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Although developed originally as tools for rigid abrasive discs, the availability of an interchangeable power source has encouraged their use with a wide variety of cutters and attachments. Angle grinders can be powered by an [[electric motor]] or [[compressed air]]. The motor drives a geared head at a right-angle on which is mounted an [[abrasive]] [[grinding wheel|disc]] or a thinner cut-off disc, either of which can be replaced when worn. Angle grinders typically have an adjustable guard and a side-handle for two-handed operation. Certain angle grinders, depending on their speed range, can be used as [[sander]]s, employing a sanding disc with a backing pad or disc. The backing system is typically made of hard plastic, phenolic resin, or medium-hard rubber depending on the amount of flexibility desired. Angle grinders are used in [[metal fabrication|metal fabrication shops]] and on [[construction]] sites.{{cn|date=May 2024}} They are also common in [[machine shop]]s, along with [[die grinder]]s and [[bench grinder]]s.{{cn|date=May 2024}} ==Safety and health== {{Main|Particulates#Health_effects}} {{seealso|Power_tool#Health_impact|Brain health and pollution}} {{expand section|date=April 2024}} [[File:Angle Grinder cutting a steel chain - Video.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:09|upright|Video: An angle grinder is used for cutting through a steel chain. The chain is kept under tension by a second person to avoid a blockade of the grinder. Large amounts of [[Particulates#Health_effects|potentially harmful particulates]] ([[metal dust]]) are being generated.)]] [[File:Mechanical arm effects on portable grinder vibrations.webm|thumb|A video on vibration research done on pneumatic grinders]] The use of an angle grinder in cutting is not preferred as large amounts of harmful sparks and fumes (and [[particulates]]) are generated when compared with using [[reciprocating saw]] or [[band saw]].&lt;ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMXa1QImM54 | title=What's the Best Way to Cut Thick Steel?| website=[[YouTube]]| date=7 August 2021}}&lt;/ref> Angle grinders produce [[Sparks (fire)|sparks]] when cutting ferrous metals. They also produce [[Sherd|shards]] cutting other materials. The blades themselves may also break. This is a great hazard to the face and eyes especially, as well as other parts of the body, and as such, a full face shield and other protective clothing must be worn. Angle grinders should never be used without their guard or handle attached. All [[workpiece]]s should be securely clamped or held firmly in a vise.&lt;ref>[https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/workplaces/plant-tools-and-vehicles/angle-grinders Risk Control]&lt;/ref> Through a sound pressure level and vibrations study conducted by the [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]], grinders under an unloaded condition ranged from 91 to 103 [[A-weighting|dBA]].&lt;ref name="multiples">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Division of Applied Research and Technology (DART), ''Hand-held Power Tools Sound Pressure and Vibrations Database'', 2009&lt;/ref> ===Regulation=== {{Further|Particulates#Regulation}} {{seealso|Precautionary principle}} ==Uses== Angle grinders may be used for removing excess material from a piece. There are many different kinds of discs that are used for various materials and tasks, such as cut-off discs ([[diamond blade]]), abrasive grinding discs, grinding stones, sanding discs, [[wire brush]] wheels and polishing pads.{{cn|date=May 2024}} The angle grinder has large [[bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] to counter side forces generated during cutting, unlike a power [[drill]], where the force is axial. Angle grinders are widely used in [[metalworking]] and [[construction]], emergency rescues and even for bicycle thefts. Generally, they are found in workshops, service garages and auto body repair shops. There are a large variety of angle grinders to choose from{{peacock inline|date=May 2024}} when trying to find the right one for the job. The most important factors in choosing the right grinder are the power source ([[cordless|battery]], [[power cord|corded]] or [[pneumatics|pneumatic]]) and the disc size. Other factors include power of the motor, [[Revolutions per minute|rpm]], and [[Mandrel|arbor]] size. Generally disc size and power increase together. Disc size is usually measured in inches or millimetres. Common disc sizes for angle grinders in the United States include 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12&amp;nbsp;inches, with the most popular sizes being the 4.5 and 5" size. In Europe the most common sizes for angle grinder discs are 115 and 125 millimeters. Discs for pneumatic grinders also come much smaller. Pneumatic grinders are generally used for lighter duty jobs where more [[Accuracy and precision|precision]] is required. This is likely because pneumatic grinders can be small and light yet remain powerful, because they do not contain heavy copper motor windings, while it is harder for an electric grinder to maintain adequate power with smaller size. Electric grinders are more commonly used for larger, heavy duty jobs. However, there are also small electric grinders and large pneumatic grinders. Angle grinders have been used to remove [[wheel clamp]]s from vehicles.&lt;ref>{{cite web |title='Superhero' takes on clampers |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/3112670.stm |website=[[BBC News]] |date=2003-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304014652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/3112670.stm |archive-date=2023-03-04 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref>&lt;ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: Man takes angle grinder to clamp in Limerick |url=https://www.newstalk.com/news/watch-man-takes-angle-grinder-to-clamp-in-limerick-632007 |website=[[Newstalk]] |date=2015-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304015016/https://www.newstalk.com/news/watch-man-takes-angle-grinder-to-clamp-in-limerick-632007 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref> ==History== The high-speed angle grinder was invented in 1954&lt;ref>[https://www.flex-tools.com/en/company/history/ History]&lt;/ref> by German company ''Ackermann + Schmitt ([[Flex-Elektrowerkzeuge|FLEX-Elektrowerkzeuge GmbH]])'' in [[Steinheim an der Murr]].&lt;ref>{{Citation |last=Henke |first=Michael |date=January 2009 |title= ''Nachgefragt: Warum heißen Winkelschleifer "Flex"''| publisher=Verlagsgesellschaft Rudolf Müller | magazine =Fliesen und Platten |publication-place= Köln| page=45 |url=http://www.flex-tools.com/documentpool/Winkelschleifer-FLEX-PR-FLiesen-Platten.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073121/http://www.flex-tools.com/documentpool/Winkelschleifer-FLEX-PR-FLiesen-Platten.pdf |access-date= 2014-01-16 |archive-date= 2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref> Owing to this, in German, Dutch, Slovak, Czech, Polish, Croatian, Romanian, Hungarian, Bulgarian and Latvian, an angle grinder is colloquially called just a "flex", in Italy and in Spanish-speaking countries it is sometimes called "flexible". In [[Switzerland]] it is known as "Perles" from a popular brand of cutting tools. In Polish it is also known as "kątówka"&lt;ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.technikanarzedziowa.pl/2014/11/08/podaj-flexa-krotka-historia-szlifierki-katowej/|title = 'Podaj flexa!' – krótka historia szlifierki kątowej}}&lt;/ref> or "gumówka"&lt;ref>[https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/szlifierka_kątowa Wikidictionary]&lt;/ref> (= the rubber thing), which refers to the elasticity of certain types of disks. However they are never made out of true rubber due to fire hazard. In Russian, it is known as "болгарка" ("bolgarka")&lt;ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webmiastoto.com/?p=27184|title=Защо ъглошлайфът в Русия се нарича "българка"?|date=11 July 2023 }}&lt;/ref> (literally "Bulgarian" of the feminine gender), since the first angle grinders in the USSR were Bulgarian made.&lt;ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gp.by/novosti/kaleidoscope/news142402.html|title = 'Болгарка' - история названия и секреты правильного выбора инструмента}}&lt;/ref> ==See also== * [[Abrasive saw]] * [[Health impacts of sawdust]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Angle grinders}} * [https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/workplaces/plant-tools-and-vehicles/angle-grinders Angle grinders Safework SA] {{Metalworking navbox|machopen}} {{Stonemasonry}} {{Power tools}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Angle Grinder}} [[Category:1954 establishments in West Germany]] [[Category:1954 in science]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:German inventions]] [[Category:Grinding 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