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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Album_covers_in_the_age_of_downloads_and_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Album_covers_in_the_age_of_downloads_and_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Album covers in the age of downloads and streaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Album_covers_in_the_age_of_downloads_and_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banned_covers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banned_covers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Banned covers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banned_covers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coberta_(disc)" title="Coberta (disc) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coberta (disc)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumcover" title="Albumcover – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Albumcover" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schallplattenh%C3%BClle" title="Schallplattenhülle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schallplattenhülle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada_(disco)" title="Portada (disco) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portada (disco)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochette_(album)" title="Pochette (album) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pochette (album)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%98_%EC%BB%A4%EB%B2%84" title="음반 커버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음반 커버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampul_album" title="Sampul album – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sampul album" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copertina_(musica)" title="Copertina (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Copertina (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_(%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98)" title="עטיפה (תקליט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עטיפה (תקליט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალბომის გარეკანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბომის გარეკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeske" title="Hoeske – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hoeske" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoes" title="Hoes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Конверт грампластинки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конверт грампластинки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levynkansi" title="Levynkansi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Levynkansi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skivomslag" title="Skivomslag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skivomslag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Photo on the front cover of an album</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Album#Tribute_or_cover" title="Album">Cover album</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/220px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/330px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/440px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Album cover for the North American release of <i><a href="/wiki/Are_You_Experienced" title="Are You Experienced">Are You Experienced</a></i> (1967) by <a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">the Jimi Hendrix Experience</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>album cover</b> (also referred to as <b>album art</b>) is the front packaging art of a commercially released <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">studio album</a> or other audio recordings. The term can refer to: </p> <ul><li>the printed <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> covers typically used to package: <ul><li>sets of 10 in (25 cm) and 12 in (30 cm) <a href="/wiki/78_rpm_records" class="mw-redirect" title="78 rpm records">78 rpm records</a></li> <li>singles and sets of 12 in (30 cm) <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">long-play records</a></li> <li>sets of <a href="/wiki/45_rpm_record" class="mw-redirect" title="45 rpm record">45 rpm records</a> (either in several connected sleeves or a box)</li></ul></li> <li>the front-facing panel of: <ul><li>a <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette</a> <a href="/wiki/J-card" title="J-card">J-card</a></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">package</a></li></ul></li> <li>the primary image accompanying a <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">digital download</a> of the album (or of its individual <a href="/wiki/Track_(CD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (CD)">tracks</a>).</li></ul> <p>For all tangible records, the album art also serves as part of the protective <a href="/wiki/Record_sleeve" title="Record sleeve">sleeve</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crosbyana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crosbyana.jpg/220px-Crosbyana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crosbyana.jpg/330px-Crosbyana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Crosbyana.jpg/440px-Crosbyana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Cover for <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>'s 1941 compilation album <i><a href="/wiki/Crosbyana" title="Crosbyana">Crosbyana</a></i> issued on six <a href="/wiki/78_RPM" class="mw-redirect" title="78 RPM">78 records</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1910, 78-rpm records replaced the phonograph cylinder as the medium for recorded sound. The 78-rpm records were issued in both 10- and 12-inch diameter sizes and were usually sold separately, in brown paper or cardboard sleeves that were sometimes plain and sometimes printed to show the producer or the retailer's name. These were invariably made out of acid paper, limiting conservability. Generally the sleeves had a circular cutout allowing the record label to be seen. Records could be laid on a shelf horizontally or stood upright on an edge, but because of their fragility, many broke in storage. </p><p>German record company Odeon pioneered the "album" in 1909 when it released the <i>Nutcracker Suite</i> by Tchaikovsky on four double-sided discs in a specially designed package.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (It is not indicated what the specially designed package was.) The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been taken up by other record companies for many years. </p><p>Beginning in the 1920s, bound collections of empty sleeves with a plain paperboard or leather cover were sold as "record albums" (similar to a photograph album) that customers could use to store their records. (The name "record album" was printed on some covers.) These empty albums were sold in both 10- and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, and suspending the fragile records above the shelf, protecting them. </p><p>Starting in the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78-rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled collections. These albums of several 78-rpm records could include a collection of popular songs related by either performer or style, or extended-length classical music, including complete symphonies. </p><p>In 1938, Columbia Records hired <a href="/wiki/Alex_Steinweiss" title="Alex Steinweiss">Alex Steinweiss</a> as its first art director. He is credited with inventing the concept of album covers and cover art, replacing the plain covers used before. After his initial efforts at Columbia, other record companies followed his lead. By the late 1940s, record albums for all the major companies featured their own colorful paper covers in both 10- and 12-inch sizes. Some featured reproductions of classic art while others utilized original designs. </p><p>When the 10- and 12-inch long-playing records (LPs) came along in 1948, and box sets of 45-rpm records soon followed (see gramophone record), the name "album" was used for the new format of collections, and the creation of artistic original album covers continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 1950s through to the 1980s, the 12" LP record and the 45 rpm record became the major formats for the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>. The LP format remains in use for occasional new releases, though other formats have largely supplanted it. The size of the typical cardboard LP sleeve cover is 12.375 in (31.43 cm) square. </p><p>Starting in the mid-1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) was the most common form of physically distributed music products. <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Packaging formats</a> vary, including the jewel case (which since 1982 has been the most popular form of CD packaging), and the cardboard and plastic combination commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Digipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Digipak">Digipak</a> (which has been a popular alternative form of packaging in recent years, but remains supplanted by the jewel case due to higher manufacturing costs and lower durability). Typically the album cover component of these packages is approximately 4.75 in (12.1 cm) square. </p><p>In the 1980s and early 1990s, CDs were often sold as jewel cases enclosed within cardboard <a href="/wiki/Longbox" title="Longbox">longboxes</a> measuring 12 in (30 cm) by 6 in (15 cm), which provided more space for album artwork than the jewel cases they contained, but were seen as harmful to the environment since the cardboard box was typically discarded by the buyer soon after purchase. Major record labels in the United States stopped distributing CDs in longboxes as of April 1, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cover_art#Album_cover_art" title="Cover art">Cover art § Album cover art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheBeatles68LP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TheBeatles68LP.jpg/220px-TheBeatles68LP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TheBeatles68LP.jpg/330px-TheBeatles68LP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/TheBeatles68LP.jpg/440px-TheBeatles68LP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The cover for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">The Beatles</a></i>, aka "The White Album", cited for its innovative design</figcaption></figure> <p>Album covers are one of the various ways in which first impressions affect an audience's perception of a given musician or band, or other content of the album.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Album covers' design cover may also add to how an audience forms an opinion of them and their music. There are various ways in which an album cover is visualized. Some examples include artists choosing to put a photo of themselves, which is one of the factors that add to the observation of the band, the musician, and the music. </p><p>The album cover eventually became an important part of the culture of music.<sup id="cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doggett_p_393-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of designers like <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cato" title="Bob Cato">Bob Cato</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> who at various stages in his long music career was vice president of creative services at both <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>, album covers became renowned for being a marketing tool and an expression of artistic intent.<sup id="cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doggett_p_393-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Album art has also been discussed as an important postwar cultural expression.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/With_the_Beatles" title="With the Beatles">With the Beatles</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_They_Are_a-Changin%27_(Bob_Dylan_album)" title="The Times They Are a-Changin' (Bob Dylan album)">The Times They Are a-Changin'</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_(album)" title="The Rolling Stones (album)">self-titled debut album</a> each contained a cover photograph designed to further the musical artist's public image. Author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Doggett" title="Peter Doggett">Peter Doggett</a> also highlights the cover of <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Otis_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis Blue">Otis Blue</a></i>, containing a photo of a young white woman, as a design that "played a dual role: she represented the transcendent power of the music, and obscured the race of its creator."<sup id="cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doggett_p_393-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard portrait-based LP cover was further challenged over 1965–66 by Dylan's <i><a href="/wiki/Bringing_It_All_Back_Home" title="Bringing It All Back Home">Bringing It All Back Home</a></i>, through the inclusion of symbolic artefacts around the singer; the artificially stretched faces of the Beatles shown on their <i><a href="/wiki/Rubber_Soul" title="Rubber Soul">Rubber Soul</a></i> album; and the darkened hues applied to the Rolling Stones on <i><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath (The Rolling Stones album)">Aftermath</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doggett_p_393-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gatefold" title="Gatefold">Gatefold covers</a> (a folded double cover) and inserts, often with lyric sheets, made the album cover a desirable work in its own right. Notable examples are the Beatles' <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i>, which had cut-out inserts, printed lyrics, and a gatefold sleeve, even though it was a single album; the Rolling Stones' <i><a href="/wiki/Exile_on_Main_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Exile on Main Street">Exile on Main Street</a></i>, which had a gatefold and a series of 12 perforated postcards as inserts (taken by photographer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Seeff" title="Norman Seeff">Norman Seeff</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon" title="The Dark Side of the Moon">The Dark Side of the Moon</a></i>, which had a gatefold, lyrics, no title on the sleeve, and poster and sticker inserts. <a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a>'s 1970 release <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Fright_(album)" title="Stage Fright (album)">Stage Fright</a></i>, which included a photograph by Seeff as a poster insert, is an early example of LP artwork quickly becoming a collector's item. The move to the small (less than 1/4 the size of a record) CD format lost that impact, although attempts have been made to create a more desirable packaging for the CD format, for example the reissue of <i>Sgt. Pepper</i>, which had a cardboard box and booklet, or the use of oversized packaging. </p><p>The importance of design was such that some cover artists specialised or gained fame through their work. Such people include the design team <a href="/wiki/Hipgnosis" title="Hipgnosis">Hipgnosis</a>, through their work on Pink Floyd albums and others; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Dean_(artist)" title="Roger Dean (artist)">Roger Dean</a>, famous for his <a href="/wiki/Yes_(band)" title="Yes (band)">Yes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenslade" title="Greenslade">Greenslade</a> covers; <a href="/wiki/Cal_Schenkel" title="Cal Schenkel">Cal Schenkel</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Trout_Mask_Replica" title="Trout Mask Replica">Trout Mask Replica</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/We%27re_Only_in_It_for_the_Money" title="We're Only in It for the Money">We're Only in It for the Money</a></i>. </p><p>The talents of many photographers and illustrators from both inside and outside of the music industry have been used to produce a vast array of memorable LP/CD covers. Photographer <a href="/wiki/Mick_Rock" title="Mick Rock">Mick Rock</a> produced some of the most iconographic album covers of the 1970s, including <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_II" title="Queen II">Queen II</a></i> (recreated for their classic music video "<a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Rhapsody" title="Bohemian Rhapsody">Bohemian Rhapsody</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Syd_Barrett" title="Syd Barrett">Syd Barrett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Madcap_Laughs" title="The Madcap Laughs">The Madcap Laughs</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(Lou_Reed_album)" title="Transformer (Lou Reed album)">Transformer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1972 to 1975, photographer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Seeff" title="Norman Seeff">Norman Seeff</a> was creative director at <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a> and in addition to his many cover photographs (<a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hotter_than_Hell_(album)" title="Hotter than Hell (album)">Hotter than Hell</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hejira_(album)" title="Hejira (album)">Hejira</a></i>, etc.), he art directed dozens of album covers including <i>Exile on Main Street</i>, many of which received <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> nominations. In addition to the examples mentioned previously, a number of world-renowned graphic artists and illustrators such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crumb" title="Robert Crumb">Robert Crumb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_%26_the_Holding_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Brother & the Holding Company">Big Brother & the Holding Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shepard_Fairey" title="Shepard Fairey">Shepard Fairey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>), <a href="/wiki/Howard_Finster" title="Howard Finster">Howard Finster</a> (<a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Frazetta" title="Frank Frazetta">Frank Frazetta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molly_Hatchet" title="Molly Hatchet">Molly Hatchet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Derek_Riggs" title="Derek Riggs">Derek Riggs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a>), <a href="/wiki/H._R._Giger" title="H. R. Giger">H. R. Giger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer" title="Emerson, Lake & Palmer">Emerson, Lake & Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Harry" title="Debbie Harry">Debbie Harry</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Helnwein" title="Gottfried Helnwein">Gottfried Helnwein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>), <a href="/wiki/Al_Hirschfeld" title="Al Hirschfeld">Al Hirschfeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kelly_(artist)" title="Ken Kelly (artist)">Ken Kelly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mati_Klarwein" title="Mati Klarwein">Mati Klarwein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santana_(band)" title="Santana (band)">Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rex_Ray" title="Rex Ray">Rex Ray</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Reid" title="Jamie Reid">Jamie Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Sex_Pistols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sex Pistols">The Sex Pistols</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ed_Repka" title="Ed Repka">Ed Repka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Megadeth" title="Megadeth">Megadeth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Live_Adventures_of_Mike_Bloomfield_and_Al_Kooper" title="The Live Adventures of Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper">Mike Bloomfield and Al Kooper</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Van_Hamersveld" title="John Van Hamersveld">John Van Hamersveld</a> (The Rolling Stones), <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Vargas" title="Alberto Vargas">Alberto Vargas</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Cars" title="The Cars">The Cars</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rolling Stones) have all applied their talents to memorable music packages.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of record covers have also used images licensed (or borrowed from the public domain) from artists of bygone eras. Well-known examples of this include the cover of <a href="/wiki/Derek_and_the_Dominos" title="Derek and the Dominos">Derek and the Dominos</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Other_Assorted_Love_Songs" title="Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs">Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs</a></i> (from the painting "La Fille au Bouquet" by French painter and sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Th%C3%A9odore_Frandsen_de_Schomberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Théodore Frandsen de Schomberg (page does not exist)">Émile Théodore Frandsen de Schomberg</a>), "The Downfall of Icarus" by Genisson on the cover of the first album by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(band)" title="Renaissance (band)">Renaissance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Bosch</a> on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple_(album)" title="Deep Purple (album)">Deep Purple</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Breugel</a> on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Foxes_(album)" title="Fleet Foxes (album)">Fleet Foxes</a></i>; the cover of Kansas's debut album, adapted from a mural by painter <a href="/wiki/John_Steuart_Curry" title="John Steuart Curry">John Steuart Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a>'s cowboy (<a href="/wiki/Pure_Prairie_League" title="Pure Prairie League">Pure Prairie League</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Viva_la_Vida_or_Death_and_All_His_Friends" title="Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends">Viva La Vida</a></i>, which features <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> (a favorite in <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">The Louvre</a>) with the words "VIVA LA VIDA" brushed on top in white paint. </p><p>Legends from photography and video/film who have also produced record cover images include <a href="/wiki/Drew_Struzan" title="Drew Struzan">Drew Struzan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Butterfly" title="Iron Butterfly">Iron Butterfly</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a> and others), <a href="/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz" title="Annie Leibovitz">Annie Leibovitz</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Avedon" title="Richard Avedon">Richard Avedon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Pendergrass" title="Teddy Pendergrass">Teddy Pendergrass</a>), <a href="/wiki/David_LaChappelle" class="mw-redirect" title="David LaChappelle">David LaChappelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/No_Doubt" title="No Doubt">No Doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anton_Corbijn" title="Anton Corbijn">Anton Corbijn</a> (<a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Killers" title="The Killers">The Killers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferris" title="Karl Ferris">Karl Ferris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donovan" title="Donovan">Donovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hollies" title="The Hollies">The Hollies</a>), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Scavullo" title="Francesco Scavullo">Francesco Scavullo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Winter" title="Edgar Winter">Edgar Winter</a>), <a href="/wiki/David_Michael_Kennedy" title="David Michael Kennedy">David Michael Kennedy</a> others. </p><p>A number of artists and bands feature members who are, in their own right, accomplished illustrators, designers and photographers and whose talents are exhibited in the artwork they produced for their own recordings. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a> (<i>Led Zeppelin IV</i>), <a href="/wiki/Chris_Mars" title="Chris Mars">Chris Mars</a> (Replacements' <i>Pleased to Meet Me</i> and others), <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a> (<i>Lest We Forget...</i>), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stipe" title="Michael Stipe">Michael Stipe</a> (R.E.M.'s <i>Accelerate</i>), <a href="/wiki/Thom_Yorke" title="Thom Yorke">Thom Yorke</a> (credited as "Tchocky" on misc. <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a> records), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Brecker" title="Michael Brecker">Michael Brecker</a> (<i>Ringorama</i>), <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> (<i>Queen I</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lynsey_De_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynsey De Paul">Lynsey De Paul</a> (<i>Surprise</i>), <a href="/wiki/John_Entwistle" title="John Entwistle">John Entwistle</a> (<i>Who By Numbers</i>), <a href="/wiki/Graham_Coxon" title="Graham Coxon">Graham Coxon</a> (<i>13</i> and most solo albums), <a href="/wiki/Mike_Shinoda" title="Mike Shinoda">Mike Shinoda</a> (various <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a> albums), <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> (<i>Miles of Aisles</i> and several others) as well for <a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Stills,_Nash_%26_Young" title="Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young">Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young</a> (<i>So Far</i>), and <a href="/wiki/M.I.A._(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="M.I.A. (artist)">M.I.A.</a> (credited variously on <a href="/wiki/Elastica" title="Elastica">Elastica</a>'s <i>The Menace</i>, her records), and <a href="/wiki/Captain_Beefheart" title="Captain Beefheart">Captain Beefheart</a>, 'Mona Bone Jakon', 'Tea for the Tillerman' and 'Teaser and the Firecat' by <a href="/wiki/Cat_Stevens" title="Cat Stevens">Cat Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mika_(singer)" title="Mika (singer)">Mika</a> (all albums released to date), <i><a href="/wiki/Music_from_Big_Pink" title="Music from Big Pink">Music from Big Pink</a></i> (for The Band), <i>Self Portrait</i> and <i>Planet Waves</i> by Bob Dylan, <i>Walls and Bridges</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>. </p><p>A genre of music that people have found issues in album covers is reggae. There are certain reggae artists that feel that the way they are displayed on their own album covers is not an accurate way of describing themselves and their culture. The stereotypical rasta lifestyle depicted on many reggae album covers is only displayed that way because this is what the white audience seemed to appreciate the most. This version of the reggae artists is what many people take notice of and what makes them unique in regards to other genres. However, these album covers do not accurately represent the core values of typical people in Jamaica but they deal with this representation because they know that the audience is familiar with the stereotypical rasta depiction. These album covers tend to display inauthentic versions of their considerations of style and sexuality and do not accurately display "Uptown" Jamaica. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Album cover art was the subject of a 2013 documentary film, <i>The Cover Story: Album Art</i>, by Eric Christensen, a <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> record collector.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physical design of album covers has been the subject of creative innovation. <i><a href="/wiki/Ogden%27s_Nut_Gone_Flake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden's Nut Gone Flake">Ogden's Nut Gone Flake</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Small_Faces" title="Small Faces">Small Faces</a> was originally in a circular metal tin, and <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_to_Meet_%E2%80%93_Sorry_to_Part" title="Happy to Meet – Sorry to Part">Happy to Meet – Sorry to Part</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Horslips" title="Horslips">Horslips</a> was in an octagonal package. <a href="/wiki/Anyway_(album)" title="Anyway (album)"><i>Anyway</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Family_(band)" title="Family (band)">Family</a> was originally issued in an opaque plastic package through which a design (a Leonardo sketch) could be seen. <i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Mystery Tour (album)">Magical Mystery Tour</a></i> by the Beatles was first released as a double <a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">EP</a> with a booklet between the records. <i>Sgt. Pepper</i> contained a cardboard sheet of images, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_(album)" title="The Beatles (album)">The Beatles</a></i> (often referred to as the White Album) contained four large glossy photos of the individual Beatles along with a poster-sized collage. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_Leeds" title="Live at Leeds">Live at Leeds</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> also contained a generous supply of posters and printed material. <i><a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_III" title="Led Zeppelin III">Led Zeppelin III</a></i> had a front cover that contained a revolving disc which brought different images into view through small cut-outs in the outer sleeve. A similar effect was used for the band's later album <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Graffiti" title="Physical Graffiti">Physical Graffiti</a></i> with cut-outs of the windows of a brownstone building. The original issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Sticky_Fingers" title="Sticky Fingers">Sticky Fingers</a></i> by the Rolling Stones had an actual zipper incorporated into the picture of the crotch area of a pair of jeans. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground_and_Nico" class="mw-redirect" title="The Velvet Underground and Nico">The Velvet Underground and Nico</a></i> album had a Warhol-designed cardboard banana on the cover that could be peeled back. The record company <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_Records" title="Vertigo Records">Vertigo</a> had a black-and-white design on the centre label that produced a hypnotic optical effect when the disc revolved on the turntable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging">Packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The album cover is a component of the overall packaging of an album. These could be done in a single or a multiple (<a href="/wiki/Gatefold" title="Gatefold">gatefold</a>) sleeve. Especially in the case of vinyl records with paperboard sleeves, these packages are prone to wear and tear, although wear and tear does often take place to some degree on covers contained within plastic cases. A variety of treatments could be applied to improve both their appearance and durability, such as clear plastic wrap. Many products have been available for the storage of vinyl albums, often clear plastic sleeves. </p><p>The surface of a vinyl record is readily damaged, so aside from the outer <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> sleeve, there is usually an inner protective cover to protect against dust and handling. This is normally shaped to allow it to readily slide within the outer cover. The inner sleeve is either thin white paper, either plain or printed with information on other recordings available from the same company, or a paper sleeve supporting a thin <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">plastic bag</a>. These quite often have a circular cut out so that the record label can be read without directly handling the record, though when the inner sleeve is printed with lyrics, which became quite common, then there is usually no hole. Decca Records used a system of colour-coding on these sleeves where a blue color denoted a <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic</a> recording while red denoted a <a href="/wiki/Monaural" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaural">monophonic</a> recording (the mono record players of the time were not always compatible with stereo records). This system was begun in the 1960s to reduce packaging costs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Packaging formats for compact discs</a> widened the variety of presentations as well, even as the size of the CD meant that album covers were no longer so large. </p><p>Besides the practicalities of identifying specific records, album covers serve the purpose of advertising the musical contents on the LP, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a>. An album cover normally has the artist's name, sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logo</a> form; and the album title. Occasionally, though more common on historical vinyl records, the cover may include a reference number; a branding (the <a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">label</a>), and possibly a track listing. Other information is seldom included on the cover, and is usually contained on the rear or interior of the packaging, such as a track listing together with a more detailed list of those involved in making the record, band members, guest performers, engineers and producer. On the <i>spine</i> of the package, the artist, title, and reference number are usually repeated so that albums can be identified while tightly packed on a shelf. </p><p>Parental advisory labels are warning labels that are required to be placed on album covers when the music on the album contains explicit content such as vulgar language. These labels have been known to be controversial when it comes to keeping underage audiences from this content. There are a few different theories on this, such as the "forbidden fruit" and "tainted fruit" theories. The "forbidden fruit" theory states that when a child sees the parental advisory label on an album cover they will be more likely to listen to it because there is an increased attractiveness to the music. There are many adolescents that follow the "forbidden fruit" theory as a way to either lash out at their parents or to make themselves feel more mature than they are. They may use explicit music as a way to be rebellious and to appear cooler to their friends, even if they are much too young to be exposed to that kind of music. The "tainted fruit" theory states that the child will see the label and immediately know to avoid this kind of content because it is inappropriate for their age. These children are the ones who see the label and do not even acknowledge this album or these songs because they know that it is not made for them. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) introduced this warning label and it is now a requirement on any explicit music. However, the RIAA is unable to actually control whether or not adolescents will be listening to the music but as of now there is no way to fully control what these children are doing. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Album_covers_in_the_age_of_downloads_and_streaming">Album covers in the age of downloads and streaming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Album covers in the age of downloads and streaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2008, album cover designer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Saville_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Saville (artist)">Peter Saville</a> suggested that the album cover was dead.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Album art is still considered a vital part of the listening experience to many.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MP3, WMA, and M4A (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> format) music files can contain embedded digital album artworks (called cover images or simply covers) in jpeg format.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One digital solution is the <a href="/wiki/ITunes_LP" title="ITunes LP">iTunes LP</a> format for interactive album artwork introduced by Apple in 2009. Resolution for digital album covers should be at least 800×800 (1:1 aspect ratio); lower resolutions might not look good on newer devices. </p><p>Some artists have used Internet technology to generate even more cover art. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a> initially released its album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Slip_(album)" title="The Slip (album)">The Slip</a></i> as a free download on the band's website, attaching separate but thematically connected images to each individual track. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banned_covers">Banned covers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Banned covers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_controversial_album_art" title="List of controversial album art">List of controversial album art</a></div> <p>Some album covers have been banned due to depicting violence, nudity, or other offensive imagery. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>'s 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/Appetite_for_Destruction" title="Appetite for Destruction">Appetite for Destruction</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s cover depicted a robot rapist about to be punished by a metal avenger, and <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>'s 2010 album <i><a href="/wiki/My_Beautiful_Dark_Twisted_Fantasy" title="My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy">My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy</a></i> depicted West naked and being straddled by a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> with her bare breasts and buttocks showing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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title="Category:Album-cover and concert-poster artists">Category:Album-cover and concert-poster artists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr2005" class="citation web cs1">Schoenherr, Steve (6 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329065002/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html#cylinder">"Recording Technology History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/notes.html#cylinder">the original</a> on 29 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recording+Technology+History&rft.pub=University+of+San+Diego&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.sandiego.edu%2Fgen%2Frecording%2Fnotes.html%23cylinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerna1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Verna, Paul (April 10, 1993). "No-Longbox Era Has Smooth Start". <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=No-Longbox+Era+Has+Smooth+Start&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1993-04-10&rft.aulast=Verna&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgersonSchroeder2021" class="citation book cs1">Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1230460986"><i>Designed for Dancing: how midcentury records taught America to dance</i></a>. [S.l.]: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04433-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04433-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1230460986">1230460986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designed+for+Dancing%3A+how+midcentury+records+taught+America+to+dance.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1230460986&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04433-2&rft.aulast=Borgerson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1230460986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doggett_p_393-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doggett_p_393_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoggett2015" class="citation book cs1">Doggett, Peter (2015). <i>Electric Shock: From the Gramophone to the iPhone: 125 Years of Pop Music</i>. London: The Bodley Head. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847922182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847922182"><bdi>978-1-847922182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Shock%3A+From+the+Gramophone+to+the+iPhone%3A+125+Years+of+Pop+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=The+Bodley+Head&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-847922182&rft.aulast=Doggett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgerson2017" class="citation book cs1">Borgerson, Janet (2017). <i>Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in midcentury America</i>. Schroeder, Jonathan E., 1962-. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262036238" title="Special:BookSources/9780262036238"><bdi>9780262036238</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958205262">958205262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designed+for+hi-fi+living+%3A+the+vinyl+LP+in+midcentury+America&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958205262&rft.isbn=9780262036238&rft.aulast=Borgerson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6613107.stm">Photographer lives the Rock dream</a> BBC News. Retrieved May 26, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, John. (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Andy-Warhol-Velvet-Underground">"Andy Warhol & the Velvet Underground"</a>. In <i>Cross-Overs: Art into Pop, Pop into Art</i> (1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Total records : photography and the art of the album cover</i>. Antoine de Beaupré, Serge Vincendet, Sam Stourdzé, Jacques Denis, Jean-Baptiste Mondino (1st Aperture ed.). New York. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597113847" title="Special:BookSources/9781597113847"><bdi>9781597113847</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948670847">948670847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+records+%3A+photography+and+the+art+of+the+album+cover&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Aperture&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948670847&rft.isbn=9781597113847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpampinatoWiedemann2017" class="citation book cs1">Spampinato, Francesco; Wiedemann, Julius (2017). <i>Art record covers</i>. [Koln, Germany]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783836540292" title="Special:BookSources/9783836540292"><bdi>9783836540292</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952207403">952207403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+record+covers&rft.place=%5BKoln%2C+Germany%5D&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952207403&rft.isbn=9783836540292&rft.aulast=Spampinato&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Wiedemann%2C+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huss, Hasse. “The ‘Zinc-Fence Thing’: When Will Reggae Album Covers Be Allowed out of the Ghetto?” Black Music Research Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, 2000, pp. 181–194. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779466">https://www.jstor.org/stable/779466</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Whiting2013" class="citation news cs1">Sam Whiting (2013-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/music/article/Film-puts-lively-spin-on-album-cover-art-4209802.php#page-1">"Film puts lively spin on album cover art"</a>. <i>SFGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SFGate&rft.atitle=Film+puts+lively+spin+on+album+cover+art&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.au=Sam+Whiting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fmusic%2Farticle%2FFilm-puts-lively-spin-on-album-cover-art-4209802.php%23page-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Christenson, The Effects of Parental Advisory Labels on Adolescent Music Preferences, Journal of Communication, Volume 42, Issue 1, March 1992, Pages 106–113, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00772.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00772.x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Gregory" class="citation news cs1">Jason Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gigwise.com/news/45430/designer-peter-saville-the-album-cover-is-dead">"Peter Saville Says Album Cover is Dead"</a>. <i>Gigwise</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gigwise&rft.atitle=Peter+Saville+Says+Album+Cover+is+Dead&rft.au=Jason+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gigwise.com%2Fnews%2F45430%2Fdesigner-peter-saville-the-album-cover-is-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151013083754/http://www.albumartexchange.com/about.php">"About"</a>. Albumartexchange.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albumartexchange.com/about.php">the original</a> on 2015-10-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Albumartexchange.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albumartexchange.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno2007" class="citation news cs1">Bruno, Antony (31 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN3049009520071231?sp=true">"Digital album packaging should improve in 2008"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Digital+album+packaging+should+improve+in+2008&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtechnologyNews%2FidUSN3049009520071231%3Fsp%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbum+cover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Celant, Germano, <i>et al</i>. <i>The Record as Artwork: from Futurism to Conceptual Art, [exemplified by LP discs in] the Collection of Germano Celant</i>. Fort Worth, Tex.: Fort Worth Art Museum, 1977. N.B'khauhelo. This is the illustrated catalogue of an exhibition which first showed from 4 Dec. to 15 Jan. 1977 in Fort Worth and then in art galleries at Philadelphia, Montréal, and Chicago.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Album_cover&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Covers_of_music_albums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Covers of music albums">Covers of music albums</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Walker, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdesigncafe.com/rock-art-rock-design-rock-fashion-1992">"Rock Art / Rock Design / Rock Fashion"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044036/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/rock-art-rock-design-rock-fashion-1992">Archived</a> 2013-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945</i>, 3rd. ed.</li> <li>All iTunes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covermytunes.com">Album Covers</a> search engine;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourememberthat.com/media/9626/Album_Art_Is_NOT_Dead-_An_Interview_With_Artist_Ioannis/">Album Art Is NOT Dead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704200024/http://www.yourememberthat.com/media/9626/Album_Art_Is_NOT_Dead-_An_Interview_With_Artist_Ioannis/">Archived</a> 2014-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; an interview with artist Ioannis</li> <li>Borgerson, Janet and Jonathan Schroeder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designedforhifiliving.com/"><i>Designed for Hi-Fi Living: The Vinyl LP in Midcentury America</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017</li> <li>Borgerson, Janet and Jonathan Schroeder, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.designedfordancing.net/">Designed for Dancing: How Midcentury Records Taught America to Dance</a></i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Design">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(Females)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333350#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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