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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jewish tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Islamic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morning_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morning_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Morning gifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morning_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Western Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kachin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kachin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Kachin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kachin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bride price</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeunam%C3%A8e" title="Jeunamèe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeunamèe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%AB" title="ማጫ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማጫ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82" title="صداق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صداق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="কইনাৰ মূল্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কইনাৰ মূল্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fl%C4%B1q" title="Başlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Başlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3" title="পণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujuran" title="Jujuran – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Jujuran" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Вена (права) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вена (права)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusambo" title="Rusambo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rusambo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brudepris" title="Brudepris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brudepris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brautpreis" title="Brautpreis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brautpreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excrex" title="Excrex – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Excrex" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7" title="شیربها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیربها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_de_la_fianc%C3%A9e" title="Prix de la fiancée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix de la fiancée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B4" title="Ирæд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирæд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezzo_della_sposa" title="Prezzo della sposa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prezzo della sposa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="מוהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95" title="ಕನ್ಯಾಶುಲ್ಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕನ್ಯಾಶುಲ್ಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brudepris" title="Brudepris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brudepris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiano_(maj%C4%85tek)" title="Wiano (majątek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiano (majątek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C3%A7o_de_noiva" title="Preço de noiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Preço de noiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Выкуп невесты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выкуп невесты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Сулуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сулуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupovanje_neveste" title="Kupovanje neveste – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kupovanje neveste" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijena_braka" title="Cijena braka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cijena braka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahar" title="Mahar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mahar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morsiuslunnaat" title="Morsiuslunnaat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Morsiuslunnaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brudk%C3%B6p" title="Brudköp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brudköp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="కన్యాశుల్కం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కన్యాశుల్కం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fl%C4%B1k_paras%C4%B1" title="Başlık parası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Başlık parası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(kurum)" title="Li (kurum) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Li (kurum)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Віно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%85%DB%81%D8%B1" title="حق مہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حق مہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%98%E7%A6%AE" title="聘禮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聘禮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%98%E7%A4%BC" title="聘礼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聘礼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q765157#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Money or other form of wealth paid by a groom or his family to the family of the bride</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg/220px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg/330px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg/440px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Papuan_bride_price.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a> bride dowry basket piece from the early 20th century. In the collection of <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis" title="The Children's Museum of Indianapolis">The Children's Museum of Indianapolis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/100px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/150px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/200px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian <i>(debated)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bride price</b>, <b>bride-dowry</b>, <b>bride-wealth</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">bride service</a></b> or <b>bride token</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, or other form of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> paid by a <a href="/wiki/Groom" class="mw-redirect" title="Groom">groom</a> or his family to the woman or the family of the woman he will be <a href="/wiki/Married" class="mw-redirect" title="Married">married</a> to or is just about to marry. Bride dowry is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> paid to the groom in some cultures, or used by the bride to help establish the new household, and <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>, which is property settled on the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage. Some cultures may practice both simultaneously. Many cultures practiced bride dowry prior to existing records. </p><p>The tradition of giving bride dowry is practiced in many <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> countries, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and in some <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> societies, notably those in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. The amount changing hands may range from a token to continue the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, to many thousands of US dollars in some marriages in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and as much as a $100,000 in exceptionally large bride dowry in parts of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> where bride dowry is customary.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bridewealth is commonly paid in a currency that is not generally used for other types of exchange. According to French <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> Philippe Rospabé, its payment does therefore not entail the <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">purchase of a woman</a>, as was thought in the early twentieth century. Instead, it is a purely symbolic gesture acknowledging (but never paying off) the husband's permanent debt to the wife's parents.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Dowries</b> exist in societies where capital is more valuable than manual labor. For instance, in Middle Ages Europe, the family of a bride-to-be was compelled to offer a dowry — land, cattle and money — to the family of the husband-to-be.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Bridewealth</b> exists in societies where manual labor is more important than capital. In Sub-Saharan Africa where land was abundant and there were few or no domesticated animals, manual labor was more valuable than capital, and therefore bridewealth dominated. In Eastern Europe, the bride's family is compensated for their loss of a worker.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> explanation for dowry and bride price is that bride price is common in <a href="/wiki/Polygynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygynous">polygynous</a> societies which have a relative scarcity of available women. In <a href="/wiki/Monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous">monogamous</a> societies where women have little personal wealth, dowry is instead common since there is a relative scarcity of wealthy men who can choose from many potential women when marrying.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2025)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bride_price#Dubious" title="Talk:Bride price">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> mentions bride price in various laws as an established custom. It is not the payment of the bride price that is prescribed, but the regulation of various aspects: </p> <ul><li>a man who paid the bride price but looked for another bride would not get a refund, but he would if the father of the bride refused the match</li> <li>if a wife died without sons, her father was entitled to the return of her dowry, minus the value of the bride price.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_tradition">Jewish tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jewish tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> discusses the practice of paying a bride price to the father of a virgin at Shemot (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a>) 22:16-17 (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">JPS</a> translation): "And if a man entice a virgin that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely pay a dowry for her to be his wife. If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins." Devarim (<a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>) 22:28-29 similarly states, "If a man meets a virgin who is not betrothed, and seizes her and lies with her, and they are found, then the man who lay with her shall give to the father of the young woman fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife, because he has violated her. He may not divorce her all his days." </p><p>Jewish law in ancient times insisted upon the betrothed couple signing a <i><a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a></i>, a formal contract. The ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event he divorced his wife (i.e. if he gives her a <i><a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">get</a></i>; women cannot divorce their husbands in orthodox Jewish law); or by his estate in the event of his death. The provision in the ketubah replaced the bride price tradition recited in the Torah, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom. </p><p>This innovation came about because the bride price created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the amount at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. To enable these young men to marry, the rabbis (in effect) delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. The object — in either case — was financial protection for the wife should the husband die, divorce her or disappear. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. </p><p>In fact, the rabbis were so insistent on the bride having the "benefit of the ketubah" that some even described a marriage without one as being merely <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, because the bride would lack the benefit of the financial settlement in case of divorce or death of the husband; without which the woman and her children could become a burden on the community. However, the husband could refuse to pay if a divorce was on account of adultery by the wife. </p><p>To this day in traditional Jewish weddings between opposite-sex couples, the groom gives the bride an object of value, such as a wedding ring, to fulfill the requirement in the ketubah.<sup id="cite_ref-RLamm15_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RLamm15-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object given must have a certain minimal value to satisfy the obligation but, modernly, the value is otherwise nominal and symbolic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the marriage settlements mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> suggest that bride price was a custom of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric society</a>. The language used for various marriage transactions, however, may blur distinctions between bride price and dowry, and a third practice called "indirect dowry," whereby the groom hands over property to the bride which is then used to establish the new household.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177">: 177 </span></sup> "Homeric society" is a fictional construct involving legendary figures and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">deities</a>, though drawing on the historical customs of various times and places in the Greek world.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 180">: 180 </span></sup> At the time when the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_epics" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric epics">Homeric epics</a> were composed, "primitive" practices such as bride price and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> were no longer part of Greek society. Mentions of them preserve, if they have a historical basis at all, customs dating from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Age of Migrations (c. 1200–1000 BC) and the two centuries following</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 185">: 185 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Iliad</i>, <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> promises <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> that he can take a bride without paying the bride price (Greek <i>hednon</i>), instead receiving a dowry <i>(pherne</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Odyssey</i>, the least arguable references to bride price are in the marriage settlements for <a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pero_(princess)" title="Pero (princess)">Pero</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Neleus" title="Neleus">Neleus</a>, who demanded cattle for her;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> herself, whose husband <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> threatens to make her father <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> return the bride price given for her, because she was adulterous.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178">: 178 </span></sup> It is possible that the Homeric "bride price" is part of a <a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">reciprocal exchange of gifts</a> between the prospective husband and the bride's father, but while gift exchange is a fundamental practice of aristocratic friendship and hospitality, it occurs rarely, if at all, in connection with marriage arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177–178">: 177–178 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_law">Islamic law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islamic law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic law commands a groom to give the bride a gift called a <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a> prior to the consummation of the marriage. A mahr differs from the standard bride-price in that it is paid not to the family of the bride, but to the wife to keep for herself; it is thus more accurately described as a <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, it is mentioned in chapter 4, <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">An-Nisa</a>, verse 4 as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>And give to the women (whom you marry) their <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a> [obligatory bridal money given by the husband to his wife at the time of marriage] with a good heart; but if they, of their own good pleasure, remit any part of it to you, take it and enjoy it without fear of any harm (as Allah has made it lawful).</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morning_gifts">Morning gifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morning gifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></div> <p>Morning gifts, which might be arranged by the bride's father rather than the bride, are given to the bride herself. The name derives from the Germanic tribal custom of giving them the morning after the wedding night. The woman might have control of this morning gift during the lifetime of her husband, but is entitled to it when widowed. If the amount of her inheritance is settled by law rather than agreement, it may be called <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>. Depending on legal systems and the exact arrangement, she may not be entitled to dispose of it after her death, and may lose the property if she remarries. Morning gifts were preserved for many centuries in <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, a union where the wife's inferior social status was held to prohibit her children from inheriting a noble's titles or estates. In this case, the morning gift would support the wife and children. Another legal provision for widowhood was <a href="/wiki/Jointure" title="Jointure">jointure</a>, in which property, often land, would be held in joint tenancy, so that it would automatically go to the widow on her husband's death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, a traditional marriage ceremony depends on payment of a bride price to be valid. In Sub-Saharan Africa, bride price must be paid first in order for the couple to get permission to marry in church or in other civil ceremonies, or the marriage is not considered valid by the bride's family. The amount can vary from a token to a great sum, real estate and other values. <a href="/wiki/Lobolo" title="Lobolo">Lobolo</a> (or Lobola, sometimes also known as Roora) is the same tradition in most cultures in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> Xhosa, Shona, Venda, Zulu, Ndebele etc. The amount includes a few to several head of cattle, goats and a sum of money depending on the family. The cattle and goats constitute an integral part of the traditional marriage for ceremonial purposes during and after the original marriage ceremony. </p><p>In some societies, marriage is delayed until all payments are made. If the wedding occurs before all payments are made, the status is left ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bride price tradition can have destructive effects when young men don't have the means to marry. In strife-torn South Sudan, many young men <a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">steal cattle</a> for this reason, often risking their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Asia">Western Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Western Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, who are indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, commonly practice the bride price (<i>niqda</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Which_lang" title="Template:Which lang"><span title="An editor could not identify the correct language for tagging this word or phrase. (January 2023)">what language is this?</span></a></i>]</sup>) custom. The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">tradition</a> would involve the bridegroom's family paying to the father of the bride. The amount of money of the niqda is reached by <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> between groups of people from both families. The <a href="/wiki/Social_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Social state">social state</a> of the groom's family influences the amount of the bridewealth that ought to be paid. When the matter is settled to the contentment of both menages, the groom's father may kiss the hand of the bride's father to express his chivalrous regard and <a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">gratitude</a>. These situations are usually filmed and incorporated within the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding video">wedding video</a>. <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Folk music</a> and dancing is accompanied after the payment is done, which usually happens on the doorstep, before the bride leaves her home with her escort (usually a male family member who would then walk her into the church).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many parts of Central Asia nowadays, bride price is mostly symbolic. Various names for it in Central Asia include <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: <span lang="kk">қалыңмал</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="kk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[qaləɴmal]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: <span lang="ky">калың</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ky-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">[qɑlɯ́ŋ]</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">qalin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">[qalɨn]</a></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">калым</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kɐˈɫɨm]</a></span>. It is also common in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price may range from a small sum of money or a single piece of livestock to what amounts to a herd of livestock, depending on local traditions and the expectations and agreements of the families involved.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition is upheld in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. A "dark distortion" of it involved a 6-year-old daughter of an Afghan refugee from <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a> in a Kabul refugee camp, who was to be married to the son of the money lender who provided with the girl's father $2500 so the man could pay medical bills. According to anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Deniz_Kandiyoti" title="Deniz Kandiyoti">Deniz Kandiyoti</a>, the practice increased after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, bride price—<i>sin sod</i><sup id="cite_ref-khongmun_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khongmun-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Thai: สินสอด, pronounced [sĭn sòt] and often erroneously referred to by the English term "<a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>") is common in both Thai-Thai and Thai-foreign marriages. The bride price may range from nothing—if the woman is divorced, has a child fathered by another man, or is widely known to have had premarital relations with men—to tens of millions of <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Thai baht</a> (US$300,000 or ~9,600,000 THB) for a woman of high social standing, a beauty queen, or a highly educated woman. The bride price in Thailand is paid at the engagement ceremony, and consists of three elements: cash, Thai (96.5 percent pure) gold, and the more recent Western tradition of a diamond ring. The most commonly stated rationale for the bride price in Thailand is that it allows the groom to demonstrate that he has enough financial resources to support the bride (and possibly her family) after the wedding. In many cases, especially when the amount is large, the parents of a Thai bride will return all or part of the bride price to the couple in the form of a wedding gift following the engagement ceremony. </p><p>It is also practised by Muslims in Thailand and is called <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kachin">Kachin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kachin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kachin_people" title="Kachin people">Kachin</a> society they have the system of Mayu and Dama. "Mayu" means a group of people who give woman and "Dama" means a group of people who take woman. The “bride wealth” system is extremely important for kinship system in Kachin society and has been used for centuries. The purpose of giving "bride wealth" is to honor the wife giver "Mayu" and to create a strong relationship. The exact details of the “bride wealth” system vary by time and place. In Kachin society, bride wealth is required to be given by wife taker “Dama” to wife giver “Mayu.” Kachin ancestors thought that if wife takers “Dama” gave a large bride price to wife giver “Mayu”; it meant that they honored the bride and her family, and no one would look down on the groom and bride.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about the 彩礼 terminology.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bride_price" title="Talk:Bride price">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs#Betrothal" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Chinese pre-wedding customs</a></div> <p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>, an auspicious date is selected to <i>ti qin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">提亲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">提親</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'propose marriage'), where both families will meet to discuss the amount of the bride price (<span lang="zh-Hant">聘金</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">pìn jīn</span></i>) demanded, among other things. Several weeks before the actual wedding, the ritual of <i>guo da li</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">过大礼</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">過大禮</span>; 'going through the great ceremony') takes place (on an auspicious date). The groom and a <a href="/wiki/Matchmaking" title="Matchmaking">matchmaker</a> will visit the bride's family bearing gifts like wedding cakes, <a href="/wiki/Sweetmeats" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweetmeats">sweetmeats</a> and jewelry, as well as the bride price. On the actual wedding day, the bride's family will return a portion of the bride price (sometimes in the form of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>) and a set of gifts as a goodwill gesture. </p><p>Bride prices varies by eras, for instance during the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Era_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Era (China)">Republican era</a>, bride prices were usually in a form of a sack of rice or wheat. However bride prices were sent in secret during the Cultural Revolution following a public discouragement on bride price, which was seen as a feudalist legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Deng's reform, bride prices vary from <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a> 1,000,000 in famously money-centric<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shanghai<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to as little as <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a> 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ifeng2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A house is often required along with the bride price<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an apartment is acceptable, but rentals are not<sup id="cite_ref-npr_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a car under both or only the bride's name,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ifeng2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neither of which are counted toward the bride price itself. In some regions, the bride's family may demand other kinds of gifts,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> none counted toward the bride price itself. May 18 is a particularly auspicious day on which to pay the bride price and marry as its Chinese wording is phonetically similar to "I will get rich".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bride prices are rising quickly<sup id="cite_ref-npr_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in China <sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely without documentation but a definite verbal and cultural understanding of where bride prices are today. <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_China" title="Gender inequality in China">Gender inequality in China</a> has increased competition for ever higher bride prices.<sup id="cite_ref-uk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial distress is an unacceptable and ignored justification for not paying the bride price. If the grooms' side cannot agree or pay, they or simply the groom himself must still pay a bride price <sup id="cite_ref-ifeng_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ifeng-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus borrowing from relatives is a popular if not required option to "<a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">save face</a>". Inability to pay is cause for preventing a marriage which either side can equally recommend. Privately, families need bride prices due to China's lack of a social security net <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a <a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one child policy</a> which leaves parents with neither retirement funding nor caretaking if their only child is taken away<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as brides typically move into the groom's residence upon marrying<sup id="cite_ref-mercatornet_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercatornet-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as testing the groom's ability to marry by paying cash <sup id="cite_ref-mercatornet_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercatornet-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emotionally giving up his resources to the bride.<sup id="cite_ref-malaysiaweddinghub_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaysiaweddinghub-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publicly, families cite bride price as insurance in case the man abandons or divorces the wife<sup id="cite_ref-malaysiaweddinghub_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaysiaweddinghub-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the bride price creates goodwill between families. The groom's side should pay more than what the bride's side has demanded<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "save face".<sup id="cite_ref-uk_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amounts preferably follow the usual <a href="/wiki/Red_envelope" title="Red envelope">red envelope</a> conventions though the sum is far more important. Attempts to tackle skyrocketing bride prices were also done by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a> by implementing marriage reforms, with involves capping the maximum amount of bride price which was implemented by trial in several regions, notably Chengdu, Guangzhou and Shenyang,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from the ruling from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> dated 17 January 2024 regarding the prohibition of demanding property under the name of marriage, which includes bride price that allows cases for reimbursement.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changing patterns in the betrothal and marriage process in some rural villages of modern China can be represented as the following stages:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Ti qin</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">提亲</span></span>, "propose a marriage";</li> <li><i>He tian ming</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">和天命</span></span>, "Accord with Heaven's mandate" (i.e. find a ritually auspicious day);</li> <li><i>Jian mian</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">见面</span></span>, "looking in the face", i.e. meeting;</li> <li><i>Ding hun</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">订婚</span></span>, "being betrothed";</li> <li><i>Yao ri zi</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">要日子</span></span>, "asking the wifegivers the date of the wedding"; and</li> <li><i>Jie xin ren</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">接新人</span></span>, "transferring the bride".</li></ol> <p>It is also practised by Muslims known as <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and is called <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is still practised by Muslims in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh and is called <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a>. In North East India, notably in Assam (the indigenous Assamese ethnic groups) an amount or token of bride price was and is still given in various forms. In some parts of Indian state of Gujarat, bride price is rather prevalent, resulting from the fact that there are lesser number of girls than boys in the society.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is still practised by Muslims, known as <a href="/wiki/Rohingyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingyas">Rohingyas</a> in Myanmar, especially in <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> and is called <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride services">Bride services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDalton1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Dalton_(economist)" title="George Dalton (economist)">Dalton, George</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1966.68.3.02a00070">"Brief Communications: "Bridewealth" vs. "Brideprice"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>68</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">732–</span>737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1966.68.3.02a00070">10.1525/aa.1966.68.3.02a00070</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Brief+Communications%3A+%22Bridewealth%22+vs.+%22Brideprice%22&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E732-%3C%2Fspan%3E737&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1966.68.3.02a00070&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1966.68.3.02a00070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-51264574">"Bride Price: 'My husband can't afford me'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2020-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bride+Price%3A+%27My+husband+can%27t+afford+me%27&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsbeat-51264574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2011" class="citation book cs1">Graeber, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debtfirst5000yea00grae/page/131"><i>Debt: The First 5,000 Years</i></a>. Melville House. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debtfirst5000yea00grae/page/131">131–132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933633-86-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933633-86-2"><bdi>978-1-933633-86-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debt%3A+The+First+5%2C000+Years&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-933633-86-2&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebtfirst5000yea00grae%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology</i>, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret, Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 26, "The evolutionary ecology of family size".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp">"The Code of Hammurabi"</a>. Translated by L. W. King. 1915. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20101020002415/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/hamframe.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Code+of+Hammurabi&rft.date=1915&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fancient%2Fhamframe.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span> See Laws 163 and 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RLamm15-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RLamm15_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jewish Way in Love & Marriage, Rabbi Maurice Lamm, Harper & Row, 1980, Chapter 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2006" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, A.M. (2006). <i>Archaeology and the Emergence of Greece'<span></span></i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+the+Emergence+of+Greece%27&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Iliad</i> 9.146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i> 15.367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i> 11.287–297 and 15.231–238. The two versions vary, but the bride price demanded takes the form of a mythological test, labor, or ordeal; William G. Thalman, <i>The Swineherd and the Bow: Representations of Class in the Odyssey</i> (Cornell University Press, 1998), p. 157f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosz-Ngaté,_Maria_LuiseHanson,_John_H.O'Meara,_Patrick2014" class="citation book cs1">Grosz-Ngaté, Maria Luise; Hanson, John H.; O'Meara, Patrick, eds. (2014-04-18). <i>Africa</i> (Fourth ed.). Bloomington. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253013026" title="Special:BookSources/9780253013026"><bdi>9780253013026</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873805936">873805936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873805936&rft.isbn=9780253013026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleu,_Philip_ThonMach,_Parach2016" class="citation web cs1">Aleu, Philip Thon & Mach, Parach (26 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bride-price-tradition-destructive-strong-strife-torn-south-sudan">"Risking one's life to be able to marry"</a>. D+C, development and cooperation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117113211/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/bride-price-tradition-destructive-strong-strife-torn-south-sudan">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risking+one%27s+life+to+be+able+to+marry&rft.pub=D%2BC%2C+development+and+cooperation&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft.au=Aleu%2C+Philip+Thon&rft.au=Mach%2C+Parach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dandc.eu%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbride-price-tradition-destructive-strong-strife-torn-south-sudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/articles/yoab.htm">"Assyrian Rituals of Life-Cycle Events by Yoab Benjamin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191128065312/http://www.aina.org/articles/yoab.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Rituals+of+Life-Cycle+Events+by+Yoab+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Farticles%2Fyoab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1993" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiouspolicys00rame"><i>Religious policy in the Soviet Union</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.china.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%A8%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%9A3%E7%A7%8D%E6%83%85%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8D%E5%B1%9E%E4%BA%8E%E5%BD%A9%E7%A4%BC%EF%BC%8C%E5%BD%A9%E7%A4%BC%E8%BF%94%E8%BF%98%E5%8F%8A%E8%BF%94%E8%BF%98%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E8%A6%81%E7%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%AD-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.china.com.cn%2F2024-01%2F18%2Fcontent_116949339.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Han, Min, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/214175865">Social Change and Continuity in a Village in Northern Anhui, China: A Response to Revolution and Reform</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619075530/http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/publication/ses/058.html">Archived</a> 2009-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Senri Ethnological Studies 58</i>, Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology, December 20, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2003" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Radha (November 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarati-grooms-pay-for-brides/articleshow/285676.cms">"Gujarati grooms pay for brides"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Gujarati+grooms+pay+for+brides&rft.date=2003-11-15&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Radha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2Fgujarati-grooms-pay-for-brides%2Farticleshow%2F285676.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2001" class="citation web cs1">Shaikh, Sajid (July 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bride-price-skyrockets-in-panchmahals/articleshow/264164754.cms">"Bride price skyrockets in Panchmahals"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Bride+price+skyrockets+in+Panchmahals&rft.date=2001-07-23&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Sajid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2Fbride-price-skyrockets-in-panchmahals%2Farticleshow%2F264164754.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABride+price" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hirsch, Jennifer S., Wardlow, Holly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRZ4qJ5EVpkC"><i>Modern loves: the anthropology of romantic courtship & companionate marriage</i></a>, Macmillan, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-09959-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-09959-0">0-472-09959-0</a>. Cf. Chapter 1 "Love and Jewelry", on the bride price.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interpersonal_relationships76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="View 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title="Romance (love)">Romantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">Gigolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">Sugar dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquaintance">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Siblings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">Stranger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequential stranger">Consequential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">Sycophancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage <i>à la façon du pays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Initiation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_date" title="First date">First date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchmaking" title="Matchmaking">Matchmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive_love_disorder" title="Obsessive love disorder">Obsessive love disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singleton_(lifestyle)" title="Singleton (lifestyle)">Singleton (lifestyle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765157#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata710" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765157#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765157#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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