 9.31804 10.051 9.27908 10.1448 9.23127C10.3706 9.11622 10.5542 8.93264 10.6692 8.70685C10.717 8.61301 10.756 8.47849 10.7775 8.21544C10.7995 7.94538 10.8 7.59601 10.8 7.08206V3.84206C10.8 3.32811 10.7995 2.97874 10.7775 2.70868C10.756 2.44563 10.717 2.31111 10.6692 2.21727C10.5542 1.99148 10.3706 1.8079 10.1448 1.69285C10.051 1.64504 9.91643 1.60608 9.65338 1.58459C9.38333 1.56253 9.03395 1.56206 8.52001 1.56206H3.48001C2.96606 1.56206 2.61668 1.56253 2.34663 1.58459Z" fill="var(--text-secondary)"></path></svg> 0</div></div></div></div><div><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/energy/radiant-microreactor-triggers-shutdown" title="US' nuclear microreactor triggers shutdown within 300 milliseconds of emergency"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="t-cursor-pointer"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg></a></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-my-2"></div><div class="t-flex t-px-6 t-items-center t-gap-3"><div class="t-text-text-invert t-text-[12px] t-bg-brand-primary t-h-5 t-w-5 t-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-font-bold trendingArticles_popular_articles__count__POOfa">10</div><div class="t-flex t-flex-col t-gap-2 t-max-w-[263px]"><div class="t-flex t-gap-2 t-items-center"><div class="t-flex"><a href="/culture" title="Culture"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80">Culture</div></a></div><div class="t-w-[19px] t-h-[16px] t-items-center t-hidden md:t-flex">🌟</div></div><h4><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers" title="Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study">Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study</a></h4><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-flex-row t-h-[15px]"><div class="t-flex t-flex-wrap t-items-center"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/gairika-mitra" title="Gairika Mitra" class="t-text-text-secondary t-font-bold body-x-small-bold ">Gairika Mitra</a><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 !t-h-[15px]"></div><p class="t-capitalize body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-secondary">10 hours ago</p><div data-orientation="vertical" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-full t-w-[1px] t-mx-1 md:t-mx-2 !t-h-[15px]"></div><div class="t-flex t-gap-1 t-text-text-solid-secondary body-xsmall-medium " style="color:var(--text-primary)"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="13" viewBox="0 0 12 13" fill="none"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.45523 0.362061L3.48001 0.362061H8.52001L8.54479 0.362061C9.02777 0.362053 9.42638 0.362047 9.7511 0.388577C10.0884 0.416132 10.3984 0.475271 10.6896 0.623645C11.1412 0.853741 11.5083 1.22089 11.7384 1.67248C11.8868 1.96369 11.9459 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3.2869 15.8059 3.01153 15.4672 2.83896C15.3264 2.76724 15.1246 2.70881 14.7301 2.67657C14.325 2.64347 13.8009 2.64277 13.03 2.64277H5.47001C4.69909 2.64277 4.17502 2.64347 3.76994 2.67657Z" fill="#696969"></path></svg></button></li></ul></div></div><div class="t-flex t-justify-left t-flex-col t-pl-[8.50%]"><div class="article-heading t-w-full md:t-w-[53.75%]"><ul class="article-badges t-flex-wrap md:t-gap-[8px] t-gap-[8px] t-flex"><li class="t-flex"><a class="t-flex" href="/innovation"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80 t-capitalize t-px-2 t-py-1">Innovation</div></a></li><li class="t-flex"><a class="t-flex" href="/military"><div class="t-inline-flex t-items-center t-rounded-[2px] t-border t-border-button-secondary-light t-cursor-pointer dark:t-border-button-secondary-dark t-px-4 t-py-2 t-text-[13px] t-transition-colors focus:t-outline-none focus:t-ring-2 focus:t-ring-ring focus:t-ring-offset-2 t-border-transparent dark:t-border-none !t-bg-[var(--tag-item-background)] t-text-text-primary overline-xsmall t-px-2 t-py-1 hover:t-bg-primary/80 t-capitalize t-px-2 t-py-1">Military</div></a></li></ul><h1 class="content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading">Beyond the point of no return: Why aren’t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?</h1><h4 class="article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA"><p>The absence of self-destruct option on nuclear weapons is by design, but experts argue the time is right to revoke this.</p> </h4><time class="t-mt-4 t-text-sm t-text-gray-500"><b>Updated:</b> Nov 17, 2024 07:58 AM EST</time></div></div><section class="t-flex t-justify-center max-md:t-flex-col t-mt-6 max-md:t-mt-0 md:t-mt-[0]"><div class="t-w-full md:t-w-[60%] t-pl-[8.50%]"><div class="t-max-w-full t-w-main-layout t-flex t-flex-col t-justify-center t-self-center t-tab-px-0 md:t-px-0 socialShare_relative__B0YIR"><div class="article-heading"><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full t-mb-1"></div><div class="t-flex t-justify-left t-justify-between headingSection_author_info__s8Xap"><div class="author-info t-flex t-justify-left t-gap-2 headingSection_article_info_left__Wirfv"><div class="headingSection_author_info__avatar__LEJVf"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden"><img src="https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg" alt="Christopher McFadden" class="t-w-full md:t-w-[50px] headingSection_author_info__image___0MRY"/></a></div><div><p class="h4-style-desktop t-font-bold 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articleThumbnail_article_thumbnail__pQ08x"><img alt="Beyond the point of no return: Why aren&#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?" loading="lazy" width="584" height="421" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="articleThumbnail_article_thumbnail__image__HYfDF" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.interestingengineering.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2Fabort-missile.jpg&w=640&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.interestingengineering.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2Fabort-missile.jpg&w=1200&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.interestingengineering.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F11%2Fabort-missile.jpg&w=1200&q=75"/><div class="t-flex t-justify-between article-thumbnail--info t-mt-2"><p class="article-thumbnail--description body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-third">Representational image of a military missile control center.</p><p class="article-thumbnail--reference body-xsmall-medium t-text-text-third"><a href="https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-soldiers-launching-nuclear-missiles-in-command-center-gm1306804009-397279776?searchscope=image%2Cfilm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EvgeniyShkolenko/iStock</a></p></div></div><div class="t-max-w-full t-w-main-layout t-flex t-flex-col t-justify-center t-self-center t-tab-px-0 t-px-0 md:t-px-0 socialShare_relative__B0YIR"><div class="body-content true articleBody_firstLetter__fWMYV body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>Current global nuclear military doctrine is based on a game of cat and mouse where the outcome could well be the destruction of the human race. It revolves around the assumption that any belligerent deployment of nuclear weapons upon one nuclear nation, no matter how limited, could result in an all-out thermonuclear war.</p> <p>This premise hinges on the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a strategic concept that ensures any initial nuclear strike would prompt a devastating retaliatory response, leading to the mutual obliteration of all involved.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>MAD has stood as the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence, first brought into prominence in the 1950s by Henry Kissinger, former US secretary of state, and later named by military analyst Donald Brennan in the 1960s. Today, the specter of this doctrine looms as ominously as it did during the Cold War, underscoring the fragility of modern peace.</p> <p>But why? As John R. Allen and Peter Levin explain in a thoughtful piece in <em><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/nuclear-war" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">IEEE Spectrum</a></em>, the main reason is that once the most powerful human weapons are unleashed, there is currently no way to stop them. This is by design and arguably one of the best deterrents to launching them in the first place.</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="The Most Powerful Nukes Ever Recorded" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQyOmABUJQ8?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <p>After all, accidents can and indeed <a href="https://www.vox.com/2018/9/26/17905796/nuclear-war-1983-stanislav-petrov-soviet-union" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">have happened in the past</a>. However, some military thinkers believe it might be time to rethink this policy. So, is it possible to add self-destruct or abort functions to nuclear weapons? </p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>Let’s find out. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading h3-style" id="h-i-have-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds">I have become death, the destroyer of worlds</h2> <p>In the aftermath of the first and sole deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, only a select few nations possessed them, the United States and the Soviet Union.</p> <p>The United Kingdom and France soon joined the ranks in the 1950s. The figure has <a href="https://www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">since grown</a>, with as many as eight (perhaps nine) nations in possession of these highly devastating weapons of war.</p> <p>Some of them, like Russia, North Korea, and China, are arguably on a collision course that may well escalate into the unthinkable—nuclear conflict. Russia, for example, has also made it abundantly clear that it is seriously considering limited nuclear use in Ukraine.</p> <p>The country has even amended its <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/military/russia-mended-nuclear-doctrine" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">nuclear doctrine</a> rules in light of Western support for Ukraine. While the move was most likely intended as drawing a line in the sand, it has not helped to alleviate already heightened fears among those who worry about the possibility of a nuclear armageddon.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>And the threat is very real. If the unthinkable does happen, it would take only a matter of minutes for hundreds, if not thousands, of warheads to be launched.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?w=1024" alt="Submarine launched ballistic missile." class="wp-image-118465" srcset="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=768,512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Example of a submarine-launched ballistic missile. Source: <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg/1024px-180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>U.S. Navy/Wikimedia Commons</em></a></figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading h3-style" id="h-can-nuclear-weapons-be-disabled-mid-flight">Can nuclear weapons be disabled mid-flight?</h2> <p>Modern long-range delivery platforms, like <a href="https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)</a> or their marine equivalents, can carry multiple nuclear warheads each. Only a few of these are enough to erase a city from the map completely.</p> <p>It might surprise you that every single one of these ICBMs is irreversible upon release. Once they’ve left their launchers, there is no way to recall, deactivate, or abort them.</p> <p>This deliberate design policy was chosen because of concerns regarding electronic sabotage. For example, hostile radio signals could disable the weapons once they are in flight. In other words, the design prevents electronic warfare systems from disarming incoming nuclear payloads.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>The long and short of it is that policymakers deliberately prevent the possibility. The irony, however, is that most systems have fail-disable systems installed during their testing phase. These systems are regularly tested and triggered when the missile performs outside its expected parameters.</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title=""AMERICA'S FURY! US Launches POWERFUL Minuteman III ICBM Missile in Midnight Test!"" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1c_LSIbbFL0?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <p>A <a href="https://www.twz.com/minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-self-destructs-during-test-launch" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Minuteman III</a> missile did just that in November last year. During a routine nighttime test launch, that particular LGM-30G test vehicle ‘safely terminated’ over the Pacific Ocean.</p> <p>Such systems usually consist of explosives attached to the airframe that can be remotely triggered to dramatically ‘abort’ a launch. Technically called flight termination systems (FTS), such mechanisms provide militaries with options to shut down or destroy launch vehicles in flight.</p> <p>These systems tend to have independent power sources, offering important redundancy. Other kinds of missiles, like liquid-fuelled rockets, also have options to jettison fuel to abort missile flights.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>Other munitions, such as anti-aircraft cannon shells, tracer ammunition, and torpedoes, also have more rudimentary ‘self-destruct’ failsafe. These are designed to render munitions inert in the all-too-common chance they miss their targets.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading h3-style" id="h-paper-thin-international-agreements">Paper-thin international agreements</h2> <p>Notwithstanding the deliberate design, there are international accords in place to prevent an all-out nuclear exchange. For instance, the <a href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4692.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">1971 Accidents Agreement</a>, a treaty between the US and the Soviet Union, laid out a protocol to reduce nuclear threat and exercise a policy of restraint. However, it is not entirely reassuring.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?w=1024" alt="Minuteman III test launch at night." class="wp-image-118467" srcset="https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=768,512 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Minuteman III test launch at night. Source: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_(2425138).jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em>USAF/Wikimedia Commons</em></a></figcaption></figure> <p>“In the event of an accident, the Party whose nuclear weapon is involved will immediately make every effort to take necessary measures to render harmless or destroy such weapon without its causing damage,” it states. How that is to be achieved is left up to interpretation by the signatories.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>While the technology exists, as we’ve already highlighted, it is not standard procedure to include it in operational nuclear weapons. For example, carrying bidirectional communications for telemetry and guidance is common in civilian rockets and other military systems.</p> <p>In the case of such high-stakes launches as nuclear weapons, it wouldn’t take much tinkering to include even mono-directional links to provide some insurance against accidental launches. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading h3-style" id="h-countdown-to-destruction">Countdown to destruction</h2> <p>In all cases, speed is the key. The United States’ current Minuteman III nuclear missiles would be able to reach Russia in around 30 minutes. This consists of a roughly 5-minute boost phase, during which the launch vehicle takes each missile’s nuclear payload into the Earth’s atmosphere.</p> <p>After that, the missile’s engine shuts down, and the launch vehicle travels another 20 minutes in a parabolic arc. Once near the target, the warheads return to Earth in the reentry phase and from their path toward the final destination.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="How Many Nuclear Missiles Can the United States Intercept?" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9q09ibKIjkc?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <p>Interception could be made in any of the several key windows. The first is the boost phase, as mentioned above. At this point, remote controllers should be able to readily contact the missile through various ground, sea, or even space-based transmitters.</p> <p>Abort instructions could also be easily transmitted during the longer parabolic glide phase. However, problems arise if they are sent towards the end of the weapon’s mission, its reentry phase.</p> <p>As the reentry vehicle carrying the warhead enters the atmosphere, it is enveloped in a plasma sheath. This plasma interferes with the reception of radio waves. Hence, during the reentry and descent phases, which last about a minute, it is only possible to transmit abort instructions once the plasma has dissipated.</p> <p>In practical terms, there is a very small window of communication, lasting only a few seconds before detonation. Also, this communication would likely only be possible with space-borne transmitters.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading h3-style" id="h-abort-abort-abort">Abort, abort, abort!</h2> <p>As worrying as that sounds, existing technologies could also be used to contact warheads during this final critical time window. For example, Allen and Levin explain that space-based <a href="https://www.sparkfun.com/news/10437#:~:text=L%2DBand%20and%20GPS,a%20desirable%20band%20for%20GNSS?" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Global Positioning Systems (GPS) </a>use L-band radio signals that can be sent at around 50 bits per second.</p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="What Happens If You Try To Shoot Down A Nuclear Missile Mid-Air?" width="500" height="281" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oEjw-hbcbSY?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure> <p>L-band can penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and even vegetation, proving an ideal option. Satellite communication systems compensate for weather, terrain, and urban canyons using specialized <a href="https://reliasat.com/ku-k-and-ka-bands-in-leo-satellites/#:~:text=Gap,band%20allows%20for%20clearer%20signals." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">K-band beamforming antennas</a> and adaptive noise-resistant modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum, with data rates measured in megabits per second (Mb/s).</p> <p>For either type of signal, the received carrier strength would be approximately 100 decibels per milliwatt. Any value above this level, likely at or near the missile’s apogee, would enhance reliability without compromising security.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p>Other ancillary technologies are also available to receive and boost low-powered signals, filter out interference and noise, and even encode messages for long-range transmission and receipt. Military systems are very sophisticated in using cryptography to encrypt messages and signals.</p> <p><a href="https://jast-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40543-024-00416-6#:~:text=By%20examining%20extensive%20amounts%20of,manage%20remain%20impervious%20to%20breaches." target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Artificial intelligence and quantum computing</a> could further find a welcome home on this front. With the development of self-landing rockets (<a href="https://aviationweek.com/space/commercial-space/why-us-space-industry-so-obsessed-vertical-integration-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">like ones developed by SpaceX</a>), it could also be feasible to have nuclear weapons recalled on demand.</p> <p>For applications like nuclear weapons, there is no real reason why signals, codes, and disablement protocols cannot be dynamically programmed before launch. This would drastically increase security and reduce the possibility of enemy ‘hacking’.</p> <p>So, will we ever see self-destructing nuclear weapons in the future? We have the means, but what is needed is the will.</p></div></div><div class="body-content true body-medium-medium t-text-text-secondary"><div> <p></p> <p></p> </div></div></div><div class="t-max-w-full t-w-main-layout t-flex t-flex-col t-justify-center t-self-center t-tab-px-0 t-px-0 md:t-px-0 socialShare_relative__B0YIR"><div class=""><div class="CommentSection_commentsblock__cerVm" id="commentsBlock"><div class="CommentSection_title__aI0LW t-inline-flex t-justify-center t-items-center t-gap-1 comments-toggle"><span><svg class="CommentSection_commentsblock__icon__8tm_8 svg-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15px" height="15px" viewBox="0 0 13 12" fill="none"><path d="M1.5 3.90007C1.5 2.98989 1.5 2.5348 1.68166 2.18716C1.84144 1.88137 2.09641 1.63275 2.41002 1.47694C2.76654 1.2998 3.23325 1.2998 4.16667 1.2998H8.83333C9.76675 1.2998 10.2335 1.2998 10.59 1.47694C10.9036 1.63275 11.1586 1.88137 11.3183 2.18716C11.5 2.5348 11.5 2.98989 11.5 3.90007V6.82536C11.5 7.73554 11.5 8.19062 11.3183 8.53827C11.1586 8.84406 10.9036 9.09268 10.59 9.24849C10.2335 9.42562 9.76675 9.42562 8.83333 9.42562H5.21319C4.8665 9.42562 4.69315 9.42562 4.52734 9.4588C4.38024 9.48824 4.23789 9.53693 4.10416 9.60355C3.95343 9.67864 3.81807 9.78423 3.54734 9.99542L2.22209 11.0292C1.99093 11.2095 1.87535 11.2997 1.77808 11.2998C1.69348 11.2999 1.61346 11.2624 1.56068 11.1979C1.5 11.1238 1.5 10.9795 1.5 10.6908V3.90007Z" stroke="black" stroke-width="1.25" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></span><span>0</span><span>COMMENT</span><span><svg class="CommentSection_commentsblock__icon__8tm_8 svg-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16px" height="16px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none"><path d="M10 7L15 12L10 17" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-max-w-full t-w-main-layout t-flex t-flex-col t-justify-center t-self-center t-tab-px-0 t-px-0 md:t-px-0 socialShare_relative__B0YIR"><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full md:t-my-[16px] t-my-4"></div><div class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterContainer__HOvEF t-w-full t-max-w-main-layout !t-p-5 newsletter-linear-background home-news-letter-banner t-pb-3 undefined"><div class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterLeft__P4Jv_"><div class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterResponsiveWrapper__OwUog"><div class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterResponsiveLeft__eH_nk"><div class="FilledTag_filledTag__LS32u overline-small" style="color:var(--text-invert);border-radius:2px;background:var(--button-ie-pressed, #005086)">NEWSLETTER</div><h5 class="h3-style-desktop t-text-text-negative">The Blueprint Daily</h5></div><div class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterResponsiveRight__0MavS"><img alt="MasterCard" loading="lazy" width="285" height="240" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="responsive-news-letter-image" style="color:transparent" src="https://interestingengineering.com//_next/static/media/news-letter-icon.a0397aae.svg"/></div></div><p class="body-small-medium t-mb-4">Stay up-to-date on engineering, tech, space, and science news with The Blueprint.</p><form class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterForm__EHndP news-letter-form"><div class="Input_input___MJ_T newsLetterEmailWrapper"><input class="body-x-small-bold newsLetterEmailInput" placeholder="Your Email" name="email"/></div><button class="PureButton_pureButton__JQ85q button-medium button-container button-medium-container filled-button-black button-medium-container NewsLetterBanner_subsBtn__lnv8w" type="submit">Mail Me <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline></svg> </button></form><p class="body-x-small t-mt-2">By clicking sign up, you confirm that you accept this site's <a href="/tos">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="/policies">Privacy Policy</a></p></div><div class="NewsLetterBanner_newsletterRight___YIfw"><img alt="MasterCard" loading="lazy" width="285" height="240" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="desktop-news-letter-image" style="color:transparent" src="https://interestingengineering.com//_next/static/media/news-letter-icon.a0397aae.svg"/></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" role="none" class="t-shrink-0 t-bg-stroke-primary t-h-[1px] t-w-full md:t-my-4 t-my-4"></div><div class=""><h4 class="t-pb-4 overline-medium-bold color-gray-500">ABOUT THE EDITOR</h4><p class="h5-style-desktop color-gray-900 articleBody_lineHeight_18__zYiLM"><a href="https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden"><strong>Christopher McFadden</strong></a> Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. 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It revolves around the assumption that any belligerent deployment of nuclear weapons upon one nuclear nation, no matter how limited, could result in an all-out thermonuclear war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis premise hinges on the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a strategic concept that ensures any initial nuclear strike would prompt a devastating retaliatory response, leading to the mutual obliteration of all involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMAD has stood as the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence, first brought into prominence in the 1950s by Henry Kissinger, former US secretary of state, and later named by military analyst Donald Brennan in the 1960s. Today, the specter of this doctrine looms as ominously as it did during the Cold War, underscoring the fragility of modern peace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut why? As John R. Allen and Peter Levin explain in a thoughtful piece in \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spectrum.ieee.org/nuclear-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIEEE Spectrum\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the main reason is that once the most powerful human weapons are unleashed, there is currently no way to stop them. This is by design and arguably one of the best deterrents to launching them in the first place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Most Powerful Nukes Ever Recorded\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQyOmABUJQ8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter all, accidents can and indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/9/26/17905796/nuclear-war-1983-stanislav-petrov-soviet-union\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehave happened in the past\u003c/a\u003e. However, some military thinkers believe it might be time to rethink this policy. So, is it possible to add self-destruct or abort functions to nuclear weapons? \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLet\u0026#8217;s find out. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-i-have-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds\"\u003eI have become death, the destroyer of worlds\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the aftermath of the first and sole deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, only a select few nations possessed them, the United States and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United Kingdom and France soon joined the ranks in the 1950s. The figure has \u003ca href=\"https://www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esince grown\u003c/a\u003e, with as many as eight (perhaps nine) nations in possession of these highly devastating weapons of war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of them, like Russia, North Korea, and China, are arguably on a collision course that may well escalate into the unthinkable—nuclear conflict. Russia, for example, has also made it abundantly clear that it is seriously considering limited nuclear use in Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe country has even amended its \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/russia-mended-nuclear-doctrine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enuclear doctrine\u003c/a\u003e rules in light of Western support for Ukraine. While the move was most likely intended as drawing a line in the sand, it has not helped to alleviate already heightened fears among those who worry about the possibility of a nuclear armageddon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd the threat is very real. If the unthinkable does happen, it would take only a matter of minutes for hundreds, if not thousands, of warheads to be launched.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Submarine launched ballistic missile.\" class=\"wp-image-118465\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eExample of a submarine-launched ballistic missile. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg/1024px-180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eU.S. Navy/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-can-nuclear-weapons-be-disabled-mid-flight\"\u003eCan nuclear weapons be disabled mid-flight?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eModern long-range delivery platforms, like \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)\u003c/a\u003e or their marine equivalents, can carry multiple nuclear warheads each. Only a few of these are enough to erase a city from the map completely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt might surprise you that every single one of these ICBMs is irreversible upon release. Once they\u0026#8217;ve left their launchers, there is no way to recall, deactivate, or abort them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis deliberate design policy was chosen because of concerns regarding electronic sabotage. For example, hostile radio signals could disable the weapons once they are in flight. In other words, the design prevents electronic warfare systems from disarming incoming nuclear payloads.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe long and short of it is that policymakers deliberately prevent the possibility. The irony, however, is that most systems have fail-disable systems installed during their testing phase. These systems are regularly tested and triggered when the missile performs outside its expected parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0026quot;AMERICA\u0026#039;S FURY! US Launches POWERFUL Minuteman III ICBM Missile in Midnight Test!\u0026quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/1c_LSIbbFL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://www.twz.com/minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-self-destructs-during-test-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMinuteman III\u003c/a\u003e missile did just that in November last year. During a routine nighttime test launch, that particular LGM-30G test vehicle \u0026#8216;safely terminated\u0026#8217; over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSuch systems usually consist of explosives attached to the airframe that can be remotely triggered to dramatically \u0026#8216;abort\u0026#8217; a launch. Technically called flight termination systems (FTS), such mechanisms provide militaries with options to shut down or destroy launch vehicles in flight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese systems tend to have independent power sources, offering important redundancy. Other kinds of missiles, like liquid-fuelled rockets, also have options to jettison fuel to abort missile flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther munitions, such as anti-aircraft cannon shells, tracer ammunition, and torpedoes, also have more rudimentary \u0026#8216;self-destruct\u0026#8217; failsafe. These are designed to render munitions inert in the all-too-common chance they miss their targets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-paper-thin-international-agreements\"\u003ePaper-thin international agreements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the deliberate design, there are international accords in place to prevent an all-out nuclear exchange. For instance, the \u003ca href=\"https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4692.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e1971 Accidents Agreement\u003c/a\u003e, a treaty between the US and the Soviet Union, laid out a protocol to reduce nuclear threat and exercise a policy of restraint. However, it is not entirely reassuring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Minuteman III test launch at night.\" class=\"wp-image-118467\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eMinuteman III test launch at night. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_(2425138).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUSAF/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of an accident, the Party whose nuclear weapon is involved will immediately make every effort to take necessary measures to render harmless or destroy such weapon without its causing damage,\u0026#8221; it states. How that is to be achieved is left up to interpretation by the signatories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the technology exists, as we\u0026#8217;ve already highlighted, it is not standard procedure to include it in operational nuclear weapons. For example, carrying bidirectional communications for telemetry and guidance is common in civilian rockets and other military systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of such high-stakes launches as nuclear weapons, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t take much tinkering to include even mono-directional links to provide some insurance against accidental launches. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-countdown-to-destruction\"\u003eCountdown to destruction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn all cases, speed is the key. The United States\u0026#8217; current Minuteman III nuclear missiles would be able to reach Russia in around 30 minutes. This consists of a roughly 5-minute boost phase, during which the launch vehicle takes each missile\u0026#8217;s nuclear payload into the Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter that, the missile\u0026#8217;s engine shuts down, and the launch vehicle travels another 20 minutes in a parabolic arc. Once near the target, the warheads return to Earth in the reentry phase and from their path toward the final destination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Many Nuclear Missiles Can the United States Intercept?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/9q09ibKIjkc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterception could be made in any of the several key windows. The first is the boost phase, as mentioned above. At this point, remote controllers should be able to readily contact the missile through various ground, sea, or even space-based transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAbort instructions could also be easily transmitted during the longer parabolic glide phase. However, problems arise if they are sent towards the end of the weapon\u0026#8217;s mission, its reentry phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the reentry vehicle carrying the warhead enters the atmosphere, it is enveloped in a plasma sheath. This plasma interferes with the reception of radio waves. Hence, during the reentry and descent phases, which last about a minute, it is only possible to transmit abort instructions once the plasma has dissipated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn practical terms, there is a very small window of communication, lasting only a few seconds before detonation. Also, this communication would likely only be possible with space-borne transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abort-abort-abort\"\u003eAbort, abort, abort!\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs worrying as that sounds, existing technologies could also be used to contact warheads during this final critical time window. For example, Allen and Levin explain that space-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparkfun.com/news/10437#:~:text=L%2DBand%20and%20GPS,a%20desirable%20band%20for%20GNSS?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) \u003c/a\u003euse L-band radio signals that can be sent at around 50 bits per second.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happens If You Try To Shoot Down A Nuclear Missile Mid-Air?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/oEjw-hbcbSY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eL-band can penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and even vegetation, proving an ideal option. Satellite communication systems compensate for weather, terrain, and urban canyons using specialized \u003ca href=\"https://reliasat.com/ku-k-and-ka-bands-in-leo-satellites/#:~:text=Gap,band%20allows%20for%20clearer%20signals.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eK-band beamforming antennas\u003c/a\u003e and adaptive noise-resistant modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum, with data rates measured in megabits per second (Mb/s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor either type of signal, the received carrier strength would be approximately 100 decibels per milliwatt. Any value above this level, likely at or near the missile’s apogee, would enhance reliability without compromising security.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther ancillary technologies are also available to receive and boost low-powered signals, filter out interference and noise, and even encode messages for long-range transmission and receipt. Military systems are very sophisticated in using cryptography to encrypt messages and signals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jast-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40543-024-00416-6#:~:text=By%20examining%20extensive%20amounts%20of,manage%20remain%20impervious%20to%20breaches.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArtificial intelligence and quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e could further find a welcome home on this front. With the development of self-landing rockets (\u003ca href=\"https://aviationweek.com/space/commercial-space/why-us-space-industry-so-obsessed-vertical-integration-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003elike ones developed by SpaceX\u003c/a\u003e), it could also be feasible to have nuclear weapons recalled on demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor applications like nuclear weapons, there is no real reason why signals, codes, and disablement protocols cannot be dynamically programmed before launch. This would drastically increase security and reduce the possibility of enemy \u0026#8216;hacking\u0026#8217;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSo, will we ever see self-destructing nuclear weapons in the future? We have the means, but what is needed is the will.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1e:T6bb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMAD has stood as the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence, first brought into prominence in the 1950s by Henry Kissinger, former US secretary of state, and later named by military analyst Donald Brennan in the 1960s. Today, the specter of this doctrine looms as ominously as it did during the Cold War, underscoring the fragility of modern peace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut why? As John R. Allen and Peter Levin explain in a thoughtful piece in \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spectrum.ieee.org/nuclear-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIEEE Spectrum\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the main reason is that once the most powerful human weapons are unleashed, there is currently no way to stop them. This is by design and arguably one of the best deterrents to launching them in the first place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Most Powerful Nukes Ever Recorded\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQyOmABUJQ8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter all, accidents can and indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/9/26/17905796/nuclear-war-1983-stanislav-petrov-soviet-union\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehave happened in the past\u003c/a\u003e. However, some military thinkers believe it might be time to rethink this policy. So, is it possible to add self-destruct or abort functions to nuclear weapons? \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1f:T564,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLet\u0026#8217;s find out. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-i-have-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds\"\u003eI have become death, the destroyer of worlds\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the aftermath of the first and sole deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, only a select few nations possessed them, the United States and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United Kingdom and France soon joined the ranks in the 1950s. The figure has \u003ca href=\"https://www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esince grown\u003c/a\u003e, with as many as eight (perhaps nine) nations in possession of these highly devastating weapons of war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of them, like Russia, North Korea, and China, are arguably on a collision course that may well escalate into the unthinkable—nuclear conflict. Russia, for example, has also made it abundantly clear that it is seriously considering limited nuclear use in Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe country has even amended its \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/russia-mended-nuclear-doctrine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enuclear doctrine\u003c/a\u003e rules in light of Western support for Ukraine. While the move was most likely intended as drawing a line in the sand, it has not helped to alleviate already heightened fears among those who worry about the possibility of a nuclear armageddon.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"20:T8da,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd the threat is very real. If the unthinkable does happen, it would take only a matter of minutes for hundreds, if not thousands, of warheads to be launched.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Submarine launched ballistic missile.\" class=\"wp-image-118465\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eExample of a submarine-launched ballistic missile. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg/1024px-180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eU.S. Navy/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-can-nuclear-weapons-be-disabled-mid-flight\"\u003eCan nuclear weapons be disabled mid-flight?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eModern long-range delivery platforms, like \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)\u003c/a\u003e or their marine equivalents, can carry multiple nuclear warheads each. Only a few of these are enough to erase a city from the map completely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt might surprise you that every single one of these ICBMs is irreversible upon release. Once they\u0026#8217;ve left their launchers, there is no way to recall, deactivate, or abort them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis deliberate design policy was chosen because of concerns regarding electronic sabotage. For example, hostile radio signals could disable the weapons once they are in flight. In other words, the design prevents electronic warfare systems from disarming incoming nuclear payloads.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"21:T6ff,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe long and short of it is that policymakers deliberately prevent the possibility. The irony, however, is that most systems have fail-disable systems installed during their testing phase. These systems are regularly tested and triggered when the missile performs outside its expected parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0026quot;AMERICA\u0026#039;S FURY! US Launches POWERFUL Minuteman III ICBM Missile in Midnight Test!\u0026quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/1c_LSIbbFL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://www.twz.com/minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-self-destructs-during-test-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMinuteman III\u003c/a\u003e missile did just that in November last year. During a routine nighttime test launch, that particular LGM-30G test vehicle \u0026#8216;safely terminated\u0026#8217; over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSuch systems usually consist of explosives attached to the airframe that can be remotely triggered to dramatically \u0026#8216;abort\u0026#8217; a launch. Technically called flight termination systems (FTS), such mechanisms provide militaries with options to shut down or destroy launch vehicles in flight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese systems tend to have independent power sources, offering important redundancy. Other kinds of missiles, like liquid-fuelled rockets, also have options to jettison fuel to abort missile flights.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"22:T8a9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther munitions, such as anti-aircraft cannon shells, tracer ammunition, and torpedoes, also have more rudimentary \u0026#8216;self-destruct\u0026#8217; failsafe. These are designed to render munitions inert in the all-too-common chance they miss their targets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-paper-thin-international-agreements\"\u003ePaper-thin international agreements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the deliberate design, there are international accords in place to prevent an all-out nuclear exchange. For instance, the \u003ca href=\"https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4692.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e1971 Accidents Agreement\u003c/a\u003e, a treaty between the US and the Soviet Union, laid out a protocol to reduce nuclear threat and exercise a policy of restraint. However, it is not entirely reassuring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Minuteman III test launch at night.\" class=\"wp-image-118467\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eMinuteman III test launch at night. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_(2425138).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUSAF/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of an accident, the Party whose nuclear weapon is involved will immediately make every effort to take necessary measures to render harmless or destroy such weapon without its causing damage,\u0026#8221; it states. How that is to be achieved is left up to interpretation by the signatories.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"23:T482,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the technology exists, as we\u0026#8217;ve already highlighted, it is not standard procedure to include it in operational nuclear weapons. For example, carrying bidirectional communications for telemetry and guidance is common in civilian rockets and other military systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of such high-stakes launches as nuclear weapons, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t take much tinkering to include even mono-directional links to provide some insurance against accidental launches. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-countdown-to-destruction\"\u003eCountdown to destruction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn all cases, speed is the key. The United States\u0026#8217; current Minuteman III nuclear missiles would be able to reach Russia in around 30 minutes. This consists of a roughly 5-minute boost phase, during which the launch vehicle takes each missile\u0026#8217;s nuclear payload into the Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter that, the missile\u0026#8217;s engine shuts down, and the launch vehicle travels another 20 minutes in a parabolic arc. Once near the target, the warheads return to Earth in the reentry phase and from their path toward the final destination.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"24:T626,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Many Nuclear Missiles Can the United States Intercept?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/9q09ibKIjkc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterception could be made in any of the several key windows. The first is the boost phase, as mentioned above. At this point, remote controllers should be able to readily contact the missile through various ground, sea, or even space-based transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAbort instructions could also be easily transmitted during the longer parabolic glide phase. However, problems arise if they are sent towards the end of the weapon\u0026#8217;s mission, its reentry phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the reentry vehicle carrying the warhead enters the atmosphere, it is enveloped in a plasma sheath. This plasma interferes with the reception of radio waves. Hence, during the reentry and descent phases, which last about a minute, it is only possible to transmit abort instructions once the plasma has dissipated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn practical terms, there is a very small window of communication, lasting only a few seconds before detonation. Also, this communication would likely only be possible with space-borne transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"25:T780,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abort-abort-abort\"\u003eAbort, abort, abort!\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs worrying as that sounds, existing technologies could also be used to contact warheads during this final critical time window. For example, Allen and Levin explain that space-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparkfun.com/news/10437#:~:text=L%2DBand%20and%20GPS,a%20desirable%20band%20for%20GNSS?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) \u003c/a\u003euse L-band radio signals that can be sent at around 50 bits per second.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happens If You Try To Shoot Down A Nuclear Missile Mid-Air?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/oEjw-hbcbSY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eL-band can penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and even vegetation, proving an ideal option. Satellite communication systems compensate for weather, terrain, and urban canyons using specialized \u003ca href=\"https://reliasat.com/ku-k-and-ka-bands-in-leo-satellites/#:~:text=Gap,band%20allows%20for%20clearer%20signals.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eK-band beamforming antennas\u003c/a\u003e and adaptive noise-resistant modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum, with data rates measured in megabits per second (Mb/s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor either type of signal, the received carrier strength would be approximately 100 decibels per milliwatt. Any value above this level, likely at or near the missile’s apogee, would enhance reliability without compromising security.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"26:T559,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther ancillary technologies are also available to receive and boost low-powered signals, filter out interference and noise, and even encode messages for long-range transmission and receipt. Military systems are very sophisticated in using cryptography to encrypt messages and signals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jast-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40543-024-00416-6#:~:text=By%20examining%20extensive%20amounts%20of,manage%20remain%20impervious%20to%20breaches.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArtificial intelligence and quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e could further find a welcome home on this front. With the development of self-landing rockets (\u003ca href=\"https://aviationweek.com/space/commercial-space/why-us-space-industry-so-obsessed-vertical-integration-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003elike ones developed by SpaceX\u003c/a\u003e), it could also be feasible to have nuclear weapons recalled on demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor applications like nuclear weapons, there is no real reason why signals, codes, and disablement protocols cannot be dynamically programmed before launch. This would drastically increase security and reduce the possibility of enemy \u0026#8216;hacking\u0026#8217;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSo, will we ever see self-destructing nuclear weapons in the future? We have the means, but what is needed is the will.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"27:T20c7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eMost-studied, longest Roman aqueduct\u0026#039;s size beats previous estimates\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Bournemouth University’s latest research revealed that the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester was two kilometers longer than previously thought.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Most-studied, longest Roman aqueduct\u0026#039;s size beats previous estimates\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bournemouth University’s latest research revealed that the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester was two kilometers longer than previously thought.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T09:31:30+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T09:31:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Course-of-the-Dorchester-Roman-Aqueduct.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Gairika Mitra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Gairika Mitra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T09:31:30+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"28:T161b,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists at Bournemouth University have uncovered new details about the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester, revealing it was two kilometers longer than previously thought. The aqueduct is one of the longest and most-studied Roman watercourses in the country, extending to the village of Notton on the River Frome. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis structure supplied fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), a Roman settlement, supporting public baths, fountains, and wealthy households. Researchers believe the discovery highlights the importance of water management to Roman life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings, published in journal \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e, also shed light on Durnovaria’s growth into a significant Roman settlement, emphasizing its strategic importance during Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-true-route-revealed\"\u003eTrue route revealed\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHarry Manley from Bournemouth University\u0026#8217;s Department of Life \u0026amp; Environmental Sciences, who also led the research, revealed that archaeologists have investigated the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eaqueduct\u003c/a\u003e for more than a century. “Despite extensive examinations in the 1990s, the source of its water and the upper sections of its course have never been conclusively mapped, until now,” he \u003ca href=\"https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/news/2024-11-19/study-extends-route-one-uks-longest-roman-aqueducts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEarlier studies proposed that the aqueduct, running 20 kilometers along the Frome Valley, originated from Steppes Bottom Lake. Latest survey and archaeological research, however, has suggested that the source was further upstream, near Notton. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists began their research by analyzing publicly available \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/what-is-lidar-technology-and-what-are-its-main-applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003elidar\u003c/a\u003e data to trace elevation and land features upstream of Steppes Bottom. The lidar data indicated the aqueduct followed a more northerly route, contradicting earlier assumptions about its source. They compared this to geophysical surveys by Bournemouth University near Frampton Villa along the newly identified route near Nunnery Mead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“That geophysical survey revealed signs of a narrow channel running northwest to southeast. This matched up with my findings from the lidar data, so it seemed like the smoking gun that proved the aqueduct ran through the area,” Manley added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happened to Libya\u0026#039;s Great Man-Made River Project?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DSzVrlNsaXM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-and-significance\"\u003eStructure and significance \u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the research team conducted ground-penetrating radar surveys and small excavations, unearthing remains of the wooden aqueduct channel. The aqueduct was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebuilt\u003c/a\u003e with a wooden trough embedded in a clay layer on chalk bedrock. This design prevented water seepage and ensured stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe conduit measured 1.0 m wide and 0.35 m deep. Over time, decayed wood caused topsoil to collapse into the channel void. The structure sat on an artificial terrace cut into the valley side, creating a level platform for construction. The terrace base measured 1.80 m wide and 0.78 m deep on the upslope side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Manley, water supply to prominent structures and buildings in the town would have been a sign of modern living at the time and an indicator of the town’s status. “For the citizens of Dorchester to have this aqueduct constantly providing them with fresh water would have been a matter of civic pride. Understanding more about how it was constructed and maintained, and where it began, adds further detail to this vital aspect of Roman life” he noted. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\"\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdX_fkqwoq5hRn2NdNL_YYaPLYbTokaQEY9tpftJPh7HC831iVyndL3Uy66PmDpE6LkdgFSmhksroXnyjMRU8o8fmxCEgmHa8ItGNFT5-T_tDwBGqa2EaeCb0kq-v_IQtNg-Q8JFQ?key=qakGroTTIVoDG7jbeknObM1_\" alt=\"\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eRoute of aqueduct. Solid line represents the confirmed course, while the dotted line is the course inferred. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBritannia, Cambridge University Press\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConducting topographic and geophysical surveys on the valley sides west of Nunnery Mead could clarify the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s route, as per \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e. Surveys within the water meadows at Notton may help pinpoint the exact source of the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s water. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"29:T70e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings, published in journal \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e, also shed light on Durnovaria’s growth into a significant Roman settlement, emphasizing its strategic importance during Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-true-route-revealed\"\u003eTrue route revealed\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHarry Manley from Bournemouth University\u0026#8217;s Department of Life \u0026amp; Environmental Sciences, who also led the research, revealed that archaeologists have investigated the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eaqueduct\u003c/a\u003e for more than a century. “Despite extensive examinations in the 1990s, the source of its water and the upper sections of its course have never been conclusively mapped, until now,” he \u003ca href=\"https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/news/2024-11-19/study-extends-route-one-uks-longest-roman-aqueducts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEarlier studies proposed that the aqueduct, running 20 kilometers along the Frome Valley, originated from Steppes Bottom Lake. Latest survey and archaeological research, however, has suggested that the source was further upstream, near Notton. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists began their research by analyzing publicly available \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/what-is-lidar-technology-and-what-are-its-main-applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003elidar\u003c/a\u003e data to trace elevation and land features upstream of Steppes Bottom. The lidar data indicated the aqueduct followed a more northerly route, contradicting earlier assumptions about its source. They compared this to geophysical surveys by Bournemouth University near Frampton Villa along the newly identified route near Nunnery Mead.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2a:T8ca,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“That geophysical survey revealed signs of a narrow channel running northwest to southeast. This matched up with my findings from the lidar data, so it seemed like the smoking gun that proved the aqueduct ran through the area,” Manley added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happened to Libya\u0026#039;s Great Man-Made River Project?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DSzVrlNsaXM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-and-significance\"\u003eStructure and significance \u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the research team conducted ground-penetrating radar surveys and small excavations, unearthing remains of the wooden aqueduct channel. The aqueduct was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebuilt\u003c/a\u003e with a wooden trough embedded in a clay layer on chalk bedrock. This design prevented water seepage and ensured stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe conduit measured 1.0 m wide and 0.35 m deep. Over time, decayed wood caused topsoil to collapse into the channel void. The structure sat on an artificial terrace cut into the valley side, creating a level platform for construction. The terrace base measured 1.80 m wide and 0.78 m deep on the upslope side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Manley, water supply to prominent structures and buildings in the town would have been a sign of modern living at the time and an indicator of the town’s status. “For the citizens of Dorchester to have this aqueduct constantly providing them with fresh water would have been a matter of civic pride. Understanding more about how it was constructed and maintained, and where it began, adds further detail to this vital aspect of Roman life” he noted. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2b:T1cc2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eBlack hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Black hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/04d17e51bc5c6742dc3271715a1d33e1\"},\"headline\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"wordCount\":571,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"caption\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. 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(Representational image)\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Science\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"width\":590,\"height\":198,\"caption\":\"Interesting Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2c:T149a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2d:T62c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2e:T60a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2f:T4eb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"30:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"152\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"31:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"32:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"33:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"34:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"35:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"36:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"37:T1ccc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eScientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/8907e6b64d1f6042bf56b2ce5fdfcb57\"},\"headline\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\"},\"wordCount\":575,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"caption\":\"\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Asteriods\",\"Earth\",\"Meteorite\",\"Scientific Research\",\"Space\",\"taurid 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event\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\",\"description\":\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in 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discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"38:T11e2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-16-inch-asteroid\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"39:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3a:T548,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3b:T1ba5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eA never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3d:T441,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3e:T84c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"3f:T7bb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"40:T4c9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"41:T489,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"42:T90d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"43:Ta1c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"44:T1ceb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eGE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:22+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:29+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"45:T1266,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"46:T470,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"47:T4a6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"48:T487,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"49:T1de8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eSupersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#039;s vision for supersonic flight\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#039;s vision for supersonic flight\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:47+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:54+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"766\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"566\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic 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flight\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:54+00:00\",\"description\":\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"width\":766,\"height\":566,\"caption\":\"Blake Scholl.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4a:T2410,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4b:T7b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4c:T43f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4d:T426,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4e:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"4f:T454,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"50:T457,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"51:T4a0,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"52:T20fc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003e90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:30:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:37:02+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"53:T11cd,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"54:T65d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"55:T69e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"56:T1cc8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eUS submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"US submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:13+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/8907e6b64d1f6042bf56b2ce5fdfcb57\"},\"headline\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 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absence\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:19+00:00\",\"description\":\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"57:T12c5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"58:T418,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"59:T4fb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5a:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5b:T1e32,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eEdge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/726f533151570d651a8deadcfb7d2a09\"},\"headline\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"wordCount\":1331,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"caption\":\"An image of the Aurora space capsule in flight attached to a balloon/parachute system.\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Space\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"name\":\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? 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Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5d:Ta87,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5e:Tc5d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"5f:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"60:T80f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"61:T466,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"62:T4f4,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"63:T437,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"64:T1dd8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eZRob: A new robotic drummer that could help musicians hone their craft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A University of Oslo researcher, Mojtaba Karbasi, has just unveiled a new cutting-edge robotic drummer that is faster than humans.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ZRob: A new robotic drummer that could help musicians hone their craft\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A University of Oslo researcher, Mojtaba Karbasi, has just unveiled a new cutting-edge robotic drummer that is faster than humans.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T14:21:04+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T14:21:11+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/robotic-drummer.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their 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/\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"65:T16a7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers from the University of Oslo have developed a new robot that can create new rhythms and play drums faster than a human. Called the ZRob, the new robot could open doors for new musical applications and offer new insights for future developments in robotics in general.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Mojtaba Karbasi, the drumming robot as part of his doctoral thesis at the RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion, University of Oslo. \u0026#8220;Playing together, the robots will find a pattern unlike everything else,\u0026#8221; \u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/people/phd-fellows/mojtabak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e says.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob\u0026#8217;s development was inspired by humans\u0026#8217; seemingly relative ease in performing complex actions. For example, as Karbasi explains, we can estimate the weight of a glass of water and lift it without spilling it. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Humans talk, move, and touch things. We have several senses and can act on what we sense with adapted movements. Machines cannot do this,\u0026#8221; Alexander Refsum Jensenius, professor at RITMO (and Karbasi\u0026#8217;s supervisor), explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob is not the first robotic drummer we\u0026#8217;ve seen recently (take \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCyberOne\u003c/a\u003e, for example), but it is certainly a step up in terms of dexterity and potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-robo-drummers-are-now-a-thing\"\u003eRobo drummers are now a thing\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eJensenius goes on to explain that he believes that robots must become multimodal in the future. This means, in practice, they will need to have more senses if they are to become fully operational with human beings. With this in mind, Karbasi\u0026nbsp;developed his drumming bio-inspired robot and accompanying AI model. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/news-and-events/news/2024/zrob-drum-robot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe robot\u0026#8217;s\u003c/a\u003e special flexible grip mimics the human wrist, and it integrates artificial intelligence (AI) to help it learn and optimize movements. ZRob can work as a standalone unit to perform a single drum stick action or as a team to perform complex drum compositions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne aspect that makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/projects/ZRob/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eZRob \u003c/a\u003eseem more human is his arm. Two springs, one on each side, provide the arm with some degree of wrist flexibility. These springs, combined with the AI, allow the robot to be adaptable—an essential feature for hitting a drumhead while in motion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Xiaomi CyberOne Drumming\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/QfQ04jEbEyQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob also has some rudimentary senses and can listen while also \u0026#8220;sensing\u0026#8221; where its arm is at any one time. Karbasi explains that the springs in the different versions of ZRob are of varying sizes. The AI helps each robot find its behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If a robot is trying to play a double stroke, it wants to find the right action parameters to execute it. If you change the springs, the behavior will change, too. The robotic body thus helps to shape the behavior,\u0026#8221; Karbasi added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen multiple robots play at the same time, you might hear rhythms that humans are unable to produce. \u0026#8220;Different physical characteristics completely shape the output. It is like a piano piece played by forty fingers – unpredictable, and it is hard for humans to imagine how it was produced,\u0026#8221; Karbasi explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We are not trying to copy a human, but rather to take the human body as a starting point. Musical robotics is a controlled way of working with this. It does not have potentially dangerous consequences,\u0026#8221; Jensenius explained.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-helping-not-replacing-human-musicians\"\u003eHelping, not replacing human musicians\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKarbasi \u003c/a\u003ebelieves that robot-created music cannot resonate like human-played music, but he thinks his robots can inspire musicians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;A robot that precisely mimics human behavior is not inspiring. Then humans could do the same, even better. However, if we manage to create robots that take some humanity into them but are unique in their way, it inspires to a much greater extent,\u0026#8221; Karbasi says.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, Karbasi postulated that this kind of robot could be used to inspire musicians or even help them practice. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If you play the guitar and sing, you can get a drum robot to play with you. If you are a drummer who has lost an arm, you can use a robot as a replacement,\u0026#8221; Jensenius says.\u0026nbsp;The research, according to Jensenius, also possesses significant transfer value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If we manage to create complex drum robots that sense and adapt their behavior accordingly, we are closer to creating robots that can perform other types of actions, such as lifting a glass of water or cutting a cucumber without problems,\u0026#8221; he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"66:T4ba,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob\u0026#8217;s development was inspired by humans\u0026#8217; seemingly relative ease in performing complex actions. For example, as Karbasi explains, we can estimate the weight of a glass of water and lift it without spilling it. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Humans talk, move, and touch things. We have several senses and can act on what we sense with adapted movements. Machines cannot do this,\u0026#8221; Alexander Refsum Jensenius, professor at RITMO (and Karbasi\u0026#8217;s supervisor), explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob is not the first robotic drummer we\u0026#8217;ve seen recently (take \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCyberOne\u003c/a\u003e, for example), but it is certainly a step up in terms of dexterity and potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-robo-drummers-are-now-a-thing\"\u003eRobo drummers are now a thing\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eJensenius goes on to explain that he believes that robots must become multimodal in the future. This means, in practice, they will need to have more senses if they are to become fully operational with human beings. With this in mind, Karbasi\u0026nbsp;developed his drumming bio-inspired robot and accompanying AI model. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"67:T764,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/news-and-events/news/2024/zrob-drum-robot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe robot\u0026#8217;s\u003c/a\u003e special flexible grip mimics the human wrist, and it integrates artificial intelligence (AI) to help it learn and optimize movements. ZRob can work as a standalone unit to perform a single drum stick action or as a team to perform complex drum compositions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne aspect that makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/projects/ZRob/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eZRob \u003c/a\u003eseem more human is his arm. Two springs, one on each side, provide the arm with some degree of wrist flexibility. These springs, combined with the AI, allow the robot to be adaptable—an essential feature for hitting a drumhead while in motion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Xiaomi CyberOne Drumming\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/QfQ04jEbEyQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob also has some rudimentary senses and can listen while also \u0026#8220;sensing\u0026#8221; where its arm is at any one time. Karbasi explains that the springs in the different versions of ZRob are of varying sizes. The AI helps each robot find its behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If a robot is trying to play a double stroke, it wants to find the right action parameters to execute it. If you change the springs, the behavior will change, too. The robotic body thus helps to shape the behavior,\u0026#8221; Karbasi added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"68:T4f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen multiple robots play at the same time, you might hear rhythms that humans are unable to produce. \u0026#8220;Different physical characteristics completely shape the output. It is like a piano piece played by forty fingers – unpredictable, and it is hard for humans to imagine how it was produced,\u0026#8221; Karbasi explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We are not trying to copy a human, but rather to take the human body as a starting point. Musical robotics is a controlled way of working with this. It does not have potentially dangerous consequences,\u0026#8221; Jensenius explained.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-helping-not-replacing-human-musicians\"\u003eHelping, not replacing human musicians\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKarbasi \u003c/a\u003ebelieves that robot-created music cannot resonate like human-played music, but he thinks his robots can inspire musicians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;A robot that precisely mimics human behavior is not inspiring. Then humans could do the same, even better. However, if we manage to create robots that take some humanity into them but are unique in their way, it inspires to a much greater extent,\u0026#8221; Karbasi says.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"69:T20c5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHuawei AI chips to power China\u0026#039;s next-generation surgery technology\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A research center under the Chinese Academy of Sciences is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot AI model, designed to help surgeons.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Huawei AI chips to power China\u0026#039;s next-generation surgery technology\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A research center under the Chinese Academy of Sciences is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot AI model, designed to help surgeons.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:32:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:32:48+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/image-1920x1080-new-chips.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Bojan Stojkovski\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bojan Stojkovski\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Bojan Stojkovski\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/1fc45f098a36e02228f45867676bdde4\"},\"headline\":\"Huawei AI chips to power China\u0026#8217;s next-gen surgery tech for medical 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technology\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/image-1920x1080-new-chips.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T13:32:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T13:32:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"A research center under the Chinese Academy of Sciences is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot AI model, designed to help 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content=\"2024-11-23T13:32:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6a:T10f7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Hong Kong in 2019, unveiled its latest AI model, Cares Copilot 2.0, on Friday. The model is designed to support surgeons with tasks such as surgical planning, generating diagnostic reports, and retrieving similar case files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe upgraded model, building on its previous version released in March, was trained using Huawei’s Ascend 910B AI chip, which the company claims offers performance comparable to the Nvidia A100. According to CAIR Executive Director Liu Hongbin, Huawei’s chips \u0026#8220;essentially meet\u0026#8221; the lab’s research requirements, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3287788/huaweis-ai-chips-fill-nvidia-sized-hole-medical-research-hong-kong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancements-in-huawei-s-ai-chip-technology\"\u003eAdvancements in Huawei’s AI chip technology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn August 2023, CAIR signed a memorandum of cooperation with Huawei to collaborate on integrating AI applications in surgery. Anticipating ongoing restrictions on access to high-end US chips, the research center sought alternative solutions. Since then, Huawei’s AI chip capabilities have progressed rapidly, according to CAIR\u0026#8217;s leadership.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Liu explains, the progress of Huawei\u0026#8217;s AI chips has been significant, and what initially took one to two months to complete with the same amount of data is now finished in about one week.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCares Copilot 2.0, built on Meta Platforms’ Llama 2 open-source large language model (LLM) and trained using Huawei’s Atlas 800T A2 server, has been implemented in hospitals such as the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong, according to Liu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCAIR’s advancements also illustrate how Huawei has filled the gap left by US chipmaker Nvidia, whose advanced chips are restricted in China due to US export controls. Huawei’s chips are now the top choice for Chinese research institutions and businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-us-restrictions-propel-development\"\u003eUS restrictions propel development\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese giant recently highlighted that its Ascend 910B AI chip could match certain performance benchmarks of Nvidia’s A100. The company also plans to begin mass production of its most advanced AI chip, the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eAscend 910C\u003c/a\u003e, in the first quarter of 2025, despite challenges in chip production due to US restrictions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 910C chip, made by SMIC using its N+2 process, has a yield of only 20% due to a lack of advanced equipment. Advanced chips typically need yields above 70% to be commercially viable. Even Huawei’s 910B chip, also made by SMIC, has a yield of around 50%, causing delays in production and order fulfillment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"💻 How Are Microchips Made?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/g8Qav3vIv9s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the telecom conglomerate has sent samples of the new chip to several tech firms and has started taking orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHuawei is at the center of US-China tensions over trade and security. Washington has imposed several restrictions on Huawei and other Chinese companies, citing concerns that their technological advancements could pose a national security threat to the US. Additionally, it is also at the heart of the China-US AI chip race, with Beijing \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eturning\u003c/a\u003e to Huawei to spearhead the nation’s quest for semiconductor self-reliance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6b:T484,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCAIR’s advancements also illustrate how Huawei has filled the gap left by US chipmaker Nvidia, whose advanced chips are restricted in China due to US export controls. Huawei’s chips are now the top choice for Chinese research institutions and businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-us-restrictions-propel-development\"\u003eUS restrictions propel development\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese giant recently highlighted that its Ascend 910B AI chip could match certain performance benchmarks of Nvidia’s A100. The company also plans to begin mass production of its most advanced AI chip, the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eAscend 910C\u003c/a\u003e, in the first quarter of 2025, despite challenges in chip production due to US restrictions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 910C chip, made by SMIC using its N+2 process, has a yield of only 20% due to a lack of advanced equipment. Advanced chips typically need yields above 70% to be commercially viable. Even Huawei’s 910B chip, also made by SMIC, has a yield of around 50%, causing delays in production and order fulfillment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6c:T4cb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"💻 How Are Microchips Made?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/g8Qav3vIv9s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the telecom conglomerate has sent samples of the new chip to several tech firms and has started taking orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHuawei is at the center of US-China tensions over trade and security. Washington has imposed several restrictions on Huawei and other Chinese companies, citing concerns that their technological advancements could pose a national security threat to the US. Additionally, it is also at the heart of the China-US AI chip race, with Beijing \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eturning\u003c/a\u003e to Huawei to spearhead the nation’s quest for semiconductor self-reliance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6d:T1eb2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eChina PLA\u0026#039;s supercomputer tops global rankings, clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Chinese military-developed supercomputer Tianhe Exa-node Prototype has taken the top spot in the Green Graph500 ranking\u0026#039;s big data category.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"358\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T11:17:21+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6e:T1253,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese military-developed supercomputer has once again ranked first in an international test of AI computing efficiency. Tianhe, created by the National University of Defense Technology, tops the latest list of the world’s most power-efficient big data processing systems, achieving its second win since 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe advanced computing power of supercomputers can be applied to simulations for studying climate change, conducting materials research, exploring space, and developing treatments for various diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-energy-efficient-big-data-computing\"\u003eEnergy-efficient big data computing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Green Graph500 list measures performance-per-watt for processing large graphs, comparing the energy efficiency of the fastest supercomputers tackling data-intensive tasks. First released in 2010, it is the leading international ranking for assessing the performance of supercomputers in graph computation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eChina’s indigenous supercomputer, the Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, reached 6,320 MTEPS/W, securing the top position in the Green Graph500 ranking for big data. This performance metric, measured in million traversed edges per second per watt, evaluates a system\u0026#8217;s efficiency in internal data communication, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287561/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-computing-efficiency-list-amid-race-ai-dominance?module=top_story\u0026amp;pgtype=subsection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt surpassed the previous Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, which achieved 4,385 MTEPS/W and placed first runner-up, as well as Eniad, a supercomputer developed by the University of Pennsylvania, which ranked third with 2,057 MTEPS/W. Tianhe last topped the list in July 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGraph analysis is a growing field in AI computing that focuses on identifying connections within graph structures. It is a valuable tool for studying complex networks, patterns, and structured data. For instance, it can be used to analyze social media relationship maps or transaction histories across multiple accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/ornl-discovery-fastest-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eEnergy-efficient\u003c/a\u003e big data computing is also becoming increasingly essential, as energy consumption is expected to be a limiting factor. As the need for large-scale data analysis grows, graph computing is becoming an important aspect of big data and artificial intelligence, attracting increasing research interest worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-major-breakthrough-in-data-analysis\"\u003eMajor breakthrough in data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Meng Xiangfei, the chief scientist at the National Supercomputer Centre in Tianjin, which hosts the Tianhe supercomputer, the top ranking reflects significant international breakthroughs in the system\u0026#8217;s ability to handle complex data analysis, as reported by state news agency Xinhua. The Chinese researcher added that it would play a crucial role in advancing the development of next-generation intelligent technologies. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTianhe has also contributed to the center\u0026#8217;s significant achievements in research areas like numerical simulation technology, materials computation, and environmental meteorology, according to a post on the Chinese social media platform WeChat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?start=3\u0026#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the system has also achieved major breakthroughs in industrial areas such as superintelligent integration, large generative models, and supercomputing internet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, the Chinese National Supercomputing Center (NSC) in Guangzhou also \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-unveils-fastest-homegrown-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintroduced\u003c/a\u003e the domestically developed supercomputer, Tianhe Xingyi. While no specifications had been disclosed, officials have claimed that it surpasses the capabilities of the renowned Tianhe-2 supercomputer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"6f:T53b,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-energy-efficient-big-data-computing\"\u003eEnergy-efficient big data computing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Green Graph500 list measures performance-per-watt for processing large graphs, comparing the energy efficiency of the fastest supercomputers tackling data-intensive tasks. First released in 2010, it is the leading international ranking for assessing the performance of supercomputers in graph computation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eChina’s indigenous supercomputer, the Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, reached 6,320 MTEPS/W, securing the top position in the Green Graph500 ranking for big data. This performance metric, measured in million traversed edges per second per watt, evaluates a system\u0026#8217;s efficiency in internal data communication, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287561/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-computing-efficiency-list-amid-race-ai-dominance?module=top_story\u0026amp;pgtype=subsection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt surpassed the previous Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, which achieved 4,385 MTEPS/W and placed first runner-up, as well as Eniad, a supercomputer developed by the University of Pennsylvania, which ranked third with 2,057 MTEPS/W. Tianhe last topped the list in July 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"70:T556,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGraph analysis is a growing field in AI computing that focuses on identifying connections within graph structures. It is a valuable tool for studying complex networks, patterns, and structured data. For instance, it can be used to analyze social media relationship maps or transaction histories across multiple accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/ornl-discovery-fastest-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eEnergy-efficient\u003c/a\u003e big data computing is also becoming increasingly essential, as energy consumption is expected to be a limiting factor. As the need for large-scale data analysis grows, graph computing is becoming an important aspect of big data and artificial intelligence, attracting increasing research interest worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-major-breakthrough-in-data-analysis\"\u003eMajor breakthrough in data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Meng Xiangfei, the chief scientist at the National Supercomputer Centre in Tianjin, which hosts the Tianhe supercomputer, the top ranking reflects significant international breakthroughs in the system\u0026#8217;s ability to handle complex data analysis, as reported by state news agency Xinhua. The Chinese researcher added that it would play a crucial role in advancing the development of next-generation intelligent technologies. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"71:T5ac,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTianhe has also contributed to the center\u0026#8217;s significant achievements in research areas like numerical simulation technology, materials computation, and environmental meteorology, according to a post on the Chinese social media platform WeChat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?start=3\u0026#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the system has also achieved major breakthroughs in industrial areas such as superintelligent integration, large generative models, and supercomputing internet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, the Chinese National Supercomputing Center (NSC) in Guangzhou also \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-unveils-fastest-homegrown-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintroduced\u003c/a\u003e the domestically developed supercomputer, Tianhe Xingyi. While no specifications had been disclosed, officials have claimed that it surpasses the capabilities of the renowned Tianhe-2 supercomputer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"72:T1961,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eAre kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Watch Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America? on Interesting Engineering. Explore the latest in technology!\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/are-kamikaze-drones-a-threat-to-the-america\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Watch Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America? on Interesting Engineering. 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These drones are difficult to detect, inexpensive to produce, and disturbingly easy to deploy, allowing even smaller groups to access cutting-edge military technology. Designed to loiter in the air before targeting and striking with explosive payloads, they can blend seamlessly into civilian areas, making them particularly hard to counter. This combination of factors has made them a growing threat on the battlefield and a challenge for global security forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo combat this rising threat, military organizations are developing a range of defensive measures, from advanced radar systems to detect drones early, to electronic jamming technologies that disrupt their communication and navigation. AI-driven defense networks are also being implemented to identify and neutralize drones more effectively. Despite these advancements, the rapid evolution of drone technology and the relative ease of their acquisition mean the threat is far from under control. The race to develop countermeasures is ongoing, as nations strive to adapt to the growing use of kamikaze drones in conflicts around the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"74:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"152\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"75:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"76:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"77:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"78:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"79:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7a:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7b:T1f4d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWorld’s first fully robotic double lung transplant performed at NYU\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"NYU Langone performs the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant, marking a breakthrough in minimally invasive surgical care.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"World’s first fully robotic double lung transplant performed at NYU\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"NYU Langone performs the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant, marking a breakthrough in minimally invasive surgical care.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:44:06+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" 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content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7c:T17e7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7d:T9ff,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7e:T8da,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"7f:T206a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eStarlink\u0026#039;s rival SpaceSail to provide satellite internet in Brazil\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet service in the region.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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internet\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Space\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/space\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"80:T1606,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese company is challenging dominance of Elon Musk\u0026#8217;s Starlink in the Latin American region. Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. By the end of June this year, 546 commercial space enterprises were registered and effectively operating in \u003ca href=\"http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2024-11/21/content_117561027.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eChina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u0026#8217;s deal with SpaceSail is likely aimed at warning Elon Musk and Starlink, which is the world\u0026#8217;s first and largest satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband internet capable of supporting streaming, online gaming, video calls and more.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"81:Ta9f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"82:T61f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"83:T1be2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eCoatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:27+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"84:T15f6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"85:T4b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"86:T9f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"87:T479,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"88:T187c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWhy Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Watch Why Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out on Interesting Engineering. 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Find out why.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Why aren\u0026#039;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Did you know that once a nuclear weapon is launched, there is currently no way to abort the mission? Find out why.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-17T12:58:30+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-17T12:58:37+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/abort-missile.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\"},\"wordCount\":1462,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/abort-missile.jpg\",\"caption\":\"Missile launch abort.\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/abort-missile.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Inventions and Machines\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Innovation\",\"Military\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\",\"name\":\"Why aren't self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/abort-missile.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:37+00:00\",\"description\":\"Did you know that once a nuclear weapon is launched, there is currently no way to abort the mission? 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It revolves around the assumption that any belligerent deployment of nuclear weapons upon one nuclear nation, no matter how limited, could result in an all-out thermonuclear war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis premise hinges on the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a strategic concept that ensures any initial nuclear strike would prompt a devastating retaliatory response, leading to the mutual obliteration of all involved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMAD has stood as the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence, first brought into prominence in the 1950s by Henry Kissinger, former US secretary of state, and later named by military analyst Donald Brennan in the 1960s. Today, the specter of this doctrine looms as ominously as it did during the Cold War, underscoring the fragility of modern peace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut why? As John R. Allen and Peter Levin explain in a thoughtful piece in \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spectrum.ieee.org/nuclear-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIEEE Spectrum\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the main reason is that once the most powerful human weapons are unleashed, there is currently no way to stop them. This is by design and arguably one of the best deterrents to launching them in the first place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Most Powerful Nukes Ever Recorded\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQyOmABUJQ8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter all, accidents can and indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/9/26/17905796/nuclear-war-1983-stanislav-petrov-soviet-union\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehave happened in the past\u003c/a\u003e. However, some military thinkers believe it might be time to rethink this policy. So, is it possible to add self-destruct or abort functions to nuclear weapons? \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLet\u0026#8217;s find out. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-i-have-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds\"\u003eI have become death, the destroyer of worlds\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the aftermath of the first and sole deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, only a select few nations possessed them, the United States and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United Kingdom and France soon joined the ranks in the 1950s. The figure has \u003ca href=\"https://www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esince grown\u003c/a\u003e, with as many as eight (perhaps nine) nations in possession of these highly devastating weapons of war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of them, like Russia, North Korea, and China, are arguably on a collision course that may well escalate into the unthinkable—nuclear conflict. Russia, for example, has also made it abundantly clear that it is seriously considering limited nuclear use in Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe country has even amended its \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/russia-mended-nuclear-doctrine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enuclear doctrine\u003c/a\u003e rules in light of Western support for Ukraine. While the move was most likely intended as drawing a line in the sand, it has not helped to alleviate already heightened fears among those who worry about the possibility of a nuclear armageddon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd the threat is very real. If the unthinkable does happen, it would take only a matter of minutes for hundreds, if not thousands, of warheads to be launched.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Submarine launched ballistic missile.\" class=\"wp-image-118465\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eExample of a submarine-launched ballistic missile. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg/1024px-180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eU.S. Navy/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-can-nuclear-weapons-be-disabled-mid-flight\"\u003eCan nuclear weapons be disabled mid-flight?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eModern long-range delivery platforms, like \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)\u003c/a\u003e or their marine equivalents, can carry multiple nuclear warheads each. Only a few of these are enough to erase a city from the map completely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt might surprise you that every single one of these ICBMs is irreversible upon release. Once they\u0026#8217;ve left their launchers, there is no way to recall, deactivate, or abort them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis deliberate design policy was chosen because of concerns regarding electronic sabotage. For example, hostile radio signals could disable the weapons once they are in flight. In other words, the design prevents electronic warfare systems from disarming incoming nuclear payloads.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe long and short of it is that policymakers deliberately prevent the possibility. The irony, however, is that most systems have fail-disable systems installed during their testing phase. These systems are regularly tested and triggered when the missile performs outside its expected parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0026quot;AMERICA\u0026#039;S FURY! US Launches POWERFUL Minuteman III ICBM Missile in Midnight Test!\u0026quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/1c_LSIbbFL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://www.twz.com/minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-self-destructs-during-test-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMinuteman III\u003c/a\u003e missile did just that in November last year. During a routine nighttime test launch, that particular LGM-30G test vehicle \u0026#8216;safely terminated\u0026#8217; over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSuch systems usually consist of explosives attached to the airframe that can be remotely triggered to dramatically \u0026#8216;abort\u0026#8217; a launch. Technically called flight termination systems (FTS), such mechanisms provide militaries with options to shut down or destroy launch vehicles in flight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese systems tend to have independent power sources, offering important redundancy. Other kinds of missiles, like liquid-fuelled rockets, also have options to jettison fuel to abort missile flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther munitions, such as anti-aircraft cannon shells, tracer ammunition, and torpedoes, also have more rudimentary \u0026#8216;self-destruct\u0026#8217; failsafe. These are designed to render munitions inert in the all-too-common chance they miss their targets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-paper-thin-international-agreements\"\u003ePaper-thin international agreements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the deliberate design, there are international accords in place to prevent an all-out nuclear exchange. For instance, the \u003ca href=\"https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4692.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e1971 Accidents Agreement\u003c/a\u003e, a treaty between the US and the Soviet Union, laid out a protocol to reduce nuclear threat and exercise a policy of restraint. However, it is not entirely reassuring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Minuteman III test launch at night.\" class=\"wp-image-118467\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eMinuteman III test launch at night. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_(2425138).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUSAF/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of an accident, the Party whose nuclear weapon is involved will immediately make every effort to take necessary measures to render harmless or destroy such weapon without its causing damage,\u0026#8221; it states. How that is to be achieved is left up to interpretation by the signatories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the technology exists, as we\u0026#8217;ve already highlighted, it is not standard procedure to include it in operational nuclear weapons. For example, carrying bidirectional communications for telemetry and guidance is common in civilian rockets and other military systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of such high-stakes launches as nuclear weapons, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t take much tinkering to include even mono-directional links to provide some insurance against accidental launches. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-countdown-to-destruction\"\u003eCountdown to destruction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn all cases, speed is the key. The United States\u0026#8217; current Minuteman III nuclear missiles would be able to reach Russia in around 30 minutes. This consists of a roughly 5-minute boost phase, during which the launch vehicle takes each missile\u0026#8217;s nuclear payload into the Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter that, the missile\u0026#8217;s engine shuts down, and the launch vehicle travels another 20 minutes in a parabolic arc. Once near the target, the warheads return to Earth in the reentry phase and from their path toward the final destination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Many Nuclear Missiles Can the United States Intercept?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/9q09ibKIjkc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterception could be made in any of the several key windows. The first is the boost phase, as mentioned above. At this point, remote controllers should be able to readily contact the missile through various ground, sea, or even space-based transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAbort instructions could also be easily transmitted during the longer parabolic glide phase. However, problems arise if they are sent towards the end of the weapon\u0026#8217;s mission, its reentry phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the reentry vehicle carrying the warhead enters the atmosphere, it is enveloped in a plasma sheath. This plasma interferes with the reception of radio waves. Hence, during the reentry and descent phases, which last about a minute, it is only possible to transmit abort instructions once the plasma has dissipated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn practical terms, there is a very small window of communication, lasting only a few seconds before detonation. Also, this communication would likely only be possible with space-borne transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abort-abort-abort\"\u003eAbort, abort, abort!\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs worrying as that sounds, existing technologies could also be used to contact warheads during this final critical time window. For example, Allen and Levin explain that space-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparkfun.com/news/10437#:~:text=L%2DBand%20and%20GPS,a%20desirable%20band%20for%20GNSS?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) \u003c/a\u003euse L-band radio signals that can be sent at around 50 bits per second.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happens If You Try To Shoot Down A Nuclear Missile Mid-Air?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/oEjw-hbcbSY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eL-band can penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and even vegetation, proving an ideal option. Satellite communication systems compensate for weather, terrain, and urban canyons using specialized \u003ca href=\"https://reliasat.com/ku-k-and-ka-bands-in-leo-satellites/#:~:text=Gap,band%20allows%20for%20clearer%20signals.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eK-band beamforming antennas\u003c/a\u003e and adaptive noise-resistant modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum, with data rates measured in megabits per second (Mb/s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor either type of signal, the received carrier strength would be approximately 100 decibels per milliwatt. Any value above this level, likely at or near the missile’s apogee, would enhance reliability without compromising security.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther ancillary technologies are also available to receive and boost low-powered signals, filter out interference and noise, and even encode messages for long-range transmission and receipt. Military systems are very sophisticated in using cryptography to encrypt messages and signals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jast-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40543-024-00416-6#:~:text=By%20examining%20extensive%20amounts%20of,manage%20remain%20impervious%20to%20breaches.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArtificial intelligence and quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e could further find a welcome home on this front. With the development of self-landing rockets (\u003ca href=\"https://aviationweek.com/space/commercial-space/why-us-space-industry-so-obsessed-vertical-integration-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003elike ones developed by SpaceX\u003c/a\u003e), it could also be feasible to have nuclear weapons recalled on demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor applications like nuclear weapons, there is no real reason why signals, codes, and disablement protocols cannot be dynamically programmed before launch. This would drastically increase security and reduce the possibility of enemy \u0026#8216;hacking\u0026#8217;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSo, will we ever see self-destructing nuclear weapons in the future? We have the means, but what is needed is the will.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8b:T6bb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMAD has stood as the cornerstone of nuclear deterrence, first brought into prominence in the 1950s by Henry Kissinger, former US secretary of state, and later named by military analyst Donald Brennan in the 1960s. Today, the specter of this doctrine looms as ominously as it did during the Cold War, underscoring the fragility of modern peace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut why? As John R. Allen and Peter Levin explain in a thoughtful piece in \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spectrum.ieee.org/nuclear-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eIEEE Spectrum\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, the main reason is that once the most powerful human weapons are unleashed, there is currently no way to stop them. This is by design and arguably one of the best deterrents to launching them in the first place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Most Powerful Nukes Ever Recorded\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZQyOmABUJQ8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter all, accidents can and indeed \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2018/9/26/17905796/nuclear-war-1983-stanislav-petrov-soviet-union\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ehave happened in the past\u003c/a\u003e. However, some military thinkers believe it might be time to rethink this policy. So, is it possible to add self-destruct or abort functions to nuclear weapons? \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8c:T564,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLet\u0026#8217;s find out. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-i-have-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds\"\u003eI have become death, the destroyer of worlds\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the aftermath of the first and sole deployment of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II, only a select few nations possessed them, the United States and the Soviet Union.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United Kingdom and France soon joined the ranks in the 1950s. The figure has \u003ca href=\"https://www.icanw.org/nuclear_arsenals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esince grown\u003c/a\u003e, with as many as eight (perhaps nine) nations in possession of these highly devastating weapons of war.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of them, like Russia, North Korea, and China, are arguably on a collision course that may well escalate into the unthinkable—nuclear conflict. Russia, for example, has also made it abundantly clear that it is seriously considering limited nuclear use in Ukraine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe country has even amended its \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/russia-mended-nuclear-doctrine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003enuclear doctrine\u003c/a\u003e rules in light of Western support for Ukraine. While the move was most likely intended as drawing a line in the sand, it has not helped to alleviate already heightened fears among those who worry about the possibility of a nuclear armageddon.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8d:T8da,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd the threat is very real. If the unthinkable does happen, it would take only a matter of minutes for hundreds, if not thousands, of warheads to be launched.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Submarine launched ballistic missile.\" class=\"wp-image-118465\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/180326-N-UK333-189_41145118741.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eExample of a submarine-launched ballistic missile. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg/1024px-180326-N-UK333-189_%2841145118741%29.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eU.S. Navy/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-can-nuclear-weapons-be-disabled-mid-flight\"\u003eCan nuclear weapons be disabled mid-flight?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eModern long-range delivery platforms, like \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)\u003c/a\u003e or their marine equivalents, can carry multiple nuclear warheads each. Only a few of these are enough to erase a city from the map completely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt might surprise you that every single one of these ICBMs is irreversible upon release. Once they\u0026#8217;ve left their launchers, there is no way to recall, deactivate, or abort them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis deliberate design policy was chosen because of concerns regarding electronic sabotage. For example, hostile radio signals could disable the weapons once they are in flight. In other words, the design prevents electronic warfare systems from disarming incoming nuclear payloads.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8e:T6ff,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe long and short of it is that policymakers deliberately prevent the possibility. The irony, however, is that most systems have fail-disable systems installed during their testing phase. These systems are regularly tested and triggered when the missile performs outside its expected parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0026quot;AMERICA\u0026#039;S FURY! US Launches POWERFUL Minuteman III ICBM Missile in Midnight Test!\u0026quot;\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/1c_LSIbbFL0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://www.twz.com/minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-self-destructs-during-test-launch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMinuteman III\u003c/a\u003e missile did just that in November last year. During a routine nighttime test launch, that particular LGM-30G test vehicle \u0026#8216;safely terminated\u0026#8217; over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSuch systems usually consist of explosives attached to the airframe that can be remotely triggered to dramatically \u0026#8216;abort\u0026#8217; a launch. Technically called flight termination systems (FTS), such mechanisms provide militaries with options to shut down or destroy launch vehicles in flight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese systems tend to have independent power sources, offering important redundancy. Other kinds of missiles, like liquid-fuelled rockets, also have options to jettison fuel to abort missile flights.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8f:T8a9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther munitions, such as anti-aircraft cannon shells, tracer ammunition, and torpedoes, also have more rudimentary \u0026#8216;self-destruct\u0026#8217; failsafe. These are designed to render munitions inert in the all-too-common chance they miss their targets.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-paper-thin-international-agreements\"\u003ePaper-thin international agreements\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNotwithstanding the deliberate design, there are international accords in place to prevent an all-out nuclear exchange. For instance, the \u003ca href=\"https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/isn/4692.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e1971 Accidents Agreement\u003c/a\u003e, a treaty between the US and the Soviet Union, laid out a protocol to reduce nuclear threat and exercise a policy of restraint. However, it is not entirely reassuring.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?w=1024\" alt=\"Minuteman III test launch at night.\" class=\"wp-image-118467\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg 1024w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_2425138.jpg?resize=768,512 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eMinuteman III test launch at night. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Minuteman_III_launches_from_Vandenberg_(2425138).jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUSAF/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of an accident, the Party whose nuclear weapon is involved will immediately make every effort to take necessary measures to render harmless or destroy such weapon without its causing damage,\u0026#8221; it states. How that is to be achieved is left up to interpretation by the signatories.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"90:T482,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the technology exists, as we\u0026#8217;ve already highlighted, it is not standard procedure to include it in operational nuclear weapons. For example, carrying bidirectional communications for telemetry and guidance is common in civilian rockets and other military systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of such high-stakes launches as nuclear weapons, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t take much tinkering to include even mono-directional links to provide some insurance against accidental launches. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-countdown-to-destruction\"\u003eCountdown to destruction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn all cases, speed is the key. The United States\u0026#8217; current Minuteman III nuclear missiles would be able to reach Russia in around 30 minutes. This consists of a roughly 5-minute boost phase, during which the launch vehicle takes each missile\u0026#8217;s nuclear payload into the Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAfter that, the missile\u0026#8217;s engine shuts down, and the launch vehicle travels another 20 minutes in a parabolic arc. Once near the target, the warheads return to Earth in the reentry phase and from their path toward the final destination.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"91:T626,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"How Many Nuclear Missiles Can the United States Intercept?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/9q09ibKIjkc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterception could be made in any of the several key windows. The first is the boost phase, as mentioned above. At this point, remote controllers should be able to readily contact the missile through various ground, sea, or even space-based transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAbort instructions could also be easily transmitted during the longer parabolic glide phase. However, problems arise if they are sent towards the end of the weapon\u0026#8217;s mission, its reentry phase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the reentry vehicle carrying the warhead enters the atmosphere, it is enveloped in a plasma sheath. This plasma interferes with the reception of radio waves. Hence, during the reentry and descent phases, which last about a minute, it is only possible to transmit abort instructions once the plasma has dissipated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn practical terms, there is a very small window of communication, lasting only a few seconds before detonation. Also, this communication would likely only be possible with space-borne transmitters.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"92:T780,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-abort-abort-abort\"\u003eAbort, abort, abort!\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs worrying as that sounds, existing technologies could also be used to contact warheads during this final critical time window. For example, Allen and Levin explain that space-based \u003ca href=\"https://www.sparkfun.com/news/10437#:~:text=L%2DBand%20and%20GPS,a%20desirable%20band%20for%20GNSS?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) \u003c/a\u003euse L-band radio signals that can be sent at around 50 bits per second.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happens If You Try To Shoot Down A Nuclear Missile Mid-Air?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/oEjw-hbcbSY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eL-band can penetrate clouds, fog, rain, storms, and even vegetation, proving an ideal option. Satellite communication systems compensate for weather, terrain, and urban canyons using specialized \u003ca href=\"https://reliasat.com/ku-k-and-ka-bands-in-leo-satellites/#:~:text=Gap,band%20allows%20for%20clearer%20signals.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eK-band beamforming antennas\u003c/a\u003e and adaptive noise-resistant modulation techniques, such as spread spectrum, with data rates measured in megabits per second (Mb/s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor either type of signal, the received carrier strength would be approximately 100 decibels per milliwatt. Any value above this level, likely at or near the missile’s apogee, would enhance reliability without compromising security.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"93:T559,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOther ancillary technologies are also available to receive and boost low-powered signals, filter out interference and noise, and even encode messages for long-range transmission and receipt. Military systems are very sophisticated in using cryptography to encrypt messages and signals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://jast-journal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40543-024-00416-6#:~:text=By%20examining%20extensive%20amounts%20of,manage%20remain%20impervious%20to%20breaches.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eArtificial intelligence and quantum computing\u003c/a\u003e could further find a welcome home on this front. With the development of self-landing rockets (\u003ca href=\"https://aviationweek.com/space/commercial-space/why-us-space-industry-so-obsessed-vertical-integration-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003elike ones developed by SpaceX\u003c/a\u003e), it could also be feasible to have nuclear weapons recalled on demand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor applications like nuclear weapons, there is no real reason why signals, codes, and disablement protocols cannot be dynamically programmed before launch. This would drastically increase security and reduce the possibility of enemy \u0026#8216;hacking\u0026#8217;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSo, will we ever see self-destructing nuclear weapons in the future? We have the means, but what is needed is the will.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"94:T20c7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eMost-studied, longest Roman aqueduct\u0026#039;s size beats previous estimates\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Bournemouth University’s latest research revealed that the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester was two kilometers longer than previously thought.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Most-studied, longest Roman aqueduct\u0026#039;s size beats previous estimates\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bournemouth University’s latest research revealed that the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester was two kilometers longer than previously thought.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T09:31:30+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T09:31:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Course-of-the-Dorchester-Roman-Aqueduct.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Gairika Mitra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Gairika Mitra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T09:31:30+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"95:T161b,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists at Bournemouth University have uncovered new details about the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester, revealing it was two kilometers longer than previously thought. The aqueduct is one of the longest and most-studied Roman watercourses in the country, extending to the village of Notton on the River Frome. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis structure supplied fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), a Roman settlement, supporting public baths, fountains, and wealthy households. Researchers believe the discovery highlights the importance of water management to Roman life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings, published in journal \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e, also shed light on Durnovaria’s growth into a significant Roman settlement, emphasizing its strategic importance during Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-true-route-revealed\"\u003eTrue route revealed\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHarry Manley from Bournemouth University\u0026#8217;s Department of Life \u0026amp; Environmental Sciences, who also led the research, revealed that archaeologists have investigated the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eaqueduct\u003c/a\u003e for more than a century. “Despite extensive examinations in the 1990s, the source of its water and the upper sections of its course have never been conclusively mapped, until now,” he \u003ca href=\"https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/news/2024-11-19/study-extends-route-one-uks-longest-roman-aqueducts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEarlier studies proposed that the aqueduct, running 20 kilometers along the Frome Valley, originated from Steppes Bottom Lake. Latest survey and archaeological research, however, has suggested that the source was further upstream, near Notton. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists began their research by analyzing publicly available \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/what-is-lidar-technology-and-what-are-its-main-applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003elidar\u003c/a\u003e data to trace elevation and land features upstream of Steppes Bottom. The lidar data indicated the aqueduct followed a more northerly route, contradicting earlier assumptions about its source. They compared this to geophysical surveys by Bournemouth University near Frampton Villa along the newly identified route near Nunnery Mead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“That geophysical survey revealed signs of a narrow channel running northwest to southeast. This matched up with my findings from the lidar data, so it seemed like the smoking gun that proved the aqueduct ran through the area,” Manley added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happened to Libya\u0026#039;s Great Man-Made River Project?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DSzVrlNsaXM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-and-significance\"\u003eStructure and significance \u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the research team conducted ground-penetrating radar surveys and small excavations, unearthing remains of the wooden aqueduct channel. The aqueduct was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebuilt\u003c/a\u003e with a wooden trough embedded in a clay layer on chalk bedrock. This design prevented water seepage and ensured stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe conduit measured 1.0 m wide and 0.35 m deep. Over time, decayed wood caused topsoil to collapse into the channel void. The structure sat on an artificial terrace cut into the valley side, creating a level platform for construction. The terrace base measured 1.80 m wide and 0.78 m deep on the upslope side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Manley, water supply to prominent structures and buildings in the town would have been a sign of modern living at the time and an indicator of the town’s status. “For the citizens of Dorchester to have this aqueduct constantly providing them with fresh water would have been a matter of civic pride. Understanding more about how it was constructed and maintained, and where it began, adds further detail to this vital aspect of Roman life” he noted. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image\"\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdX_fkqwoq5hRn2NdNL_YYaPLYbTokaQEY9tpftJPh7HC831iVyndL3Uy66PmDpE6LkdgFSmhksroXnyjMRU8o8fmxCEgmHa8ItGNFT5-T_tDwBGqa2EaeCb0kq-v_IQtNg-Q8JFQ?key=qakGroTTIVoDG7jbeknObM1_\" alt=\"\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eRoute of aqueduct. Solid line represents the confirmed course, while the dotted line is the course inferred. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBritannia, Cambridge University Press\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConducting topographic and geophysical surveys on the valley sides west of Nunnery Mead could clarify the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s route, as per \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e. Surveys within the water meadows at Notton may help pinpoint the exact source of the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s water. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"96:T70e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings, published in journal \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e, also shed light on Durnovaria’s growth into a significant Roman settlement, emphasizing its strategic importance during Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-true-route-revealed\"\u003eTrue route revealed\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHarry Manley from Bournemouth University\u0026#8217;s Department of Life \u0026amp; Environmental Sciences, who also led the research, revealed that archaeologists have investigated the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eaqueduct\u003c/a\u003e for more than a century. “Despite extensive examinations in the 1990s, the source of its water and the upper sections of its course have never been conclusively mapped, until now,” he \u003ca href=\"https://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/news/2024-11-19/study-extends-route-one-uks-longest-roman-aqueducts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEarlier studies proposed that the aqueduct, running 20 kilometers along the Frome Valley, originated from Steppes Bottom Lake. Latest survey and archaeological research, however, has suggested that the source was further upstream, near Notton. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists began their research by analyzing publicly available \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/what-is-lidar-technology-and-what-are-its-main-applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003elidar\u003c/a\u003e data to trace elevation and land features upstream of Steppes Bottom. The lidar data indicated the aqueduct followed a more northerly route, contradicting earlier assumptions about its source. They compared this to geophysical surveys by Bournemouth University near Frampton Villa along the newly identified route near Nunnery Mead.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"97:T8ca,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“That geophysical survey revealed signs of a narrow channel running northwest to southeast. This matched up with my findings from the lidar data, so it seemed like the smoking gun that proved the aqueduct ran through the area,” Manley added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Happened to Libya\u0026#039;s Great Man-Made River Project?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/DSzVrlNsaXM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-structure-and-significance\"\u003eStructure and significance \u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the research team conducted ground-penetrating radar surveys and small excavations, unearthing remains of the wooden aqueduct channel. The aqueduct was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ebuilt\u003c/a\u003e with a wooden trough embedded in a clay layer on chalk bedrock. This design prevented water seepage and ensured stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe conduit measured 1.0 m wide and 0.35 m deep. Over time, decayed wood caused topsoil to collapse into the channel void. The structure sat on an artificial terrace cut into the valley side, creating a level platform for construction. The terrace base measured 1.80 m wide and 0.78 m deep on the upslope side.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Manley, water supply to prominent structures and buildings in the town would have been a sign of modern living at the time and an indicator of the town’s status. “For the citizens of Dorchester to have this aqueduct constantly providing them with fresh water would have been a matter of civic pride. Understanding more about how it was constructed and maintained, and where it began, adds further detail to this vital aspect of Roman life” he noted. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"98:T1cc2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eBlack hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Black hole breakthrough: New model unlocks secrets of quantum gravity\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists developed a new model, which provides mathematical evidence that singularities are hidden inside black holes.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/04d17e51bc5c6742dc3271715a1d33e1\"},\"headline\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\"},\"wordCount\":571,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"caption\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. 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(Representational image)\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Science\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Interesting_Engineering-1.jpg\",\"width\":590,\"height\":198,\"caption\":\"Interesting Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"99:T149a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9a:T62c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, while Penrose’s description of black hole singularities is widely respected and accepted among physicists, until now, there has been no mathematical evidence to prove the cosmic censorship conjecture. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, a study reveals a new model that provides a solid mathematical basis for the hidden nature of singularities in \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum black holes.\u003c/a\u003e The study authors suggest that their findings could solve many mysteries associated with quantum gravity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-decoding-quantum-cosmic-censorship-nbsp\"\u003eDecoding quantum cosmic censorship\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike classical black holes, quantum black holes are tiny subatomic structures that are driven by the rules of both quantum mechanics and general relativity. While\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003e regular black holes\u003c/a\u003e are formed due to the collapse of massive stars, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-black-holes-2007-04/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003equantum black holes\u003c/a\u003e can be created in a particle accelerator such as the large hadron collider.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, scientists have found strong evidence indicating the presence of classical black holes in outer space, whereas quantum black holes remain a theoretical concept to this date.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9b:T60a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering their theoretical nature, the study authors developed a model that checks whether the singularities of quantum black holes remain shielded when quantum matter interacts with them. This model uses gravitational holography, an approach that helps scientists understand the effect of gravity in extreme conditions such as those found inside a black hole.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the holography method, the information \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/interesting-facts-about-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eabout a black hole\u003c/a\u003e can be encoded on its boundary (the event horizon), similar to how a hologram contains 3D information in a 2D image.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe results from the model suggest that when quantum matter is introduced in spacetime geometries, due to the quantum effect, an event horizon forms around naked singularity — completely hiding it from view. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSince this effect is observed on the quantum scale, it is referred to as quantum cosmic censorship. “This process – quantum effects modifying the initial classical geometry to clothe a singularity – intuitively captures the spirit of cosmic censorship, but it is solely a quantum effect. And so it is dubbed ‘quantum’ cosmic censorship,” Andrew Svesko, one of the study authors and a research associate at King’s College, London, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/new-model-advances-our-understanding-of-quantum-black-holes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003esaid\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9c:T4eb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-test-bed-for-quantum-gravity\"\u003eA test bed for quantum gravity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile scientists have yet to provide mathematical evidence for cosmic censorship in classical physics, the new model would work as an important stepping stone in this direction. Plus, it will help scientists unravel concepts such as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/antarctica-neutrino-observatory-quantum-gravity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003equantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Resolving black hole singularities continues to be a chief goal for quantum gravity, thus rigorously understanding how notions like cosmic censorship and the Penrose inequality behave when quantum matter effects are accounted for, adds to the list of criteria that can be used to further develop quantum gravity,” Svesko added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, apart from cosmic censorship, the new model also reveals ways to understand black hole entropy, the degree of randomness in black holes. Hopefully, the model will bring us closer to gaining in-depth knowledge of many other \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/ultralight-primordial-black-holes-universe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintriguing properties of black holes\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9d:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" 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content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chris Young\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video\" content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"152\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9e:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9f:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a0:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a1:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a2:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a3:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a4:T1ccc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eScientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in diameter.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/8907e6b64d1f6042bf56b2ce5fdfcb57\"},\"headline\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\"},\"wordCount\":575,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"caption\":\"\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Asteriods\",\"Earth\",\"Meteorite\",\"Scientific Research\",\"Space\",\"taurid fireballs\",\"Telescope\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Space\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"name\":\"Scientists unveil tiniest asteroid ever known from Niagara fireball event\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17+00:00\",\"description\":\"Astronomers have identified asteroid 2022 WJ1 as the smallest asteroid ever characterized, measuring just 16 to 27 inches in 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discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a5:T11e2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-16-inch-asteroid\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a6:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-tech\"\u003eNew tech\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIntegrating space observation and ground-based camera monitoring confirmed that estimates of WJ1\u0026#8217;s characteristics aligned through distinct methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUtilizing Western’s meteor camera network, scientists captured images of the asteroid as it entered the atmosphere above London, Ontario, concluding its descent near St. Catharines, Ontario.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData modeling from the fireball observations matched estimates from the LDT, resulting in consistent assessments of WJ1’s diameter, composition, and orbital trajectory before impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“This is only the second time that an asteroid has been meaningfully characterized with telescopes prior to it impacting the Earth,” stated Teddy Kareta, a postdoctoral associate at Lowell Observatory. He emphasized the collaboration among scientists dedicated to safeguarding Earth from potential impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe telescopic and camera data suggest that WJ1 belongs to the S-chondrite category, consisting of stony bodies rich in silica. These objects are some of the oldest in the solar system and are the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epredominant\u003c/a\u003e type of meteorite to land on Earth.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a7:T548,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKareta expressed enthusiasm about the study, stating, “This first-ever comparison between telescopic and fireball camera data is extremely exciting, meaning we’ll characterize the next asteroid to impact the Earth in even greater detail.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-smallest-ever-asteroid\"\u003eSmallest-ever asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe researchers believe that not all fragments of WJ1 burned up while entering the atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough initial searches in the Niagara region have yielded no findings, residents familiar with meteorite identification continue to look for pieces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhil McCausland, a Western Earth \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003esciences\u003c/a\u003e adjunct professor in the Meteor Physics Group, noted that remnants that fell on land may have blended into the environment over time. However, there is still potential for future discoveries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWJ1 was first identified by the Catalina Sky Survey in Tucson, Arizona, in November 2022. Shortly after, astronomers predicted its impact on Earth within three hours, allowing them to conduct telescopic observations while the asteroid was still in space. This advanced warning facilitated accurate determinations of its entry point over the Great Lakes.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a8:T1ba5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eA never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A never-ending bulb sheds light on our disposable tech mindset\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn about the planned shortening of product lifespans, illustrated by the enduring story of a light bulb that never goes out.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T22:07:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kaif Shaikh\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"aa:T441,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs we explore the evolution from durable goods to disposable gadgets, we uncover this shift\u0026#8217;s economic and environmental implications and the legislative pushback it\u0026#8217;s now engendering. This narrative takes us from the Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s enduring glow to the heated debates in legislative halls worldwide, advocating for a return to durability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-light-bulb-that-outlasted-a-century\"\u003eThe light bulb that outlasted a century\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA remarkable piece of history illuminates a local fire station in the quiet town of Livermore, California. Known as the Centennial Light, this bulb has been burning for over a century, almost without interruption.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIts longevity is so extraordinary that it earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records. Originally a 60-watt bulb, its carbon filament has gradually dimmed to the equivalent of a 4-watt bulb today due to the natural degradation of its material. The bulb is encased in hand-blown glass, a testament to the craftsmanship of the late 19th century.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ab:T84c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png\" alt=\"Centennial Bulb \" class=\"wp-image-122539\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-1.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eCentennial Bulb located in Fire Station 6 in Livermore, CA \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dscn2286b.jpg\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eWikimedia Commons\u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centennial Light\u0026#8217;s continuous operation, now surpassing a million hours, starkly contrasts with modern light bulbs. Today\u0026#8217;s bulbs predominantly use tungsten filaments, a shift from the carbon filaments of the past. Tungsten, introduced in the early 20th century, has a higher melting point, which allows for brighter and more efficient bulbs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, despite these advancements, the average modern incandescent bulb does not approach the lifespan of its historic predecessors like the Centennial Light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-phoebus-cartel-and-planned-obsolescence\"\u003eThe Phoebus Cartel and planned obsolescence\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of short-lived light bulbs can be traced back to a pivotal meeting in 1924. In Geneva, Switzerland, executives from the world\u0026#8217;s leading light bulb manufacturers, including Philips, Osram, and General Electric (which had taken over Shelby Electric), convened to address a growing threat to their businesses: bulbs that lasted too long.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ac:T7bb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis meeting marked the formation of the Phoebus Cartel, named after the Greek god of light. The cartel\u0026#8217;s goal was straightforward but impactful: to ensure that light bulbs would not last more than 1,000 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis strategy, known as \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplanned obsolescence\u003c/a\u003e, involved deliberately reducing the lifespan of light bulbs to boost continuous sales. The cartel established standards that artificially limited the durability of bulbs across the global market. Engineers who once sought to extend the lifespan of bulbs were now tasked with finding ways to shorten it, using thinner filaments and altering the bulb design to ensure compliance with the 1,000-hour lifespan.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png\" alt=\"Bulb Factory \" class=\"wp-image-122540\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-2.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003ePhoto: Siemens Corporate Archives\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of the Phoebus Cartel\u0026#8217;s policies was profound. By limiting bulb life, they increased the frequency of purchases and set a precedent for manufacturing and business practices prioritizing profit over product longevity and consumer value.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ad:T4c9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the cartel dissolved in the 1930s due to external pressures and the advent of World War II, its legacy of planned obsolescence has persisted, influencing various industries and shaping consumer products to this day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar strategies can be seen in manufacturing appliances with less durable materials, automobiles with inaccessible parts, and batteries designed to degrade over time. Software companies exacerbate this trend by discontinuing support for older versions, forcing costly upgrades. Together, these practices underscore a widespread economic strategy that shapes consumer behavior and impacts environmental sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-leds-changed-the-spectrum-of-lighting\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow LEDs Changed the Spectrum of Lighting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe revolution of light-emitting diode (LED) technology marks a significant milestone in the history of lighting. Since their invention in 1907, LEDs initially provided low power and were available only in red. However, by the 1990s, technological advancements introduced high-efficiency, multi-color LEDs that began to surpass incandescent bulbs in efficiency, transforming the lighting industry.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ae:T489,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolution enabled LEDs to emit a wide spectrum of colors and achieve higher luminosity with significantly less energy consumption. The legislative landscape also played a crucial role in the widespread adoption of LED technology.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn Europe, stringent regulations phased out less efficient halogen and incandescent bulbs, with bans fully enforced by September 1, 2018, for halogen and earlier for incandescent bulbs on September 1, 2011. These regulations accelerated the shift toward more sustainable lighting solutions, paving the way for LED technology to dominate the market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eToday, LED technology is celebrated for its exceptional efficiency and longevity. Modern LED bulbs can provide up to 50,000 hours of light and boast high Color Rendering Index (CRI) values, typically around CRI98, which indicates superior light quality that closely mimics natural sunlight. These attributes have made LEDs the preferred choice not only for residential and commercial use but also for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eenvironmental conservation\u003c/a\u003e efforts.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"af:T90d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png\" alt=\"LED lights \" class=\"wp-image-122541\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-3.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eBright LED screens in outdoor Advertising \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.rawpixel.com/image/6111493\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eRawpixel \u003c/a\u003e \u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements and the legal frameworks supporting them, the specter of planned obsolescence still looms over the LED industry. Unfortunately, some LED light bulbs are designed to be intentionally short-lived to encourage consumers to buy new ones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice mirrors broader trends across various industries, including controversial strategies like Apple\u0026#8217;s battery management, which involved throttling the performance of older iPhones to prompt users to upgrade. These are just some examples of the ongoing challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainable consumer practices in an industry where the potential for technological durability is often compromised to stimulate continuous consumer spending.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eThe legal battle for longer-lasting products\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe push for sustainability and consumer empowerment is crystallizing through global Right to Repair legislation, which affects a broad spectrum of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices. Notable legislation includes New York\u0026#8217;s 2022 Digital Fair Repair Act and Colorado\u0026#8217;s 2023 Consumer Right To Repair Agricultural Equipment Act, forcing industries to reconsider their design and repair policies.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b0:Ta1c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png\" alt=\"Apple's Planned obsolesce \" class=\"wp-image-122542\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light-4.png?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eDead 4th Gen iPod \u0026#8211; \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/swanksalot/842379407\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSeth Anderson/Flickr\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCompanies like Apple\u003c/a\u003e have become infamous for their planned obsolescence strategies, often necessitating complete device replacements for issues as minor as a cracked screen. Similarly, manufacturers of gaming consoles, such as Sony and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/microsoft-has-finally-agreed-to-comply-with-the-right-to-repair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eMicrosoft\u003c/a\u003e, design their systems to discourage user repairs, requiring costly services only they can provide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis movement extends beyond electronics, with implications for critical medical devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps, where repair restrictions can impact costs and patient outcomes. By mandating manufacturers to provide repair documentation and parts, legislation in places like the UK, France, and India aims to curb these restrictive practices, ensuring that products are both maintainable and sustainable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice stands clear and consequential for both policymakers and the public: maintain the status quo of quick obsolescence or push for a marketplace enriched with durable and repairable products. Such a decision will steer market practices and significantly influence our environmental strategies. The Right to Repair acts are crucial, challenging us to rethink technological practices and prioritize environmental integrity over short-term gains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b1:T1ceb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eGE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"GE Aerospace unveils 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"GE Aerospace has demonstrated a 1-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system under the $5.1M ARC-STEP contract with the US Army.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:22+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T20:34:29+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b2:T1266,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b3:T470,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“GE Aerospace has a nearly 50-year legacy as the powerplant for Army Aviation from the proven T700 engine to the new revolutionary T901 engine,” said John Martin, Director of Turboshaft Advanced Programs at GE Aerospace.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“ARC-STEP builds on that legacy and refines technologies along a path for hybrid electric propulsion for both the US Army and the world.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-hybrid-electric-propulsion-system\"\u003eHybrid electric propulsion system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe successful demonstration featured a CT7 turboshaft engine paired with an electric machine and power electronics produced by GE Aerospace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the testing conducted at the GE Aerospace Research Center in Niskayuna, New York, experts from both the US Army and GE Aerospace collaborated to investigate and integrate technologies that enable the development of lightweight, efficient, reliable, and safe hybrid-electric propulsion systems.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b4:T4a6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of hybrid electric propulsion on the efficiency and effectiveness of different platform types were also analyzed during the demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It’s exciting to see the successful demonstration of ARC-STEP, which has enhanced our understanding of the potential for MW-class series hybrid systems to power future Army air and ground vehicles,” Dr. Mike Kweon, program manager of DEVCOM ARL’s Versatile Tactical Power and Propulsion Essential Research Program (VICTOR ERP), said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Often, power and propulsion systems are significant bottlenecks in advancing transformational capabilities. I look forward to seeing how ARC-STEP will shape the direction of power systems for the Army’s future air and ground vehicles.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion. This \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eincludes\u003c/a\u003e the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b5:T487,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eARC-STEP, HEX, and EPFD are helping GE Aerospace continue building extensive experience with hybrid electric systems and power generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-ct7-turboshaft-engine\"\u003eCT7 turboshaft engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has highlighted the operational versatility of its CT7 family of turboshaft and turboprop engines, which are utilized globally in various aviation environments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company notes that the CT7-2 engine, offering 2,000 shaft horsepower, is recognized for its durability, fuel efficiency, and adaptability. It serves helicopters in multiple roles, including executive transport, firefighting, and rescue missions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the CT7-8 engine family, with shaft horsepower ranging from 2,500 to 3,000, is tailored to meet the rigorous \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edemands\u003c/a\u003e of modern medium-lift helicopters. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b6:T1de8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eSupersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#039;s vision for supersonic flight\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#039;s vision for supersonic flight\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:47+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:34:54+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"766\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"566\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic 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flight\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:54+00:00\",\"description\":\"Discover the journey of Boom Supersonic in developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"width\":766,\"height\":566,\"caption\":\"Blake Scholl.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b7:T2410,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b8:T7b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn our latest \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/podcast/lexicon/xb-1-and-overture-breaking-barriers-in-air-travel-innovation\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eLexicon episode\u003c/a\u003e, we sat down with \u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/blake-scholl\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBlake Scholl\u003c/a\u003e, founder and CEO of Boom Supersonic (Boom), and \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/team-members/nick-sheryka\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eNick Sheryka\u003c/a\u003e, XB-1 Chief Flight Test Engineer at Boom. We discussed Boom’s journey into developing the first commercial supersonic aircraft since Concorde, from its XB-1 demonstrator to its planned Overture airliner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe title=\"Spotify Embed: XB-1 and Overture: breaking barriers in air travel innovation\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/4GIwPt0bJZUbWlU9Wk5aFu?si=jXTXNnyuSVCoPr2MNseWtw\u0026#038;utm_source=oembed\"\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, check out our latest merch at \u003ca href=\"https://shop.interestingengineering.com/en-gbp/\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eInteresting Engineering Shop\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-building-on-concorde-s-legacy\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuilding on Concorde’s legacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAny discussion on supersonic flight, like this one, inevitably has to start with the legacy left behind by the groundbreaking engineering behind the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eConcorde\u003c/a\u003e. That aircraft still has a long shadow, one that Blake openly acknowledged. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"b9:T43f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Concorde was a marvelous technical accomplishment, but it was unaffordable to passengers. A $20,000 ticket for 100 uncomfortable seats just didn’t work with the 1960s and 1970s travel demand,” he told us.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBut much has changed since the days of Concorde.“We’ve had massive growth in international travel, and technology has improved dramatically,” Scholl added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs he explained, things like carbon fiber composites, advanced engine design, and digital aerodynamics have paved the way for a new generation of supersonic aircraft. “Today, we can achieve supersonic flight for about the same price as a business-class ticket,” Scholls explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boom-s-testbed-for-the-future-the-xb-1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoom’s testbed for the future: the XB-1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1, affectionately nicknamed \u0026#8220;Baby Boom,\u0026#8221; is a single-seat test aircraft that serves as the precursor to the Overture airliner. Nick Sheryka, Boom’s Chief Flight Test Engineer, explained the rationale behind its design.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ba:T426,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The XB-1 was originally envisioned as a one-third scale demonstration of the airliner. It’s a stepping stone to prove our capabilities and learn where the pain points are,” he told IE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike Concorde, which relied on bespoke designs and untested concepts, Boom has leaned on proven technologies.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We didn’t invent anything new,” Blake said. “We’re using carbon fiber composites from the Boeing 787, digital stability systems used in other aircraft, and computationally optimized aerodynamics,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake explained that this pragmatic approach enables Boom to “bring these technologies together to create a supersonic jet that’s efficient, safe, and affordable.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-necessity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNecessity is the mother of all invention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe XB-1 has also taught Boom invaluable lessons about supersonic design. According to Blake, one of the most surprising insights was about low-speed performance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bb:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The hardest part of building a supersonic jet isn’t the high-speed flight—it’s the low-speed part,” he explains. The narrow wings required for supersonic efficiency make stable takeoffs and landings challenging. To address this, Boom introduced “digital stability augmentation and subtle but critical changes to the nose and wing design,” Blake said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese lessons are directly shaping the \u003ca href=\"https://boomsupersonic.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eOverture\u003c/a\u003e. “For example, by reducing Overture’s top speed from Mach 2.2 to 1.7, we’ve made the wing much wider, which greatly improves low-speed stability,” Blake explained. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“It adds 15 minutes to a transatlantic flight but makes the aircraft significantly more practical,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overture-supersonic-for-the-masses\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverture: Supersonic for the masses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the XB-1 serves as a testbed, the Overture is Boom’s vision for the future of commercial air travel. Designed for 64 passengers, it prioritizes comfort and efficiency.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bc:T454,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“We essentially took the business-class cabin from a widebody jet, chopped it off, and made it go fast,” Blake told us. To this end, the goal is to deliver a seamless experience that combines speed and affordability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick elaborates on the economic potential: “Right now, tens of millions of people fly business class across the Atlantic. For the same price—or less—we’re offering twice the speed and the ability to sleep in a real bed at your destination. That’s a game-changer.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-overcoming-noise-and-sustainability-challenges\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOvercoming noise and sustainability challenges\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the biggest challenges with supersonic jets, especially Concorde, has been criticism for their environmental impact, particularly noise pollution. However, Overture (and her successors) are being specifically designed to overcome, even excel, in these areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Our engines are custom-built turbofans optimized for quiet operation. They don’t have afterburners, which reduces noise by 20%,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bd:T457,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, Boom\u0026#8217;s aircraft will be compatible with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). “Overture can run on up to 100% SAF, compared to today’s planes, which max out at 50-50,” Blake highlights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoom has also worked closely with agencies like the FAA on the regulatory front. “We invited them in early, showed them everything, and asked for their feedback. The result? What could take 90 days took 90 minutes,” Blake told IE.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis collaborative approach led to Boom receiving the first-ever permit for a civilian aircraft to fly supersonic over land during test flights.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-the-future-has-in-store\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat the future has in store\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor Boom, the Overture is just the beginning. Blake envisions a future where supersonic travel becomes routine and accessible to more people.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Imagine families connecting across oceans or kids growing up with friends on other continents,” he says. “This isn’t just about speed—it’s about creating deeper human connections,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"be:T4a0,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNick adds that the industry must continue to innovate. “We need to iterate. Overture 1 is just the start. Overture 2 and 3 will push the envelope further, delivering greater speed, efficiency, and accessibility,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHe also highlights the importance of revisiting outdated regulations, such as the U.S. ban on supersonic flights over land. “With advancements in low-boom technology, it’s time to rethink these restrictions,” he argues.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-making-the-impossible-possible\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaking the impossible possible\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe journey to revive supersonic travel has been anything but easy, but both Blake and Nick are optimistic. “Supersonic airline travel is inevitable,” Nick says. “It’s just a matter of hard work, and we’re heads down accomplishing that right now,” he added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBlake agrees, reflecting on the broader implications of their work. “Flying used to be this magical experience—looking down at the world from a vantage point no bird could achieve. We want to bring back that sense of wonder and make it faster, greener, and better for everyone,” he said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"bf:T20fc,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003e90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"90% efficient: World’s first underwater boron ramjet tested in China\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Developed by Chinese scientists for hypersonic weapons, the novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests and can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through air and water.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:30:10+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T19:37:02+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c0:T11cd,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c1:T65d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe engine, which is claimed to be the first of its kind, is powered by boron. The critical element is used in scramjet engines, which are supersonic combustion ramjet engines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-boron-s-use-in-new-engine\"\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use in new engine\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBoron\u0026#8217;s use increases the speed of the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-diesel-engine-thermal-efficiency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003emissile\u003c/a\u003e to nearly Mach 5 as it burns intensely after encountering oxygen in the air.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHowever, igniting the boron in water was challenging for the Chinese scientists. Therefore, the research team implemented a new \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/rats-enjoy-driving-tiny-cars-not-just-treats\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003edesign\u003c/a\u003e that gave the solid fuel another chance to burn and enhance the engine\u0026#8217;s efficiency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThey also optimised the injection volume of water vapour into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/hydrogen-jet-engine-design-eth-zurich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003ecombustion\u003c/a\u003e chamber and the ratio of other ingredients in the fuel, such as magnesium and aluminium. These active metals enable boron to burn more thoroughly in vapour. The scientists conducted the tests in a ground laboratory that simulates the underwater environment, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c2:T69e,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-engine-was-stable\"\u003eEngine was stable\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eProfessor Huang Liya, who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381867897_Experimental_investigation_on_detonation_characteristics_of_boron-rich_gelled_propellant_in_static_premixed_combustible_gases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eproject team\u003c/a\u003e, stated that there was a bright yellow, elongated tail flame near the outlet of the engine’s nozzle.\u003cbr\u003eLiya highlighted that during the test, the engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eData collected by sensors showed that the engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3, with a combustion efficiency of 87 per cent. When the proportion of boron fuel was increased in the fuel formula, its specific impulse reached 4,712 newton-seconds per kilogram, which is one-third more efficient than SpaceX’s latest Raptor rocket engine, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287475/pla-fires-worlds-first-underwater-boron-ramjet-unstoppable-anti-ship-missiles?module=perpetual_scroll_0\u0026amp;pgtype=article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eaccording to\u003c/a\u003e SCMP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-high-energy-metalloid\"\u003eHigh-energy metalloid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe high-energy metalloid, boron, has been recognized by multiple researchers as a potential secondary energy source for liquid hydrocarbon fuel to power volume-limited propulsion devices such as ramjet and scramjet. The higher volumetric and gravimetric energetic content makes boron a more suitable candidate than other energetic particles\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c3:T1cc8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eUS submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"US submarines re-adopt sea-launched nukes after 32-year absence\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class submarines.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:13+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:46:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Kapil Kajal\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/8907e6b64d1f6042bf56b2ce5fdfcb57\"},\"headline\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 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absence\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:19+00:00\",\"description\":\"The US Navy is reviving nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles with a new SLCM-N initiative for its Virginia-class 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c4:T12c5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c5:T418,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sea-launched-nuclear-cruise-missile\"\u003eSea-launched nuclear cruise missile\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N will be launched from Virginia-class attack submarines and is centered around an \u0026#8220;All Up Round\u0026#8221; (AUR) concept.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes an expendable booster, a nuclear-capable cruise missile, and a launch canister, allowing underwater launches from Virginia Payload Tubes (VPT) or Virginia Payload Modules (VPM).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the Navy seeks missiles that are “as modular as possible,” incorporating both software and hardware, to ensure that modifications to the missile\u0026#8217;s body or shared tactical systems don’t necessitate changes to the warhead payload interfaces or avionics related to the nuclear mission.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The open system approach is being adopted to facilitate future technical upgrades or technology enhancements as needed throughout the SLCM-N program\u0026#8217;s lifespan,” the Navy\u0026#8217;s request indicates.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c6:T4fb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States originally introduced nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missiles during the mid-1980s with the deployment of the TLAM-N, a nuclear variant of the Tomahawk Land-Attack Missile.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThese missiles, which had a range of about 2,500 kilometers (approximately 1,550 miles), were positioned on both surface vessels and attack submarines.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-after-3-decades\"\u003eAfter 3 decades\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1991, President George H.W. Bush declared the withdrawal of all sea-based tactical nuclear weapons, resulting in the removal of TLAM-N missiles by the middle of 1992.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Navy kept the option to redeploy them on attack submarines if necessary. However, in 2010, the Obama Administration recommended decommissioning the TLAM-N system, considering it redundant in light of other available nuclear capabilities. This retirement was finalized in 2013.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2018 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eunder\u003c/a\u003e the Trump Administration advocated for the development of a novel nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile, now referred to as SLCM-N. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c7:T486,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis initiative aimed to provide a \u0026#8220;non-strategic regional presence\u0026#8221; and fulfill the need for \u0026#8220;flexible and low-yield options\u0026#8221; within the US nuclear arsenal.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N was designed to enhance deterrence against regional threats and reassure US allies.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-allocation-of-funds\"\u003eAllocation of funds\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn its Fiscal Year 2022 budget proposal, the Biden Administration allocated funding for the research and development of the SLCM-N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, the 2022 NPR suggested discontinuing the program, indicating that current capabilities were adequate to meet deterrent requirements.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite this, Congress continued to fund the SLCM-N and its associated warhead. The Fiscal Year 2024 National Defense Authorization Act required the executive branch to ensure the SLCM-N\u0026#8217;s initial \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoperational\u003c/a\u003e capability. Following this, the Administration has begun to take steps to implement the program. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"c8:T1e32,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eEdge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? HALO Space is making this dream a reality.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Sade Agard\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/726f533151570d651a8deadcfb7d2a09\"},\"headline\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\"},\"wordCount\":1331,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"caption\":\"An image of the Aurora space capsule in flight attached to a balloon/parachute system.\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Space\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"name\":\"Edge of space: Meet Aurora, HALO Space’s balloon-powered capsule\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21+00:00\",\"description\":\"What if your next adventure took you to the edge of space in a serene, balloon-powered ascent? 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Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ca:Ta87,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe move aligns with Saudi Arabia\u0026#8217;s aim to become a global leader in aerospace as part of the Vision 2030 initiative. The nation\u0026#8217;s clear skies and ample airspace make it an ideal environment for testing, according to a report by \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://spaceexplored.com/2024/10/07/halo-space-expands-testing-operations-to-saudi-arabia/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSpace Explored.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering (IE\u003c/em\u003e) recently caught up with Carlos Mira (CEO) and Alberto Castrillo (CTO). We discussed the technology powering the \u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e space vehicle and HALO Space\u0026#8217;s plans for near-space tourism. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-aurora-capsule-vs-spacex-and-blue-origin\"\u003eThe Aurora capsule vs. SpaceX and Blue Origin\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121627\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/09-Vista-Perspective.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA conceptual rendering of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature as seen from the Aurora space capsule showcasing the near-space \u0026#8216;overview\u0026#8217; effect. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a unique and serene experience compared to other space travel providers like SpaceX and Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo told\u003cem\u003e IE\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that, unlike companies that rely on powerful \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/fusion-of-fast-rockets-and-nuclear-propulsion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erocket propulsion\u003c/a\u003e, HALO Space uses helium balloons. These balloons gently lift the capsule into the stratosphere, and with that comes several \u0026#8220;distinctive advantages.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cb:Tc5d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe \u0026#8216;overview effect\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also mentioned that HALO Space enables passengers to enjoy what is known as the \u0026#8220;\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-overview-effect-seeing-earth-from-above-can-inspire-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eoverview effect\u003c/a\u003e.\u0026#8221; They said, \u0026#8220;This is a transformative experience of viewing Earth from the edge of space—for a full hour.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The Overview Effect: It will transform how you think forever\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eQsgGCXdAlY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that this duration sets HALO apart from rocket-based space tourism, where passengers typically experience this view for a few brief minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;To date, fewer than 700 people have experienced this effect in space, but HALO aims to make it accessible to over 3,000 people each year,\u0026#8221; they stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-tech-making-near-space-balloon-systems-safe\"\u003eWhat\u0026#8217;s the tech making near-space balloon systems safe?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"3840\" height=\"2160\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121620\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg 3840w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Proyecto-Halo-Space-California-011-1.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 3840px) 100vw, 3840px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eAn image of the Aurora space capsule in a desert environment. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e prompted the duo to discuss the technology and safety measures to ensure a safe journey to the stratosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Safety is a top priority for HALO Space, and the Aurora capsule incorporates state-of-the-art technology to ensure a safe journey,\u0026#8221; they said.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cc:T534,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the critical safety measures include multiple backup systems. They explain that the capsule is designed with redundant systems to ensure safety at all stages of the flight. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This includes redundant life support systems, communication systems, and safety mechanisms,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey then highlighted balloon and descent control. Simply put, the ascent is powered by a massive helium balloon that gradually expands as it rises into the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/solar-geoengineering-sunlight-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003estratosphere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;In the event of any unexpected issue, the descent can be safely controlled through a combination of precision parachutes and proprietary landing technologies,\u0026#8221; they explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e is then introduced to the advanced life support aboard the Aurora. According to Mira and Castrillo, the capsule is pressurized and climate-controlled. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis ensures a comfortable environment for passengers while providing oxygen and maintaining optimal temperature and air pressure levels. Additionally, they highlight that the team at HALO Space has developed robust emergency protocols, and the flight is continuously monitored by a control team on the ground.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cd:T80f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe capsule also has an emergency parachute system that can be deployed if necessary during the descent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-aurora-beyond-tourism\"\u003eAurora, beyond tourism\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"4961\" height=\"2790\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?w=1920\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-121619\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg 4961w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1920,1080 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/12-Vista.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 4961px) 100vw, 4961px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA digital rendering of a view from Aurora from space. Credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule has significant potential beyond tourism,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo emphasized. \u0026#8220;The ability to reach near-space offers numerous opportunities for scientific research and other industries.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAtmospheric and climate studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, they highlighted how the stratosphere is a prime location for monitoring Earth\u0026#8217;s atmosphere and studying \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/satellite-megaconstellations-surge-damage-ozone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eozone depletion\u003c/a\u003e, pollution, and weather patterns. \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule can carry instruments to collect valuable data for climate scientists,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ce:T466,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial applications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBusinesses in industries like telecommunications and remote sensing may also find near-space operations attractive for testing or deploying certain types of equipment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-balloons-vs-rockets-what-are-the-sustainability-benefits-of-aurora\"\u003eBalloons vs. rockets: what are the sustainability benefits of Aurora?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule offers a much more environmentally friendly approach to space tourism compared to traditional rocket-based travel,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo stated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAnd here’s why.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the duo, Aurora has zero emissions during ascent. Unlike rockets, which burn massive amounts of fuel and release large quantities of CO2 and other pollutants into the atmosphere, \u0026#8220;The Aurora capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent is powered by a helium balloon, which does not generate any harmful emissions,\u0026#8221; they argued.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey emphasized to \u003cem\u003eIE\u003c/em\u003e that helium, an inert and non-toxic lifting agent, powers the capsule\u0026#8217;s ascent with minimal environmental impact.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"cf:T4f4,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Especially when compared to the fuel-intensive methods used by companies like SpaceX or Blue Origin,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey also claimed the Aurora capsule uses less energy overall compared to rocket-based flight. \u0026#8220;The entire journey is less energy-intensive because it avoids the massive fuel consumption required for rocket launches,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;This reduces the overall carbon footprint of each flight, making HALO Space the most sustainable option for near-space tourism.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-will-near-space-tourism-evolve-in-the-future\"\u003eHow will near-space tourism evolve in the future?\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Near-space tourism is on the verge of a significant transformation,\u0026#8221; the duo said. \u0026#8220;And HALO Space aims to play a pivotal role in making this frontier accessible to a broader audience.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey reasoned that unlike the current \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/chinas-first-outer-space-travel-announced-at-210000-for-12-minute-flight\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003espace tourism market\u003c/a\u003e, which remains exclusive and expensive, HALO Space envisions a future where near-space experiences are available to many more people. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d0:T437,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis will be due to the lower cost and lower barriers to entry compared to rocket-based options.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The gentle ascent and non-rocket-based approach open the door for more inclusive space travel,\u0026#8221; they said. \u0026#8220;[This includes] those who are older, less physically fit, or seeking a less intense experience than what traditional spaceflights offer.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-at-the-forefront-of-a-new-era-in-space-exploration\"\u003e\u0026#8216;At the forefront of a new era in space exploration\u0026#8217;\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space will democratize near-space access by offering more frequent and affordable flights. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThey explained that it pioneers new uses for near-space technology in research and commercial applications while leading the way in sustainable space tourism with its non-fuel technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;HALO Space is at the forefront of a new era in space exploration, where the dream of experiencing the overview effect is no longer limited to astronauts or the super-wealthy,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d1:T1dd8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eZRob: A new robotic drummer that could help musicians hone their craft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A University of Oslo researcher, Mojtaba Karbasi, has just unveiled a new cutting-edge robotic drummer that is faster than humans.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ZRob: A new robotic drummer that could help musicians hone their craft\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A University of Oslo researcher, Mojtaba Karbasi, has just unveiled a new cutting-edge robotic drummer that is faster than humans.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T14:21:04+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T14:21:11+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/robotic-drummer.jpg\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/jpeg\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Christopher McFadden\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/2ff174fd7fd3b4725a23fe8d5339342f\"},\"headline\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their 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/\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d2:T16a7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers from the University of Oslo have developed a new robot that can create new rhythms and play drums faster than a human. Called the ZRob, the new robot could open doors for new musical applications and offer new insights for future developments in robotics in general.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Mojtaba Karbasi, the drumming robot as part of his doctoral thesis at the RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion, University of Oslo. \u0026#8220;Playing together, the robots will find a pattern unlike everything else,\u0026#8221; \u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/people/phd-fellows/mojtabak/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e says.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob\u0026#8217;s development was inspired by humans\u0026#8217; seemingly relative ease in performing complex actions. For example, as Karbasi explains, we can estimate the weight of a glass of water and lift it without spilling it. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Humans talk, move, and touch things. We have several senses and can act on what we sense with adapted movements. Machines cannot do this,\u0026#8221; Alexander Refsum Jensenius, professor at RITMO (and Karbasi\u0026#8217;s supervisor), explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob is not the first robotic drummer we\u0026#8217;ve seen recently (take \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCyberOne\u003c/a\u003e, for example), but it is certainly a step up in terms of dexterity and potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-robo-drummers-are-now-a-thing\"\u003eRobo drummers are now a thing\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eJensenius goes on to explain that he believes that robots must become multimodal in the future. This means, in practice, they will need to have more senses if they are to become fully operational with human beings. With this in mind, Karbasi\u0026nbsp;developed his drumming bio-inspired robot and accompanying AI model. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/news-and-events/news/2024/zrob-drum-robot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe robot\u0026#8217;s\u003c/a\u003e special flexible grip mimics the human wrist, and it integrates artificial intelligence (AI) to help it learn and optimize movements. ZRob can work as a standalone unit to perform a single drum stick action or as a team to perform complex drum compositions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne aspect that makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/projects/ZRob/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eZRob \u003c/a\u003eseem more human is his arm. Two springs, one on each side, provide the arm with some degree of wrist flexibility. These springs, combined with the AI, allow the robot to be adaptable—an essential feature for hitting a drumhead while in motion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Xiaomi CyberOne Drumming\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/QfQ04jEbEyQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob also has some rudimentary senses and can listen while also \u0026#8220;sensing\u0026#8221; where its arm is at any one time. Karbasi explains that the springs in the different versions of ZRob are of varying sizes. The AI helps each robot find its behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If a robot is trying to play a double stroke, it wants to find the right action parameters to execute it. If you change the springs, the behavior will change, too. The robotic body thus helps to shape the behavior,\u0026#8221; Karbasi added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen multiple robots play at the same time, you might hear rhythms that humans are unable to produce. \u0026#8220;Different physical characteristics completely shape the output. It is like a piano piece played by forty fingers – unpredictable, and it is hard for humans to imagine how it was produced,\u0026#8221; Karbasi explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We are not trying to copy a human, but rather to take the human body as a starting point. Musical robotics is a controlled way of working with this. It does not have potentially dangerous consequences,\u0026#8221; Jensenius explained.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-helping-not-replacing-human-musicians\"\u003eHelping, not replacing human musicians\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKarbasi \u003c/a\u003ebelieves that robot-created music cannot resonate like human-played music, but he thinks his robots can inspire musicians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;A robot that precisely mimics human behavior is not inspiring. Then humans could do the same, even better. However, if we manage to create robots that take some humanity into them but are unique in their way, it inspires to a much greater extent,\u0026#8221; Karbasi says.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, Karbasi postulated that this kind of robot could be used to inspire musicians or even help them practice. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If you play the guitar and sing, you can get a drum robot to play with you. If you are a drummer who has lost an arm, you can use a robot as a replacement,\u0026#8221; Jensenius says.\u0026nbsp;The research, according to Jensenius, also possesses significant transfer value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If we manage to create complex drum robots that sense and adapt their behavior accordingly, we are closer to creating robots that can perform other types of actions, such as lifting a glass of water or cutting a cucumber without problems,\u0026#8221; he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d3:T4ba,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob\u0026#8217;s development was inspired by humans\u0026#8217; seemingly relative ease in performing complex actions. For example, as Karbasi explains, we can estimate the weight of a glass of water and lift it without spilling it. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Humans talk, move, and touch things. We have several senses and can act on what we sense with adapted movements. Machines cannot do this,\u0026#8221; Alexander Refsum Jensenius, professor at RITMO (and Karbasi\u0026#8217;s supervisor), explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob is not the first robotic drummer we\u0026#8217;ve seen recently (take \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eCyberOne\u003c/a\u003e, for example), but it is certainly a step up in terms of dexterity and potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-robo-drummers-are-now-a-thing\"\u003eRobo drummers are now a thing\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eJensenius goes on to explain that he believes that robots must become multimodal in the future. This means, in practice, they will need to have more senses if they are to become fully operational with human beings. With this in mind, Karbasi\u0026nbsp;developed his drumming bio-inspired robot and accompanying AI model. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d4:T764,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/news-and-events/news/2024/zrob-drum-robot.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe robot\u0026#8217;s\u003c/a\u003e special flexible grip mimics the human wrist, and it integrates artificial intelligence (AI) to help it learn and optimize movements. ZRob can work as a standalone unit to perform a single drum stick action or as a team to perform complex drum compositions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOne aspect that makes \u003ca href=\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/projects/ZRob/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eZRob \u003c/a\u003eseem more human is his arm. Two springs, one on each side, provide the arm with some degree of wrist flexibility. These springs, combined with the AI, allow the robot to be adaptable—an essential feature for hitting a drumhead while in motion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Xiaomi CyberOne Drumming\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/QfQ04jEbEyQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eZRob also has some rudimentary senses and can listen while also \u0026#8220;sensing\u0026#8221; where its arm is at any one time. Karbasi explains that the springs in the different versions of ZRob are of varying sizes. The AI helps each robot find its behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If a robot is trying to play a double stroke, it wants to find the right action parameters to execute it. If you change the springs, the behavior will change, too. The robotic body thus helps to shape the behavior,\u0026#8221; Karbasi added.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d5:T4f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen multiple robots play at the same time, you might hear rhythms that humans are unable to produce. \u0026#8220;Different physical characteristics completely shape the output. It is like a piano piece played by forty fingers – unpredictable, and it is hard for humans to imagine how it was produced,\u0026#8221; Karbasi explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We are not trying to copy a human, but rather to take the human body as a starting point. Musical robotics is a controlled way of working with this. It does not have potentially dangerous consequences,\u0026#8221; Jensenius explained.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-helping-not-replacing-human-musicians\"\u003eHelping, not replacing human musicians\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eKarbasi \u003c/a\u003ebelieves that robot-created music cannot resonate like human-played music, but he thinks his robots can inspire musicians.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;A robot that precisely mimics human behavior is not inspiring. Then humans could do the same, even better. However, if we manage to create robots that take some humanity into them but are unique in their way, it inspires to a much greater extent,\u0026#8221; Karbasi says.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d6:T20c5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHuawei AI chips to power China\u0026#039;s next-generation surgery technology\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A research center under the Chinese Academy of Sciences is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot AI model, designed to help surgeons.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Huawei AI chips to power China\u0026#039;s next-generation surgery technology\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A research center under the Chinese Academy of Sciences is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot AI model, designed to help surgeons.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:32:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T13:32:48+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/image-1920x1080-new-chips.png?w=1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image/png\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Bojan Stojkovski\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@IntEngineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bojan Stojkovski\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" /\u003e\n\t\u003cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" /\u003e\n\u003cscript type=\"application/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003e{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Bojan Stojkovski\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/person/1fc45f098a36e02228f45867676bdde4\"},\"headline\":\"Huawei AI chips to power China\u0026#8217;s next-gen surgery tech for medical 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content=\"2024-11-23T13:32:39+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d7:T10f7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Hong Kong in 2019, unveiled its latest AI model, Cares Copilot 2.0, on Friday. The model is designed to support surgeons with tasks such as surgical planning, generating diagnostic reports, and retrieving similar case files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe upgraded model, building on its previous version released in March, was trained using Huawei’s Ascend 910B AI chip, which the company claims offers performance comparable to the Nvidia A100. According to CAIR Executive Director Liu Hongbin, Huawei’s chips \u0026#8220;essentially meet\u0026#8221; the lab’s research requirements, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3287788/huaweis-ai-chips-fill-nvidia-sized-hole-medical-research-hong-kong\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancements-in-huawei-s-ai-chip-technology\"\u003eAdvancements in Huawei’s AI chip technology\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn August 2023, CAIR signed a memorandum of cooperation with Huawei to collaborate on integrating AI applications in surgery. Anticipating ongoing restrictions on access to high-end US chips, the research center sought alternative solutions. Since then, Huawei’s AI chip capabilities have progressed rapidly, according to CAIR\u0026#8217;s leadership.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs Liu explains, the progress of Huawei\u0026#8217;s AI chips has been significant, and what initially took one to two months to complete with the same amount of data is now finished in about one week.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCares Copilot 2.0, built on Meta Platforms’ Llama 2 open-source large language model (LLM) and trained using Huawei’s Atlas 800T A2 server, has been implemented in hospitals such as the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong, according to Liu.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCAIR’s advancements also illustrate how Huawei has filled the gap left by US chipmaker Nvidia, whose advanced chips are restricted in China due to US export controls. Huawei’s chips are now the top choice for Chinese research institutions and businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-us-restrictions-propel-development\"\u003eUS restrictions propel development\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese giant recently highlighted that its Ascend 910B AI chip could match certain performance benchmarks of Nvidia’s A100. The company also plans to begin mass production of its most advanced AI chip, the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eAscend 910C\u003c/a\u003e, in the first quarter of 2025, despite challenges in chip production due to US restrictions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 910C chip, made by SMIC using its N+2 process, has a yield of only 20% due to a lack of advanced equipment. Advanced chips typically need yields above 70% to be commercially viable. Even Huawei’s 910B chip, also made by SMIC, has a yield of around 50%, causing delays in production and order fulfillment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"💻 How Are Microchips Made?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/g8Qav3vIv9s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the telecom conglomerate has sent samples of the new chip to several tech firms and has started taking orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHuawei is at the center of US-China tensions over trade and security. Washington has imposed several restrictions on Huawei and other Chinese companies, citing concerns that their technological advancements could pose a national security threat to the US. Additionally, it is also at the heart of the China-US AI chip race, with Beijing \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eturning\u003c/a\u003e to Huawei to spearhead the nation’s quest for semiconductor self-reliance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d8:T484,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCAIR’s advancements also illustrate how Huawei has filled the gap left by US chipmaker Nvidia, whose advanced chips are restricted in China due to US export controls. Huawei’s chips are now the top choice for Chinese research institutions and businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-us-restrictions-propel-development\"\u003eUS restrictions propel development\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese giant recently highlighted that its Ascend 910B AI chip could match certain performance benchmarks of Nvidia’s A100. The company also plans to begin mass production of its most advanced AI chip, the \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eAscend 910C\u003c/a\u003e, in the first quarter of 2025, despite challenges in chip production due to US restrictions. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe 910C chip, made by SMIC using its N+2 process, has a yield of only 20% due to a lack of advanced equipment. Advanced chips typically need yields above 70% to be commercially viable. Even Huawei’s 910B chip, also made by SMIC, has a yield of around 50%, causing delays in production and order fulfillment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"d9:T4cb,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"💻 How Are Microchips Made?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/g8Qav3vIv9s?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the telecom conglomerate has sent samples of the new chip to several tech firms and has started taking orders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHuawei is at the center of US-China tensions over trade and security. Washington has imposed several restrictions on Huawei and other Chinese companies, citing concerns that their technological advancements could pose a national security threat to the US. Additionally, it is also at the heart of the China-US AI chip race, with Beijing \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eturning\u003c/a\u003e to Huawei to spearhead the nation’s quest for semiconductor self-reliance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"da:T1eb2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eChina PLA\u0026#039;s supercomputer tops global rankings, clocks 6,320 MTEPS/W\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Chinese military-developed supercomputer Tianhe Exa-node Prototype has taken the top spot in the Green Graph500 ranking\u0026#039;s big data category.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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content=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:type\" content=\"text/html\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:duration\" content=\"358\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:width\" content=\"480\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:video:height\" content=\"270\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:adult\" content=\"false\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:upload_date\" content=\"2024-11-23T11:17:21+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"db:T1253,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese military-developed supercomputer has once again ranked first in an international test of AI computing efficiency. Tianhe, created by the National University of Defense Technology, tops the latest list of the world’s most power-efficient big data processing systems, achieving its second win since 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe advanced computing power of supercomputers can be applied to simulations for studying climate change, conducting materials research, exploring space, and developing treatments for various diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-energy-efficient-big-data-computing\"\u003eEnergy-efficient big data computing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Green Graph500 list measures performance-per-watt for processing large graphs, comparing the energy efficiency of the fastest supercomputers tackling data-intensive tasks. First released in 2010, it is the leading international ranking for assessing the performance of supercomputers in graph computation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eChina’s indigenous supercomputer, the Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, reached 6,320 MTEPS/W, securing the top position in the Green Graph500 ranking for big data. This performance metric, measured in million traversed edges per second per watt, evaluates a system\u0026#8217;s efficiency in internal data communication, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287561/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-computing-efficiency-list-amid-race-ai-dominance?module=top_story\u0026amp;pgtype=subsection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt surpassed the previous Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, which achieved 4,385 MTEPS/W and placed first runner-up, as well as Eniad, a supercomputer developed by the University of Pennsylvania, which ranked third with 2,057 MTEPS/W. Tianhe last topped the list in July 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGraph analysis is a growing field in AI computing that focuses on identifying connections within graph structures. It is a valuable tool for studying complex networks, patterns, and structured data. For instance, it can be used to analyze social media relationship maps or transaction histories across multiple accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/ornl-discovery-fastest-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eEnergy-efficient\u003c/a\u003e big data computing is also becoming increasingly essential, as energy consumption is expected to be a limiting factor. As the need for large-scale data analysis grows, graph computing is becoming an important aspect of big data and artificial intelligence, attracting increasing research interest worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-major-breakthrough-in-data-analysis\"\u003eMajor breakthrough in data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Meng Xiangfei, the chief scientist at the National Supercomputer Centre in Tianjin, which hosts the Tianhe supercomputer, the top ranking reflects significant international breakthroughs in the system\u0026#8217;s ability to handle complex data analysis, as reported by state news agency Xinhua. The Chinese researcher added that it would play a crucial role in advancing the development of next-generation intelligent technologies. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTianhe has also contributed to the center\u0026#8217;s significant achievements in research areas like numerical simulation technology, materials computation, and environmental meteorology, according to a post on the Chinese social media platform WeChat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?start=3\u0026#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the system has also achieved major breakthroughs in industrial areas such as superintelligent integration, large generative models, and supercomputing internet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, the Chinese National Supercomputing Center (NSC) in Guangzhou also \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-unveils-fastest-homegrown-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintroduced\u003c/a\u003e the domestically developed supercomputer, Tianhe Xingyi. While no specifications had been disclosed, officials have claimed that it surpasses the capabilities of the renowned Tianhe-2 supercomputer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"dc:T53b,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-energy-efficient-big-data-computing\"\u003eEnergy-efficient big data computing\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe Green Graph500 list measures performance-per-watt for processing large graphs, comparing the energy efficiency of the fastest supercomputers tackling data-intensive tasks. First released in 2010, it is the leading international ranking for assessing the performance of supercomputers in graph computation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eChina’s indigenous supercomputer, the Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, reached 6,320 MTEPS/W, securing the top position in the Green Graph500 ranking for big data. This performance metric, measured in million traversed edges per second per watt, evaluates a system\u0026#8217;s efficiency in internal data communication, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287561/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-computing-efficiency-list-amid-race-ai-dominance?module=top_story\u0026amp;pgtype=subsection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt surpassed the previous Tianhe Exa-node Prototype, which achieved 4,385 MTEPS/W and placed first runner-up, as well as Eniad, a supercomputer developed by the University of Pennsylvania, which ranked third with 2,057 MTEPS/W. Tianhe last topped the list in July 2021.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"dd:T556,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGraph analysis is a growing field in AI computing that focuses on identifying connections within graph structures. It is a valuable tool for studying complex networks, patterns, and structured data. For instance, it can be used to analyze social media relationship maps or transaction histories across multiple accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/ornl-discovery-fastest-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eEnergy-efficient\u003c/a\u003e big data computing is also becoming increasingly essential, as energy consumption is expected to be a limiting factor. As the need for large-scale data analysis grows, graph computing is becoming an important aspect of big data and artificial intelligence, attracting increasing research interest worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-major-breakthrough-in-data-analysis\"\u003eMajor breakthrough in data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Meng Xiangfei, the chief scientist at the National Supercomputer Centre in Tianjin, which hosts the Tianhe supercomputer, the top ranking reflects significant international breakthroughs in the system\u0026#8217;s ability to handle complex data analysis, as reported by state news agency Xinhua. The Chinese researcher added that it would play a crucial role in advancing the development of next-generation intelligent technologies. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"de:T5ac,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTianhe has also contributed to the center\u0026#8217;s significant achievements in research areas like numerical simulation technology, materials computation, and environmental meteorology, according to a post on the Chinese social media platform WeChat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Quantum computers vs. classical computers\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/HUxEa77xdFI?start=3\u0026#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the system has also achieved major breakthroughs in industrial areas such as superintelligent integration, large generative models, and supercomputing internet.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, the Chinese National Supercomputing Center (NSC) in Guangzhou also \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-unveils-fastest-homegrown-supercomputer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eintroduced\u003c/a\u003e the domestically developed supercomputer, Tianhe Xingyi. While no specifications had been disclosed, officials have claimed that it surpasses the capabilities of the renowned Tianhe-2 supercomputer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"df:T1961,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eAre kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Watch Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America? on Interesting Engineering. Explore the latest in technology!\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/are-kamikaze-drones-a-threat-to-the-america\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Watch Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America? on Interesting Engineering. 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These drones are difficult to detect, inexpensive to produce, and disturbingly easy to deploy, allowing even smaller groups to access cutting-edge military technology. Designed to loiter in the air before targeting and striking with explosive payloads, they can blend seamlessly into civilian areas, making them particularly hard to counter. This combination of factors has made them a growing threat on the battlefield and a challenge for global security forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo combat this rising threat, military organizations are developing a range of defensive measures, from advanced radar systems to detect drones early, to electronic jamming technologies that disrupt their communication and navigation. AI-driven defense networks are also being implemented to identify and neutralize drones more effectively. Despite these advancements, the rapid evolution of drone technology and the relative ease of their acquisition mean the threat is far from under control. The race to develop countermeasures is ongoing, as nations strive to adapt to the growing use of kamikaze drones in conflicts around the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e1:T1fd2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eHow vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How vaporizing plastics could save a failing recycling industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new catalytic process, developed by scientists at UC Berkeley, tackles one of the main problems with traditional plastic recycling today.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-23T07:14:31+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta 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content=\"2024-11-23T07:09:01+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e2:T26b3,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e3:T5c6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The biggest problem is that there are hundreds of different types of these plastics with different lengths of [carbon atom] chains and distribution of lengths of the chains, etc.,” said John Hartwig, professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley who led the \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq7316\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003enew study\u003c/a\u003e, in an interview with \u003cem\u003eInteresting Engineering\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Each of these is made for specific purposes, like a yogurt container or the inside of a car door, from the same monomer but with a different chemical architecture to give different properties,” he continued. “When those are mixed and melted and used to reform a new object, it does not have the properties of either the yogurt container or the car door.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-plastic-waste-and-traditional-recycling\"\u003ePlastic waste and traditional recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is a well-known problem all over the globe. Despite best efforts, it has become uncontrollable. According to a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) \u003ca href=\"https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/everything-you-need-know-about-plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ereport\u003c/a\u003e, approximately 430 million tons of plastic is produced yearly. Almost half of that ends up in a landfill, while 22% is mismanaged and ends up in the natural environment.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e4:T594,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis is largely down to the fact the world reached \u003ca href=\"https://www.packaginginsights.com/news/plastic-overshoot-day-annual-global-waste-production-set-to-outpace-management-by-220-million-tons.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ePlastic Overshoot Day\u003c/a\u003e on September 5. That is, the day in the year when plastic waste surpasses the capability of waste management systems to handle the massive amounts produced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem isn’t going away any time soon and we are in dire need of more effective solutions. According to Hartwig and his team, it would be unwise to completely turn our back on \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastics-turned-into-graphene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastics\u003c/a\u003e. Instead, we should make sure we can retain its value throughout the recycling process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are fantastic materials,” Hartwig told IE. “They are much lighter than glass or metal but can have enough strength. They are more pliable than glass. One would not wrap food to preserve it in glass and ship and store the food in glass, for example. It even uses less energy and water to produce than paper.”\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“The issue with plastic is that it lasts a long time and is difficult to recycle,” he continued. “Paper, glass and aluminum are easier to recycle, although this recycling, particularly of glass, uses a lot of energy.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e5:T4f8,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team set out to develop a method that would conserve the original value of virgin plastics such as polyethylene and polypropylene, which are widely used for \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-pollution-ocean-floor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplastic bags\u003c/a\u003e and hard plastic packaging, respectively. They devised a catalytic process that essentially vaporizes these plastics, converting them into hydrocarbon gases. These can then be used to manufacture virgin plastics from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-chemical-recycling\"\u003eChemical recycling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe new method solves a key problems of traditional recycling: the diminishing returns related to the quality of plastic produced. Typically, plastics created via recycling won’t be reused for the same plastic packaging and containers found in supermarkets—such as for yogurts, milk cartons, and plastic bags. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn fact, some argue that the word \u0026#8216;recycle\u0026#8217; is a misnomer, and the most widely used process should really be called \u0026#8216;downcycling\u0026#8217;. Bottles and supermarket goods, for example, are often turned into plastic trays and carpeting, and can’t be reused to create the same single-use products.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e6:T46c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“Plastics are currently recycled by mechanical recycling,” Hartwig said. “By this method, plastics of a similar type are combined and reprocessed to make something new. However, the properties are deteriorated by mechanical recycling, so the value of the material produced is much lower.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHartwig and his team’s method addresses this problem. If it delivers on the promise, it could finally create a truly circular economy for valuable plastics. The method, called chemical recycling, breaks the chemical bonds in polymer chains to allow for the creation of new virgin plastics. Unlike traditional recycling, the process of plastic creation happens from scratch. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“In the best-case scenario, polymer chains are broken to recreate the monomer from which the polymer was made,” Hartwig explained. “In our work, we found a way to cleave carbon-carbon bonds to form a single product that can be used to make new plastics. Thus, one can envision chemically recycling polyethylene and polypropylene to make the monomers from which new plastics with the original properties could be made.”\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e7:T6d1,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Plastics to Building Blocks\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/z39v6l6neGo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-like-deconstructing-a-metal-chain\"\u003eLike deconstructing a metal chain\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo devise their new method, Hartwig and his team built on one of their own studies from 2022. In that paper, they outlined a new process using a catalyst to break long polyethylene (PE) polymers into uniform chunks. The three-carbon molecule propylene chunks created in the process are the building blocks for high-value plastics, such as polypropylene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs part of their latest research, Hartwig and team demonstrated they could deconstruct the bonds in both polyethylene and \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-bioplastic-degrades-faster-than-paper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003epolypropylene\u003c/a\u003e to make a single product. Moreover, they could do this using catalysts that are cheap and commercially available. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eTheir process cracks the chain at 320°C and leaves a reactive carbon-carbon double bond. The catalyst then uses that double bond in a reaction with ethylene, which contains two carbon atoms. This attaches one carbon atom to the end to make propylene, containing three carbon atoms, leaving a chain that is once carbon atom shorter.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e8:T1f4d,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWorld’s first fully robotic double lung transplant performed at NYU\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"NYU Langone performs the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant, marking a breakthrough in minimally invasive surgical care.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"World’s first fully robotic double lung transplant performed at NYU\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"NYU Langone performs the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant, marking a breakthrough in minimally invasive surgical care.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T16:44:06+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" 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content=\"2024-11-22T16:36:38+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"ya:ovs:allow_embed\" content=\"true\" /\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e9:T17e7,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ea:T9ff,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-advancing-lung-surgery\"\u003eAdvancing lung surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eOn October 22, 2024, a double lung transplant was performed on Cheryl Mehrkar, four days after she was added to the transplant list following months of evaluation.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosed with COPD at 43, she inherited a genetic predisposition to lung disease, and her condition worsened after contracting COVID-19 in 2022. An adventurous individual, she was a scuba divemaster, avid motorcyclist, and karate black belt, operating a dojo with her husband for over 20 years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHealth challenges led her to retire from teaching karate, but she continued serving her community as a volunteer emergency medical technician with the Union Vale Fire Department in Dutchess County, New York, where she remains active.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg\" alt=\"World's first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\" class=\"wp-image-122453\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T194059.690.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eWorld\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant patient, Cheryl Mehrkar, with husband Shahin and surgeon Stephanie Chang.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003e“By using these robotic systems, we aim to reduce the impact this major surgery has on patients, limit their postoperative pain, and give them the best possible outcome,\u0026#8221; said Stephanie H. Chang, surgical director of the Lung Transplant Program for the NYU Langone Transplant Institute, in a \u003ca href=\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003estatement\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA month earlier, Chang and her team at NYU had performed the nation’s first fully robotic single lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"eb:T8da,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-autonomous-surgery\"\u003eAutonomous surgery\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis month, a \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003erobot\u003c/a\u003e trained solely by analyzing videos of experienced surgeons successfully replicated complex surgical procedures with skills comparable to human doctors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe advancement highlighted the potential of imitation learning, a method that brings robotic surgery closer to autonomy, where robots could \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eindependently\u003c/a\u003e perform intricate procedures without human intervention.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eResearchers from Stanford University and Johns Hopkins University trained a da Vinci Surgical System robot in three basic activities: suturing, \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003etissue\u003c/a\u003e lifting, and needle handling. The robot performed these activities with human-like skill by using imitation learning, which eliminated the necessity for meticulously programming each movement for each medical procedure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Is the future of surgery robotic?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/ELq6-9jQgeU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen\u003e\u003c/iframe\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eKinematic data, which mathematically represents robotic motion, was combined with methods from sophisticated language models to create the training model, which included machine learning concepts. With this method, the robot was able to learn from surgical videos that were recorded by da Vinci systems\u0026#8217; wrist-mounted cameras. With over 7,000 da Vinci robots and more than 50,000 surgeons trained worldwide, there is a sizable dataset to improve this technology even more.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ec:T206a,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eStarlink\u0026#039;s rival SpaceSail to provide satellite internet in Brazil\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet service in the region.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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internet\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"News\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Space\",\"item\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/space\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#website\",\"url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/\",\"name\":\"Interesting 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Engineering\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/#/schema/logo/image/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\",\"https://x.com/IntEngineering\",\"https://www.linkedin.com/company/interestingengineering/\"],\"email\":\"info@interestingengineering.com\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"201\",\"maxValue\":\"500\"},\"publishingPrinciples\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/home-page\"}]}\u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ed:T1606,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese company is challenging dominance of Elon Musk\u0026#8217;s Starlink in the Latin American region. Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. By the end of June this year, 546 commercial space enterprises were registered and effectively operating in \u003ca href=\"http://english.scio.gov.cn/chinavoices/2024-11/21/content_117561027.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eChina\u003c/a\u003e. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eBrazil\u0026#8217;s deal with SpaceSail is likely aimed at warning Elon Musk and Starlink, which is the world\u0026#8217;s first and largest satellite constellation using a low Earth orbit to deliver broadband internet capable of supporting streaming, online gaming, video calls and more.\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ee:Ta9f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-to-bring-satellite-based-internet-access\"\u003eSpaceSail to bring satellite-based internet access\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail plans to bring satellite-based \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/modular-satellite-system-could-unlock-space-based-solar-power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e access to areas with limited connectivity by deploying its Qianfan, or “Thousand Sails”, constellation, a low-Earth orbit satellite network currently under construction that would support Brazil’s national digital inclusion policies, reported \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBrazilian officials have reportedly been discussing satellite internet possibility with SpaceSail since August. SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s CEO had also met Brazilian Vice President Geraldo Alckmin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn October, officials from the Brazilian Communications Ministry SpaceSail\u0026#8217;s \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/china-launches-first-reusable-satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003efactory\u003c/a\u003e in China.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Shanghai-based firm is expected to kick start satellite internet in Brazil in two years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-elon-musk-s-open-public-dispute-with-brazilian-supreme-court\"\u003eElon Musk\u0026#8217;s open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt came after Elon Musk has been in an open public dispute with Brazilian Supreme Court, which banned the X \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/1st-ever-autonomous-satellite-swarm-navigation-in-orbit-achieved-by-stanford\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eplatform\u003c/a\u003e for a month in August. The court maintained that the social media platform failed to refused to comply with its orders.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eStarlink was caught in the crossfire, as its bank accounts were frozen to ensure the payment of fines levied against X. Starlink has rapidly grown to become Brazil’s top satellite \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/super-maneuverable-satellite-unveiled\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003einternet\u003c/a\u003e provider, gobbling up 47 percent of the market. It provides connectivity to roughly 224,000 customers, mostly in remote parts of the country. Starlink is essential to farmers, companies from various sectors, and indigenous communities, according to \u003ca href=\"https://brazilian.report/liveblog/politics-insider/2024/11/19/agreement-china-starlink-competitor-spacesail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eThe Brazilian Report\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ef:T61f,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-spacesail-launched-36-satellites-into-low-earth-orbit\"\u003eSpaceSail launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eSpaceSail, which has launched 36 satellites into low-Earth orbit, is expected to have over 600 satellites in orbit by late 2025. The company\u0026#8217;s plan is to launch a network of nearly 14,000 satellites for low-latency, high-speed, and ultra-reliable satellite internet services globally.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, SpaceSail is in negotiations with more than 30 countries and is promoting commercial applications for its Qianfan constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eQianfan is one of two Chinese megaconstellations aimed at challenging Starlink’s dominance. The other, Guowang, also known as SatNet, is being developed by China Satellite Network Group near Beijing and expected to comprise around 13,000 satellites. Construction on Guowang is set to begin soon, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3287502/china-tech-firm-gains-altitude-brazil-embraces-alternative-elon-musks-starlink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eSCMP\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"\u003e\nhttps://twitter.com/mincomunicacoes/status/1859024586857414848\n\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe company will start its satellite internet service in 2025. It will facilitate fields such as transportation, new energy, smart cities, smart agriculture, emergency disaster relief, and low-altitude economy.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f0:T1be2,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eCoatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" /\u003e\n\u003clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coatings enhance performance of everyday objects, jets, and spacecraft\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"From everyday objects to those sent out in space, specialized coatings help deliver superior outcomes that regular materials can\u0026#039;t.\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Interesting Engineering\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https://www.facebook.com/interestingengineering/\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:19+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-22T14:59:27+00:00\" /\u003e\n\u003cmeta property=\"og:image\" 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plugin. --\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f1:T15f6,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f2:T4b5,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMostly seamless in their presence, these coatings help make our lives simpler, more efficient, and safer. Not just on Earth, but they also prevent astronauts from falling sick.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-astronauts-and-toothpastes\"\u003eAstronauts and toothpastes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhen bacteria grow together on a surface, they secrete small molecules that form a film to help their populations thrive. These films, known as biofilms, can contain toxins that prevent other organisms from growing and make humans extremely sick if ingested.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn low-gravity environments such as spacecraft, bacteria grow at an accelerated pace, and so do biofilms. Left unchecked, these films can contaminate water supplies. In worst-case scenarios, they can also cause mechanical failures, risking astronaut health and safety.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA research team led by Kripa Varanasi, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a slippery coating using solid materials and a lubricant that prevents biofilm formation in spacecraft. This was tested on the International Space Station (ISS) in an experiment a few years ago.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f3:T9f9,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg\" alt=\"International Space Station\" class=\"wp-image-122370\" srcset=\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg 1920w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=300,169 300w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/ISS.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eA special slipper coating on pipes inside the ISS can help astronauts keep safe from microbial biofilms. Image credit: \u003ca href=\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/international-space-station-in-2022-in-outer-space-iss-floating-on-orbit-of-earth-gm1362967310-434707465?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003edima_zel/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, a similarly slippery coating helps remove the last ounce of toothpaste from the tube. Varanasi\u0026#8217;s company also provides the coating for that, saving you pennies every month.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eHigh performance, delivered\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eNearly a century ago, the jet engine was invented, but without \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/new-coating-reduces-fatberg-build-up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003especialized coatings\u003c/a\u003e, it wouldn\u0026#8217;t fly around as easily as it does today. While the principle of a jet engine is straightforward, the engineering isn\u0026#8217;t.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHot air from the engine\u0026#8217;s exhaust often reaches temperatures above 1,832 Fahrenheit (1,000 degrees Celsius). At these temperatures, the engine\u0026#8217;s metal should melt, shutting down operations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, a ceramic coating on the metal allows it to continue operation. Now, researchers are working to improve the coating even further. Just a 30 degree Celsius increase in temperatures inside the engine can deliver eight percent of fuel savings, reducing costs and carbon emissions simultaneously, a \u003cem\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eBBC\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj9n1939ryzo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"\u003e report\u003c/a\u003e said. \u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f4:T479,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA UK-based company is developing coatings for moving components in satellites. The challenge is tougher because the coatings need to withstand normal atmospheric conditions during pre-launch and intense radiation and dust particles when in orbit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA \u003ca href=\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-cheap-iron-coating-camouflages-military-jets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"dofollow\"\u003eslippery coating\u003c/a\u003e made from silicon carbide is helping companies save millions every year. Large-scale and powerful industrial machinery is prone to wear and tear. However, in the case of aluminum manufacturing and repair, this can demand retooling every two days.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA US-based machine and supply firm spent $4.5 million a year rebuilding its roller tools to work with aluminum. With a coating, the tool needs rebuilding only once a week, and costs have shrunk to less than a third now, the BBC report added.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eYet, we haven\u0026#8217;t fully explored this area, and much remains to be discovered and applied. When engineering seems to hit its limits, coatings always manage to deliver a way out.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"f5:T187c,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003c!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.8 (Yoast SEO v22.8) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --\u003e\n\u003ctitle\u003eWhy Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out\u003c/title\u003e\n\u003cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Watch Why Tesla\u0026#039;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out on Interesting Engineering. 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military, inventions and machines\"}]],[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$1a\"}}],[\"$\",\"main\",null,{\"className\":\"t-bg-surface-primary t-pt-[10px] mb:t-pt-[70px]\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L1b\",null,{\"articleData\":{\"postType\":\"innovation\",\"isStaging\":true,\"content\":{\"id\":118370,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Inventions and Machines\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$1c\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe absence of self-destruct option on nuclear weapons is by design, but experts argue the time is right to revoke this.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe absence of self-destruct option on nuclear weapons is by design, but experts argue the time is right to revoke this.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":9384,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$1d\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-test\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eUS tests hypersonic nuclear missile ahead of Trump’s election as 47th President\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eWhat Is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile and How Does It Work?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/us-pentagon-nuclear-missiles\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eHomeland defense: Pentagon’s costly bet on next-gen nuclear missiles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:30\",\"timeAgo\":\"6 days ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:37\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 17, 2024 07:58 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 17, 2024 07:58 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/abort-missile.jpg\",\"title\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"name\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"alt_text\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"description\":\"Representational image of a military missile control center.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-soldiers-launching-nuclear-missiles-in-command-center-gm1306804009-397279776?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEvgeniyShkolenko/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent global nuclear military doctrine is based on a game of cat and mouse where the outcome could well be the destruction of the human race. It revolves around the assumption that any belligerent deployment of nuclear weapons upon one nuclear nation, no matter how limited, could result in an all-out thermonuclear war.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis premise hinges on the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a strategic concept that ensures any initial nuclear strike would prompt a devastating retaliatory response, leading to the mutual obliteration of all involved.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$1e\",\"$1f\",\"$20\",\"$21\",\"$22\",\"$23\",\"$24\",\"$25\",\"$26\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of a military missile control center.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-soldiers-launching-nuclear-missiles-in-command-center-gm1306804009-397279776?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEvgeniyShkolenko/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-test\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eUS tests hypersonic nuclear missile ahead of Trump’s election as 47th President\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eWhat Is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile and How Does It Work?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/us-pentagon-nuclear-missiles\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eHomeland defense: Pentagon’s costly bet on next-gen nuclear missiles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-118370-speech-20241117125806.mp3\"},\"jobs\":[{\"id\":\"132280331\",\"title\":\"Senior Technology Engineer (Continuous Integration)\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/senior-technology-engineer-continuous-integration-2-at-the-travelers-companies-inc-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Atlanta\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":\"30301\",\"state\":\"GA\",\"city\":\"Atlanta\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"The Travelers Companies, 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University\",\"slug\":\"barmouth-university\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/barmouth-university\"},{\"name\":\"Roman aqueduct\",\"slug\":\"roman-aqueduct\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/roman-aqueduct\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Culture\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/culture\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$27\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"culture\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":6,\"title\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe aqueduct, now found to be two kilometers longer, helped supply fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), fueling public baths, fountains, and homes in Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe aqueduct, now found to be two kilometers longer, helped supply fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), fueling public baths, fountains, and homes in Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3622,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$28\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\\\"\u003eTop 10 Modern European Aqueducts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/the-rise-and-fall-of-roman-aqueducts\\\"\u003eThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-most-impressive-aqueduct\\\"\u003eWorld’s Most Impressive Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T09:31:30\",\"timeAgo\":\"10 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T09:31:38\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 04:31 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 04:31 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Course-of-the-Dorchester-Roman-Aqueduct.jpg\",\"title\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"name\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"alt_text\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"description\":\"The Dorchester Roman aqueduct viewed from Poundbury hillfort, Dorset, UK\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/24399\\\"\u003eJim Champion/geograph.org.uk\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Gairika Mitra\",\"slug\":\"gairika-mitra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/533774cd0926340da28638758fc342d3?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"gairika-mitra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/gairika-mitra\",\"description\":\"Gairika is a technology nerd, an introvert, and an avid reader. Lock her up in a room full of books, and you'll never hear her complain.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists at Bournemouth University have uncovered new details about the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester, revealing it was two kilometers longer than previously thought. The aqueduct is one of the longest and most-studied Roman watercourses in the country, extending to the village of Notton on the River Frome. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis structure supplied fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), a Roman settlement, supporting public baths, fountains, and wealthy households. Researchers believe the discovery highlights the importance of water management to Roman life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$29\",\"$2a\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cfigure class=\\\"wp-block-image\\\"\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\\\"async\\\" src=\\\"https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdX_fkqwoq5hRn2NdNL_YYaPLYbTokaQEY9tpftJPh7HC831iVyndL3Uy66PmDpE6LkdgFSmhksroXnyjMRU8o8fmxCEgmHa8ItGNFT5-T_tDwBGqa2EaeCb0kq-v_IQtNg-Q8JFQ?key=qakGroTTIVoDG7jbeknObM1_\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\\\"wp-element-caption\\\"\u003eRoute of aqueduct. Solid line represents the confirmed course, while the dotted line is the course inferred. Source: \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eBritannia, Cambridge University Press\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eConducting topographic and geophysical surveys on the valley sides west of Nunnery Mead could clarify the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s route, as per \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e. Surveys within the water meadows at Notton may help pinpoint the exact source of the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s water. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The Dorchester Roman aqueduct viewed from Poundbury hillfort, Dorset, UK\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/24399\\\"\u003eJim Champion/geograph.org.uk\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\\\"\u003eTop 10 Modern European Aqueducts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/the-rise-and-fall-of-roman-aqueducts\\\"\u003eThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-most-impressive-aqueduct\\\"\u003eWorld’s Most Impressive Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122560,\"tags\":[\"black hole\",\"quantum gravity\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"black hole\",\"slug\":\"black-hole\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/black-hole\"},{\"name\":\"quantum gravity\",\"slug\":\"quantum-gravity\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/quantum-gravity\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$2b\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3718,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$2c\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12\",\"timeAgo\":\"11 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"alt_text\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"slug\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/ezxD3WoNFvMj.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"description\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt is an experienced writer, researcher, journalist, and filmmaker. With a B.Sc (Hons.) in Science and PGJMC in Mass Communications, he has been actively working with some of the most innovative brands, news agencies, digital magazines, documentary filmmakers, and nonprofits from different parts of the globe. As an author, he works with a vision to bring forward the right information and encourage a constructive mindset among the masses.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$2d\",\"$2e\",\"$2f\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\\\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$30\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$31\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"12 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$32\",\"$33\",\"$34\",\"$35\",\"$36\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-122492-speech-20241123070916.mp3\"},{\"id\":122530,\"tags\":[\"Asteriods\",\"Earth\",\"Meteorite\",\"Scientific Research\",\"Space\",\"taurid 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Arizona.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4009,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$38\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09\",\"timeAgo\":\"20 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"title\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"name\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"alt_text\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch2 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-16-inch-asteroid\\\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$39\",\"$3a\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122535,\"tags\":[\"Culture\",\"light\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/culture\"},{\"name\":\"light\",\"slug\":\"light\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/light\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Culture\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/culture\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$3b\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"culture\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":6,\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8146,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$3c\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"21 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:10\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":true,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png\",\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"name\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"alt_text\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kaif Shaikh\",\"slug\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Untitled-22.png\",\"page_url\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kaif-shaikh-2\",\"description\":\"Kaif Shaikh is a journalist and writer passionate about turning complex information into clear, impactful stories. His writing covers technology, sustainability, geopolitics, and occasionally fiction. In the digital media space, he has worked with leaders from industries as diverse as immunology, AI, SaaS, manufacturing, and even furniture. Apart from the long list of things he does outside work, he likes to read, breathe, and practice gratitude.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eImagine a light bulb that has been burning since 1901. Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$3d\",\"$3e\",\"$3f\",\"$40\",\"$41\",\"$42\",\"$43\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":true,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122514,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Electric\",\"engine\",\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"Hybrid\",\"jet propulsion\",\"US Army\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Electric\",\"slug\":\"electric\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/electric\"},{\"name\":\"engine\",\"slug\":\"engine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/engine\"},{\"name\":\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"slug\":\"hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"Hybrid\",\"slug\":\"hybrid\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hybrid\"},{\"name\":\"jet propulsion\",\"slug\":\"jet-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/jet-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"US Army\",\"slug\":\"us-army\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-army\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$44\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4142,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$45\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:22\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:29\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\",\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"name\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"alt_text\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$46\",\"$47\",\"$48\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122523,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"Inventions and Machines\",\"Lexicon\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"},{\"name\":\"Lexicon\",\"slug\":\"lexicon\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/lexicon\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Transportation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Transportation\",\"slug\":\"transportation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/transportation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$49\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":7074,\"readTime\":\"5 minutes\",\"body\":\"$4a\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:47\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:54\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"name\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"alt_text\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"$4b\",\"$4c\",\"$4d\",\"$4e\",\"$4f\",\"$50\",\"$51\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122442,\"tags\":[\"boron ramjet\",\"China boron\",\"China ramjet\",\"engine\",\"Hypersonic\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"boron ramjet\",\"slug\":\"boron-ramjet\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/boron-ramjet\"},{\"name\":\"China boron\",\"slug\":\"china-boron\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/china-boron\"},{\"name\":\"China 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unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3021,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$53\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:30:10\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:37:02\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:30 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:37 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png\",\"title\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"name\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"alt_text\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$54\",\"$55\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122484,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Missile\",\"Nuclear\",\"Nuclear missiles\",\"nuclear submarines\",\"Submarines\",\"US Navy\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Missile\",\"slug\":\"missile\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/missile\"},{\"name\":\"Nuclear\",\"slug\":\"nuclear\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear\"},{\"name\":\"Nuclear missiles\",\"slug\":\"nuclear-missiles\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear-missiles\"},{\"name\":\"nuclear submarines\",\"slug\":\"nuclear-submarines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear-submarines\"},{\"name\":\"Submarines\",\"slug\":\"submarines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/submarines\"},{\"name\":\"US Navy\",\"slug\":\"us-navy\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-navy\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$56\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4233,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$57\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:13\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:46 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:46 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\",\"title\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"name\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"alt_text\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$58\",\"$59\",\"$5a\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":121611,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Space\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/space\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$5b\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"space\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":652,\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":9292,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$5c\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:26 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:31 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"name\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"alt_text\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"slug\":\"sade-agard\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/DoK2hv5YUdDF.png\",\"page_url\":\"sade-agard\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/sade-agard\",\"description\":\"Sade is a geology graduate and Fellow of The Geological Society of London who she has experience publishing for. She enjoys writing and editing features of a range of scientific topics, with special interest in Earth science. Based in Windsor, Sade enjoys travelling to various sites of outstanding nature and has also lived in Thailand for a year.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space, a Spanish startup, is bringing near-space tourism closer to reality with its \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e capsule\u003c/a\u003e. Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$5d\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$5e\",\"$5f\",\"$60\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$61\",\"$62\",\"$63\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-121611-speech-20241119183535.mp3\"}],\"recommendations\":[{\"id\":122619,\"tags\":[\"AI\",\"Inventions and Machines\",\"Robotics\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"AI\",\"slug\":\"ai\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/ai\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"},{\"name\":\"Robotics\",\"slug\":\"robotics\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/robotics\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$64\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eCalled ZRob, the new robotic drummer could help human musicians reach new heights of creativity.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eCalled ZRob, the new robotic drummer could help human musicians reach new heights of creativity.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4337,\"readTime\":\"4 minutes\",\"body\":\"$65\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eVideo: The humanoid robot CyberOne is playing a drum set without missing any beat\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/beat-by-beat-how-sony-is-using-ai-to-replace-drummers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBeat by Beat: How Sony is Using AI to Replace Drummers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/this-incredibly-cool-music-video-features-real-life-robots-as-band-members\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eThis Incredibly Cool Music Video Features Real-Life Robots As Band Members\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T14:21:04\",\"timeAgo\":\"5 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T14:21:11\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 09:21 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 09:21 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/robotic-drummer.jpg\",\"title\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"name\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"alt_text\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"description\":\"Image of the new drumming robot.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers from the University of Oslo have developed a new robot that can create new rhythms and play drums faster than a human. Called the ZRob, the new robot could open doors for new musical applications and offer new insights for future developments in robotics in general.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Mojtaba Karbasi, the drumming robot as part of his doctoral thesis at the RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion, University of Oslo. \u0026#8220;Playing together, the robots will find a pattern unlike everything else,\u0026#8221; \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/people/phd-fellows/mojtabak/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e says.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$66\",\"$67\",\"$68\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, Karbasi postulated that this kind of robot could be used to inspire musicians or even help them practice. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If you play the guitar and sing, you can get a drum robot to play with you. If you are a drummer who has lost an arm, you can use a robot as a replacement,\u0026#8221; Jensenius says.\u0026nbsp;The research, according to Jensenius, also possesses significant transfer value.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If we manage to create complex drum robots that sense and adapt their behavior accordingly, we are closer to creating robots that can perform other types of actions, such as lifting a glass of water or cutting a cucumber without problems,\u0026#8221; he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Image of the new drumming robot.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eVideo: The humanoid robot CyberOne is playing a drum set without missing any beat\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/beat-by-beat-how-sony-is-using-ai-to-replace-drummers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBeat by Beat: How Sony is Using AI to Replace Drummers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/this-incredibly-cool-music-video-features-real-life-robots-as-band-members\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eThis Incredibly Cool Music Video Features Real-Life Robots As Band Members\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122650,\"tags\":[\"AI\",\"AI chip\",\"China\",\"Health\",\"Huawei\",\"Medtech\",\"Nvidia\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"AI\",\"slug\":\"ai\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/ai\"},{\"name\":\"AI 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AI chips to power China\u0026#8217;s next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Hong Kong, set up by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot model, designed to assist in surgical procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Hong Kong, set up by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot model, designed to assist in surgical procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3132,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$6a\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\\\"\u003eAscend 910C: Huawei tests powerful AI chips in China to counter Nvidia, US ban\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\\\"\u003eHuawei takes center stage in the China-US AI chip race\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/nvidias-chinas-gpu-play-out\\\"\u003eChipping away at NVIDIA’s monopoly: How will China’s GPU catch-up play out?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:32:39\",\"timeAgo\":\"5 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:32:48\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:32 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:32 AM 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href=\\\"https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/closeup-electronic-circuit-board-with-cpu-microchip-electronic-components-background_1192926.htm#fromView=search\u0026amp;page=1\u0026amp;position=44\u0026amp;uuid=0d5d7c8a-1814-453c-9ca3-d7263bbda494\\\"\u003eFreepik\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Bojan Stojkovski\",\"slug\":\"bojan-stojkovski\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd5ba738ed0352dc008239f237f44a5d?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"bojan-stojkovski\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/bojan-stojkovski\",\"description\":\"Bojan Stojkovski is a freelance journalist based in Skopje, North Macedonia, covering foreign policy and technology for more than a decade. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy, ZDNet, and Nature.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Hong Kong in 2019, unveiled its latest AI model, Cares Copilot 2.0, on Friday. The model is designed to support surgeons with tasks such as surgical planning, generating diagnostic reports, and retrieving similar case files.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe upgraded model, building on its previous version released in March, was trained using Huawei’s Ascend 910B AI chip, which the company claims offers performance comparable to the Nvidia A100. According to CAIR Executive Director Liu Hongbin, Huawei’s chips \u0026#8220;essentially meet\u0026#8221; the lab’s research requirements, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3287788/huaweis-ai-chips-fill-nvidia-sized-hole-medical-research-hong-kong\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-advancements-in-huawei-s-ai-chip-technology\\\"\u003eAdvancements in Huawei’s AI chip technology\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eIn August 2023, CAIR signed a memorandum of cooperation with Huawei to collaborate on integrating AI applications in surgery. Anticipating ongoing restrictions on access to high-end US chips, the research center sought alternative solutions. Since then, Huawei’s AI chip capabilities have progressed rapidly, according to CAIR\u0026#8217;s leadership.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAs Liu explains, the progress of Huawei\u0026#8217;s AI chips has been significant, and what initially took one to two months to complete with the same amount of data is now finished in about one week.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eCares Copilot 2.0, built on Meta Platforms’ Llama 2 open-source large language model (LLM) and trained using Huawei’s Atlas 800T A2 server, has been implemented in hospitals such as the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong, according to Liu.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$6b\",\"$6c\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of an electronic circuit board\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/closeup-electronic-circuit-board-with-cpu-microchip-electronic-components-background_1192926.htm#fromView=search\u0026amp;page=1\u0026amp;position=44\u0026amp;uuid=0d5d7c8a-1814-453c-9ca3-d7263bbda494\\\"\u003eFreepik\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\\\"\u003eAscend 910C: Huawei tests powerful AI chips in China to counter Nvidia, US ban\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\\\"\u003eHuawei takes center stage in the China-US AI chip race\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/nvidias-chinas-gpu-play-out\\\"\u003eChipping away at NVIDIA’s monopoly: How will China’s GPU catch-up play out?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122624,\"tags\":[\"China\",\"Defense \u0026amp; 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His work has appeared in Foreign Policy, ZDNet, and Nature.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese military-developed supercomputer has once again ranked first in an international test of AI computing efficiency. Tianhe, created by the National University of Defense Technology, tops the latest list of the world’s most power-efficient big data processing systems, achieving its second win since 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe advanced computing power of supercomputers can be applied to simulations for studying climate change, conducting materials research, exploring space, and developing treatments for various diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$6f\",\"$70\",\"$71\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-rankings\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of a high-tech database super computer clean room\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/shot-of-modern-data-center-with-multiple-rows-of-operational-server-racks-modern-gm1148196201-310003505\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003egorodenkoff\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/us-supercomputer-hits-1-35-quintillion-calculations-per-second-with-new-speed-power\\\"\u003eUS supercomputer hits 1.35 quintillion calculations per second with new speed power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/japan-worlds-1st-zeta-class-supercomputer\\\"\u003eJapan to build supercomputer 1000 times faster than world’s most powerful machines\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-unveils-fastest-homegrown-supercomputer\\\"\u003eTianhe Xingyi: China unveils the ‘fastest’ homegrown supercomputer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122662,\"tags\":[],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$72\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":2,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eKamikaze drones are reshaping modern warfare, offering stealth, accessibility, and deadly precision. What makes them so effective, and how are defenses evolving?\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eKamikaze drones are reshaping modern warfare, offering stealth, accessibility, and deadly precision. What makes them so effective, and how are defenses evolving?\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":1260,\"readTime\":\"1 minute\",\"body\":\"$73\",\"related_content\":\"\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/are-kamikaze-drones-a-threat-to-the-america\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T10:45:24\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T10:45:25\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 05:45 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 05:45 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/WEB_025458.jpg\",\"title\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"name\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"alt_text\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"description\":\"\",\"reference\":\"\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Pelin Sener\",\"slug\":\"pelin-sener\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/411024a83be8b93d071003ffe36836e8?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"pelin-sener\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/pelin-sener\",\"description\":\"\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eKamikaze drones, or loitering munitions, are revolutionizing modern warfare with their unique blend of stealth, accessibility, and deadly precision. These drones are difficult to detect, inexpensive to produce, and disturbingly easy to deploy, allowing even smaller groups to access cutting-edge military technology. Designed to loiter in the air before targeting and striking with explosive payloads, they can blend seamlessly into civilian areas, making them particularly hard to counter. This combination of factors has made them a growing threat on the battlefield and a challenge for global security forces.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eTo combat this rising threat, military organizations are developing a range of defensive measures, from advanced radar systems to detect drones early, to electronic jamming technologies that disrupt their communication and navigation. AI-driven defense networks are also being implemented to identify and neutralize drones more effectively. Despite these advancements, the rapid evolution of drone technology and the relative ease of their acquisition mean the threat is far from under control. The race to develop countermeasures is ongoing, as nations strive to adapt to the growing use of kamikaze drones in conflicts around the world.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/are-kamikaze-drones-a-threat-to-the-america\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":2,\"source_target\":\"uK7VgEKiJ7c\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\",\"video_source_type\":\"2\",\"video_source_target\":\"uK7VgEKiJ7c\",\"connatix_body_script\":\"\",\"feed_video_source_target\":\"\",\"feed_video_upload_date\":\"\",\"feed_video_description\":\"\",\"feed_video_duration\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$74\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$75\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"12 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$76\",\"$77\",\"$78\",\"$79\",\"$7a\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca 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remove, prepare, and implant lungs, completing a fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3794,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$7c\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\\\"\u003eBreakthrough robot nails surgery like a human doctor after watching videos \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\\\"\u003eWorld’s 1st robot surgeon concept for head-swap surgery shocks internet \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\\\"\u003eLab-made muscle: New laser 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fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"alt_text\":\"NYU performs world\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Jijo Malayil\",\"slug\":\"jijo-malayil\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/SMgGAAR337pt.png\",\"page_url\":\"jijo-malayil\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/jijo-malayil\",\"description\":\"Jijo is an automotive and business journalist based in India. Armed with a BA in History (Honors) from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University, and a PG diploma in Journalism from the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Delhi, he has worked for news agencies, national newspapers, and automotive magazines. In his spare time, he likes to go off-roading, engage in political discourse, travel, and teach languages.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$7d\",\"$7e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\\\"\u003eBreakthrough robot nails surgery like a human doctor after watching videos \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\\\"\u003eWorld’s 1st robot surgeon concept for head-swap surgery shocks internet \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\\\"\u003eLab-made muscle: New laser tech grows real human tissues to replace lab rats\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 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He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese company is challenging dominance of Elon Musk\u0026#8217;s Starlink in the Latin American region. Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$81\",\"$82\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. 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A Molecular Biologist at heart, he traded the micropipette to write about science during the pandemic and does not want to go back. He likes to write about genetics, microbes, technology, and public policy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$85\",\"$86\",\"$87\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational stock image of jet engine powered plane. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/f-a-18c-hornet-catapult-launch-gm118958406-12105473?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003ezoltanpocza/iStock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/rare-earth-oxides-turbine-engine\\\"\u003eTurbine engines run at record 3,300°F with rare Earth oxide coating\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/new-coating-stops-biofouling-of-solar-cells\\\"\u003eNew coating keeps underwater solar cells 100% powerful, biofoul free\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solar-cell-coating-boosts-efficiency\\\"\u003eNew coating removes solar panel defects, boosts efficiency to 31%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122428,\"tags\":[],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$88\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":2,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Why Tesla\u0026#8217;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eTesla\u0026#8217;s Optimus hype grew as the Tesla Bot Action Figure, mirroring its larger counterpart, sold out in under 24 hours. 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Designed to resemble and move like its full-scale counterpart, the collectible sold out in less than 24 hours, captivating fans and collectors alike.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe allure lies in its connection to the groundbreaking Optimus robot and Tesla’s vision of the future. 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self-destruct option on nuclear weapons is by design, but experts argue the time is right to revoke this.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":9384,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$8a\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-test\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eUS tests hypersonic nuclear missile ahead of Trump’s election as 47th President\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eWhat Is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile and How Does It Work?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/us-pentagon-nuclear-missiles\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eHomeland defense: Pentagon’s costly bet on next-gen nuclear missiles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:30\",\"timeAgo\":\"6 days ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-17T12:58:37\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 17, 2024 07:58 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 17, 2024 07:58 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/abort-missile.jpg\",\"title\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"name\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"alt_text\":\"Beyond the point of no return: Why aren\u0026#8217;t self-aborting nuclear weapons a thing?\",\"description\":\"Representational image of a military missile control center.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-soldiers-launching-nuclear-missiles-in-command-center-gm1306804009-397279776?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEvgeniyShkolenko/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent global nuclear military doctrine is based on a game of cat and mouse where the outcome could well be the destruction of the human race. It revolves around the assumption that any belligerent deployment of nuclear weapons upon one nuclear nation, no matter how limited, could result in an all-out thermonuclear war.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis premise hinges on the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), a strategic concept that ensures any initial nuclear strike would prompt a devastating retaliatory response, leading to the mutual obliteration of all involved.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$8b\",\"$8c\",\"$8d\",\"$8e\",\"$8f\",\"$90\",\"$91\",\"$92\",\"$93\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/why-arent-self-aborting-nuclear-weapons-a-thing\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of a military missile control center.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/male-soldiers-launching-nuclear-missiles-in-command-center-gm1306804009-397279776?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEvgeniyShkolenko/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-minuteman-iii-ballistic-missile-test\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eUS tests hypersonic nuclear missile ahead of Trump’s election as 47th President\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-an-intercontinental-ballistic-missile-and-how-does-it-work\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eWhat Is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile and How Does It Work?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/us-pentagon-nuclear-missiles\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eHomeland defense: Pentagon’s costly bet on next-gen nuclear missiles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-118370-speech-20241117125806.mp3\"},\"jobs\":[{\"id\":\"132280331\",\"title\":\"Senior Technology Engineer (Continuous Integration)\",\"url\":\"https://jobs.interestingengineering.com/job/senior-technology-engineer-continuous-integration-2-at-the-travelers-companies-inc-2?source=mini_export\",\"location\":{\"country\":\"United States\",\"address\":\"Atlanta\",\"country_short\":\"US\",\"post_code\":\"30301\",\"state\":\"GA\",\"city\":\"Atlanta\"},\"company\":{\"name\":\"The Travelers Companies, 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University\",\"slug\":\"barmouth-university\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/barmouth-university\"},{\"name\":\"Roman aqueduct\",\"slug\":\"roman-aqueduct\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/roman-aqueduct\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Culture\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/culture\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$94\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"culture\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":6,\"title\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe aqueduct, now found to be two kilometers longer, helped supply fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), fueling public baths, fountains, and homes in Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe aqueduct, now found to be two kilometers longer, helped supply fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), fueling public baths, fountains, and homes in Roman Britain.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3622,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$95\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\\\"\u003eTop 10 Modern European Aqueducts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/the-rise-and-fall-of-roman-aqueducts\\\"\u003eThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-most-impressive-aqueduct\\\"\u003eWorld’s Most Impressive Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T09:31:30\",\"timeAgo\":\"10 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T09:31:38\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 04:31 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 04:31 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Course-of-the-Dorchester-Roman-Aqueduct.jpg\",\"title\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"name\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"alt_text\":\"Most-studied Roman aqueduct near Dorchester longer than previous estimates: Study\",\"description\":\"The Dorchester Roman aqueduct viewed from Poundbury hillfort, Dorset, UK\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/24399\\\"\u003eJim Champion/geograph.org.uk\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Gairika Mitra\",\"slug\":\"gairika-mitra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/533774cd0926340da28638758fc342d3?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"gairika-mitra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/gairika-mitra\",\"description\":\"Gairika is a technology nerd, an introvert, and an avid reader. Lock her up in a room full of books, and you'll never hear her complain.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eArchaeologists at Bournemouth University have uncovered new details about the Roman aqueduct near Dorchester, revealing it was two kilometers longer than previously thought. The aqueduct is one of the longest and most-studied Roman watercourses in the country, extending to the village of Notton on the River Frome. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis structure supplied fresh water to Durnovaria (modern Dorchester), a Roman settlement, supporting public baths, fountains, and wealthy households. Researchers believe the discovery highlights the importance of water management to Roman life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$96\",\"$97\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cfigure class=\\\"wp-block-image\\\"\u003e\u003cimg decoding=\\\"async\\\" src=\\\"https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdX_fkqwoq5hRn2NdNL_YYaPLYbTokaQEY9tpftJPh7HC831iVyndL3Uy66PmDpE6LkdgFSmhksroXnyjMRU8o8fmxCEgmHa8ItGNFT5-T_tDwBGqa2EaeCb0kq-v_IQtNg-Q8JFQ?key=qakGroTTIVoDG7jbeknObM1_\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" /\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\\\"wp-element-caption\\\"\u003eRoute of aqueduct. Solid line represents the confirmed course, while the dotted line is the course inferred. Source: \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/britannia/article/source-of-confusion-new-archaeological-evidence-for-the-dorchester-aqueduct/77E3C50EEFF5218559F9A0A89DF45077\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eBritannia, Cambridge University Press\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eConducting topographic and geophysical surveys on the valley sides west of Nunnery Mead could clarify the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s route, as per \u003cem\u003eBritannia\u003c/em\u003e. Surveys within the water meadows at Notton may help pinpoint the exact source of the aqueduct\u0026#8217;s water. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/most-studied-roman-aqueduct-near-dorchester-found-to-extend-two-kilometers\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The Dorchester Roman aqueduct viewed from Poundbury hillfort, Dorset, UK\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/24399\\\"\u003eJim Champion/geograph.org.uk\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/top-10-modern-european-aqueducts-incomplete\\\"\u003eTop 10 Modern European Aqueducts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/the-rise-and-fall-of-roman-aqueducts\\\"\u003eThe Rise and Fall of the Roman Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/worlds-most-impressive-aqueduct\\\"\u003eWorld’s Most Impressive Aqueduct\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122560,\"tags\":[\"black hole\",\"quantum gravity\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"black hole\",\"slug\":\"black-hole\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/black-hole\"},{\"name\":\"quantum gravity\",\"slug\":\"quantum-gravity\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/quantum-gravity\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$98\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"science\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":8,\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe model shows that quantum effects cause an event horizon to form around a naked singularity, hiding it from view.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3718,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$99\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:12\",\"timeAgo\":\"11 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:52:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:52 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Black-hole.jpg\",\"title\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"name\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"alt_text\":\"\u0026#8216;Cosmic censorship\u0026#8217; confirmed: New quantum model unlocks black hole singularities\",\"description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt\",\"slug\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/ezxD3WoNFvMj.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/rupendra-brahambhatt\",\"description\":\"Rupendra Brahambhatt is an experienced writer, researcher, journalist, and filmmaker. With a B.Sc (Hons.) in Science and PGJMC in Mass Communications, he has been actively working with some of the most innovative brands, news agencies, digital magazines, documentary filmmakers, and nonprofits from different parts of the globe. As an author, he works with a vision to bring forward the right information and encourage a constructive mindset among the masses.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proposed the cosmic censorship conjecture, a concept that suggests that singularities — regions where gravity is so strong that the fabric of spacetime breaks, can never be viewed as they remain hidden behind the event horizon of black holes.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePenrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize for his work that describes that singularities are the unique points in spacetime where classical laws of physics such as\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/study-challenges-einsteins-relativity-theory-finds-instability-in-black-holes\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e general relativity don’t work\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$9a\",\"$9b\",\"$9c\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ca href=\\\"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.181501\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003estudy\u003c/a\u003e is published in the journal \u003cem\u003ePhysical Review Letters\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-hole-singularity-remains-hidden\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The model suggests that quantum matter causes a singularity to be hidden behind an event horizon. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/time-warp-traveling-through-space-and-time-gm1481356082-508678536?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePitri\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003es/iStock\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-simulate-environment-of-enigmatic-black-holes-in-a-hi-tech-lab\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists simulate environment of enigmatic black holes in a hi-tech lab\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/black-holes-are-frozen-stars\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eEinstein’s theory challenged: Black holes could be frozen stars, claims study\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/levitating-magnets-quantum-gravity\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eScientists use levitating magnets to understand quantum gravity\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$9d\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$9e\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"12 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$9f\",\"$a0\",\"$a1\",\"$a2\",\"$a3\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-122492-speech-20241123070916.mp3\"},{\"id\":122530,\"tags\":[\"Asteriods\",\"Earth\",\"Meteorite\",\"Scientific Research\",\"Space\",\"taurid 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Arizona.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4009,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$a5\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:09\",\"timeAgo\":\"20 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:45:17\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:45 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T020714.554.jpg\",\"title\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"name\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"alt_text\":\"Scientists discover smallest known 16-inch asteroid after Niagara fireball event\",\"description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn an international study led by Western University and Lowell Observatory, scientists have developed a pioneering approach for studying near-Earth asteroids.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis approach was demonstrated through a November 2022 fireball event that dropped meteorites in the Niagara region.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe research focuses on Asteroid 2022 WJ1 (WJ1), which fractured upon entering Earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBy comparing Arizona-based telescopic observations with video captured by Western’s Southern Ontario Meteor Network cameras of the fireball on November 19, 2022, the team determined WJ1\u0026#8217;s composition and size.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch2 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-16-inch-asteroid\\\"\u003e16-inch asteroid\u003c/h2\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003ePublished in The Planetary Science Journal, the study reveals crucial details about WJ1, the smallest asteroid characterized to date. It also establishes a new methodology for studying future impactful space objects.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis marks the first instance where telescope observations and ground camera captures have been combined to study the same astronomical body.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of WJ1 was assessed using the 4.3-meter Lowell Discovery Telescope (LDT) in Arizona. Observations indicated that the surface of WJ1 was rich in silica, suggesting a medium-to-high albedo (reflected light).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAstronomers used this reflected light to estimate its diameter, which ranges between 40 to 60 cm (16 to 27 inches), solidifying its status as the smallest recorded asteroid.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eDenis Vida, an adjunct professor in physics and astronomy at Western, noted, “This is only the sixth asteroid discovered before impact.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$a6\",\"$a7\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWestern physics and astronomy professor Paul Wiegert, a co-author of the study, witnessed the fireball’s entry. This event was historic because it was the first time observers were notified in advance to observe a natural fireball.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/scientists-discover-smallest-known-asteroid\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"A timelapse image of the fireball event from start to finish. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://news.westernu.ca/2024/11/niagara-fireball/#:~:text=Observations%20from%20the%20LDT%20show,the%20smallest%20asteroid%20on%20record\\\"\u003eWestern Meteor Group\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/god-of-chaos-asteroid-predicted-to-shake-up\\\"\u003e‘God of chaos’ asteroid predicted to tumble, shed rocks during Earth flyby\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-become-earth-temporary-moon\\\"\u003eSatellite please: Earth to welcome a temporary asteroid mini-moon this month\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/asteroid-grains-unveil-solar-systems-magnetic-past\\\"\u003eAncient asteroid grains reveal hidden magnetic past of our solar system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122535,\"tags\":[\"Culture\",\"light\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/culture\"},{\"name\":\"light\",\"slug\":\"light\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/light\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Culture\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Culture\",\"slug\":\"culture\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/culture\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$a8\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"culture\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":6,\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eOur gadgets don’t get outdated; they are meant to turn obsolete.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8146,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$a9\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"21 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T22:07:10\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 05:07 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":true,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Thumbnails-for-IE-articles-Light.png\",\"title\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"name\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"alt_text\":\"Why our tech fails us: Learning from century-old light bulb that never goes out\",\"description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kaif Shaikh\",\"slug\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Untitled-22.png\",\"page_url\":\"kaif-shaikh-2\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kaif-shaikh-2\",\"description\":\"Kaif Shaikh is a journalist and writer passionate about turning complex information into clear, impactful stories. His writing covers technology, sustainability, geopolitics, and occasionally fiction. In the digital media space, he has worked with leaders from industries as diverse as immunology, AI, SaaS, manufacturing, and even furniture. Apart from the long list of things he does outside work, he likes to read, breathe, and practice gratitude.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eImagine a light bulb that has been burning since 1901. Nestled in a quiet Californian fire station, the Centennial Light challenges today\u0026#8217;s disposable culture, offering a glimpse into a past where products were built to last. This historical anomaly sets the stage for a broader examination of how planned obsolescence has become embedded in the fabric of our consumer electronics industry, from light bulbs to smartphones.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$aa\",\"$ab\",\"$ac\",\"$ad\",\"$ae\",\"$af\",\"$b0\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/planned-obsolesce-light-bulb\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Imagine a never-ending light bulb; it's simply bad business for light shops \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.pexels.com/photo/shallow-focus-photography-of-light-bulbs-2764942/\\\"\u003eJoy Singh/Pexels\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/lists/planned-obsolescence-environment\\\"\u003eHere’s why planned obsolescence is bad for the environment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/the-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eShould You Have the Right to Repair Products You Own?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/big-tech-comes-under-fire-over-right-to-repair\\\"\u003eBig Tech Comes Under Fire Over Right to Repair\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":true,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122514,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Electric\",\"engine\",\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"Hybrid\",\"jet propulsion\",\"US Army\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Electric\",\"slug\":\"electric\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/electric\"},{\"name\":\"engine\",\"slug\":\"engine\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/engine\"},{\"name\":\"Hrdrogen-Electric Propulsion\",\"slug\":\"hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hrdrogen-electric-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"Hybrid\",\"slug\":\"hybrid\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/hybrid\"},{\"name\":\"jet propulsion\",\"slug\":\"jet-propulsion\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/jet-propulsion\"},{\"name\":\"US Army\",\"slug\":\"us-army\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-army\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$b1\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThis work aimed to identify and enhance technologies applicable to future Army air vehicle propulsion systems and military electrified ground vehicles.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4142,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$b2\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:22\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T20:34:29\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 03:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-23T005911.488.jpg\",\"title\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"name\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"alt_text\":\"GE Aerospace demos 1MW hybrid electric propulsion system for US Army’s air, land fleet\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eGE Aerospace has successfully demonstrated a one-megawatt hybrid electric propulsion system as part of a $5.1 million research and development contract with the US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL).\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Applied Research Collaborative Systematic Turboshaft Electrification Project (ARC-STEP) contract, GE Aerospace researched, developed, tested, and evaluated a megawatt (MW) class electrified power plant.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$b3\",\"$b4\",\"$b5\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis engine suits executive transport, search and rescue, passenger transport, and the oil and gas sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe efforts associated with this Army contract support GE Aerospace\u0026#8217;s work in hybrid electric propulsion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThis includes the Hybrid Electric Experiment (HEX) program in collaboration with Sikorsky and the NASA Electric Powertrain Flight Demonstration (EPFD) project.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to develop a megawatt-class integrated hybrid electric powertrain and demonstrate its flight readiness for single-aisle aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eTo date, GE Aerospace has delivered over 1,500 CT7 engines, collectively accumulating 30 million flight hours, underscoring their reliability and performance in the field.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/hybrid-electric-propulsion-system-us-army\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.geaerospace.com/news/press-releases/ge-aerospace-further-advances-development-hybrid-electric-engines-nasa\\\"\u003eGE Aerospace\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/blackbird-evtol-cyclorotor-propulsion-system\\\"\u003eBee-like vertical landing electric aircraft showcases super propulsion system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/spacecraft-uses-air-as-fuel\\\"\u003eNew spacecraft system uses air as fuel to offer endless electric propulsion\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/cryogenic-hydrogen-electric-propulsion-development\\\"\u003eCryogenic hydrogen-electric propulsion could lead to net-zero air travel\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122523,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"Inventions and Machines\",\"Lexicon\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"},{\"name\":\"Lexicon\",\"slug\":\"lexicon\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/lexicon\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Transportation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Transportation\",\"slug\":\"transportation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/transportation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$b6\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eJoin us as we explore Boom\u0026#8217;s journey to restarting commercial supersonic flight with their XB-1 and Overture aircraft.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":7074,\"readTime\":\"5 minutes\",\"body\":\"$b7\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:47\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:34:54\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:34 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/articlemain_612a5e.png\",\"title\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"name\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"alt_text\":\"Supersonic travel returns: inside Boom\u0026#8217;s vision for supersonic flight\",\"description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"$b8\",\"$b9\",\"$ba\",\"$bb\",\"$bc\",\"$bd\",\"$be\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eBoom Supersonic is poised to transform the future of air travel, combining cutting-edge technology, environmental responsibility, and a focus on human connection. With the XB-1 paving the way and the Overture poised to take flight, the dream of supersonic passenger travel is no longer a distant vision—it’s a fast-approaching reality.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAs Blake puts it, “The most important thing here isn’t breaking the sound barrier—it’s breaking the time barrier. When we do that, we unlock a whole new world of possibilities.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-travel-returns-inside-booms-vision-for-supersonic-flight\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Blake Scholl\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"Interesting Engineering\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/boom-supersonic-symphony-aircraft-engine\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eSymphony: Boom Supersonic announces it will develop its own aircraft engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-rolls-royce-will-no-longer-work-together\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic and Rolls-Royce will no longer work together on supersonic plane’s engine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/boom-supersonic-plans-to-launch-the-concordes-spiritual-heir\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBoom Supersonic Is Set to Launch the Concorde’s Spiritual Heir\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122442,\"tags\":[\"boron ramjet\",\"China boron\",\"China ramjet\",\"engine\",\"Hypersonic\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"boron ramjet\",\"slug\":\"boron-ramjet\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/boron-ramjet\"},{\"name\":\"China boron\",\"slug\":\"china-boron\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/china-boron\"},{\"name\":\"China 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unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe engine was stable as the flame and the pressure in the afterburner remained unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3021,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$c0\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:30:10\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T19:37:02\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:30 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 02:37 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-26.png\",\"title\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"name\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"alt_text\":\"World’s first underwater boron ramjet for hypersonic weapons achieves 90% efficiency\",\"description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eChina has tested a powerful engine that can carry weapons at remarkable speeds through both air and water. The novel engine achieved 90% efficiency in laboratory tests, which were conducted in submarine mode, and met the desired requirements for practical use.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped for hypersonic weapons, the engine inhales air and water as oxidizing agents depending upon the medium, where it\u0026#8217;s being used.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$c1\",\"$c2\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eVarious studies have been conducted previously to review recent advancements and challenges in adopting boron-loaded gel fuel for practical ramjet and scramjet propulsion devices.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEven though \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667134423000421\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eboron\u003c/a\u003e is a potential source for improving the energy density of liquid fuel, it was not widely used in practical propulsive devices till last year primarily because the native oxide layer present in the boron inhibits ignition and combustion.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eLast year, some researchers reported that the boron particles were fully burnt in the two-stage combustion, suggesting that the two-stage combustion of boron particles can be achieved by ramjet and scramjet.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-underwater-boron-ramjet-engine\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Chinese scientists claimed that the boron ramjet engine’s exhaust jet velocity exceeded Mach 3. (Representational image)\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eWlad74/\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/hypersonic-rocket-flies-above-the-clouds-gm1391247331-447930369?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/mit-spinout-turns-engines-into-methane-munchers\\\"\u003eMIT spinout uses engines to turn trash gas into green fuel ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/transportation/undergrads-develop-hydrogen-engine\\\"\u003eUndergraduates develop hydrogen-powered engine in a first\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/porsche-6-stroke-engine-innovation\\\"\u003ePorsche's 6-stroke engine boasts double power, higher ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122484,\"tags\":[\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"Missile\",\"Nuclear\",\"Nuclear missiles\",\"nuclear submarines\",\"Submarines\",\"US Navy\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Defense \u0026amp; Military\",\"slug\":\"defense-military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/defense-military\"},{\"name\":\"Missile\",\"slug\":\"missile\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/missile\"},{\"name\":\"Nuclear\",\"slug\":\"nuclear\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear\"},{\"name\":\"Nuclear missiles\",\"slug\":\"nuclear-missiles\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear-missiles\"},{\"name\":\"nuclear submarines\",\"slug\":\"nuclear-submarines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/nuclear-submarines\"},{\"name\":\"Submarines\",\"slug\":\"submarines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/submarines\"},{\"name\":\"US Navy\",\"slug\":\"us-navy\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/us-navy\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Military\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Military\",\"slug\":\"military\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/military\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$c3\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"military\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":19,\"title\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4233,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$c4\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:13\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:46:19\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:46 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:46 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-design-2024-11-22T222720.051.jpg\",\"title\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"name\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"alt_text\":\"US Navy submarines to re-arm with nuclear cruise missiles after 3 decades\",\"description\":\"Representative image.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Kapil Kajal\",\"slug\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Kapil.png\",\"page_url\":\"kapil-kajal\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/kapil-kajal\",\"description\":\"Kapil Kajal is an award-winning journalist with a diverse portfolio spanning defense, politics, technology, crime, environment, human rights, and foreign policy. His work has been featured in publications such as Janes, National Geographic, Al Jazeera, Rest of World, Mongabay, and Nikkei. Kapil holds a dual bachelor's degree in Electrical, Electronics, and Communication Engineering and a master’s diploma in journalism from the Institute of Journalism and New Media in Bangalore.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eIn a surprising development, the US Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) regarding the development of a Nuclear-Armed Sea-Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM-N).\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiative aims to establish a modular and resilient cruise missile system that delivers a proportional response while ensuring essential adversary targets remain vulnerable.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe goal is to deploy an operational system by fiscal year 2034, with prototype tests anticipated within the next three years.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$c5\",\"$c6\",\"$c7\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSupporters of the SLCM-N contend that it provides a flexible and survivable nuclear option capable of deployment in various regions without needing to station nuclear assets on allied territories.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe SLCM-N would fulfill a critical role as a sea-based nuclear deterrent below the strategic level on the nuclear escalation ladder, emphasizing that the commander-in-chief should have access to such options.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to its predecessor, the Navy\u0026#8217;s discontinued TLAM-N, the SLCM-N is envisioned as a lower-yield nuclear weapon launched from submarines that would add a new dimension to the maritime segment of the nuclear triad, allowing the United States to respond proportionately to a limited nuclear attack by an adversary.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-submarines-nuclear-cruise-missiles\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representative image.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/ballistic-missile-launch-from-underwater-gm1262642973-369465735\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003eAlexyz3d\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-6th-gen-fighter-2\\\"\u003eUS Navy’s 6th-gen fighter pursues unique design, independent of Air Force NGAD\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/usaf-stand-in-attack-missile\\\"\u003eUS Air Force gets first long-range, high-speed stand-in attack missile for F-35s\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\\r\\n\u003cp class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-navy-aim-174b-missiles\\\"\u003eUS’ new missile outranges Beijing’s top weapon, could shift power in South China Sea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\r\\n\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 headingSection_text_solid_secondary__z9nWA\\\"\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":121611,\"tags\":[\"Aerospace\",\"Space\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Aerospace\",\"slug\":\"aerospace\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/aerospace\"},{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/space\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Space\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Space\",\"slug\":\"space\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/space\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$c8\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"space\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":652,\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eIn an exclusive with IE, HALO Space\u0026#8217;s CEO and CTO discussed the tech powering the Aurora capsule, and their vision for near-space exploration.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":9292,\"readTime\":\"7 minutes\",\"body\":\"$c9\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:26:34\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T18:31:21\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:26 PM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 01:31 PM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Untitled-1920-×-1080px-2.jpg\",\"title\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"name\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"alt_text\":\"How Halo Space\u0026#8217;s \u0026#8216;Aurora\u0026#8217; balloons bring near-space tourism to the masses\",\"description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Sade Agard\",\"slug\":\"sade-agard\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/DoK2hv5YUdDF.png\",\"page_url\":\"sade-agard\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/sade-agard\",\"description\":\"Sade is a geology graduate and Fellow of The Geological Society of London who she has experience publishing for. She enjoys writing and editing features of a range of scientific topics, with special interest in Earth science. Based in Windsor, Sade enjoys travelling to various sites of outstanding nature and has also lived in Thailand for a year.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eHALO Space, a Spanish startup, is bringing near-space tourism closer to reality with its \u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"dofollow\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAurora\u003c/em\u003e capsule\u003c/a\u003e. Better yet, if flying to the edge of space sounds like your dream experience, you can join a waiting list.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe stratospheric balloon system is designed to carry passengers 22 miles (35 kilometers) above the Earth\u0026#8217;s surface, offering an experience different from rocket-based space tourism.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHALO Space\u003c/em\u003e expanded its testing and assembly operations to Saudi Arabia last month, which is a significant step forward.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$ca\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA tranquil ascent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Instead of the high-G forces and intense speeds typical of rocket launches, the Aurora capsule rises gradually,\u0026#8221; they said. This approach offers a peaceful journey with spectacular views of Earth\u0026#8217;s curvature and space\u0026#8217;s darkness.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eMira and Castillo then highlighted the sustainability aspect of the stratospheric balloon system.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026#8216;Reduced carbon footprint\u0026#8217;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;The use of helium balloons dramatically reduces the carbon footprint compared to rocket-based launches, making it a greener alternative for space tourism,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccessibility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, since it avoids the physical demands of high-speed rocket travel, the Aurora capsule is accessible to a broader range of passengers. Miro and Castillo explained that this includes those who might need to be physically fit for traditional space travel.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$cb\",\"$cc\",\"$cd\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTechnology testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the near-space environment offers conditions similar to those found in space. Such conditions include low temperatures, high radiation, and near-vacuum pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;Companies can use the Aurora capsule to test new space technologies in these conditions at a lower cost than launching satellites or rockets,\u0026#8221; they said.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$ce\",\"$cf\",\"$d0\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThey argued that by focusing on accessibility, sustainability, and safety, HALO Space opens the door to new possibilities for space tourism, scientific discovery, and commercial innovation. \u0026#8220;Our goal is not just to take passengers on an unforgettable journey but to inspire a deeper connection to the planet and our place in the universe,\u0026#8221; Mira and Castrillo concluded.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;We believe that the Aurora capsule offers not just an adventure, but a transformative experience that will forever change how people see the world.\u0026#8221;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/halospace-aurora-balloon-tourism\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"The Aurora space capsule in flight, suspended by a balloon/parachute system.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.halospaceflight.com/\\\"\u003eHalo Space\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/photo-story/halo-space-aurora-capsule\\\"\u003eHalo Space: how 'Aurora' balloons bring near-space tourism to all\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/iot-sateliot-5g-space-everywhere\\\"\u003eIoT: How Sateliot is bringing 5G from space to ‘absolutely everywhere’\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/spacex-gm-space-solar-power\\\"\u003eFormer SpaceX, General Motors engineers turn to space-based solar power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":true,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-121611-speech-20241119183535.mp3\"}],\"recommendations\":[{\"id\":122619,\"tags\":[\"AI\",\"Inventions and Machines\",\"Robotics\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"AI\",\"slug\":\"ai\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/ai\"},{\"name\":\"Inventions and Machines\",\"slug\":\"inventions-and-machines\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/inventions-and-machines\"},{\"name\":\"Robotics\",\"slug\":\"robotics\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/robotics\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$d1\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eCalled ZRob, the new robotic drummer could help human musicians reach new heights of creativity.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eCalled ZRob, the new robotic drummer could help human musicians reach new heights of creativity.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":4337,\"readTime\":\"4 minutes\",\"body\":\"$d2\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eVideo: The humanoid robot CyberOne is playing a drum set without missing any beat\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/beat-by-beat-how-sony-is-using-ai-to-replace-drummers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBeat by Beat: How Sony is Using AI to Replace Drummers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/this-incredibly-cool-music-video-features-real-life-robots-as-band-members\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eThis Incredibly Cool Music Video Features Real-Life Robots As Band Members\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T14:21:04\",\"timeAgo\":\"5 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T14:21:11\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 09:21 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 09:21 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/robotic-drummer.jpg\",\"title\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"name\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"alt_text\":\"Robot drummer that\u0026#8217;s faster than humans could help musicians hone their craft\",\"description\":\"Image of the new drumming robot.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Christopher McFadden\",\"slug\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/XT3vqpiaHT53.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"christopher-mcfadden\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/christopher-mcfadden\",\"description\":\"Christopher graduated from Cardiff University in 2004 with a Masters Degree in Geology. Since then, he has worked exclusively within the Built Environment, Occupational Health and Safety and Environmental Consultancy industries. He is a qualified and accredited Energy Consultant, Green Deal Assessor and Practitioner member of IEMA. Chris\u0026rsquo;s main interests range from Science and Engineering, Military and Ancient History to Politics and Philosophy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eResearchers from the University of Oslo have developed a new robot that can create new rhythms and play drums faster than a human. Called the ZRob, the new robot could open doors for new musical applications and offer new insights for future developments in robotics in general.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Mojtaba Karbasi, the drumming robot as part of his doctoral thesis at the RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion, University of Oslo. \u0026#8220;Playing together, the robots will find a pattern unlike everything else,\u0026#8221; \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.uio.no/ritmo/english/people/phd-fellows/mojtabak/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e says.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$d3\",\"$d4\",\"$d5\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, Karbasi postulated that this kind of robot could be used to inspire musicians or even help them practice. \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If you play the guitar and sing, you can get a drum robot to play with you. If you are a drummer who has lost an arm, you can use a robot as a replacement,\u0026#8221; Jensenius says.\u0026nbsp;The research, according to Jensenius, also possesses significant transfer value.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026#8220;If we manage to create complex drum robots that sense and adapt their behavior accordingly, we are closer to creating robots that can perform other types of actions, such as lifting a glass of water or cutting a cucumber without problems,\u0026#8221; he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-drummer-faster-than-humans\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Image of the new drumming robot.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://techxplore.com/news/2024-11-newly-robot-play.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eMojtaba Karbasi\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/cyberone-playing-drum-set\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eVideo: The humanoid robot CyberOne is playing a drum set without missing any beat\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/beat-by-beat-how-sony-is-using-ai-to-replace-drummers\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eBeat by Beat: How Sony is Using AI to Replace Drummers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/this-incredibly-cool-music-video-features-real-life-robots-as-band-members\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eThis Incredibly Cool Music Video Features Real-Life Robots As Band Members\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122650,\"tags\":[\"AI\",\"AI chip\",\"China\",\"Health\",\"Huawei\",\"Medtech\",\"Nvidia\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"AI\",\"slug\":\"ai\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/ai\"},{\"name\":\"AI 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AI chips to power China\u0026#8217;s next-gen surgery tech for medical breakthroughs\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Hong Kong, set up by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot model, designed to assist in surgical procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Hong Kong, set up by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is leveraging Huawei’s AI chips to power its Cares Copilot model, designed to assist in surgical procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3132,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$d7\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\\\"\u003eAscend 910C: Huawei tests powerful AI chips in China to counter Nvidia, US ban\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\\\"\u003eHuawei takes center stage in the China-US AI chip race\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/nvidias-chinas-gpu-play-out\\\"\u003eChipping away at NVIDIA’s monopoly: How will China’s GPU catch-up play out?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:32:39\",\"timeAgo\":\"5 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T13:32:48\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:32 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 08:32 AM 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href=\\\"https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/closeup-electronic-circuit-board-with-cpu-microchip-electronic-components-background_1192926.htm#fromView=search\u0026amp;page=1\u0026amp;position=44\u0026amp;uuid=0d5d7c8a-1814-453c-9ca3-d7263bbda494\\\"\u003eFreepik\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Bojan Stojkovski\",\"slug\":\"bojan-stojkovski\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/bd5ba738ed0352dc008239f237f44a5d?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"bojan-stojkovski\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/bojan-stojkovski\",\"description\":\"Bojan Stojkovski is a freelance journalist based in Skopje, North Macedonia, covering foreign policy and technology for more than a decade. His work has appeared in Foreign Policy, ZDNet, and Nature.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eThe Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), established by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in Hong Kong in 2019, unveiled its latest AI model, Cares Copilot 2.0, on Friday. The model is designed to support surgeons with tasks such as surgical planning, generating diagnostic reports, and retrieving similar case files.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe upgraded model, building on its previous version released in March, was trained using Huawei’s Ascend 910B AI chip, which the company claims offers performance comparable to the Nvidia A100. According to CAIR Executive Director Liu Hongbin, Huawei’s chips \u0026#8220;essentially meet\u0026#8221; the lab’s research requirements, \u003cem\u003ethe South China Morning Post\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\\\"https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3287788/huaweis-ai-chips-fill-nvidia-sized-hole-medical-research-hong-kong\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener noreferrer\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\u003ereports\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-advancements-in-huawei-s-ai-chip-technology\\\"\u003eAdvancements in Huawei’s AI chip technology\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eIn August 2023, CAIR signed a memorandum of cooperation with Huawei to collaborate on integrating AI applications in surgery. Anticipating ongoing restrictions on access to high-end US chips, the research center sought alternative solutions. Since then, Huawei’s AI chip capabilities have progressed rapidly, according to CAIR\u0026#8217;s leadership.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAs Liu explains, the progress of Huawei\u0026#8217;s AI chips has been significant, and what initially took one to two months to complete with the same amount of data is now finished in about one week.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eCares Copilot 2.0, built on Meta Platforms’ Llama 2 open-source large language model (LLM) and trained using Huawei’s Atlas 800T A2 server, has been implemented in hospitals such as the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou and the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong, according to Liu.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$d8\",\"$d9\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-ai-chips-power-china-next-generation-surgery-technology\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of an electronic circuit board\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/closeup-electronic-circuit-board-with-cpu-microchip-electronic-components-background_1192926.htm#fromView=search\u0026amp;page=1\u0026amp;position=44\u0026amp;uuid=0d5d7c8a-1814-453c-9ca3-d7263bbda494\\\"\u003eFreepik\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/huawei-new-chip-nvidia-rival\\\"\u003eAscend 910C: Huawei tests powerful AI chips in China to counter Nvidia, US ban\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/culture/huawei-china-us-ai-chip-race\\\"\u003eHuawei takes center stage in the China-US AI chip race\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/nvidias-chinas-gpu-play-out\\\"\u003eChipping away at NVIDIA’s monopoly: How will China’s GPU catch-up play out?\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122624,\"tags\":[\"China\",\"Defense \u0026amp; 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His work has appeared in Foreign Policy, ZDNet, and Nature.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese military-developed supercomputer has once again ranked first in an international test of AI computing efficiency. Tianhe, created by the National University of Defense Technology, tops the latest list of the world’s most power-efficient big data processing systems, achieving its second win since 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe advanced computing power of supercomputers can be applied to simulations for studying climate change, conducting materials research, exploring space, and developing treatments for various diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$dc\",\"$dd\",\"$de\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/chinese-supercomputer-tops-global-rankings\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational image of a high-tech database super computer clean room\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/shot-of-modern-data-center-with-multiple-rows-of-operational-server-racks-modern-gm1148196201-310003505\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003egorodenkoff\u003c/span\u003e/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/us-supercomputer-hits-1-35-quintillion-calculations-per-second-with-new-speed-power\\\"\u003eUS supercomputer hits 1.35 quintillion calculations per second with new speed power\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/japan-worlds-1st-zeta-class-supercomputer\\\"\u003eJapan to build supercomputer 1000 times faster than world’s most powerful machines\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/china-unveils-fastest-homegrown-supercomputer\\\"\u003eTianhe Xingyi: China unveils the ‘fastest’ homegrown supercomputer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122662,\"tags\":[],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$df\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":2,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eKamikaze drones are reshaping modern warfare, offering stealth, accessibility, and deadly precision. What makes them so effective, and how are defenses evolving?\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eKamikaze drones are reshaping modern warfare, offering stealth, accessibility, and deadly precision. What makes them so effective, and how are defenses evolving?\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":1260,\"readTime\":\"1 minute\",\"body\":\"$e0\",\"related_content\":\"\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/are-kamikaze-drones-a-threat-to-the-america\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T10:45:24\",\"timeAgo\":\"8 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T10:45:25\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 05:45 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 05:45 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/WEB_025458.jpg\",\"title\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"name\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"alt_text\":\"Are kamikaze drones a threat to the America?\",\"description\":\"\",\"reference\":\"\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Pelin Sener\",\"slug\":\"pelin-sener\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/411024a83be8b93d071003ffe36836e8?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"pelin-sener\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/pelin-sener\",\"description\":\"\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eKamikaze drones, or loitering munitions, are revolutionizing modern warfare with their unique blend of stealth, accessibility, and deadly precision. These drones are difficult to detect, inexpensive to produce, and disturbingly easy to deploy, allowing even smaller groups to access cutting-edge military technology. Designed to loiter in the air before targeting and striking with explosive payloads, they can blend seamlessly into civilian areas, making them particularly hard to counter. This combination of factors has made them a growing threat on the battlefield and a challenge for global security forces.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eTo combat this rising threat, military organizations are developing a range of defensive measures, from advanced radar systems to detect drones early, to electronic jamming technologies that disrupt their communication and navigation. AI-driven defense networks are also being implemented to identify and neutralize drones more effectively. Despite these advancements, the rapid evolution of drone technology and the relative ease of their acquisition mean the threat is far from under control. The race to develop countermeasures is ongoing, as nations strive to adapt to the growing use of kamikaze drones in conflicts around the world.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/videos/are-kamikaze-drones-a-threat-to-the-america\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":2,\"source_target\":\"uK7VgEKiJ7c\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\",\"video_source_type\":\"2\",\"video_source_target\":\"uK7VgEKiJ7c\",\"connatix_body_script\":\"\",\"feed_video_source_target\":\"\",\"feed_video_upload_date\":\"\",\"feed_video_description\":\"\",\"feed_video_duration\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122492,\"tags\":[\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"plastic\",\"plastic recycling\",\"polypropylene\",\"Recycling\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Energy \u0026amp; Environment\",\"slug\":\"energy-environment\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/energy-environment\"},{\"name\":\"plastic\",\"slug\":\"plastic\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic\"},{\"name\":\"plastic recycling\",\"slug\":\"plastic-recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/plastic-recycling\"},{\"name\":\"polypropylene\",\"slug\":\"polypropylene\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/polypropylene\"},{\"name\":\"Recycling\",\"slug\":\"recycling\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/tag/recycling\"}],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\",\"Science\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"},{\"name\":\"Science\",\"slug\":\"science\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/science\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$e1\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":3,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"description\":\"\u003cp\u003eScientists at UC Berkeley have developed a new chemical recycling process that allows for plastic creation to happen from scratch.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":8033,\"readTime\":\"6 minutes\",\"body\":\"$e2\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% recovery\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:09:01\",\"timeAgo\":\"12 hours ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-23T07:14:31\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:09 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 23, 2024 02:14 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":true,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/plastic-waste.jpg\",\"title\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"name\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"alt_text\":\"How vaporizing plastics could be key to saving a failing recycling industry\",\"description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Chris Young\",\"slug\":\"chris-young\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/6UKotck4r9pz.jpg\",\"page_url\":\"chris-young\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/chris-young\",\"description\":\"Chris Young is a journalist, copywriter, blogger and tech geek at heart who\u0026rsquo;s reported on the likes of the Mobile World Congress, written for Lifehack, The Culture Trip, Flydoscope and some of the world\u0026rsquo;s biggest tech companies, including NEC and Thales, about robots, satellites and other world-changing innovations.\u0026nbsp;\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA team of scientists from University of California, Berkeley, has developed a new method for breaking plastics down into their original building blocks. This could unlock a new highly-efficient recycling industry that produces valuable plastics and reduces the need to derive them from fossil fuels.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe problem with recycling methods today is that they collect and combine plastics with different chemical architectures to create weaker, less useful plastics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$e3\",\"$e4\",\"$e5\",\"$e6\",\"$e7\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Hartwig, “this happens to each of the roughly thousand carbon atoms in the chain to leave nothing behind by the catalyst and emits propylene gas.”\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“In non-chemical terms, I like to compare it to deconstructing a metal chain,” he said. “First, we cleave the chain in the middle with a catalyst and leave at the ends a reactive unit—a carbon-carbon double bond. In the chain analogy this would be an open link. Then a catalyst will remove that open link by attaching it to a new one.” \u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e“By doing so, the next chain link is left open. The catalyst can then attach that open chain link at the end to a new chain,” Hartwig continued. “Alternatively, one can compare it to taking apart a pearl necklace. In this analogy, the chain is broken in the middle, allowing the pearls to be removed one at a time. In the process of removing them, they are attached to two new pearls to make new units of three pearls.”\u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003ch3 class=\\\"wp-block-heading\\\" id=\\\"h-when-will-we-see-the-new-circular-economy\\\"\u003eWhen will we see the new circular economy?\u003c/h3\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, Hartwig and his team’s new process could lead to a massive reduction in the amount of new plastics produced. Over time, this would reduce the vast amount of fossil fuels used to create new plastics. It would also prevent a lot of plastics from ending up in landfills and a lot of chemical waste—produced by traditional recycling methods—from going into the atmosphere. The method could also substantially reduce existing waste, as this would become a source for valuable new plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough, it may be a while before the new method starts operating on an industrial scale. According to Hartwig, “one could envision being able to increase the scale of the reaction by improvements in the catalyst and in the engineering of reactors. [However], the timescale and probability of it becoming commercialized is too hard to predict.” \u003c/p\u003e\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThat’s not to say his team isn’t looking to take their method to the next phase. While Hartwig emphasizes the fact that “large chemical processes do take time to translate to commercial scale,” he is hopeful that his team will get there eventually. “We have applied to funding sources to bridge this gap between discovery and commercialization,” he explained.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/how-vaporizing-plastics-could-save-a-failing-recycling-industry\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"An artist's render of plastic waste in the ocean.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/es/foto/contaminaci%C3%B3n-del-oc%C3%A9ano-con-residuos-pl%C3%A1sticos-flotando-debajo-gm1574460400-528214017?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\"\u003elaurence soulez/iStock\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/plastic-waste-turned-into-valuable-resources\\\"\u003eNew method turns plastic waste into valuable resources with vaporizing process\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/green-hydrogen-from-plastic-waste\\\"\u003eFrom trash to fuel: US scientist unlocks green hydrogen potential in plastic bottles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solarcycle-to-recycle-10-million-solar-panels-yearly\\\"\u003eUS plant plans to recycle 10 million solar panels yearly with 99% 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remove, prepare, and implant lungs, completing a fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\",\"word_count\":3794,\"readTime\":\"3 minutes\",\"body\":\"$e9\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\\\"\u003eBreakthrough robot nails surgery like a human doctor after watching videos \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\\\"\u003eWorld’s 1st robot surgeon concept for head-swap surgery shocks internet \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\\\"\u003eLab-made muscle: New laser 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fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"alt_text\":\"NYU performs world\u0026#8217;s first fully robotic double lung transplant in medical milestone\",\"description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Jijo Malayil\",\"slug\":\"jijo-malayil\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://images.interestingengineering.com/avatars/SMgGAAR337pt.png\",\"page_url\":\"jijo-malayil\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/jijo-malayil\",\"description\":\"Jijo is an automotive and business journalist based in India. Armed with a BA in History (Honors) from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University, and a PG diploma in Journalism from the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, Delhi, he has worked for news agencies, national newspapers, and automotive magazines. In his spare time, he likes to go off-roading, engage in political discourse, travel, and teach languages.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eNew York University (NYU) Langone Health achieved a medical milestone by performing the world’s first fully robotic double lung transplant.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA 57-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent a double lung transplant using the da Vinci Xi robotic system.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSmall incisions between the ribs allowed the robotic system to remove each lung, prepare the surgical site, and implant the new lungs. Both lungs were successfully transplanted entirely with robotic techniques.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAccording to the team, the procedure showcases a breakthrough in robotic surgery and advances minimally invasive care.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$ea\",\"$eb\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eWhile the da Vinci system is known for input inaccuracies, researchers overcame this by focusing on relative movements instead of absolute actions. This adjustment improved precision and adaptability, allowing the robot to generalize to new environments and tasks, such as recovering a dropped needle during surgery.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe new model streamlines robot training, enabling surgical robots to learn procedures in days rather than years. According to experts, the innovation has the potential to advance surgical autonomy, minimize errors, and enhance procedural accuracy, marking a significant leap forward in robotic medicine.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/fully-robotic-double-lung-transplant-nyu\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Both lungs were transplanted using robotic techniques.\",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca href=\\\"https://nyulangone.org/news/nyu-langone-performs-first-fully-robotic-lung-transplant-united-states\\\"\u003eNYU Langone Health\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/robot-nails-surgery-lik-human-doctor\\\"\u003eBreakthrough robot nails surgery like a human doctor after watching videos \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/health/ai-robot-surgery-shocks-internet\\\"\u003eWorld’s 1st robot surgeon concept for head-swap surgery shocks internet \u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli class=\\\"content-title mt-3 t-mt-2 braintree-heading\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/lab-made-muscle-with-new-laser-tech\\\"\u003eLab-made muscle: New laser tech grows real human tissues to replace lab rats\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u003ch4 class=\\\"article-abstract content-sub-title body-large t-mt-2 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...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"space/starlink-rival-china-spacesail-satellite-internet\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T15:53:33\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T15:59:16\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 10:53 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 10:59 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Using-its-active-sensors-sonar-LIDAR-camera-electromagnetic-the-vehicle-can-identify-mines.-The-vehicle-has-a-silent-electric-propulsion-system-a-non-metallic-non-pressurized-hull-structur-25.png\",\"title\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to provide satellite internet in Brazil\",\"name\":\"Starlink rival: China\u0026#8217;s SpaceSail set to 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(Representational image)\",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/satellite-and-planet-gm181075945-25438464?searchscope=image,film\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003eenot-poloskun\u003c/a\u003e/AdrianHancu\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\\r\\n\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\"}},\"embed_url\":\"\",\"duration\":\"\",\"author\":{\"owner\":[{\"name\":\"Prabhat Ranjan Mishra\",\"slug\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"surname\":\"\",\"avatar\":\"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4710e3afaf17fd2a2fdd32a29b1937c?s=96\u0026d=mm\u0026r=g\",\"page_url\":\"prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"author_url\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/author/prabhat-ranjan-mishra\",\"description\":\"Prabhat, an alumnus of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, is a tech and defense journalist. While he enjoys writing on modern weapons and emerging tech, he has also reported on global politics and business. He has been previously associated with well-known media houses, including the International Business Times (Singapore Edition) and ANI.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eA Chinese company is challenging dominance of Elon Musk\u0026#8217;s Starlink in the Latin American region. Shanghai-based SpaceSail has inked a deal with Brazil to provide satellite internet in the region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe firm signed an MoU with Brazil’s state-owned telecoms company Telecomunicacoes Brasileiras (Telebras) during the recent visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eInitially, the plan is to study the demand for satellite internet areas where fiber optic infrastructure doesn’t work.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$ee\",\"$ef\",\"\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eShanghai Spacesail Technologies Co., Ltd. has begun business negotiations with dozens of countries to promote the global commercial application and services of its constellation.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently, China has 1,059 satellites in orbit, 492 of which are commercial satellites. 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href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/space/worlds-1-wooden-satellite-launched-by-japan\\\"\u003eJapan sends world's 1st wooden satellite on 6-month ...\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\\r\\n\u0026nbsp;\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122350,\"tags\":[\"Inventions and Machines\"],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Inventions and 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minutes\",\"body\":\"$f1\",\"related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/rare-earth-oxides-turbine-engine\\\"\u003eTurbine engines run at record 3,300°F with rare Earth oxide coating\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/new-coating-stops-biofouling-of-solar-cells\\\"\u003eNew coating keeps underwater solar cells 100% powerful, biofoul free\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solar-cell-coating-boosts-efficiency\\\"\u003eNew coating removes solar panel defects, boosts efficiency to 31%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"has_no_index\":0,\"url\":\"science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\",\"publish_date\":\"2024-11-22T14:59:19\",\"timeAgo\":\"a day ago\",\"update_date\":\"2024-11-22T14:59:27\",\"formatted_publish_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 09:59 AM EST\",\"formatted_update_date\":\"Nov 22, 2024 09:59 AM EST\",\"is_premium\":false,\"is_seo\":false,\"is_listicle\":false,\"show_ads\":1,\"layout\":0,\"episode_number\":-1,\"is_trend\":false,\"faqs\":[],\"attachments\":{\"main_image\":{\"src\":\"https://cms.interestingengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CTG1.jpg\",\"title\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"name\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"alt_text\":\"Coatings supercharge high-performance engines, now they are getting better\",\"description\":\"Representational stock image of jet engine powered plane. \",\"reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/f-a-18c-hornet-catapult-launch-gm118958406-12105473?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan 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A Molecular Biologist at heart, he traded the micropipette to write about science during the pandemic and does not want to go back. He likes to write about genetics, microbes, technology, and public policy.\"}]},\"body_parts\":[\"\\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the frying pan in the kitchen to airplanes in the sky, everything has a thin layer of coating that delivers an extra attribute that would have been impossible to achieve otherwise. These coatings are made of different materials and applied differently, but when engineering has reached its limits, coatings have always outperformed.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eEveryday objects, from pans and pots to cars we drive around in, have a coating for a specialized function. This could be to prevent food from sticking to them or to prevent fires from spreading rapidly. Even massive ships use special coatings to prevent marine life forms from attaching themselves to the hull and increasing friction during voyages.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\",\"$f2\",\"$f3\",\"$f4\",\"\\n\"],\"paywall_parts\":\"\",\"first_paragraph\":\"\",\"comment_count\":0,\"last_part_count\":0,\"permalink\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/science/coatings-improve-performance-space-airplanes\",\"video_recommendations\":[],\"source_type\":0,\"source_target\":\"\",\"connatix_script_id\":\"\",\"connatix_media_id\":\"\",\"acf_data\":{\"ie_id\":\"\",\"ie_score\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image\":\"\",\"ie_featured_image_description\":\"Representational stock image of jet engine powered plane. \",\"ie_featured_image_reference\":\"\u003ca class=\\\"photographer cWU9wH5uj9cM5CMFEMVC\\\" href=\\\"https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/f-a-18c-hornet-catapult-launch-gm118958406-12105473?searchscope=image%2Cfilm\\\" data-testid=\\\"photographer\\\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"LnOLJ4WPBg1pjxPKMDBE\\\"\u003ezoltanpocza/iStock\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\",\"ie_related_content\":\"\u003cul\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/rare-earth-oxides-turbine-engine\\\"\u003eTurbine engines run at record 3,300°F with rare Earth oxide coating\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/new-coating-stops-biofouling-of-solar-cells\\\"\u003eNew coating keeps underwater solar cells 100% powerful, biofoul free\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n \\t\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solar-cell-coating-boosts-efficiency\\\"\u003eNew coating removes solar panel defects, boosts efficiency to 31%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\\r\\n\u003c/ul\u003e\",\"settings\":{\"is_premium_article\":false,\"is_affiliate_article\":false,\"is_seo_article\":false,\"is_listicle_article\":false,\"is_sponsored_article\":false},\"affiliate\":null,\"sponsor_type\":false,\"company_name\":\"\",\"company_logo\":null,\"company_logo_url\":\"\",\"sponsor_link\":\"\",\"update_date\":\"\"},\"articleAudio\":\"\"},{\"id\":122428,\"tags\":[],\"date\":\"\",\"tagsWithData\":[],\"name\":\"\",\"categories\":[\"Innovation\"],\"categoriesWithData\":[{\"name\":\"Innovation\",\"slug\":\"innovation\",\"link\":\"https://interestingengineering.com/category/innovation\"}],\"is_sponsored\":false,\"yoast_head\":\"$f5\",\"is_ces_article\":false,\"is_affiliate\":false,\"affiliateItems\":[],\"is_photo_story\":false,\"type\":2,\"version\":3,\"category\":\"innovation\",\"secondary_category\":null,\"category_id\":5,\"title\":\"Why Tesla\u0026#8217;s Mini-Optimus Sold Out\",\"abstract\":\"\u003cp\u003eTesla\u0026#8217;s Optimus hype grew as the Tesla Bot Action Figure, mirroring its larger counterpart, sold out in under 24 hours. 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Designed to resemble and move like its full-scale counterpart, the collectible sold out in less than 24 hours, captivating fans and collectors alike.\u003c/p\u003e\\n\\n\\n\\n\u003cp\u003eThe allure lies in its connection to the groundbreaking Optimus robot and Tesla’s vision of the future. 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