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id="toc-Early_stages_of_the_epidemic_in_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_stages_of_the_epidemic_in_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early stages of the epidemic in China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_stages_of_the_epidemic_in_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contaminated_blood_imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contaminated_blood_imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Contaminated blood imports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contaminated_blood_imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_intravenous_drug_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_intravenous_drug_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Southern intravenous drug users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_intravenous_drug_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bloodhead_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloodhead_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Bloodhead controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloodhead_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Sex trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_collection_and_reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_collection_and_reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Data collection and reliability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_collection_and_reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Current transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mortality_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mortality_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mortality rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mortality_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_and_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> HIV/AIDS in China can be traced to an initial outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV) first recognized in 1989 among <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drug_use_(recreational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug use (recreational)">injecting drug users</a> along China's southern border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005825–826-2">[2]</a> Figures from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a> estimate that there were 1.25 million people living with HIV/AIDS in China at the end of 2018, with 135,000 new infections from 2017. The reported incidence of HIV/AIDS in China is relatively low,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC20158-3">[3]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> anticipates that the number of individuals infected annually will continue to increase.<a href="#cite_note-CD18Editorial-4">[4]</a> While HIV is a type of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpHahn20111-5">[5]</a> the first years of the epidemic in China were dominated by non-sexual transmission routes, particularly among users of <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drugs">intravenous drugs</a> through practices such as <a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">needle sharing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanKleinmanSaich20063-5-6">[6]</a> By 2005, 50% of new HIV cases were due to sexual transmission,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682-7">[7]</a> with heterosexual sex gradually becoming the most common means of new infections in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062075-8">[8]</a> New infections among <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSMs) grew rapidly thereafter, representing 26% of all new cases in 2014, up from 2.5% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC20159-10-9">[9]</a> Another major, non-sexual channel of infection was the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Economy" title="Plasma Economy">Plasma Economy</a> of the 1990s, wherein large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donors</a>, primarily in poor, rural areas in Henan Province, were infected with HIV as a result of systematically dangerous practices by state and private <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood collection clinics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005827-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_background">Global background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Global background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History of HIV/AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline of HIV/AIDS</a></div> HIV evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Simian immunodeficiency virus">simian immunodeficiency virus</a> (SIV), present in numerous species of primates in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, in the early 20th century. SIV jumped from primates to humans several times, although the primary strain of HIV responsible for the global pandemic, <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV#Group_M" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV-1 group M</a>, is traceable to the region surrounding <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpHahn201115-11">[11]</a> likely having initially crossed from <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzees" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimpanzees">chimpanzees</a> around 1920.<a href="#cite_note-AvertOverview-12">[12]</a> From there, it spread to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> around 1967, proceeding to establish itself in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> circa 1971 and 1976, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorobey_et_al.201699-13">[13]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) recognized unusual outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic infections">opportunistic infections</a> among gay men in 1981,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpHahn2011-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurranJaffe2011-15">[15]</a> and the disease was initially referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gay-related_immune_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay-related immune deficiency">gay-related immune deficiency (GRID)</a>, although it was quickly understood to also infect heterosexuals as well.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1982, the CDC adopted the name "acquired immune deficiency syndrome" (AIDS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx1982-17">[17]</a> By the end of 1984, 7,699 cases of AIDS and 3,665 deaths had been recorded in America, with an additional cases 762 in Europe. By the end following year, over 20,000 cases were recorded globally, reaching every inhabited region in the world.<a href="#cite_note-AvertOverview-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_stages_of_the_epidemic_in_China">Early stages of the epidemic in China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early stages of the epidemic in China">edit</a>]</div> The first recorded death in China due to AIDS was a male <a href="/wiki/Argentine-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine-American">Argentine-American</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961116-18">[18]</a> tourist and California resident who died in Beijing on 6 June 1985.<a href="#cite_note-AP1986-19">[19]</a> The Chinese government focused initially on preventing foreigners from transmitting the disease to its citizens, viewing it primarily as a consequence of a Western lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013-20">[20]</a> By 1998, HIV/AIDS was present in all 31 provinces and administrative regions of China, and government statistics indicated 60–70% of those infected were drug users.<a href="#cite_note-PD2009-21">[21]</a> Other major modes of transmission included infected blood spread through blood donation clinics across the country and the sex trade. Before either of these routes of infection were identified, however, a handful of people contracted HIV after receiving transfusions of <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_haemophilia_blood_products" title="Contaminated haemophilia blood products">contaminated hemophilia blood products</a> from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2003-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contaminated_blood_imports">Contaminated blood imports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contaminated blood imports">edit</a>]</div> Through the early 1980s, multiple American pharmaceutical firms exported medical blood products contaminated with HIV to East Asia. <a href="/wiki/Bayer_Corporation" title="Bayer Corporation">Bayer Corporation</a> exported plasma knowing the risks of HIV transmission, resulting in over one hundred infections in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2003-22">[22]</a> Factorate, a <a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">Factor VIII</a> product of <a href="/wiki/Armour_and_Company" title="Armour and Company">Armour Pharmaceuticals Company</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961116-18">[18]</a> was imported to China and used in blood transfusions in 19 people in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province between 1983 and 1985. Four of the recipients, all <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophiliacs</a>, were infected with HIV, making them at the time the first identified cases of native Chinese infected within the country's borders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisaniZhang20173-4-23">[23]</a> Armour had been aware that original sterilization methods for Factorate were inadequate since at least 1985.<a href="#cite_note-AP1996-24">[24]</a> The Chinese government reacted to the threat of HIV in the blood supply before any confirmed cases of infection had occurred. In September 1984, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Health</a>, in conjunction with the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (now the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a>, issued a notice restricting imports on foreign blood products, including a complete ban on blood coagulation factors, specifically to prevent HIV/AIDS from entering the country. The bans were poorly enforced by some local governments, prompting central authorities in August 1985 to issue another notice nationwide, reiterating the ban and ordering all sub-national governments to comply.<a href="#cite_note-Aug1985Notice-25">[25]</a> On 30 January 1986, all blood products, with the sole exception of <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">human serum albumin</a>, were banned from import into China for both organizational and personal use.<a href="#cite_note-Jan1986Announce-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_intravenous_drug_users">Southern intravenous drug users</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southern intravenous drug users">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">HIV/AIDS in Yunnan</a></div> In 1989, central authorities became aware of a large outbreak of HIV/AIDS in western <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> province, in the border city of <a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a>. 146 cases had been identified, mostly in injection drug users (IDUs), and Yunnan soon became the most heavily impacted province in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062066-27">[27]</a> The outbreak was the first instance of a widespread, native infection in China, and stunned officials previously concerned mainly with preventing infection through sexual contact with foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013-20">[20]</a> Yunnan borders the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle region</a> of Southeast Asia and has been a major hub for drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2015-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826-29">[29]</a> HIV likely crossed into China along heroin trafficking routes from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200079-81-30">[30]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> grew in popularity in Chinese border regions, injections with used needles became more common, greatly accelerating the rate of infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007669-31">[31]</a> The disease spread over the next several years, confined mainly to drug using populations of ethnic minorities<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200079-32">[32]</a> in poorer, rural areas, reaching other high-risk groups and provinces by 1995.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> first reported HIV outbreaks among injection drug users in 1995, the first two provinces besides Yunnan to do so. The following year, cases were confirmed in <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049–10-34">[34]</a> Additionally, an independent outbreak of a separate sub-strain of HIV among IDUs began in 1997 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Pingxiang,_Guangxi" title="Pingxiang, Guangxi">Pingxiang, Guangxi</a>. Drug users crossed the border into northern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, where heroin was similarly smuggled in from Myanmar, and shared needles with Vietnamese dealers and users to test purchases before returning to China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200080-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bloodhead_controversy">Bloodhead controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bloodhead controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plasma_Economy" title="Plasma Economy">Plasma Economy</a></div> Unique to China was the large-scale transmission of HIV through blood donation centers in the early to mid-1990s. The ban on blood product imports from the preceding decade restricted China's blood supply, making blood donation more lucrative,<a href="#cite_note-bloodheadtk-36">[36]</a> particularly for inadequately funded rural healthcare systems already weakened by privatization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200514-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200664-38">[38]</a> Additionally, medicines containing blood plasma became popular among Chinese consumers, also contributing to demand for blood.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2002-39">[39]</a> By 1990, thousands of public and commercial blood and blood plasma collection centers had been established across China, attracting donors with payments that could equal over a month's worth of income for some farmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200141-42-40">[40]</a> A significant <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">grey market</a> of poorly regulated "bloodheads" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 血头; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 血頭, xuètóu, coll. xiětóu) concurrently arose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200514-37">[37]</a> The unsanitary practices in the blood market led to massive propagation of the HIV virus among rural populations. Donation centers frequently recycled needles, mixed blood donations without screening, and failed to adequately sterilize equipment, spreading blood-borne disease to both donors and recipients.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826-29">[29]</a> For plasma donations, blood was often mixed with other donors' samples and reinjected after plasma extraction.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2002-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200515-41">[41]</a> Wu, Rou, and Detels (2001) found that 12.5% of plasma donors in eastern China tested positive for HIV, compared to 1.3% of non-donors; infected donors spread the disease to marital and other sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200143-42">[42]</a> In 2004, official estimates put the number of people infected via unsafe blood donation practices across the most heavily impacted provinces—<a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>—between 200,000 and 300,000. <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> also reported infections stemming from the commercial blood trade during the same time period. Overall, 24% of all HIV/AIDS cases in China in 2004 had been attributed to blood donation and related activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200650-43">[43]</a> The phenomenon was especially prevalent in Henan, where it was promoted by local officials, including Henan Ministry of Health director Liu Quanxi<a href="#cite_note-bloodheadtk-36">[36]</a> and provincial <a href="/wiki/Party_Committee_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Party Committee Secretary">Communist Party Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WaPo2019-44">[44]</a> to promote economic growth. An internal report compiled in August 2002 by the Henan Ministry of Health, leaked by prominent AIDS activist <a href="/wiki/Wan_Yanhai" title="Wan Yanhai">Wan Yanhai</a>, estimated that 35–45% of blood donors in some areas of the province had been infected due to poor safety precautions in clinics.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2002-39">[39]</a> The Chinese government was slow to admit and respond to the problem after it was identified, and initially repressed efforts to expose it. <a href="/wiki/Shuping_Wang" title="Shuping Wang">Shuping Wang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yaojie" title="Gao Yaojie">Gao Yaojie</a>, two female doctors from Henan, mounted campaigns to expose the dangerous practices they saw in the early 1990s that put donors at risk for HIV infection.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo2019-44">[44]</a> The central government eventually ordered commercial clinics to be shut down in 1995, reopening them in 1997 after stronger regulations on blood donation practices were instituted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200144-45">[45]</a> although there is evidence that dangerous and unhygienic practices were not completely eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200516-46">[46]</a> Both Gao and Wang eventually left China for the United States, citing apparent government harassment and intimidation resulting from their advocacy efforts.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2016-47">[47]</a> Even after acknowledging the issue, central and local government bodies sought to suppress discussion or coverage. Wan Yanhai was arrested in 2003 for attempting to screen a movie about the scandal in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-bloodheadtk-36">[36]</a> In 2004, while acknowledging some victims had contracted HIV because of inadequate hygiene in blood donation centers and agreeing to provide compensation, authorities still sought to classify such infections as resultant of use of drugs or prostitution in official records.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2016-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex_trade">Sex trade</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sex trade">edit</a>]</div> While the majority of early infections occurred as a result of intravenous injection transmission or tainted blood supplies, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> also played a role spreading HIV/AIDS. China's economy rapidly grew as a result of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform and Opening Up</a> policies, and patronage of commercial sex workers, many of whom were injecting drug users, grew among both wealthy businessman and migrant worker populations, bringing HIV back to their hometowns and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826-29">[29]</a> Overall, however, the commercial sex industry was not as major a vehicle of transmission as drug injection and blood donation were, and HIV infection rates among female sex workers remained relatively low throughout the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani_&_Wu_2007b122–124-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Estimates from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a> calculated approximately 1.25 million people living with HIV/AIDS in China at the end of 2018, with 135,000 new infections over the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaCDC2018-49">[49]</a> It was by far the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">notifiable disease</a> of 2018, killing 18,780 individuals, compared to 3,149 for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, the second-most deadly.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaNHC018-50">[50]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> in 2018, the official newspaper of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, the government expects infections to continue to accelerate.<a href="#cite_note-CD18Editorial-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Distribution of new infections, 2005 & 2015</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:China_HIV_infection_map_(2005_new_cases_reported).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2005 infection distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/China_HIV_infection_map_%282005_new_cases_reported%29.svg/300px-China_HIV_infection_map_%282005_new_cases_reported%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/China_HIV_infection_map_%282005_new_cases_reported%29.svg/450px-China_HIV_infection_map_%282005_new_cases_reported%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/China_HIV_infection_map_%282005_new_cases_reported%29.svg/600px-China_HIV_infection_map_%282005_new_cases_reported%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="435" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">25,266 HIV infections were recorded in 2005, with the most (4750) in Yunnan, and only one recorded in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> not included.)<a href="#cite_note-datacollection-51">[51]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:China_HIV_infection_map_(2015_new_cases_reported).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="2015 infection distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/China_HIV_infection_map_%282015_new_cases_reported%29.svg/300px-China_HIV_infection_map_%282015_new_cases_reported%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/China_HIV_infection_map_%282015_new_cases_reported%29.svg/450px-China_HIV_infection_map_%282015_new_cases_reported%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/China_HIV_infection_map_%282015_new_cases_reported%29.svg/600px-China_HIV_infection_map_%282015_new_cases_reported%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="435" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">81,696 HIV infections were recorded in 2015, with the most (13,457) in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and the least (148) in Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-datacollection-51">[51]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_collection_and_reliability">Data collection and reliability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Data collection and reliability">edit</a>]</div> Data on HIV/AIDS up through the early 2000s was very imprecise. Passive <a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">disease surveillance</a> methods were established in 1986, with local clinics and medical providers reporting confirmed cases progressively through district, city, and provincial channels, and then ultimately to three separate national agencies under the Ministry of Health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071042-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005828-53">[53]</a> The Chinese government did not begin active surveillance and systematic data collection until 1995, when 42 national surveillance sites were established in 23 provincial-level regions with the help of the World Health Organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200654-54">[54]</a> By 2006, China had achieved comprehensive HIV/AIDS surveillance nationwide, following expansion of the surveillance network to over 300 sites and reforms of the national reporting systems, although rural areas remained under-covered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071043;_1050-55">[55]</a> By 2010, 1888 surveillance sites had been established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20121–2-56">[56]</a> Data from before the development of comprehensive surveillance suffered a number of shortcomings, including minimal coverage of the general population due to focus on high-risk groups, poor data on <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM), <a href="/wiki/Stovepiping" title="Stovepiping">stovepiping</a> among different government entities, and difficulties obtaining data from private healthcare providers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200655-57-57">[57]</a> Through the early 2000s, the Chinese government limited discussion of data and statistics of HIV/AIDS in the country, and media only reported numbers approved by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Wu2006266;_269-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDH200521-59">[59]</a> Accordingly, estimates from the period of the epidemic often were imprecise, tending to overestimate the overall number of cases. China did not begin to produce regular, systematic estimates of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS until 2003, doing so in conjunction with the United Nations, World Health Organization, and United States Centers for Disease Control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii21-60">[60]</a> This initial estimate was tentatively 840,000 cases nationwide, but with a potential range of 430,000 to 1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbrook2004-61">[61]</a> This was revised down to 650,000 in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii24-62">[62]</a> Other international estimates tended to greatly overstate the presence and potential growth of HIV in China before more reliable official data was available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesketh2007622-63">[63]</a> For example, in 2002, a report by the United Nations Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China, entitled "HIV/AIDS: China's Titanic Peril", had estimated up to 1.5 million infected cases, and warned of "[a] potential HIV/AIDS disaster of unimaginable proportion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Theme_Group_on_HIV/AIDS_in_China20027-64">[64]</a> A 2002 report by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a> projected 10–15 million cases in China by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Intelligence_Council2002-65">[65]</a> Overall, the availability, precision, and coverage of HIV/AIDS data in China improved significantly from 2003 onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii25–ii26-66">[66]</a> Beginning in 2010, the Chinese government again expanded the scope and number of HIV surveillance sites, increasing coverage of all groups and expanding to cover larger portions of the population and providing more comprehensive information on the disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen2012-67">[67]</a> Data gathered through the current system has generally been reliable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiCaoLuoWang2017-68">[68]</a> although issues with standardized protocols across different sites and coordination among different levels of government were identified in independent studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen2012-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_transmission">Current transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Current transmission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png/300px-HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png/450px-HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png/600px-HIV_cases_per_100k_China_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in China per 100k people, for the year 2016</figcaption></figure> HIV in China is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, which accounts for over 90% of new infections.<a href="#cite_note-Xinhua2018-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCDCTesting-70">[70]</a> Sexual transmission gradually began to overtake the originally predominant routes of transmission, injection drug use and unsafe blood donation practices, throughout the 1990s and into the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062075-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii10-71">[71]</a> In 2005, sexual transmission accounted for 50% of all new infections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii25-72">[72]</a> and by 2007, a majority of HIV/AIDS cases overall were related to sexual transmission pathways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii11-73">[73]</a> Currently, major <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">high-risk</a> groups for HIV infection include intravenous drug users, men who have sex with men (MSM), and sex workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiCaoLuoWang20171197-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20121-75">[75]</a> The Chinese government has additionally established data collection and monitoring sites targeting male <a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">migrant workers</a>, long-distance <a href="/wiki/Truck_drivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck drivers">truck drivers</a>, male STI clinic patients, antenatal care clinic patients, and college students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20122-76">[76]</a> MSM in particular have seen a significant increase in transmission rates since epidemiological studies examining them as a group began in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe20191-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC2015-78">[78]</a> MSM represented 26% of new reported cases in 2014, up from 2.5% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng2018-79">[79]</a> Increased migration from poorer regions with high HIV prevalence to urban areas and somewhat liberalized attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">homosexuality in China</a> over the last two decades, resulting in more overall sexual activity, have been hypothesized as factors driving this trend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe20199-80">[80]</a> MSM are also generally at a higher risk for contracting STIs, including <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, which may form a <a href="/wiki/Coinfection" title="Coinfection">coinfection</a> with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Drug use contributes little to HIV infection among MSM, with the overwhelming majority of new cases being the result of sexual activity. More than one-fifth of MSM are married to women, which might speed the transmission of HIV to the general population, and outreach to this subgroup in particular can be difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe201911-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mortality_rates">Mortality rates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mortality rates">edit</a>]</div> The standardized <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> of HIV/AIDS rose from 0.33 per 100,000 people in 1990 to 2.50 per 100,000 in 2016, and the rate is higher in men than in women. Overall rates of mortality continue to grow as more individuals are infected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaoZouDongZhang2019-84">[84]</a> The provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among infected individuals, however, has greatly decreased mortality among patients receiving care since the early 2000s; by 2014 86.9% of eligible patients were receiving some form of ART. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani_&_Wu_2007b134–136-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_and_prevention">Control and prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Control and prevention">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_of_policy_response">Overview of policy response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview of policy response">edit</a>]</div> The response of the government of China to the HIV/AIDS crisis evolved in tandem with the epidemic itself. Generally, policy moved from preventive and containment measures aimed at keeping the disease from reaching the general population, often with a reliance on enforcement of public morality, to more active, data-driven control measures involving targeted education and harm reduction programs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010-86">[86]</a> Early law and policy implementation were often hindered by lack of knowledge among lawmakers on the severity and impact of HIV/AIDS and its potential for growth within China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui200411-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1985–1988:_protection_from_foreign_infection">1985–1988: protection from foreign infection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1985–1988: protection from foreign infection">edit</a>]</div> The first phase of Chinese HIV/AIDS policy ran from the first recorded in-country death in 1985, of a tourist in Beijing, until 1988/89, when the identified epidemic pattern expanded following the discovery of the outbreak in Yunnan. From 1985 to 1988, only 22 individuals tested positive for HIV in China, 18 of whom were foreigners or <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961117-88">[88]</a> HIV/AIDS was commonly viewed as a consequence of a Western lifestyle, and thus government efforts concentrated on protecting China from foreign transmission and promoting moral behavior and traditional values among citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.1:_"这一时期，几乎所有人都认为艾滋病是同西方生活方式相联系的，是从境外进来的，因此，只要守住国门就能杜绝，于是，形成了所谓'御敌于国门之外'的策略。_..._这一阶段防治特征主要表现为严把国境关：注重监测、严防传入；同时，强调道德宣传，严惩卖淫、嫖娼等行为。此时，对艾滋病综合干预的思想(T推广使用安全套)还未诞生，预防手段显示出明显的意识形态和依靠强硬的行政手段的特点。"_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.1:_"这一时期，几乎所有人都认为艾滋病是同西方生活方式相联系的，是从境外进来的，因此，只要守住国门就能杜绝，于是，形成了所谓'御敌于国门之外'的策略。_..._这一阶段防治特征主要表现为严把国境关：注重监测、严防传入；同时，强调道德宣传，严惩卖淫、嫖娼等行为。此时，对艾滋病综合干预的思想(T推广使用安全套)还未诞生，预防手段显示出明显的意识形态和依靠强硬的行政手段的特点。"-89">[89]</a> "AIDS" was often punned in Chinese as "loving capitalism disease" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 爱资病; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 愛資病; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Àizībìng), and public health authorities held that because homosexuality and other abnormal sexual behaviors were not prevalent in Chinese society, the disease had limited potential to spread.<a href="#cite_note-PD2009-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDH20057-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGewirtz2020-91">[91]</a> In December 1985, the Ministry of Health submitted a report to the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and the State Council, outlining the spread of the disease from Africa to Europe and America, emphasizing the predominantly sexual transmission routes, and listing measures the Ministry had taken to prevent its further spread into China.<a href="#cite_note-MoHJan1985-92">[92]</a> Laws and regulations attempting to eliminate the risk of foreigners infecting native Chinese were promulgated, under the assumption that this could keep the disease out of the country altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui200410–11-93">[93]</a> By 1986, foreigners intending to stay over a year were required to undergo HIV testing, and HIV-positive people were legally barred from entering China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007679-680-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.1.3-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that police in some cities were instructed to prevent foreigners from coming into sexual contact with Chinese people, including in <a href="/wiki/Discoth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="Discothèques">discothèques</a>, dance halls, and brothels.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1987-96">[96]</a> These early policies of containment, which also included wider crackdowns on drug use and prostitution, did little to check the spread of the disease, and possibly hindered initial identification of its domestic reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007680-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1989–1994:_control_of_limited_epidemic">1989–1994: control of limited epidemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1989–1994: control of limited epidemic">edit</a>]</div> The discovery of the outbreak in Yunnan triggered a large increase in the number of reported cases as the disease rapidly spread among high-risk groups. The Yunnan outbreak forced health officials to reconsider aspects of Chinese HIV/AIDS policy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.2.2-98">[98]</a> although efforts were still largely focused on policing drug use and prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXue2005459-99">[99]</a> Social science research on previously taboo topics, including homosexuality, prostitution and drugs, began to proliferate during this period and served to inform policy that did not rely on a view of HIV/AIDS as an inherently Western problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXue2005461-100">[100]</a> The Ministry of Health began exploring methods such as the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_medicine" title="Behavioral medicine">behavioral interventions</a> and free STI testing among high risk populations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii6-101">[101]</a> Officials also experimented with less punitive counter-drug policy, such as the establishment of a limited number of <a href="/wiki/Methadone_clinic" title="Methadone clinic">methadone clinics</a> in larger, well-equipped medical institutions in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiHaZhangLiu20103-102">[102]</a> A wide range of officials—including State Council officials and health, security, justice, and education civil servants—were sent on tours to study policy and disease control strategies in places heavily affected by AIDS, such as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007680–681-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1995–2003:_combatting_widespread_epidemic">1995–2003: combatting widespread epidemic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1995–2003: combatting widespread epidemic">edit</a>]</div> In 1995, HIV cases began appearing consistently beyond the borders of Yunnan as the epidemic entered a phase of rapid growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071045-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049-33">[33]</a> The government grew more concerned with the public health threat HIV/AIDS posed. Previously uncommon <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> strategies began to appear in limited capacities, a departure from previous years. Several novel state organizations were established at the national level to strengthen the government response to HIV/AIDS. The compartmentalized nature of the Chinese bureaucracy historically made work on HIV/AIDS difficult because different agencies and departments were responsible for different aspects of data collection, service provision, and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200657-105">[105]</a> In 1996, the State Council established STD/AIDS Prevention and Control Coordinating Meeting System (国务院防治艾滋病性病协调会议制度) to coordinate policy at the national level, although this body met infrequently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDH200513-106">[106]</a> On 1 July 1998, following nearly two years of planning, the National Center for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control under the Ministry of Health (卫生部艾滋病预防控制中心) was established. This entity became the National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (NCAIDS/STD, 中国疾病控制中心性病艾滋病预防控制中心) in January 2002.<a href="#cite_note-NCAIDSTimeline-107">[107]</a> A number of substantive policy developments related to HIV/AIDS occurred during this period. In September 1995, the State Council and Ministry of Health release "Recommendations on Strengthening AIDS Prevention and Control" (关于加强和控制艾滋病工作的意见), developing and reviewing laws and regulations related to HIV/AIDS control and improving enforcement mechanisms. HIV/AIDS work was included in the overall national development strategy of China, and the government signaled openness to the support of <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> in combatting the epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui200412-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXue2005460-109">[109]</a> Blood donation centers, closed nationwide in 1995 in response to the Plasma Economy scandal, were reopened in 1997–98 with the passage of the Blood Donation Law (中华人民共和国献血法).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui200413-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii8-111">[111]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange programs">needle exchange programs</a> were implemented in Guangxi, and further expanded in the early 2000s as their efficacy became clear, although some localities and national government departments (such as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a>) remained opposed to such efforts on the grounds that they encouraged drug use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiHaZhangLiu20103–4-112">[112]</a> In November 1998, the State Council released a document entitled "China's National Medium-and Long-Term Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control (1998–2010)" (关于印发中国预防与控制艾滋病中长期规划(1998–2010年)), outlining the Chinese government's goals to be carried out at local, provincial, and national levels, and further monitored through regular assessments. The document included a number of specific objectives and mandates, including: <ul><li>Ordering local governments to consider HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment as a part of all policy planning and socioeconomic development goals;</li> <li>Disseminating knowledge about the disease and its prevention (including promotion of <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a> use) to the general population through publicity campaigns, the school systems, and mass media (a 2001 survey found that 20% of the general population had not even heard of the disease<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>);</li> <li>Strengthening surveillance and data collection and coordinate standardized testing, training, and screening measures nationally;</li> <li>Increasing research both on HIV/AIDS treatments and on epidemiological studies of the disease; and</li> <li>Developing and improving HIV/AIDS-related legislation and regulations nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-StateCouncil1998Plan-114">[114]</a></li></ul> The State Council further consolidated and expanded work on HIV and AIDS with China's first five-year plan for AIDS/HIV, covering 2001–2005. While still cautious about embracing harm reduction policies for fear of promoting social ills, the plan was a milestone for such policies overall and laid the groundwork for more ambitious efforts in following five-year plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii6-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2003–present:_evidence-based_approaches_post-SARS">2003–present: evidence-based approaches post-SARS</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2003–present: evidence-based approaches post-SARS">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS outbreak</a>, which originated in <a href="/wiki/Foshan,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foshan, China">Foshan, China</a>, led to significant changes to public health policy, including shifts in the state's approach to HIV and AIDS. Funding and political support for HIV/AIDS-related policies began to increase markedly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii7-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAIDS2013-116">[116]</a> Wu et al. (2007) argue that "SARS showed not only how infectious diseases could threaten economic and social stability but also the effect of China's policies on international health problems", resulting in increased expertise and attention devoted to HIV/AIDS overall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007684-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">new administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, which ascended to power in March 2003, heightened commitment to evidence-based policy to fight HIV/AIDS. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a> was appointed the Minister of Health, and her tenure saw a greater willingness to publicly discuss health crises like HIV/AIDS; Wu even met with activist Gao Yaojie shortly after her appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200514-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007683-118">[118]</a> In September 2003, Vice Minister of Health <a href="/wiki/Gao_Qiang" title="Gao Qiang">Gao Qiang</a> outlined five promises of the Chinese government in its fight against AIDS in an address to the United Nations General Assembly's special session on HIV/AIDS. Gao said the Chinese government would commit to free <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral therapy</a> for poor rural and urban citizens, free counseling and treatment services, free treatment for pregnant women and testing for their children, free tuition and fees for children affected by HIV/AIDS, and financial support for any affected families. On <a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a>, 1 December 2003, while meeting with an AIDS patient in an effort to decrease stigma surrounding the disease,<a href="#cite_note-PD2009-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a> Wen also formally announced the "Four Frees and One Care" (四免一怀) policy based on the measures outlined by Gao.<a href="#cite_note-NCAIDS2013-116">[116]</a> Funding initially came from a $90 million grant of <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a>, focusing on free testing for those in provinces where blood donation had been a major channel of infection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisaniWu2017131-119">[119]</a> In March 2006, the State Council implemented the "Regulation on the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS", codifying principles of prevention, treatment, and behavioral interventions into a national framework.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It explicitly endorsed methadone treatment and condom education, among other measures, spurring the establishment of over 600 clinics nationwide by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYin_et_al.2010ii32-121">[121]</a> The law also formally proscribed discrimination of people based on their HIV status, and no longer prevented HIV-positive people from entering the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation_and_funding">International cooperation and funding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International cooperation and funding">edit</a>]</div> Prior to 2003, the majority of the capital for anti-HIV/AIDS policies and programs in China came from foreign sources, including NGOs like the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, foreign government agencies like the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and international multilateral organizations like the UN and WHO.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLiuLiWang2010ii15–ii16-122">[122]</a> Dedicated funds for HIV/AIDS were first allocated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.3.3-123">[123]</a> By 2015, 99% of HIV/AIDS response efforts were funded by domestic sources, and total expenditures reached nearly <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">RMB</a> 7 billion (approx. USD 1 billion) for the fiscal year 2017.<a href="#cite_note-AvertChina-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">edit</a>]</div> Discrimination against HIV-positive individuals is an ongoing issue in China. Various provinces have historically adopted different measures related to people with HIV, most of which restrict their equal access to the public sphere. In some provinces in municipalities in the early 2000s, people with HIV were prohibited from holding certain jobs, HIV mothers could be required to undergo an <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, and an HIV-positive couple could be legally barred from marriage on medical grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDH200515–17-125">[125]</a> The 2006 Regulation on the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS formally barred legal discrimination against anyone based on the HIV status. While lauding the Regulation as a major step forward, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</a> in 2015 reported that local governments often functionally ignored its provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUNESCAP20156-126">[126]</a> A 2016 study in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> found that large numbers of healthcare providers also discriminated against HIV-positive patients, with over one-third refusing to treat such patients altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongYangPengPang2018-127">[127]</a> In January 2013, China saw its first lawsuit awarding damages to a plaintiff on the grounds of HIV/AIDS discrimination. The plaintiff had been rejected for a job as a school teacher by the education bureau of <a href="/wiki/Jinxian_County" title="Jinxian County">Jinxian County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> province specifically due to his HIV status.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_Chinese_medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional Chinese medicine">edit</a>]</div> As of December 2018, the only <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a> therapy approved by the <a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Products_Administration" title="National Medical Products Administration">National Medical Products Administration</a> (NMPA) of China was herbal ''tangcao'' tablets (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 唐草片; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Tángcǎo piàn). A number of other traditional supplements are under clinical trial reviews, but have not yet met NMPA standards.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> TCM research efforts are primarily focused on lessening the side effects of <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)</a> and protecting against opportunistic infections.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Extracts of traditional medicines have served as bases for trials of antiviral therapies, including <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and Dantonic.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> A group of nine HIV/AIDS patients in 2017 were reported to have been functionally cured through TCM treatments,<a href="#cite_note-:792-132">[132]</a> but these trials lacked controlled, regular observations.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A 2018 study suggested substantive differences in protein expression and signaling in certain TCM-identified syndromes for those with HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Controlled studies have yet to demonstrate any effect on long-term survival among HIV/AIDS patients, however, its validity is difficult to discern, and research is lacking on the interactions between Western and Traditional Chinese pharmacological products.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Activism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a></div> In China, like elsewhere, HIV/AIDS activists have played an important role in promoting public awareness and education about the disease, helping to prevent discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS and highlighting factors which may impede efforts to check the spread of the disease. Compared to other social movements, the Chinese government has historically been more tolerant of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs and civil society organizations, relying on them to reach out to marginalized groups most vulnerable to the disease. The government at all administrative levels has also often sought to suppress or minimize activism perceived as sensitive, obscene, or a threat to stability, including that related to HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW2005-137">[137]</a> This phenomenon was particularly pronounced in Henan, where the initial blood donation outbreak, in which local authorities were extensively involved, was most severe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW200513–14-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In 2007, activist Gao Yaojie was placed under house arrest in her home in <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a> in order to prevent her from visiting the United States to receive an award from <a href="/wiki/Vital_Voices_Global_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital Voices Global Partnership">Vital Voices Global Partnership</a> and meet with <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2007-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomic_effect">Socioeconomic effect</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic effect">edit</a>]</div> The process of the effect of HIV/AIDS can be described as having three key stages: first, the effect experienced at the micro level; second, at the sectoral level; and finally, at the macro level. The effect began to be observed in China at the micro, or <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> level, and will most certainly be observed in the future at the sectoral level. Individuals and families have been bearing both the economic and social costs of the disease, and the poverty of those affected have increased and will further increase substantially.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Expenditures for the health sector will increase, for both treatment and prevention interventions. The macro level has been mostly unaffected. But if without effective preventive action, the HIV spread in the general population at large will affect the macro level as have happened in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Documentaries">edit</a>]</div> Chinese-American director <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Yang" title="Ruby Yang">Ruby Yang</a> has made a documentary about AIDS in rural China, which premiered on 14 June 2006, entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_Yingzhou_District" title="The Blood of Yingzhou District">The Blood of Yingzhou District</a>. An abridged version of Robert Bilheimer's acclaimed US-made 2003 documentary A Closer Walk was shown on <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> (CCTV) on World AIDS Day, 1 December (Friday), 2006, and was rerun Sunday and Monday. It was viewed by around 400 million people. The 75-minute-long documentary, narrated by actors <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a>, had premiered in the United States in 2003.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Hong_Kong" title="HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong">HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_Yingzhou_District" title="The Blood of Yingzhou District">The Blood of Yingzhou District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Economy" title="Plasma Economy">Plasma Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">HIV/AIDS in Yunnan</a></li></ul> Activists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jia_(activist)" title="Hu Jia (activist)">Hu Jia (activist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yaojie" title="Gao Yaojie">Gao Yaojie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangdu_(activist)" title="Wangdu (activist)">Wangdu (activist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Yanhai" title="Wan Yanhai">Wan Yanhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Jinyan" title="Zeng Jinyan">Zeng Jinyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Beichuan" title="Zhang Beichuan">Zhang Beichuan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007667_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFXiao_et_al.2007">Xiao et al. 2007</a>, p. 667. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005825–826-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005825–826_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeDetels2005">He & Detels 2005</a>, pp. 825–826. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC20158-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC20158_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC2015">National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC 2015</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-CD18Editorial-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CD18Editorial_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CD18Editorial_4-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201811/29/WS5bffe9a5a310eff30328be38.html">"Still a tough battle to win fight against HIV: China Daily editorial"</a>. China Daily. November 29, 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Still+a+tough+battle+to+win+fight+against+HIV%3A+China+Daily+editorial&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fa%2F201811%2F29%2FWS5bffe9a5a310eff30328be38.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpHahn20111-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharpHahn20111_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharpHahn2011">Sharp & Hahn 2011</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanKleinmanSaich20063-5-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmanKleinmanSaich20063-5_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufmanKleinmanSaich2006">Kaufman, Kleinman & Saich 2006</a>, p. 3-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007682_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWu_et_al.2007">Wu et al. 2007</a>, p. 682. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062075-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062075_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062075_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang_et_al.2006">Zhang et al. 2006</a>, p. 2075: "However, our finding of a large number of sexually transmitted CRF01_AE viruses in Yunnan among non-IDUs is new. In particular, the rapid increase of HIV-1 prevalence among non-IDU populations has emerged as an alarming trend. IDU dominance in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s has now been gradually replaced by those infected through heterosexual contact or other routes." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC20159-10-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC20159-10_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC2015">National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC 2015</a>, p. 9-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005827-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005827_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeDetels2005">He & Detels 2005</a>, p. 827: "At some local government-run blood banks and in many private underground blood banks operated in the early and middle 1990s in central China, blood was often collected from several villagers at the same time, and mixed together in a container or a centrifuge from which the plasma was collected. ... Such procedures, as well as recycling of used needles and inadequately sterilized equipment, allowed HIV to be rapidly transmitted among these donors, generating a large number of HIV-infected farmers and peasants." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharpHahn201115-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharpHahn201115_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharpHahn2011">Sharp & Hahn 2011</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-AvertOverview-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AvertOverview_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AvertOverview_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview">"History of HIV and AIDS Overview"</a>. 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(June 18, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/18/us/clue-found-on-homosexuals-precancer-syndrome.html">"CLUE FOUND ON HOMOSEXUALS' PRECANCER SYNDROME"</a>. The New York Times. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222054328/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/18/us/clue-found-on-homosexuals-precancer-syndrome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CLUE+FOUND+ON+HOMOSEXUALS%27+PRECANCER+SYNDROME&rft.date=1982-06-18&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F06%2F18%2Fus%2Fclue-found-on-homosexuals-precancer-syndrome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx1982-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarx1982_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarx1982">Marx 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961116-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961116_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961116_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYu_et_al.1996">Yu et al. 1996</a>, p. 1116. </li> <li id="cite_note-AP1986-19"><a href="#cite_ref-AP1986_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-03-mn-24467-story.html">"China Bans Import of Blood Products to Keep AIDS Out"</a>. Associated Press. 3 September 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222054331/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-09-03-mn-24467-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+Bans+Import+of+Blood+Products+to+Keep+AIDS+Out&rft.date=1985-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-09-03-mn-24467-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013">Xu, Han & Zeng et al. 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-PD2009-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PD2009_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD2009_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD2009_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90002/98666/98965/6820070.html">"The history of AIDS in China"</a>. People's Daily. 2009-11-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307092246/http://english.people.com.cn/90002/98666/98965/6820070.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2013-06-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+history+of+AIDS+in+China&rft.date=2009-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90002%2F98666%2F98965%2F6820070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2003-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2003_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2003_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdanichKoli2003" class="citation news cs1">Bogdanich, Walt; Koli, Eric (22 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/22/business/2-paths-of-bayer-drug-in-80-s-riskier-one-steered-overseas.html?pagewanted=print">"2 Paths of Bayer Drug in 80's: Riskier One Steered Overseas"</a>. The New York Times. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211130853/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/22/business/2-paths-of-bayer-drug-in-80-s-riskier-one-steered-overseas.html?pagewanted=print">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=2+Paths+of+Bayer+Drug+in+80%27s%3A+Riskier+One+Steered+Overseas&rft.date=2003-05-22&rft.aulast=Bogdanich&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft.au=Koli%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F05%2F22%2Fbusiness%2F2-paths-of-bayer-drug-in-80-s-riskier-one-steered-overseas.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisaniZhang20173-4-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisaniZhang20173-4_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPisaniZhang2017">Pisani & Zhang 2017</a>, p. 3-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-AP1996-24"><a href="#cite_ref-AP1996_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/06/us/drug-maker-turned-aside-alert-on-aids.html">"Drug Maker Turned Aside Alert on AIDS"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. 6 October 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222054331/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/06/us/drug-maker-turned-aside-alert-on-aids.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Drug+Maker+Turned+Aside+Alert+on+AIDS&rft.date=1996-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F10%2F06%2Fus%2Fdrug-maker-turned-aside-alert-on-aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aug1985Notice-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Aug1985Notice_25-0">^</a> Ministry of Health of the PRC and General Administration of Customs of the PRC (26 August 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinalawedu.com/falvfagui/fg22598/28328.shtml">关于禁止VIII因子制剂等血液制品进口的通知</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222215923/http://www.chinalawedu.com/falvfagui/fg22598/28328.shtml">Archived</a> 2020-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" ["Notice Regarding the Prohibition on Importing Factor VIII and Other Blood Products"] (in Chinese). "防止获得性免疫缺陷（简称AIDS）我国，卫生部已于1984年9月会同经贸部、海关总署以（84）卫药字第22号联合通知，限制进口国外血液制品。通知发出后，有的省、市卫生厅（局）认真执行，严格把关，控制血液制品的进口。但有的省、市卫生厅（局）尚未引起重视，对进口血液制品既不控制，又不认真审查把关，仍在大量进口血液制品，且进口制品经检验不合格的情况也日趋严重。" ["In order to guard against the entry of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) into the country, the Ministry of Health, with the General Administration of Customs and the Ministry of Trade and Foreign Economic Cooperation, disseminated the joint Health Notice (84) No. 22 limiting the import of foreign blood products. Following the notice, some provincial and municipal health bureaux implemented it diligently with strict checks. Some provincial and municipal health bureaux, however, have not attached importance to the notice, not only failing to control the import of foreign blood products, but also not being serious in their examinations and checks. They are still importing large volumes of foreign blood products, and moreover, these products have increasingly come to fail inspections."] </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan1986Announce-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Jan1986Announce_26-0">^</a> Ministry of Health of the PRC (30 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/1986/01/id/4906.shtml">"关于禁止进口VIII因子制剂等血液制品的通告"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222221422/https://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/1986/01/id/4906.shtml">Archived</a> 2020-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ["Announcement Regarding the Prohibition on Importing Factor VIII and Other Blood Products"] (in Chinese). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062066-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang_et_al.20062066_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhang_et_al.2006">Zhang et al. 2006</a>, p. 2066. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELo2015-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELo2015_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLo2015">Lo 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005826_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeDetels2005">He & Detels 2005</a>, p. 826. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200079-81-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200079-81_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyrer_et_al.2000">Beyrer et al. 2000</a>, p. 79-81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007669-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXiao_et_al.2007669_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXiao_et_al.2007">Xiao et al. 2007</a>, p. 669. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200079-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200079_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyrer_et_al.2000">Beyrer et al. 2000</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuRouCui2004">Wu, Rou & Cui 2004</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049–10-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui20049–10_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuRouCui2004">Wu, Rou & Cui 2004</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200080-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeyrer_et_al.200080_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeyrer_et_al.2000">Beyrer et al. 2000</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-bloodheadtk-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloodheadtk_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloodheadtk_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloodheadtk_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellogg2003" class="citation web cs1">Kellogg, Tom (23 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/4561">"Whitewashing Criminal Negligence: Health Officials seek to Avoid Responsibility for the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Rural Henan"</a>. Human Rights in China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229021947/https://www.hrichina.org/en/content/4561">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whitewashing+Criminal+Negligence%3A+Health+Officials+seek+to+Avoid+Responsibility+for+the+Spread+of+HIV%2FAIDS+in+Rural+Henan&rft.pub=Human+Rights+in+China&rft.date=2003-02-23&rft.aulast=Kellogg&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrichina.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2F4561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200514-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200514_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200514_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200514_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2005">Hayes 2005</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200664-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200664_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufman_&_Meyers2006">Kaufman & Meyers 2006</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2002-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2002_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2002_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2002_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGittings2002" class="citation news cs1">Gittings, John (10 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/10/aids.china">"China admits 'blood stations' caused steep rise in Aids"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229194734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/10/aids.china">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+admits+%27blood+stations%27+caused+steep+rise+in+Aids&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft.aulast=Gittings&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fsep%2F10%2Faids.china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200141-42-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200141-42_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuRouDetels2001">Wu, Rou & Detels 2001</a>, p. 41-42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200515-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200515_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2005">Hayes 2005</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200143-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200143_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuRouDetels2001">Wu, Rou & Detels 2001</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200650-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200650_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufman_&_Meyers2006">Kaufman & Meyers 2006</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo2019-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo2019_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPo2019_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2019" class="citation news cs1">Langer, Emily (25 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/shuping-wang-whistleblower-who-exposed-chinas-hivaids-crisis-dies-at-59/2019/09/25/1dd6c1e2-dfa1-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html">"Shuping Wang, whistleblower who exposed China's HIV/AIDS crisis, dies at 59"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926141056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/shuping-wang-whistleblower-who-exposed-chinas-hivaids-crisis-dies-at-59/2019/09/25/1dd6c1e2-dfa1-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shuping+Wang%2C+whistleblower+who+exposed+China%27s+HIV%2FAIDS+crisis%2C+dies+at+59&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fshuping-wang-whistleblower-who-exposed-chinas-hivaids-crisis-dies-at-59%2F2019%2F09%2F25%2F1dd6c1e2-dfa1-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200144-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouDetels200144_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuRouDetels2001">Wu, Rou & Detels 2001</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes200516-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes200516_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayes2005">Hayes 2005</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2016-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2016_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2016_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2016_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuo2016" class="citation news cs1">Luo, Siling (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/world-aids-day-china-gao-yaojie.html">"Whistle-Blowing AIDS Doctor Reflects on Roots of Epidemic in China"</a>. The New York Times. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130100859/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/01/world/asia/world-aids-day-china-gao-yaojie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whistle-Blowing+AIDS+Doctor+Reflects+on+Roots+of+Epidemic+in+China&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Siling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fworld-aids-day-china-gao-yaojie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani_&_Wu_2007b122–124-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisani_&_Wu_2007b122–124_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPisani_&_Wu_2007b">Pisani & Wu 2007b</a>, pp. 122–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaCDC2018-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaCDC2018_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feng, Xiaohua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118050854/http://www.chinacdc.cn/mtbd_8067/201811/t20181128_197565.html">"抗艾渐入核心？药物控制病毒使感染者成为非传染源"</a> [Towards the Core of Fighting AIDS? Medicine Controls Virus, Making Infected Non-Infectious]. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (in Chinese). Yicai News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinacdc.cn/mtbd_8067/201811/t20181128_197565.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Center+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=%E6%8A%97%E8%89%BE%E6%B8%90%E5%85%A5%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%9F%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E4%BD%BF%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E8%80%85%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BA%E9%9D%9E%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Xiaohua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinacdc.cn%2Fmtbd_8067%2F201811%2Ft20181128_197565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaNHC018-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ChinaNHC018_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/201904/050427ff32704a5db64f4ae1f6d57c6c.shtml">"2018年全国法定传染病疫情概况 [2018 National Legally Designated Infectious Disease Epidemic Summary]"</a> (in Chinese). National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131022012/http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s3578/201904/050427ff32704a5db64f4ae1f6d57c6c.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020. <q>The top five disease by mortality figures for this report in descending order are: AIDS, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, rabies, and Japanese encephalitis. (报告死亡数居前5位的病种依次为艾滋病、肺结核、病毒性肝炎、狂犬病和乙型脑炎，占乙类传染病报告死亡总数的99.27%。)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%A6%82%E5%86%B5+%5B2018+National+Legally+Designated+Infectious+Disease+Epidemic+Summary%5D&rft.pub=National+Health+Commission+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.gov.cn%2Fjkj%2Fs3578%2F201904%2F050427ff32704a5db64f4ae1f6d57c6c.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-datacollection-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-datacollection_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-datacollection_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phsciencedata.cn/Share/ky_sjml.jsp?id=%22c2ca694e-3995-4c7f-9078-3ed0aaf14556%22">"艾滋病数据库"</a>. 公共卫生科学数据中心. 中国疾控预防控制中心公共卫生监测与信息服务中心. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508163425/http://www.phsciencedata.cn/Share/ky_sjml.jsp?id=%22c2ca694e-3995-4c7f-9078-3ed0aaf14556%22">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2019-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.atitle=%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phsciencedata.cn%2FShare%2Fky_sjml.jsp%3Fid%3D%2522c2ca694e-3995-4c7f-9078-3ed0aaf14556%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071042-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071042_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJiaLuSunVermund2007">Jia et al. 2007</a>, p. 1042: "HIV/AIDS was reportable through three theoretically complementary but practically overlapping components: (1) The HIV/AIDS Reporting System, coordinated by the Division of Epidemiology, National Center for AIDS/STD Prevention and Control (NCAIDS) of the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine (CAPM), (2) The Communicable Diseases Reporting System, coordinated by the Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, CAPM (includes 35 notifiable infectious diseases), and (3) The National STD Surveillance System, coordinated by the Nanjing STD Center of the Chinese Academy of Medicine (data on eight STDs including HIV); China CDC and US CDC, 2002; China CDC, 2006). Through these three systems, HIV/AIDS case reports flowed from the health facilities or clinics as follows: (1) to the local district, county, or county-level city, (2) to the prefecture or prefecture-level city, (3) to the provincial health departments, and (4) to three separate national agencies." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005828-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeDetels2005828_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeDetels2005">He & Detels 2005</a>, p. 828. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200654-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200654_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufman_&_Meyers2006">Kaufman & Meyers 2006</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071043;_1050-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiaLuSunVermund20071043;_1050_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJiaLuSunVermund2007">Jia et al. 2007</a>, p. 1043; 1050. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20121–2-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20121–2_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinChenSeguyChen2012">Lin et al. 2012</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200655-57-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufman_&_Meyers200655-57_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaufman_&_Meyers2006">Kaufman & Meyers 2006</a>, p. 55-57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Wu2006266;_269-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._Wu2006266;_269_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM._Wu2006">M. Wu 2006</a>, p. 266; 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDH200521-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDH200521_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFIDH2005">FIDH 2005</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii21-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii21_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangWangWuGuo2010">Wang et al. 2010</a>, p. ii21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinbrook2004-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinbrook2004_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinbrook2004">Steinbrook 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii24-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii24_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangWangWuGuo2010">Wang et al. 2010</a>, p. ii24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHesketh2007622-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHesketh2007622_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHesketh2007">Hesketh 2007</a>, p. 622: "[P]redictions of the size of the epidemic were substantially overestimated by several expert bodies. ... The National Intelligence Council claimed that [its] figures were more reliable than previous estimates because they did not rely on official sources, which the National Intelligence Council asserted 'systematically understate the actual figures', but rather incorporated assessments by academics and non-governmental organisations working in the field." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_Theme_Group_on_HIV/AIDS_in_China20027-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_Theme_Group_on_HIV/AIDS_in_China20027_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUN_Theme_Group_on_HIV/AIDS_in_China2002">UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in China 2002</a>, p. 7: The report's estimated range of cases was from 800,000-1,500,000 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Intelligence_Council2002-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Intelligence_Council2002_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Intelligence_Council2002">National Intelligence Council 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii25–ii26-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii25–ii26_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangWangWuGuo2010">Wang et al. 2010</a>, pp. ii25–ii26: "Repeated rounds of national HIV/AIDS estimate exercises in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2009 have generated data that more accurately reflect China's heterogeneous epidemic. Improvements in data quality and data availability have improved the precision of HIV/AIDS estimates, providing information that is critical to public health priority setting and policymaking." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen2012-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen2012_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen2012_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinChenSeguyChen2012">Lin et al. 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiCaoLuoWang2017-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiCaoLuoWang2017_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiCaoLuoWang2017">Li et al. 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhua2018-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua2018_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTian2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tian, Xiaohang (23 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-11/23/content_5342852.htm">"国家卫健委：我国艾滋病全人群感染率约万分之九"</a> [NHC: China's National AIDS Infection Rate Approximately 9 per 10,000]. www.gov.cn (in Chinese). Xinhua News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506140233/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-11/23/content_5342852.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2020. <q>值得注意的是，当前，性传播是我国艾滋病主要传播途径。2017年报告感染者中异性传播占69.6%，男性同性传播占25.5% [It is worth mentioning that at present, sexual transmission is the primary transmission channel of AIDS in China. Of those infected in the 2017 report, 69.6% were from heterosexual transmission, and 25.5% male homosexual.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%AB%E5%81%A5%E5%A7%94%EF%BC%9A%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85%E5%85%A8%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%8E%87%E7%BA%A6%E4%B8%87%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%9D&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Xiaohang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fxinwen%2F2018-11%2F23%2Fcontent_5342852.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCDCTesting-70"><a href="#cite_ref-CCDCTesting_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/azb/zstd/201811/t20181116_197341.html">"艾滋病检测核心信息 [Core Information on AIDS Testing]"</a> (in Chinese). Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301195432/http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/azb/zstd/201811/t20181116_197341.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020. <q>近年来，通过检测并诊断报告的感染者中，每100个就有90个以上是经性途径感染。[In recent years, of those tested, confirmed, and reported as infected, greater than 90 of every 100 were infected through sexual transmission.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF+%5BCore+Information+on+AIDS+Testing%5D&rft.pub=Chinese+Center+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinacdc.cn%2Fjkzt%2Fcrb%2Fzl%2Fazb%2Fzstd%2F201811%2Ft20181116_197341.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii10-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii10_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunLuWuPoundstone2010">Sun et al. 2010</a>, p. ii10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii25-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangWangWuGuo2010ii25_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangWangWuGuo2010">Wang et al. 2010</a>, p. ii25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii11-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010ii11_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunLuWuPoundstone2010">Sun et al. 2010</a>, p. ii11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiCaoLuoWang20171197-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiCaoLuoWang20171197_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiCaoLuoWang2017">Li et al. 2017</a>, p. 1197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20121-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20121_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinChenSeguyChen2012">Lin et al. 2012</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20122-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinChenSeguyChen20122_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinChenSeguyChen2012">Lin et al. 2012</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe20191-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe20191_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDongPengLiuYe2019">Dong et al. 2019</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC2015-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC2015_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Health_and_Family_Planning_Commission_of_the_PRC2015">National Health and Family Planning Commission of the PRC 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng2018-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZheng2018_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZheng2018">Zheng 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe20199-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe20199_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDongPengLiuYe2019">Dong et al. 2019</a>, p. 9: "Our study showed an increased tendency in the HIV prevalence among MSM as time progressed (P < 0.001) (Fig. 2). The increasing HIV prevalence may be associated with several factors: 1) the increasing migration for better employment opportunities and living conditions from regions with a high HIV prevalence, such as from southern China or from the countryside, to large cities, which have a relatively open culture and convenient sexual venues (e.g., bars, saunas, parks, and sex clubs.); 2) the gradual changes in attitudes towards sex and increased openness of male homosexuality in China with changes in Chinese society, although homosexuality is still not widely accepted by the general population; and 3) the common occurrence of marriage between MSM and women because MSM might act as a bridge for HIV transmission from other MSM to the general population." </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasJianjun_LiFei_ZhongLin_Ouyang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Aritra; Jianjun Li; Fei Zhong; Lin Ouyang; Tanmay Mahapatra; Weiming Tang; Gengfeng Fu; Jinkou Zhao; Roger Detels (April 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198509">"Factors associated with HIV and syphilis co-infection among men who have sex with men in seven Chinese cities"</a>. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 26 (3): 145–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956462414531560">10.1177/0956462414531560</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198509">4198509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24737881">24737881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+STD+%26+AIDS&rft.atitle=Factors+associated+with+HIV+and+syphilis+co-infection+among+men+who+have+sex+with+men+in+seven+Chinese+cities&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=145-155&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4198509%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24737881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956462414531560&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Aritra&rft.au=Jianjun+Li&rft.au=Fei+Zhong&rft.au=Lin+Ouyang&rft.au=Tanmay+Mahapatra&rft.au=Weiming+Tang&rft.au=Gengfeng+Fu&rft.au=Jinkou+Zhao&rft.au=Roger+Detels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4198509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowWilsonZhang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Chow, EP; Wilson, DP; Zhang, L (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156129">"HIV and syphilis co-infection increasing among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e22768. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...622768C">2011PLoSO...622768C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022768">10.1371/journal.pone.0022768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156129">3156129</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21857952">21857952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=HIV+and+syphilis+co-infection+increasing+among+men+who+have+sex+with+men+in+China%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e22768&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3156129%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21857952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022768&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...622768C&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=EP&rft.au=Wilson%2C+DP&rft.au=Zhang%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3156129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe201911-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongPengLiuYe201911_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDongPengLiuYe2019">Dong et al. 2019</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaoZouDongZhang2019-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaoZouDongZhang2019_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaoZouDongZhang2019">Gao et al. 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani_&_Wu_2007b134–136-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisani_&_Wu_2007b134–136_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPisani_&_Wu_2007b">Pisani & Wu 2007b</a>, pp. 134–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESunLuWuPoundstone2010_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSunLuWuPoundstone2010">Sun et al. 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui200411-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWuRouCui200411_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWuRouCui2004">Wu, Rou & Cui 2004</a>, p. 11: "Sporadic reports of HIV infection and AIDS cases did generate awareness of AIDS among some lawmakers, but their knowledge of the real implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic was limited. Therefore, they did not know how to take appropriate action from a legal point of view. ... Lawmakers do not understand the complexity of AIDS issues, and people who have sound knowledge of AIDS have not had the opportunity to be involved in the lawmaking processes." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961117-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYu_et_al.19961117_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYu_et_al.1996">Yu et al. 1996</a>, p. 1117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.1:_"这一时期，几乎所有人都认为艾滋病是同西方生活方式相联系的，是从境外进来的，因此，只要守住国门就能杜绝，于是，形成了所谓'御敌于国门之外'的策略。_..._这一阶段防治特征主要表现为严把国境关：注重监测、严防传入；同时，强调道德宣传，严惩卖淫、嫖娼等行为。此时，对艾滋病综合干预的思想(T推广使用安全套)还未诞生，预防手段显示出明显的意识形态和依靠强硬的行政手段的特点。"-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.1:_"这一时期，几乎所有人都认为艾滋病是同西方生活方式相联系的，是从境外进来的，因此，只要守住国门就能杜绝，于是，形成了所谓'御敌于国门之外'的策略。_..._这一阶段防治特征主要表现为严把国境关：注重监测、严防传入；同时，强调道德宣传，严惩卖淫、嫖娼等行为。此时，对艾滋病综合干预的思想(T推广使用安全套)还未诞生，预防手段显示出明显的意识形态和依靠强硬的行政手段的特点。"_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013">Xu, Han & Zeng et al. 2013</a>, §1.1: "这一时期，几乎所有人都认为艾滋病是同西方生活方式相联系的，是从境外进来的，因此，只要守住国门就能杜绝，于是，形成了所谓'御敌于国门之外'的策略。 ... 这一阶段防治特征主要表现为严把国境关：注重监测、严防传入；同时，强调道德宣传，严惩卖淫、嫖娼等行为。此时，对艾滋病综合干预的思想(T推广使用安全套)还未诞生，预防手段显示出明显的意识形态和依靠强硬的行政手段的特点。". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFIDH20057-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFIDH20057_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFIDH2005">FIDH 2005</a>, p. 7: "AIDS was regarded as a disease linked with the ideology of capitalism... In 1987, the Minister of Health, Chen Minzhang, announced that AIDS would not spread in China as it was transmitted by homosexuality and promiscuity, evils which were unknown to China." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGewirtz2020-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGewirtz2020_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGewirtz2020">Gewirtz 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-MoHJan1985-92"><a href="#cite_ref-MoHJan1985_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Health_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China1985" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (10 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uy.xjaids.com/e/wap/show.php?classid=16&id=9460&style=0&cpage=0&cid=16&bclassid=0">"关于加强监测、严防艾滋病传入的报告"</a> [Report on Strengthening Monitoring and Strictly Defending Against Transmission into [China] of AIDS] (in Chinese). 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Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China+Taking+Stringent+Steps+To+Prevent+the+Entry+of+AIDS&rft.date=1987-12-22&rft.aulast=Gargan&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F12%2F22%2Fworld%2Fchina-taking-stringent-steps-to-prevent-the-entry-of-aids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+China" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007680-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu_et_al.2007680_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWu_et_al.2007">Wu et al. 2007</a>, p. 680: "In much the same way as other countries, traditional public-health methods of containment and isolation of infectious disease cases proved ineffective. Containment policies occurred in the context of rapid social and economic change, in which there were increases in drug use and changing sexual mixing patterns. These early policies did little to stop transmission of HIV; in fact, they probably promoted concealment of risk activities and made identification of HIV reservoirs more difficult." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.2.2-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013§1.2.2_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXu,_Han_&_Zeng_et_al.2013">Xu, Han & Zeng et al. 2013</a>, §1.2.2: "1989年，在云南边境地区的吸毒人群中集中发现146例HIV感染者，引起人们的震惊，开始反思'严防传入'策略的局限性：在日趋开放的社会里，能否通过封闭的方式解决公共卫问题？经过争论与探讨，艾滋病防控策略开始向主动预防转变，对一些干预工作开展探索性的试点。" ["In 1989, the discovery of 146 HIV cases concentrated among drug users in the border region of Yunnan shocked many and forced reflection on the limits of the 'protection against [HIV] entering' strategy: as society grew more and more open, could closing [the country] off really solve such a public health problem? 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China and HIV — A Window of Opportunity. N Engl J Med 2007; 356(18): 1801–05.</li> <li>Chen HT, Liang S, Liao Q, Wang S, Schumacher JE, Creger TN, Wilson CM, Dong B, Vermund SH. HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing among Injection Drug Users in South China: A Study of a Non-Government Organization Based Program. AIDS Behav Mar 9, 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWangFangZhao2006" class="citation journal cs1">Li, X; Wang, B; Fang, X; Zhao, R; Stanton, B; Hong, Y; Dong, B; Liu, W; Zhou, Y; Liang, S; Yang, H (Oct 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1933388">"Short-Term Effect of a Cultural Adaptation of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Among Female Sex Workers in China: A Quasi-Experimental Trial"</a>. 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Beijing: PUMC Publishing House; 2000. pp. 1–4.</li> <li>Chen J, Zheng Z, Shao Y. Molecular-epidemiological analysis of HIV-1 initial prevalence in Guangxi, China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 1999; 20: 74–77. (Chinese).</li> <li>Liao SS. "HIV in China: epidemiology and risk factors. AIDS. 1998; 12 (Suppl B): S19–s25.</li> <li>Chinese Ministry of Health; UN Theme Group on HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China. China responds to AIDS—HIV/AIDS situation and needs assessment report. Beijing: Chinese Ministry of Health; 1997.</li> <li>Cohen MS, Henderson GE, Aiello P, Zheng H. "Successful eradication of sexually transmitted diseases in the People's Republic of China: implications for the 21st century. J Infect Dis. 1996; 174(S2): S223–s229.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_China&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/50px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/75px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/100px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1112" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_in_China" title="Template:Health in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_in_China" title="Template talk:Health in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance_in_China" title="Disease surveillance in China">Disease surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_China" title="Healthcare reform in China">Healthcare system reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics_in_China" title="Health informatics in China">Health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Health_Campaign" title="Patriotic Health Campaign">Patriotic Health Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Welfare_Institute" title="China Welfare Institute">China Welfare Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_China" title="List of hospitals in China">Hospitals in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Chinese_hospitals" title="Classification of Chinese hospitals">Classification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_China" title="Category:Medical schools in China">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_China" title="Organ transplantation in China">Organ transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_China" title="Medicine in China">Medicine in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_in_China" title="Pharmacy in China">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_China" title="Pharmaceutical industry in China">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_China" title="Biotechnology industry in China">Biotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">Avian influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaarterivirus_suid_1" title="Betaarterivirus suid 1">Blue-ear disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease_in_China" title="Cardiovascular disease in China">Cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_disease_in_China" title="Chronic disease in China">Chronic diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus 71 (EV71)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_flu" title="Fujian flu">Fujian flu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_in_China" title="Hepatitis B in China">Hepatitis B</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_Economy" title="Plasma Economy">Plasma Economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency_in_China" title="Iodine deficiency in China">Iodine deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Chinese_lead_poisoning_scandal" title="2009 Chinese lead poisoning scandal">lead poisoning scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_in_China" title="Leprosy in China">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_China" title="Mental health in China">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_China" title="Obesity in China">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonic_plague#China" title="Pneumonic plague">Pneumonic plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_in_China" title="Stroke in China">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_China" title="Tuberculosis in China">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disease-related_deaths_in_China" title="Category:Disease-related deaths in China">Disease-related deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic_in_Asia#China_.28People.27s_Republic_of_China.29" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 flu pandemic in Asia">Swine influenza outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">SARS pandemic</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta variant</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> (2022)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Health_Commission" title="National Health Commission">National Health Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" title="National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine">National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention">National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Products_Administration" title="National Medical Products Administration">National Medical Products Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong Department of Health</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Social_Affairs_and_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture">Macau Secretariat for Social Affairs and Culture</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Customs" title="General Administration of Customs">General Administration of Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Healthcare_Security_Administration" title="National Healthcare Security Administration">National Healthcare Security Administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Dust" title="Asian Dust">Dust storms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">Illegal drug trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_China" title="Pollution in China">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarianism in China">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_doctors_in_China" title="Violence against doctors in China">Violence against doctors in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cornell%E2%80%93Oxford_Project" title="China–Cornell–Oxford Project">China–Cornell–Oxford Project</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Family_Panel_Studies" title="China Family Panel Studies">China Family Panel Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Health_and_Retirement_Longitudinal_Study" title="China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study">China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> * only in special administrative regions</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" title="Template:Sexuality and gender in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" title="Template talk:Sexuality and gender in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexuality and gender in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexuality_and_gender_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a> and gender in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Women%27s_Federation" title="All-China Women's Federation">All-China Women's Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagongmei" title="Dagongmei">Female migrant workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_China" title="Women's health in China">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_women_in_China" title="Globalization and women in China">Globalization and women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ideals_of_female_beauty" title="Chinese ideals of female beauty">Ideals of female beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_and_imperial_China" title="Women in ancient and imperial China">In ancient and imperial times</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Foot binding</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Wife,_Wise_Mother" title="Good Wife, Wise Mother">Good Wife, Wise Mother</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_Obediences_and_Four_Virtues" title="Three Obediences and Four Virtues">Three Obediences and Four Virtues</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_women_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing women of China">Missing women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_preference_in_China" title="Son preference in China">Son preference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_China" title="Female infanticide in China">Female infanticide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Marriage</a> and family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-foreign_marriages_in_mainland_China" title="Chinese-foreign marriages in mainland China">Chinese-foreign marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policies_of_China" title="Family planning policies of China">Family planning policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-child_policy" title="Three-child policy">Three-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Ghost marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_modern_China" title="Marriage in modern China">Marriage in modern China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">New Marriage Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_marriage" title="Traditional Chinese marriage">Traditional Chinese marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_China" title="Intersex rights in China">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Beijing" title="LGBTQ culture in Beijing">LGBTQ culture in Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Chengdu" title="LGBTQ culture in Chengdu">LGBTQ culture in Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong">LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Shanghai" title="LGBTQ culture in Shanghai">LGBTQ culture in Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_China" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in China">same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender in China">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">HIV/AIDS in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Hong_Kong" title="HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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