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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="تاتارا (کوره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاتارا (کوره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara" title="Tatara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tatara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%ED%83%80%EB%9D%BC" title="타타라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타타라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara" title="Tatara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tatara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E8%A3%BD%E9%89%84" title="たたら製鉄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="たたら製鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara" title="Tatara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tatara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatara" title="Tatara – 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional Japanese furnace used to smelt iron and steel</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatara_(Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tatara_%28Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel%29.png/250px-Tatara_%28Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tatara_%28Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel%29.png/375px-Tatara_%28Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tatara_%28Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel%29.png/500px-Tatara_%28Making_Japanese_Iron_and_Steel%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Charcoal is added to a clay Tatara furnace in <a href="/wiki/Niimi" title="Niimi">Niimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okayama" title="Okayama">Okayama</a> until a temperature of over 800 °C is achieved.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>tatara</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鑪</span></span>)</span> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnace</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. The word later also came to mean the entire building housing the furnace. The traditional steel in Japan comes from <a href="/wiki/Ironsand" title="Ironsand">ironsand</a> processed in a special way, called the tatara system.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iron ore was used in the first steel manufacturing in Japan. Tatara steelmaking process using ironsand was conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Kibi_Province" title="Kibi Province">Kibi Province</a>, which later became the base of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword#Classification_by_school" title="Japanese sword">Bizen school</a> of swordsmithing, around the middle of the sixth century, and steelmaking using ironsand is thought to have spread from Kibi to various places in Japan. In western Japan, a low box-shaped furnace different from the Chinese and Korean style was used to refine iron, and in eastern Japan, both a low box-shaped furnace and a vertical furnace unique to Japan were used.<sup id="cite_ref-tate2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tate2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuhis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuout_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuout-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nagoyata_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoyata-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Ages, furnaces were enlarged to produce more steel of higher quality, and underground facilities were also huge and complicated to keep the furnace warm and reduce humidity. In addition, a new method of collecting ironsand, called <i>kanna nagashi</i> (鉄穴流), which can efficiently collect more ironsand using waterways, was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-tate2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tate2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuhis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuout_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuout-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nagoyata_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoyata-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, tatara steelmaking was further improved and became the same as today's tatara steelmaking in Japan. Tatara steelmaking came to be carried out in a stereotyped building called <i>takadono</i> (高殿), and a space called <i>Hondoko</i> (本床), where charcoal is laid, and a space called <i>Kobune</i> (小舟), which has a tunnel-like gap, were installed under the steelmaking furnace, completing the underground structure known as <i>Hondoko zuri</i> (本床釣り). In the late 1600s, tatara steelmaking adopted a revolutionary invention. It is a foot-operated blower called a <i>tembin fuigo</i> (天秤鞴), which can blow a large amount of air into the furnace to increase the temperature. As a result, high quality steel can be produced in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-tate2005_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tate2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuhis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuout_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuout-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nagoyata_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoyata-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1920, Tatara Furnaces were no longer economically viable and they closed once the Western blast furnace was introduced to Japan. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Bijutsu_Token_Hozon_Kyokai" title="Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai">Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords and historical firearms (<i>Nihon Bijutsu Token Hozon Kyokai</i>)</a> with the approval of the Japanese government's department of the environment built a tatara furnace to make <a href="/wiki/Japanese_swords" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese swords">Japanese swords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tate2005_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tate2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuhis_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuhis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yasuout_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuout-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nagoyata_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagoyata-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_(1901).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_%281901%29.jpg/250px-Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_%281901%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_%281901%29.jpg/375px-Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_%281901%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_%281901%29.jpg/500px-Japanischer_Tatara-Schmelzofen_-_Zeichnung_von_Adolf_Ledebur_%281901%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Engineering drawing of a Japanese Tatara-furnace</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tamahagane" title="Tamahagane">Tamahagane</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">玉鋼</span></span>)</span> is a general term for steel, not used prior to the Meiji Era, literally meaning "precious steel". Steel is smelted at Shimane facility for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">Japanese swords</a> (<i>nihontō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本刀</span></span>)</span>, commonly known as <i>katana</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">刀</span></span>)</span>) by contemporary Japanese forge masters like Kihara Akira and Gassan Sadatoshi is still smelted in a <i>tatara</i>. One of the few remaining <i>tatara</i> is the Nittoho <i>tatara</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture" title="Shimane Prefecture">Shimane Prefecture</a>, Japan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatara_(furnace)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_(18_Jahrhundert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_%2818_Jahrhundert%29.jpg/220px-Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_%2818_Jahrhundert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_%2818_Jahrhundert%29.jpg/330px-Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_%2818_Jahrhundert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_%2818_Jahrhundert%29.jpg/440px-Japanischer_Tatara-Ofen_mit_Fl%C3%BCgelgebl%C3%A4se_%2818_Jahrhundert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Working the bellows of a Tatara.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term 'tatara' first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i> compiled in 712 as <i>Hototarara Isusukihime no Mikoto</i> (富登多々良伊須々岐比売命) and in <i><a href="/wiki/Nihonshoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonshoki">Nihonshoki</a></i> compiled in 720 as <i>Himetatara Isuzuhime no Mikoto</i> (姫蹈鞴五十鈴姫命), and these words represent <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a></i>. Historically, several <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i> characters have been used to express the term 'tatara,' and in ancient times, '蹈鞴', which represents a fan, was used, and as time went by, '鑪', which represents the whole steel works, and '高殿', which represents the buildings of steel works, were also used. Today, the term 'tatara' is applied to steelmaking technology using ironsand, which flourished from ancient times to the Edo period.<sup id="cite_ref-yasuout_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yasuout-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatara_(furnace)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png/250px-Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png/375px-Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png/500px-Structure_of_Eidai_Tatara.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>The structure of a <i>tatara</i>. On the two sides of the furnace are visible two bellows. This structure was completed in the 1600s during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> process used differs from that of the modern mass production of steel. A <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> vessel about 1.1 meters (3.6 feet) tall, 3 meters (9.8 feet) long, and 1.1 meters (3.6 feet) wide is constructed. This is the <i>tatara</i>. After the clay tub has dried, it is fired until dry. A charcoal fire is started from soft pine <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, then the smelter will wait for the fire to reach the correct temperature. At that point, he will direct the addition of <a href="/wiki/Ironsand" title="Ironsand">ironsand</a>, known as <i>satetsu</i>. This will be layered in with more charcoal and more ironsand over the next 72 hours. Four or five people need to constantly work on this process. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamahagane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tamahagane.jpg/250px-Tamahagane.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tamahagane.jpg/375px-Tamahagane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tamahagane.jpg/500px-Tamahagane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Tamahagane, which is used to forge the blade of traditionally made Japanese blade <a href="/wiki/Nihonto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonto">nihonto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>It takes about a week to build the <i>tatara</i> and complete the iron conversion to steel. When the process is done, the clay tub is broken and the steel bloom, known as a <i>kera</i>, is removed. At the end of the process, the <i>tatara</i> will have consumed about 9.1 t (9.0 long tons; 10.0 short tons) of <i>satetsu</i> and 11 t (11 long tons; 12 short tons) of charcoal, leaving about 2.3 t (2.3 long tons; 2.5 short tons) of <i><a href="/wiki/Tamahagane" title="Tamahagane">tamahagane</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Nittoho_Tatara">The Nittoho <i>Tatara</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatara_(furnace)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Nittoho Tatara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1977, the Japanese Society for Preservation of Japanese Art Swords (Nittoho), together with the Japanese government's Agency for Cultural Affairs and Hitachi Works subsidiary Yasugi Special Steel, built in <a href="/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture" title="Shimane Prefecture">Shimane Prefecture</a> the so-named Nittoho <i>Tatara</i> to provide the steel necessary for the production of Japanese swords and historical firearms. The Nittoho <i>Tatara</i> is managed by Yasugi Works, and is operational only during the winter months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatara_(furnace)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_swordsmithing" title="Japanese swordsmithing">Japanese swordsmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduction" title="Direct reduction">Direct reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduction_(blast_furnace)" title="Direct reduction (blast furnace)">Direct reduction (blast furnace)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatara_(furnace)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jsme.or.jp/tsd/ICBTT/conference02/TatsuoINOUE.html">https://www.jsme.or.jp/tsd/ICBTT/conference02/TatsuoINOUE.html</a> "Science of Tatara and Japanese Sword - Traditional Technology viewed from Modern Science" by Tatsuo INOUE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tate2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tate2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tate2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tate2005_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tate2005_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220315073416/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tetsutohagane1955/91/1/91_1_2/_pdf/-char/ja">History of Iron and Steel Making Technology in Japan ーMainly on the smelting of iron sand by Tataraー.</a> Mitsuru Tate (2005). Tetsu-to-Hagane Vol. 91. The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yasuhis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yasuhis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuhis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuhis_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuhis_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929130900/https://tetsunomichi.gr.jp/history-and-tradition/tatara-history/part-1/">たたらの歴史たたら製鉄の進歩 (Progress of Tatara Iron Making).</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasugi,_Shimane" title="Yasugi, Shimane">Yasugi City</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yasuout-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yasuout_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuout_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuout_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuout_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yasuout_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218202858/https://tetsunomichi.gr.jp/history-and-tradition/tatara-outline/part-1/">たたら」の発祥と発展 (Changes in Japanese Tatara Iron Making Technology).</a> Yasugi City</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagoyata-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagoyata_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagoyata_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagoyata_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagoyata_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106174529/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/10863/">たたら製鉄の歴史と仕組み.</a> Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatara_(furnace)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Iwanami <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Djien" title="Kōjien">Kōjien</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">広辞苑</span></span>)</span> Japanese dictionary, 5th Edition (2000), CD version</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/tatara/nnp01.htm">The Tale of the Tatara</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitachi_Metals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitachi Metals (page does not exist)">Hitachi Metals</a>, Ltd.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5bdYO2zY5w">The Nittoho Tatara in Shimane Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710211400/http://thejapanesesword.com/about/tatara.html">thejapanesesword.com Tatara</a></li> <li>Masaru Fujimoto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?fl20030316a1.htm">Weapons of Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>, March 16, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iron_and_steel_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template talk:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_and_steel_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">sponge iron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">Finery forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">Puddling</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">Furnace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">Cupola furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">Induction furnace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel mill</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Pre-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tatara furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">Cementation process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Post-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">Open hearth furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">Basic oxygen process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting" title="Electro-slag remelting">Electro-slag remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization" title="Argon oxygen decarburization">Argon oxygen decarburization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treatment</a> methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_hydrogen_annealing" title="Low hydrogen annealing">Low hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_by_short_circuit" title="Annealing by short circuit">Short circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">Hardening</a> / <br /><a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">Case-hardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausforming" title="Ausforming">Ausforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boriding" title="Boriding">Boriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonitriding" title="Carbonitriding">Carbonitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Cryogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing" title="Ferritic nitrocarburizing">Ferritic nitrocarburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_hardening" title="Induction hardening">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">Nitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quench_polish_quench" title="Quench polish quench">Quench polish quench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austempering" title="Austempering">Austempering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martempering" title="Martempering">Martempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment" title="Cryogenic treatment">Cryogenic treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deburring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic deburring">Deburring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashing" title="Cryogenic deflashing">Deflashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Hardening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_heat_treatment" title="Differential heat treatment">Differential heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_weld_heat_treatment" title="Post weld heat treatment">Post weld heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">Quenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superplastic_forming" title="Superplastic forming">Superplastic forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">Production by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Steel industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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