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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_HTTP/1.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_HTTP/1.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Differences from HTTP/1.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_HTTP/1.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genesis_in_and_later_differences_from_SPDY" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genesis_in_and_later_differences_from_SPDY"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genesis in and later differences from SPDY</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genesis_in_and_later_differences_from_SPDY-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Development milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Development process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Encryption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TCP_head-of-line_blocking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCP_head-of-line_blocking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>TCP head-of-line blocking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TCP_head-of-line_blocking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server-side_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server-side_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Server-side support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Server-side_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Server-side support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Server-side_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Server_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Server software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_delivery_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_delivery_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Content delivery networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_delivery_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">HTTP/2</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4_%DB%B2" title="پروتکل انتقال ابرمتن نگارش ۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتکل انتقال ابرمتن نگارش ۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol/2" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol/2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol/2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_2.0" title="HTTP 2.0 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HTTP 2.0" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="HTTP/2" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">HTTP/2</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">International standard</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9113">9113</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">May 14, 2015<span class="noprint">; 9 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015-05-14</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://http2.github.io/">https://http2.github.io/</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>HTTP/2</b> (originally named <b>HTTP/2.0</b>) is a major revision of the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> network protocol used by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. It was derived from the earlier experimental <a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a> protocol, originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP/2 was developed by the HTTP Working Group (also called httpbis, where "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bis" class="extiw" title="wikt:bis">bis</a>" means "twice") of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF).<sup id="cite_ref-HTTPbis-draft_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTPbis-draft-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP/2 is the first new version of HTTP since HTTP/1.1, which was standardized in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2068">2068</a> in 1997. The Working Group presented HTTP/2 to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Engineering Steering Group">Internet Engineering Steering Group</a> (IESG) for consideration as a Proposed Standard in December 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-http2hist_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http2hist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ms1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and IESG approved it to publish as Proposed Standard on February 17, 2015 (and was updated in February 2020 in regard to TLS 1.3 and again in June 2022). The initial HTTP/2 specification was published as on May 14, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7540_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7540-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standardization effort was supported by <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a>, Opera, Firefox, Internet Explorer 11, Safari, Amazon Silk, and Edge browsers. Most major browsers had added HTTP/2 support by the end of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-browser_support_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browser_support-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 97% of web browsers used have the capability (and 100% of "tracked desktop" web browsers).<sup id="cite_ref-browser_support_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browser_support-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 36% (after topping out at just over 50%) of the top 10 million websites support HTTP/2.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its successor is <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a>, a major revision that builds on the concepts established by HTTP/2.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-browser_support_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browser_support-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The working group charter mentions several goals and issues of concern:<sup id="cite_ref-charter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Create a negotiation mechanism that allows clients and servers to elect to use HTTP/1.1, 2.0, or potentially other non-HTTP protocols.</li> <li>Maintain high-level compatibility with HTTP/1.1 (for example with <a href="/wiki/HTTP_method" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP method">methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP_status_code" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP status code">status codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URIs</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">header fields</a>).</li> <li>Decrease <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> to improve page load speed in <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> by considering: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> of <a href="/wiki/HTTP_header" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP header">HTTP headers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/2_Server_Push" title="HTTP/2 Server Push">HTTP/2 Server Push</a></li> <li>prioritization of requests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> multiple requests over a single <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> connection (fixing the HTTP-transaction-level <a href="/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking" title="Head-of-line blocking">head-of-line blocking</a> problem in HTTP 1.x)</li></ul></li> <li>Support common existing use cases of HTTP, such as desktop web browsers, mobile web browsers, web APIs, <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a> at various scales, <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reverse_proxy" title="Reverse proxy">reverse proxy</a> servers, <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewalls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery networks</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_HTTP/1.1"><span id="Differences_from_HTTP.2F1.1"></span>Differences from HTTP/1.1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences from HTTP/1.1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proposed changes do not require any changes to how existing web applications work, but new applications can take advantage of new features for increased speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_12._HTTP_2.0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_12._HTTP_2.0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP/2 leaves all of HTTP/1.1's high-level semantics, such as <a href="/wiki/HTTP_method" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP method">methods</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP_status_code" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP status code">status codes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">header fields</a>, and <a href="/wiki/URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URIs</a>, the same. What is new is how the data is framed and transported between the client and the server.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_12._HTTP_2.0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_12._HTTP_2.0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Websites that are efficient minimize the number of requests required to render an entire page by <a href="/wiki/Minify" class="mw-redirect" title="Minify">minifying</a> (reducing the amount of code and packing smaller pieces of code into bundles, without reducing its ability to function) resources such as images and scripts. However, minification is not necessarily convenient nor efficient and may still require separate HTTP connections to get the page and the minified resources. HTTP/2 allows the server to "push" content, that is, to respond with data for more queries than the client requested. This allows the server to supply data it knows a web browser will need to render a web page, without waiting for the browser to examine the first response, and without the overhead of an additional request cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional performance improvements in the first draft of HTTP/2 (which was a copy of SPDY) come from <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> of requests and responses to avoid some of the <a href="/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking" title="Head-of-line blocking">head-of-line blocking</a> problem in HTTP 1 (even when <a href="/wiki/HTTP_pipelining" title="HTTP pipelining">HTTP pipelining</a> is used), header <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a>, and prioritization of requests.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as HTTP/2 runs on top of a single TCP connection there is still potential for head-of-line blocking to occur if TCP packets are lost or delayed in transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HTTP/2 no longer supports HTTP/1.1's <a href="/wiki/Chunked_transfer_encoding" title="Chunked transfer encoding">chunked transfer encoding</a> mechanism, as it provides its own, more efficient, mechanisms for data streaming.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genesis_in_and_later_differences_from_SPDY">Genesis in and later differences from SPDY</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genesis in and later differences from SPDY"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a> (pronounced like "speedy") was a previous HTTP-replacement protocol developed by a research project spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-extremetech_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremetech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily focused on reducing latency, SPDY uses the same TCP pipe but different protocols to accomplish this reduction. The basic changes made to HTTP/1.1 to create SPDY included "true request pipelining without FIFO restrictions, message framing mechanism to simplify client and server development, mandatory compression (including headers), priority scheduling, and even bi-directional communication".<sup id="cite_ref-Grigorik_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigorik-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HTTP Working Group considered Google's SPDY protocol, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Speed%2BMobility" title="HTTP Speed+Mobility">HTTP Speed+Mobility</a> proposal (SPDY based),<sup id="cite_ref-extremetech_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremetech-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Network-Friendly HTTP Upgrade.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> provided feedback on each of the proposals and recommended HTTP/2 be based on SPDY.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial draft of HTTP/2 was published in November 2012 and was based on a straight copy of SPDY.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest difference between HTTP/1.1 and SPDY was that each user action in SPDY is given a "stream ID", meaning there is a single TCP channel connecting the user to the server. SPDY split requests into either control or data, using a "simple to parse binary protocol with two types of frames".<sup id="cite_ref-Grigorik_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigorik-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SPDY showed evident improvement over HTTP, with a new page load speedup ranging from 11% to 47%.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of HTTP/2 used SPDY as a jumping-off point. Among the many detailed differences between the protocols, the most notable is that HTTP/2 uses a fixed <a href="/wiki/Huffman_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffman code">Huffman code</a>-based header compression algorithm, instead of SPDY's dynamic stream-based compression. This helps to reduce the potential for <a href="/wiki/Compression_oracle_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression oracle attack">compression oracle attacks</a> on the protocol, such as the <a href="/wiki/CRIME" title="CRIME">CRIME</a> attack.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 9, 2015, Google announced plans to remove support for SPDY in Chrome in favor of support for HTTP/2.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This took effect starting with Chrome 51.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_milestones">Development milestones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Milestone<sup id="cite_ref-charter_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 20, 2007<sup id="cite_ref-mont1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mont1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>First HTTP/1.1 Revision Internet Draft </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 23, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>First HTTP Security Properties Internet Draft </td></tr> <tr> <td>Early 2012<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Call for Proposals for HTTP 2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 14 – November 25, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Working Group Last Call for HTTP/1.1 Revision </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 28, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>First WG draft of HTTP 2.0, based upon draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Held/Eliminated </td> <td>Working Group Last Call for HTTP Security Properties </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 2013<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Submit HTTP/1.1 Revision to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Engineering Steering Group">IESG</a> for consideration as a Proposed Standard </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 12, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>IESG approved HTTP/1.1 Revision to publish as a Proposed Standard </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 6, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-mont1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mont1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Publish HTTP/1.1 Revision as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7230">7230</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231">7231</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7232">7232</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7233">7233</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7234">7234</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7235">7235</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1, 2014 – September 1, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-ms1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Working Group Last call for HTTP/2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 16, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-http2hist_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http2hist-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Submit HTTP/2 to IESG for consideration as a Proposed Standard </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 31, 2014 – January 14, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> Last Call for HTTP/2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 22, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>IESG telechat to review HTTP/2 as Proposed Standard </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 17, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-approval_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approval-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>IESG approved HTTP/2 to publish as Proposed Standard </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 14, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Publish HTTP/2 as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540">7540</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 2020</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8740">8740</a>: HTTP/2 with TLS 1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 2022</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9113">9113</a>: Further refinements </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 2024</td> <td>DOS issues with CONTINUATION frames <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/421644">https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/421644</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Encryption">Encryption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HTTP/2 is defined both for HTTP URIs (i.e. without TLS <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, a configuration which is abbreviated in <strong>h2c</strong>) and for HTTPS URIs (over TLS using <a href="/wiki/ALPN" class="mw-redirect" title="ALPN">ALPN</a> extension<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7301_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7301-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/TLS_1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="TLS 1.2">TLS 1.2</a> or newer is required, a configuration which is abbreviated in <strong>h2</strong>). </p><p>Although the standard itself does not require usage of encryption,<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/2_Frequently_Asked_Questions_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/2_Frequently_Asked_Questions-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all major client implementations (Firefox,<sup id="cite_ref-mozillawiki_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mozillawiki-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrome, Safari, Opera, IE, Edge) have stated that they will only support HTTP/2 over TLS, which makes encryption <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> mandatory.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_process">Development process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varnish_(software)" title="Varnish (software)">Varnish</a> developer <a href="/wiki/Poul-Henning_Kamp" title="Poul-Henning Kamp">Poul-Henning Kamp</a> asserts that the standard was prepared on an unrealistically short schedule, ruling out any basis for the new HTTP/2 other than the SPDY protocol and resulting in other missed opportunities for improvement. Kamp criticizes the protocol itself for being inconsistent and having needless, overwhelming complexity. He also states that the protocol violates the <a href="/wiki/Internetwork_protocol#Protocol_layering" class="mw-redirect" title="Internetwork protocol">protocol layering principle</a>, for example by duplicating flow control that belongs in the transport layer (TCP). He also suggested that the new protocol should have removed <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">HTTP Cookies</a>, introducing a breaking change.<sup id="cite_ref-phk-queue_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phk-queue-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption_2">Encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, some members<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> of the Working Group tried to introduce an encryption requirement in the protocol. This faced criticism. </p><p>Critics stated that encryption has non-negligible computing costs and that many HTTP applications actually have no need for encryption and their providers have no desire to spend additional resources on it. Encryption proponents have stated that this encryption overhead is negligible in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poul-Henning_Kamp" title="Poul-Henning Kamp">Poul-Henning Kamp</a> has criticized the IETF for hastily standardizing Google's SPDY prototype as HTTP/2 due to political considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-phk-queue_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phk-queue-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phk_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phk-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criticism of the agenda of mandatory encryption within the existing certificate framework is not new, nor is it unique to members of the open-source community –  a <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a> employee stated in 2013 that the present certificate model is not compatible with small devices like routers, because the present model requires not only annual enrollment and remission of non-trivial fees for each certificate, but must be continually repeated on an annual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Cisco2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cisco2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end the Working Group did not reach consensus over the mandatory encryption,<sup id="cite_ref-HTTP/2_Frequently_Asked_Questions_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTTP/2_Frequently_Asked_Questions-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although most client implementations require it, which makes encryption a <i>de facto</i> requirement. </p><p>The HTTP/2 protocol also faced criticism for not supporting <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_encryption" title="Opportunistic encryption">opportunistic encryption</a>, a measure against <a href="/wiki/Passive_monitoring" title="Passive monitoring">passive monitoring</a> similar to the STARTTLS mechanism that has long been available in other Internet protocols like <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>. Critics have stated that the HTTP/2 proposal goes in violation of IETF's own <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7258">7258</a> "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", which also has a status of <a href="/wiki/Best_Current_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Current Practice">Best Current Practice</a> 188.<sup id="cite_ref-Murenin20150109_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murenin20150109-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFC7258/BCP188 mandates that passive monitoring be considered as an attack, and protocols designed by IETF should take steps to protect against passive monitoring (for example, through the use of opportunistic encryption). A number of specifications for opportunistic encryption of HTTP/2 have been provided,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which draft-nottingham-http2-encryption was adopted as an official work item of the working group, leading to the publication of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8164">8164</a> in May 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TCP_head-of-line_blocking">TCP head-of-line blocking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TCP head-of-line blocking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the design of HTTP/2 effectively addresses the HTTP-transaction-level <a href="/wiki/Head-of-line_blocking" title="Head-of-line blocking">head-of-line blocking</a> problem by allowing multiple concurrent HTTP transactions, all those transactions are multiplexed over a single TCP connection, meaning that any packet-level head-of-line blocking of the TCP stream simultaneously blocks all transactions being accessed via that connection. This head-of-line blocking in HTTP/2 is now widely regarded as a design flaw, and much of the effort behind <a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a> has been devoted to reduce head-of-line blocking issues.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Server-side_support">Server-side support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Server-side support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software" title="Comparison of web server software">Comparison of web server software</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_software">Server software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Server software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following web servers support HTTP/2: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache httpd</a> 2.4.12 supports HTTP/2 via the module mod_h2,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although appropriate patches must be applied to the source code of the server in order for it to support that module. As of Apache 2.4.17 all patches are included in the main Apache source tree, although the module itself was renamed mod_http2.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old versions of SPDY were supported via the module mod_spdy,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the development of the mod_spdy module has stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tomcat" title="Apache Tomcat">Apache Tomcat</a> 8.5 (requires a configuration change)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic Server">Apache Traffic Server</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddy_(web_server)" title="Caddy (web server)">Caddy</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proxy" title="Charles Proxy">Charles Proxy</a> since version Charles 4.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Citrix <a href="/wiki/NetScaler" title="NetScaler">NetScaler</a> 11.x<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucuri">Sucuri</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F5_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="F5 Networks">F5</a> BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager 11.6<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracuda_Networks" title="Barracuda Networks">Barracuda Networks</a> WAF (Web Application Firewall)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>h2o (built from the ground up for HTTP/2 support)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAProxy" title="HAProxy">HAProxy</a> 1.8<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetty_(web_server)" title="Jetty (web server)">Jetty</a> 9.3<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighttpd" title="Lighttpd">lighttpd</a> 1.4.56<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteSpeed_Web_Server" title="LiteSpeed Web Server">LiteSpeed Web Server</a> 5.0<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Microsoft IIS</a> (in Windows 10,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netty_(software)" title="Netty (software)">Netty</a> 4.1<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nghttp2" title="Nghttp2">nghttpd</a> (exclusively implements HTTP/2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">nginx</a> 1.9.5<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released on September 22, 2015, using module ngx_http_v2_module and <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2_Server_Push" title="HTTP/2 Server Push">HTTP/2 Server Push</a> since version 1.13.9 on February 20, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> 8.13.0<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A separate module is available for Node.js 5.0<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Node 8.4 introduced experimental built-in support for HTTP/2.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/aspnet/core/fundamentals/servers/kestrel">Kestrel web server</a> for ASP.NET Core supports HTTP/2 since .NET Core 2.2.0-preview 1.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteSpeed_Web_Server" title="LiteSpeed Web Server">OpenLiteSpeed</a> 1.3.11 and 1.4.8<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/facebook/proxygen">Proxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus_Technology" title="Zeus Technology">Pulse Secure Virtual Traffic Manager</a> 10.2<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radware" title="Radware">Radware</a> Alteon NG<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShimmerCat" title="ShimmerCat">ShimmerCat</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert.x" title="Vert.x">Vert.x</a> 3.3</li> <li>Warp (<a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> web server, used by default in <a href="/wiki/Yesod_(web_framework)" title="Yesod (web framework)">Yesod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildFly" title="WildFly">Wildfly 9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.envoyproxy.io">Envoy proxy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_delivery_networks">Content delivery networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Content delivery networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a> was the first major CDN to support HTTP/2 and <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2_Server_Push" title="HTTP/2 Server Push">HTTP/2 Server Push</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> supports HTTP/2.</li> <li>PageCDN supports HTTP/2 out of the box and provides user-interface to setup HTTP/2 Server Push in CDN dashboard.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CDN77 supports HTTP/2 using nginx <small>(August 20, 2015)</small>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudflare" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a> supports HTTP/2 using nginx with SPDY as a fallback for browsers without support, whilst maintaining all security and performance services.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloudflare was the first major CDN to support <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2_Server_Push" title="HTTP/2 Server Push">HTTP/2 Server Push</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront" title="Amazon CloudFront">AWS CloudFront</a> supports HTTP/2<sup id="cite_ref-:0_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since September 7, 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastly" title="Fastly">Fastly</a> supports HTTP/2 including Server Push.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapsula" title="Incapsula">Imperva Incapsula CDN</a> supports HTTP/2.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation includes support for WAF and DDoS mitigation features as well.</li> <li>KeyCDN supports HTTP/2 using nginx (October 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.keycdn.com/http2-test/">HTTP/2 Test</a> is a test page to verify if your server supports HTTP/2.</li> <li>BrandSSL supports HTTP/2.</li> <li>Voxility supports HTTP/2 using nginx since July, 2016. The implementation comes in support for Cloud DDoS mitigation services.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StackPath" title="StackPath">StackPath</a> supports HTTP/2.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementations">Implementations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Other implementations are collected on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/http2/http2-spec/wiki/Implementations">GitHub HTTP/2 wiki</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_pipelining" title="HTTP pipelining">HTTP pipelining</a></li> <li>HTTP <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">request</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Response_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">response</a> messages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QUIC" title="QUIC">QUIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPDY" title="SPDY">SPDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web Browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers#Protocol_support" title="Comparison of web browsers">Comparison of web browsers § Protocol support</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBright,_Peter2015" class="citation web cs1">Bright, Peter (February 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/02/http2-finished-coming-to-browsers-within-weeks/">"HTTP/2 finished, coming to browsers within 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Thomson, M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540">"Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)"</a>. <i>tools.ietf.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7540">10.17487/RFC7540</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2017</span>. <q>HTTP/2 uses DATA frames to carry message payloads. The "chunked" transfer encoding defined in Section 4.1 of [RFC7230] MUST NOT be used in HTTP/2</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=tools.ietf.org&rft.atitle=Hypertext+Transfer+Protocol+Version+2+%28HTTP%2F2%29&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7540&rft.aulast=Belshe&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Martin&rft.au=Peon%2C+Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc7540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremetech-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extremetech_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extremetech_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Anthony2012" class="citation web cs1">Sebastian Anthony (March 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.extremetech.com/computing/124153-sm-vs-spdy-microsoft-and-google-battle-over-the-future-of-http-2-0">"S&M vs. SPDY: Microsoft and Google battle over the future of HTTP 2.0"</a>. ExtremeTech.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%26M+vs.+SPDY%3A+Microsoft+and+Google+battle+over+the+future+of+HTTP+2.0&rft.pub=ExtremeTech&rft.date=2012-03-28&rft.au=Sebastian+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fcomputing%2F124153-sm-vs-spdy-microsoft-and-google-battle-over-the-future-of-http-2-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigorik-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grigorik_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigorik_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrigorik" class="citation web cs1">Grigorik, Ilya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igvita.com/2011/04/07/life-beyond-http-11-googles-spdy/">"Life beyond HTTP 1.1: Google's SPDY"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+beyond+HTTP+1.1%3A+Google%27s+SPDY&rft.aulast=Grigorik&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.igvita.com%2F2011%2F04%2F07%2Flife-beyond-http-11-googles-spdy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilly_TarreauAmos_JeffriesAdrien_de_CroyPoul-Henning_Kamp2012" class="citation news cs1">Willy Tarreau; Amos Jeffries; Adrien de Croy; Poul-Henning Kamp (March 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-tarreau-httpbis-network-friendly-00">"Proposal for a Network-Friendly HTTP Upgrade"</a>. <i>Network Working Group</i>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Network+Working+Group&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+a+Network-Friendly+HTTP+Upgrade&rft.date=2012-03-29&rft.au=Willy+Tarreau&rft.au=Amos+Jeffries&rft.au=Adrien+de+Croy&rft.au=Poul-Henning+Kamp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Fdraft-tarreau-httpbis-network-friendly-00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Beaver2012" class="citation web cs1">Doug Beaver (July 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/2012JulSep/0251.html">"HTTP2 Expression of Interest"</a> (mailing list). W3C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HTTP2+Expression+of+Interest&rft.pub=W3C&rft.date=2012-07-15&rft.au=Doug+Beaver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.w3.org%2FArchives%2FPublic%2Fietf-http-wg%2F2012JulSep%2F0251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDio_Synodinos2012" class="citation web cs1">Dio Synodinos (November 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/news/2012/11/http20-first-draft">"HTTP/2 First Draft Published"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Age&rft.atitle=HTTP%2F2+more+at+risk+to+cyber+attacks%3F&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.information-age.com%2Fhttp2-more-risk-cyber-attacks-123461771%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHTTP%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HTTP/2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://http2.github.io/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739120#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/http2">HTTP/2</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7540">7540</a> – Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2 (HTTP/2)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7541">7541</a> – HPACK: Header Compression for HTTP/2</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://http2-explained.haxx.se/">HTTP/2 explained</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Stenberg" title="Daniel Stenberg">Daniel Stenberg</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//tools.ietf.org/html/draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00">SPDY Protocol</a> (draft-mbelshe-httpbis-spdy-00)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//tools.ietf.org/html/draft-montenegro-httpbis-speed-mobility-01">HTTP Speed+Mobility</a> 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title="HTTP/3">v3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebDAV" title="WebDAV">WebDAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Simple Common Gateway Interface">SCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCGI" title="FastCGI">FCGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol" title="Apache JServ Protocol">AJP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets" title="Web Services for Remote Portlets">WSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface" title="Server application programming interface">Server APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Netscape Server Application Programming Interface">C NSAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview" title="Apache HTTP Server">C ASAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Internet Server Application Programming Interface">C ISAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">COM ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Jakarta Servlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_container" title="Web container">container</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET" title="Open Web Interface for .NET">CLI OWIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_handler" title="HTTP handler">ASP.NET Handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Python WSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">Python ASGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)" title="Rack (web server interface)">Ruby Rack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSGI" title="JSGI">JavaScript JSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI" title="Plack (software)">Perl PSGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">Portlet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification" title="Java Portlet Specification">container</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules" title="List of Apache modules">Apache modules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Server_Side_Includes" title="Server Side Includes">mod_include</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_jk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod jk">mod_jk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_lisp" title="Mod lisp">mod_lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_parrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod parrot">mod_parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">mod_php</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_proxy" title="Mod proxy">mod_proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_python" title="Mod python">mod_python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_ruby" title="Mod ruby">mod_ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phusion_Passenger" title="Phusion Passenger">Phusion Passenger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">Web service</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">Web resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture" title="Web-oriented architecture">WOA</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture" title="Resource-oriented architecture">ROA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_API" title="Open API">Open API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_application_servers" title="List of application servers">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div id="Client-side89"><a href="/wiki/Client-side" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-side">Client-side</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Browser APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">C NPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect" title="NPAPI">LiveConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect" title="NPAPI">XPConnect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime" title="NPAPI">C NPRuntime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper" title="Google Native Client">C PPAPI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">NaCl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications" title="XAML Browser Applications">XBAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_API#Client_side" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_audio" title="HTML audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server-sent_events" title="Server-sent events">SSE</a></li> <li><a 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title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG" title="SVG">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebCL" title="WebCL">WebCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_SQL_Database" title="Web SQL Database">Web SQL Database</a> (formerly W3C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebUSB" title="WebUSB">WebUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remote_scripting" title="Remote scripting">Remote scripting</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_HTML" title="Dynamic HTML">DHTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Browser extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing" title="Cross-origin resource sharing">CORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydration_(web_development)" title="Hydration (web development)">Hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client-side_persistent_data" title="Client-side persistent data">Persistent data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_IDL" title="Web IDL">Web IDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting" title="Dynamic web page">Scripting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics14">Related topics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">Frontend and backend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">REST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_technology" title="Push technology">Push technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">Solution stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_web_page" title="Static web page">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">Dynamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_API_security" title="Web API security">Web API security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">Web application</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Internet_Application" title="Rich Internet Application">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-page_application" title="Single-page application">Single-page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_web_app" title="Progressive web app">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_browsers182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_browsers" title="Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_browsers" title="Template talk:Web browsers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_browsers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web browsers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_browsers182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browsers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Features_*_standards_*_protocols182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Features</li> <li>standards</li> <li>protocols</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark_(digital)" title="Bookmark (digital)">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_browsing" title="Private browsing">Privacy mode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">v5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">Cookies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_cookies" title="Third-party cookies">third-party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_Certificate_Status_Protocol" title="Online Certificate Status Protocol">OCSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Active182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_(web_browser)" title="Arc (web browser)">Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avast_Secure_Browser" title="Avast Secure Browser">Avast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BB%91c_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Cốc Cốc">Coc Coc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_Dragon" title="Comodo Dragon">Comodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_(web_browser)" title="Epic (web browser)">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">Huawei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxthon" title="Maxthon">Maxthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Microsoft Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile" title="Opera Mobile">Mobile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Browser" title="Puffin Browser">Puffin </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QQ_Browser" title="QQ Browser">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Internet" title="Samsung Internet">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Silk" title="Amazon Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir_(web_browser)" title="Sleipnir (web browser)">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRWare_Iron" title="SRWare Iron">SRWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UC_Browser" title="UC Browser">UC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaldi_(web_browser)" title="Vivaldi (web browser)">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naver_Whale" title="Naver Whale">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Browser" title="Yandex Browser">Yandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and Open Source">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooble" title="Dooble">Dooble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_Browser" title="Otter Browser">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermium" title="Supermium">Supermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium" title="Ungoogled-chromium">ungoogled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floorp" title="Floorp">Floorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">GNU IceCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreWolf" title="LibreWolf">LibreWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(web_browser)" title="Midori (web browser)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlimBrowser" title="SlimBrowser">SlimBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_Browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Browser">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Browser" title="Zen Browser">Zen</a></li> <li>Gecko <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(web_browser)" title="Basilisk (web browser)">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-Meleon" title="K-Meleon">K-Meleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_Moon" title="Pale Moon">Pale Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaMonkey" title="SeaMonkey">SeaMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfox" title="Waterfox">Waterfox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Web" title="GNOME Web">GNOME Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICab" title="ICab">iCab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagi_(search_engine)#Orion_Browser" title="Kagi (search engine)">Orion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-<a href="/wiki/Browser_engine" title="Browser engine">engine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/360_Secure_Browser" title="360 Secure Browser">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo_Private_Browser" title="DuckDuckGo Private Browser">DuckDuckGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konqueror" title="Konqueror">Konqueror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunascape" title="Lunascape">Lunascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetFront" title="NetFront">NetFront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutebrowser" title="Qutebrowser">qutebrowser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dillo" title="Dillo">Dillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eww_(web_browser)" title="Eww (web browser)">eww</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(web_browser)" title="Flow (web browser)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_(web_browser)" title="Ladybird (web browser)">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" title="Links (web browser)">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" title="Lynx (web browser)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetSurf" title="NetSurf">NetSurf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mini" title="Opera Mini">Opera Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3m" title="W3m">w3m</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discontinued182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Discontinued</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_(web_browser)" title="Beaker (web browser)">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrio" title="Citrio">Citrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(web_browser)" title="Flock (web browser)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcore" title="Redcore">Redcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockmelt" title="Rockmelt">Rockmelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SalamWeb" title="SalamWeb">SalamWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(search_engine)#Browser" title="Sputnik (search engine)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_(web_browser)" title="Torch (web browser)">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(software)" title="Gecko (software)">Gecko</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beonex_Communicator" title="Beonex Communicator">Beonex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_(web_browser)" title="Camino (web browser)">Camino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classilla" title="Classilla">Classilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conkeror" title="Conkeror">Conkeror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_Lite" title="Firefox Lite">Firefox Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeon" title="Galeon">Galeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostzilla" title="Ghostzilla">Ghostzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comodo_IceDragon" title="Comodo IceDragon">IceDragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazehakase" title="Kazehakase">Kazehakase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylo_(web_browser)" title="Kylo (web browser)">Kylo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony" title="IBM Lotus Symphony">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroB" title="MicroB">MicroB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimo" title="Minimo">Minimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Application_Suite" title="Mozilla Application Suite">Mozilla suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PirateBrowser" title="PirateBrowser">PirateBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Pogo" title="AT&T Pogo">Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirix_Strata" title="Kirix Strata">Strata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftfox" title="Swiftfox">Swiftfox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiftweasel" title="Swiftweasel">Swiftweasel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TenFourFox" class="mw-redirect" title="TenFourFox">TenFourFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timberwolf_(web_browser)" title="Timberwolf (web browser)">Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XB_Browser" title="XB Browser">xB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL_Explorer" title="AOL Explorer">AOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepnet_Explorer" title="Deepnet Explorer">Deepnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBrowser" title="GreenBrowser">GreenBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaBrowser" title="MediaBrowser">MediaBrowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeoPlanet" title="NeoPlanet">NeoPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetCaptor" title="NetCaptor">NetCaptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceTime_(software)#SpaceTime_Browser" title="SpaceTime (software)">SpaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arora_(web_browser)" title="Arora (web browser)">Arora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(web_browser)" title="Bolt (web browser)">BOLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Browser" title="Dolphin Browser">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_(web_browser)" title="Fluid (web browser)">Fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(smart_TV_platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Google TV (smart TV platform)">Google TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Browser" title="Iris Browser">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Browser" title="Mercury Browser">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Browser_for_Symbian" title="Nokia Browser for Symbian">Nokia Symbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniWeb" title="OmniWeb">OmniWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Coast" title="Opera Coast">Opera Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origyn_Web_Browser" title="Origyn Web Browser">Origyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QtWeb" title="QtWeb">QtWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiira" title="Shiira">Shiira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_(web_browser)" title="Steel (web browser)">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(web_browser)" title="Surf (web browser)">surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbl" title="Uzbl">Uzbl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPositive" class="mw-redirect" title="WebPositive">WebPositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xombrero" title="Xombrero">xombrero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaco_(web_browser)" title="Abaco (web browser)">abaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne_(web_browser)" title="Arachne (web browser)">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazer_(web_browser)" title="Blazer (web browser)">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cake_Browser" title="Cake Browser">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CM_Browser" title="CM Browser">CM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Live_Labs_Deepfish" title="Microsoft Live Labs Deepfish">Deepfish</a></li> <li><a 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