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rocks</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: igneous rocks"> <meta name="keywords" content="igneous rocks"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="igneous rocks"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 353</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: igneous rocks</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">353</span> Chemical Composition, Petrology and P-T Conditions of Ti-Mg-Biotites within Syenitic Rocks from the Lar Igneous Suite, East of Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sasan%20Ghafaribijar">Sasan Ghafaribijar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Hakimi"> Javad Hakimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Arvin"> Mohsen Arvin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peyman%20Tahernezhad"> Peyman Tahernezhad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Lar Igneous Suite (LIS), east of Iran, is part of post collisional alkaline magmatism related to Late Cretaceous- mid Eocene Sistan suture zone. The suite consists of a wide variety of igneous rocks, from volcanic to intrusive and hypabissal rocks such as tuffs, trachyte, monzonite, syenites and lamprophyres. Syenitic rocks which mainly occur in a giant ring dike and stocks, are shoshonitic to potassic-ultrapotassic (K<sub>2</sub>O/Na<sub>2</sub>O > 2 wt.%; MgO > 3 wt.%; K<sub>2</sub>O > 3 wt.%) in composition and are also associated with Cu-Mo mineralization. In this study, chemical composition of biotites within the Lar syenites (LS) is determined by electron microprobe analysis. The results show that LS biotites are Ti-Mg-biotites (phlogopite) which contain relatively high Ti and Mg, and low Fe concentrations. The Mg/(Fe<sup>2+</sup>+ Mg) ratio in these biotites range between 0.56 and 0.73 that represent their transitionally chemical evolution. TiO<sub>2</sub> content in these biotites is high and in the range of 3.0-5.4 wt.%. These chemical characteristics indicate that the LS biotites are primary and have been crystallized directly from magma. The investigations also demonstrate that the LS biotites have crystallized from a magma of orogenic nature. Temperature and pressure are the most significant factors controlling Mg and Ti content in the LS biotites, respectively. The results show that the LS biotites crystallized at temperatures (T) between 800 to 842 °C and pressures (P) between 0.99 to 1.44 kbar. These conditions are indicative of a crystallization depth of 3.26-4.74 km. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sistan%20suture%20zone" title="sistan suture zone">sistan suture zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lar%20Igneous%20Suite" title=" Lar Igneous Suite"> Lar Igneous Suite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zahedan" title=" zahedan"> zahedan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syenite" title=" syenite"> syenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biotite" title=" biotite"> biotite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109121/chemical-composition-petrology-and-p-t-conditions-of-ti-mg-biotites-within-syenitic-rocks-from-the-lar-igneous-suite-east-of-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">352</span> Mineral Chemistry of Extraordinary Ilmenite from the Gabbroic Rocks of Abu Ghalaga Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Evidence to Metamorphic Modification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaser%20Maher%20Abdel%20Aziz%20Hawa">Yaser Maher Abdel Aziz Hawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An assemblage of Mn-bearing ilmenite, titanomagnetite (4-17 vol.%) and subordinate chalcopyrite, pyrrhptite and pyrite is present as dissiminations in gabbroic rocks of Abu Ghalaga area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. The neoproterozoic gabbroic rocks encompasses these opaques are emplaced during oceanic island arc stage which represents the Nubian shield of Egypt. However, some textural features of these opaques suggest a relict igneous. The high Mn (up to 5.8 MnO%, 1282% MnTiO3) and very low Mg contents (0.21 MgO%, 0.82 MgTiO3) are dissimilar to those of any igneous ilmenite of tholeiitic rocks. Most of these ilmenites are associated mostly with metamorphic hornblende. Hornblende thermometry estimate crystallization of about 560°C. the present study suggests that the ilmenite under consideration has been greatly metamorphically modified, having lost Mg and gained Mn by diffusion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanomagnetite" title="titanomagnetite">titanomagnetite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghalaga" title=" Ghalaga"> Ghalaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ilmenite" title=" ilmenite"> ilmenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemistry" title=" chemistry"> chemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7253/mineral-chemistry-of-extraordinary-ilmenite-from-the-gabbroic-rocks-of-abu-ghalaga-area-eastern-desert-egypt-evidence-to-metamorphic-modification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">351</span> Petrology and Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Distribution of Wells La-9D and La-10D in Aluto Geothermal Field, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dereje%20Moges%20Azbite">Dereje Moges Azbite</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Laboratory analysis of igneous rocks is performed with the help of the main oxide plots. The lithology of the two wells was identified using the main oxides obtained using the XRF method. Twenty-four (24) cutting samples with different degrees of alteration were analyzed to determine and identify the rock types by plotting these well samples on special diagrams and correlating with the regional rocks. The results for the analysis of the main oxides and trace elements of 24 samples are presented. Alteration analysis in the two well samples was conducted for 21 samples from two wells for identifying clay minerals. Bulk sample analysis indicated quartz, illite & micas, calcite, cristobalite, smectite, pyrite, epidote, alunite, chlorite, wairakite, diaspore, and kaolin minerals present in both wells. Hydrothermal clay minerals such as illite, chlorite, smectite, and kaoline minerals were identified in both wells by X-ray diffraction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20rocks" title="igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=major%20oxides" title=" major oxides"> major oxides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracer%20elements" title=" tracer elements"> tracer elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRF" title=" XRF"> XRF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alteration%20minerals" title=" alteration minerals"> alteration minerals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164354/petrology-and-hydrothermal-alteration-mineral-distribution-of-wells-la-9d-and-la-10d-in-aluto-geothermal-field-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164354.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">350</span> Petrology and Hydrothermal Alteration Mineral Distribution of Wells LA-9D and LA-10D in Aluto Geothermal Field, Ethiopia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dereje%20Moges%20Azbite">Dereje Moges Azbite</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Laboratory analysis of igneous rocks is performed with the help of the main oxide plots. The lithology of the two wells was identified using the main oxides obtained using the XRF method. Twenty-four (24) cutting samples with different degrees of alteration were analyzed to determine and identify the rock types by plotting these well samples on special diagrams and correlating with the regional rocks. The results for the analysis of the main oxides and trace elements of 24 samples are presented. Alteration analysis in the two well samples was conducted for 21 samples from two wells for identifying clay minerals. Bulk sample analysis indicated quartz, illite & micas, calcite, cristobalite, smectite, pyrite, epidote, alunite, chlorite, wairakite, diaspore and kaolin minerals present in both wells. Hydrothermal clay minerals such as illite, chlorite, smectite and kaoline minerals were identified in both wells by X-ray diffraction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto%20geothermal%20field" title="auto geothermal field">auto geothermal field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20rocks" title=" igneous rocks"> igneous rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=major%20oxides" title=" major oxides"> major oxides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracer%20elements" title="tracer elements">tracer elements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRF" title=" XRF"> XRF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alteration%20minerals" title=" alteration minerals"> alteration minerals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142062/petrology-and-hydrothermal-alteration-mineral-distribution-of-wells-la-9d-and-la-10d-in-aluto-geothermal-field-ethiopia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">349</span> Mineralogy and Classification of Altered Host Rocks in the Zaghia Iron Oxide Deposit, East of Bafq, Central Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azat%20Eslamizadeh">Azat Eslamizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neda%20Akbarian"> Neda Akbarian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Zaghia Iron ore, in 15 km east of a town named Bafq, is located in Precambrian formation of Central Iran in form of a small local deposit. The Volcano-sedimentary rocks of Precambrian-Cambrian age, belonging to Rizu series have spread through the region. Substantial portion of the deposit is covered by alluvial deposits. The rocks hosting the Zaghia iron ore have a main combination of rhyolitic tuffs along with clastic sediments, carbonate include sandstone, limestone, dolomite, conglomerate and is somewhat metamorphed causing them to have appeared as slate and phyllite. Moreover, carbonate rocks are in existence as skarn compound of marble bearing tremolite with mineralization of magnetite-hematite. The basic igneous rocks have dramatically altered into green rocks consist of actinolite-tremolite and chlorite along with amount of iron (magnetite + Martite). The youngest units of ore-bearing rocks in the area are found as dolerite - diabase dikes. The dikes are cutting the rhyolitic tuffs and carbonate rocks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zaghia" title="Zaghia">Zaghia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron%20ore%20deposite" title=" iron ore deposite"> iron ore deposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineralogy" title=" mineralogy"> mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrography%20%20Bafq" title=" petrography Bafq"> petrography Bafq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran "> Iran </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28000/mineralogy-and-classification-of-altered-host-rocks-in-the-zaghia-iron-oxide-deposit-east-of-bafq-central-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">524</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">348</span> Rare Earth Elements and Radioactivity of Granitoid Rocks at Abu Marw Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20H.El-Afandy">Adel H.El-Afandy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abd%20Alrahman%20Embaby"> Abd Alrahman Embaby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20A.%20El%20Harairey"> Mona A. El Harairey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abu Marw area is located in the southeastern part of the Eastern Desert, about 150km south east of Aswan. Abu Marw area is mainly covered by late Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks. These basement rocks are nonconformably overlain by late Cretaceous Nubian sandstones in the western and northern parts of the areas. Abu Marw granitoid batholiths comprises a co-magmatic calc alkaline I type peraluminous suite of rocks ranging in composition from tonalite, granodiorite, monzogranite, syenogranite to alkali feldspar granite. The studied tonalite and granodiorite samples have ΣREE lower than the average REE values (250ppm) of granitic rocks, while the monzogranite, syenogranite and alkali feldspar granite samples have ΣREE above the average REE values of granitic rocks. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the considered granites display a gull-wing shape, characterized by large to moderately fractionated patterns and high LREE relative to the MREE and HREE contents. Furthermore, the studied rocks have a steadily decreasing Eu/Eu* values from the tonalite to the alkali feldspar granite with simultaneous increase in the ΣREE contents. The average U contents in different granitic rocks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granite" title="granite">granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rare%20earth%20element" title=" rare earth element"> rare earth element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioactivity" title=" radioactivity"> radioactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abu%20Marw" title=" Abu Marw"> Abu Marw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south%20eastern%20desert" title=" south eastern desert"> south eastern desert</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31714/rare-earth-elements-and-radioactivity-of-granitoid-rocks-at-abu-marw-area-south-eastern-desert-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31714.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">347</span> Heavy Sulphide Material Characterization of Grasberg Block Cave Mine, Mimika, Papua: Implication for Tunnel Development and Mill Issue</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cahya%20Wimar%20Wicaksono">Cahya Wimar Wicaksono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reynara%20Davin%20Chen"> Reynara Davin Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alvian%20Kristianto%20Santoso"> Alvian Kristianto Santoso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Grasberg Cu-Au ore deposit as one of the biggest porphyry deposits located in Papua Province, Indonesia produced by several intrusion that restricted by Heavy Sulphide Zone (HSZ) in peripheral. HSZ is the rock that becomes the contact between Grassberg Igneous Complex (GIC) with sedimentary and igneous rock outside, which is rich in sulphide minerals such as pyrite ± pyrrhotite. This research is to obtain the characteristic of HSZ based on geotechnical, geochemical and mineralogy aspect and those implication for daily mining operational activities. Method used in this research are geological and alteration mapping, core logging, FAA (Fire Assay Analysis), AAS (Atomic absorption spectroscopy), RQD (Rock Quality Designation) and rock water content. Data generated from methods among RQD data, mineral composition and grade, lithological and structural geology distribution in research area. The mapping data show that HSZ material characteristics divided into three type based on rocks association, there are near igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and on HSZ area. And also divided based on its location, north and south part of research area. HSZ material characteristic consist of rock which rich of pyrite ± pyrrhotite, and RQD range valued about 25%-100%. Pyrite ± pyrrhotite which outcropped will react with H₂O and O₂ resulting acid that generates corrosive effect on steel wire and rockbolt. Whereas, pyrite precipitation proses in HSZ forming combustible H₂S gas which is harmful during blasting activities. Furthermore, the impact of H₂S gas in blasting activities is forming poison gas SO₂. Although HSZ high grade Cu-Au, however those high grade Cu-Au rich in sulphide components which is affected in flotation milling process. Pyrite ± pyrrhotite in HSZ will chemically react with Cu-Au that will settle in milling process instead of floating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustible" title="combustible">combustible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosive" title=" corrosive"> corrosive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20sulphide%20zone" title=" heavy sulphide zone"> heavy sulphide zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite%20%C2%B1%20pyrrhotite" title=" pyrite ± pyrrhotite"> pyrite ± pyrrhotite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82797/heavy-sulphide-material-characterization-of-grasberg-block-cave-mine-mimika-papua-implication-for-tunnel-development-and-mill-issue" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">346</span> Assessment of Gamma Radiation Exposure of Soils Associated with Granitic Rocks in Kapıdağ Peninsula, Turkey </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buket%20Canbaz%20%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk">Buket Canbaz Öztürk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20F%C3%BCsun%20%C3%87am"> N. Füsun Çam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCnseli%20Yaprak"> Günseli Yaprak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osman%20Candan"> Osman Candan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The external terrestrial radiation exposure is related to the types of rock from which the soils originate. Higher radiation levels are associated with igneous rocks, such as granite, and lower levels with sedimentary rocks. Therefore, this study aims to assess the gamma radiation exposure of soils associated with granitic rocks in Kapıdağ Peninsula, Turkey. In the ongoing study, a comprehensive survey carried out systematically as a part of the environmental monitoring program on radiologic impact of the granitoid areas in Western Anatolia. The activity measurements of the gamma emitters (238U, 232Th and 40K) in the surface soil samples and the granitic rocks carried out by means of NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry system. To evaluate the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose rate (AED), the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and the external (Hex) hazard index were calculated according to the UNSCEAR 2000 report. The corresponding absorbed dose rates in air from all natural radionuclides were always much lower than 200 nGy h-1 and did not exceed the typical range of worldwide average values noticed in the UNSCEAR (2000) report. Furthermore, the correlation between soil and granitic rock samples were utilized, and external gamma radiation exposure distribution was mapped in Kapıdağ Peninsula. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=external%20absorbed%20dose" title="external absorbed dose">external absorbed dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granitic%20rocks" title=" granitic rocks"> granitic rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kap%C4%B1da%C4%9F%20Peninsula" title=" Kapıdağ Peninsula"> Kapıdağ Peninsula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60866/assessment-of-gamma-radiation-exposure-of-soils-associated-with-granitic-rocks-in-kapidag-peninsula-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">345</span> Geochemistry and Tectonic Framework of Malani Igneous Suite and Their Effect on Groundwater Quality of Tosham, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kumar">Naresh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Savita%20%20Kumari"> Savita Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kochhar"> Naresh Kochhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the study was to assess the role of mineralogy and subsurface structure on water quality of Tosham, Malani Igneous Suite (MIS), Western Rajasthan, India. MIS is the largest (55,000 km2) A-type, anorogenic and high heat producing acid magmatism in the peninsular India and owes its origin to hot spot tectonics. Apart from agricultural and industrial wastes, geogenic activities cause fluctuations in quality parameters of water resources. Twenty water samples (20) selected from Tosham and surrounding areas were analyzed for As, Pb, B, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni using Inductive coupled plasma emission and F by Ion Chromatography. The concentration of As, Pb, B, Ni and F was above the stipulated level specified by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards IS-10500, 2012). The concentration of As and Pb in surrounding areas of Tosham ranged from 1.2 to 4.1 mg/l and from 0.59 to 0.9 mg/l respectively which is higher than limits of 0.05mg/l (As) and 0.01 mg/l (Pb). Excess trace metal accumulation in water is toxic to humans and adversely affects the central nervous system, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, skin and cause mental confusion. Groundwater quality is defined by nature of rock formation, mineral water reaction, physiography, soils, environment, recharge and discharge conditions of the area. Fluoride content in groundwater is due to the solubility of fluoride-bearing minerals like fluorite, cryolite, topaz, and mica, etc. Tosham is comprised of quartz mica schist, quartzite, schorl, tuff, quartz porphyry and associated granites, thus, fluoride is leached out and dissolved in groundwater. In the study area, Ni concentration ranged from 0.07 to 0.5 mg/l (permissible limit 0.02 mg/l). The primary source of nickel in drinking water is leached out nickel from ore-bearing rocks. Higher concentration of As is found in some igneous rocks specifically containing minerals as arsenopyrite (AsFeS), realgar (AsS) and orpiment (As2S3). MIS consists of granite (hypersolvus and subsolvus), rhyolite, dacite, trachyte, andesite, pyroclasts, basalt, gabbro and dolerite which increased the trace elements concentration in groundwater. Nakora, a part of MIS rocks has high concentration of trace and rare earth elements (Ni, Rb, Pb, Sr, Y, Zr, Th, U, La, Ce, Nd, Eu and Yb) which percolates the Ni and Pb to groundwater by weathering, contacts and joints/fractures in rocks. Additionally, geological setting of MIS also causes dissolution of trace elements in water resources beneath the surface. NE–SW tectonic lineament, radial pattern of dykes and volcanic vent at Nakora created a way for leaching of these elements to groundwater. Rain water quality might be altered by major minerals constituents of host Tosham rocks during its percolation through the rock fracture, joints before becoming the integral part of groundwater aquifer. The weathering process like hydration, hydrolysis and solution might be the cause of change in water chemistry of particular area. These studies suggest that geological relation of soil-water horizon with MIS rocks via mineralogical variations, structures and tectonic setting affects the water quality of the studied area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title="geochemistry">geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=malani%20igneous%20suite" title=" malani igneous suite"> malani igneous suite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tosham" title=" tosham"> tosham</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58002/geochemistry-and-tectonic-framework-of-malani-igneous-suite-and-their-effect-on-groundwater-quality-of-tosham-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">344</span> Agronomic Test to Determine the Efficiency of Hydrothermally Treated Alkaline Igneous Rocks and Their Potassium Fertilizing Capacity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aaron%20Herve%20Mbwe%20Mbissik">Aaron Herve Mbwe Mbissik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lotfi%20Khiari"> Lotfi Khiari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Otmane%20Raji"> Otmane Raji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdellatif%20Elghali"> Abdellatif Elghali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkarim%20Lajili"> Abdelkarim Lajili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ouabid"> Muhammad Ouabid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Jemo"> Martin Jemo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jean-Louis%20Bodinier"> Jean-Louis Bodinier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth, helping to regulate several physiological and metabolic processes. Evaporite-related potash salts, mainly sylvite minerals (K chloride or KCl), are the principal source of K for the fertilizer industry. However, due to the high potash-supply risk associated with its considerable price fluctuations and uneven geographic distribution for most agriculture-based developing countries, the development of alternative sources of fertilizer K is imperative to maintain adequate crop yield, reduce yield gaps, and food security. Alkaline Igneous rocks containing significant K-rich silicate minerals such as K feldspar are increasingly seen as the best alternative available. However, these rocks may require to be hydrothermally treatment to enhance the release of potassium. In this study, we evaluate the fertilizing capacity of raw and hydrothermally treated K-bearing silicate rocks from different areas in Morocco. The effectiveness of rock powders was tested in a greenhouse experiment using ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by comparing them to a control (no K added) and to a conventional fertilizer (muriate of potash: MOP or KCl). The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and plants were grown on K-depleted soils for three growing cycles. To achieve our objective, in addition to the analysis of the muriate response curve and the different biomasses, we also examined three necessary coefficients, namely: the K uptake, then apparent K recovery (AKR), and the relative K efficiency (RKE). The results showed that based on the optimum economic rate of MOP (230 kg.K.ha⁻¹) and the optimum yield (44 000 kg.K.ha⁻¹), the efficiency of K silicate rocks was as high as that of MOP. Although the plants took up only half of the K supplied by the powdered rock, the hydrothermal material was found to be satisfactory, with a biomass value reaching the optimum economic limit until the second crop cycle. In comparison, the AKR of the MOP (98.6%) and its RKE in the 1st cycle were higher than our materials: 39% and 38%, respectively. Therefore, the raw and hydrothermal materials mixture could be an appropriate solution for long-term agronomic use based on the obtained results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K-uptake" title="K-uptake">K-uptake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AKR" title=" AKR"> AKR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RKE" title=" RKE"> RKE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K-bearing%20silicate%20rock" title=" K-bearing silicate rock"> K-bearing silicate rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOP" title=" MOP"> MOP</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159792/agronomic-test-to-determine-the-efficiency-of-hydrothermally-treated-alkaline-igneous-rocks-and-their-potassium-fertilizing-capacity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">343</span> Petrograpgy and Major Elements Chemistry of Granitic rocks of the Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex, Tharparkar, Sindh</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amanullah%20Lagharil">Amanullah Lagharil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Ali%20Laghari"> Majid Ali Laghari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Qasim"> M. Qasim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan.%20M."> Jan. M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asif%20Khan"> Asif Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hassan%20Agheem"> M. Hassan Agheem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Nagar Parkar area in southeastern Sindh is a part of the Thar Desert adjacent to the Runn of Kutchh, and covers 480 km2. It contains exposures of a variety of igneous rocks referred to as the Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex. The complex comprises rocks belonging to at least six phases of magmatism, from oldest to youngest: 1) amphibolitic basement rocks, 2) riebeckite-aegirine grey granite, 3) biotite-hornblende pink granite, 4) acid dykes, 5) rhyolite “plugs”, and basic dykes (Jan et al., 1997). The last three of these are not significant in volume. Radiometric dates are lacking but the grey and pink granites are petrographically comparable to the Siwana and Jalore plutons, respectively, emplaced in the Malani volcanic series. Based on these similarities and proximity, the phase 2 to 6 bodies in the Nagar Parkar may belong to the Late Proterozoic (720–745 Ma) Malani magmatism that covers large areas in western Rajasthan. Khan et al. (2007) have reported a 745 ±30 – 755 ±22 Ma U-Th-Pb age on monazite from the pink granite. The grey granite is essentially composed of perthitic feldspar (microperthite, mesoperthite), quartz, small amount of plagioclase and, characteristically, sodic minerals such as riebeckite and aegirine. A few samples lack aegirine. Fe-Ti oxide and minute, well-developed crystals of zircon occur in almost all the studied samples. Tourmaline, fluorite, apatite and rutile occur in only some samples and astrophyllite is rare. Allanite, sphene and leucoxene occur as minor accessories along with local epidote. The pink granite is mostly leucocratic, but locally rich in biotite (up to 7 %). It is essentially made up of microperthite and quartz, with local microcline, and minor plagioclase (albite-oligoclase). Some rocks contain sufficient oligoclase and can be called adamellite or quartz mozonite. Biotite and hornblende are main accessory minerals along with iron oxide, but in a few samples are without hornblende. Fayalitic olivine, zircon, sphene, apatite, tourmaline, fluorite, allanite and cassiterite occur as sporadic accessory minerals. Epidote, carbonate, sericite and muscovite are produced due to the alteration of feldspar. This work concerns the major element geochemistry and comparison of the principal granitic rocks of Nagar Parkar. According to the scheme of De La Roche et al. (1980), majority of the grey and pink granites classify as alkali granite, 20 % as granite and 10 % as granodiorite. When evaluated on the basis of Shand's indices (after Maniar and Piccoli, 1989), the grey and pink granites span all three fields (peralkaline, metaluminous and peraluminous). Of the analysed grey granites, 67 % classify as peralkaline, 20 % as peraluminous and 10 % as metaluminous, while 50 % of pink granites classify as peralkaline, 30 % metaluminous and 20 % peraluminous. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrography" title="petrography">petrography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nagar%20parker" title=" nagar parker"> nagar parker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granites" title=" granites"> granites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geological%20sciences" title=" geological sciences"> geological sciences</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16480/petrograpgy-and-major-elements-chemistry-of-granitic-rocks-of-the-nagar-parkar-igneous-complex-tharparkar-sindh" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">342</span> The Sr-Nd Isotope Data of the Platreef Rocks from the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex: Evidence of Contrasting Magma Composition and Origin</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tshipeng%20Mwenze">Tshipeng Mwenze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Okujeni"> Charles Okujeni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdi%20Siad"> Abdi Siad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russel%20Bailie"> Russel Bailie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dirk%20Frei"> Dirk Frei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcelene%20Voigt"> Marcelene Voigt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petrus%20Le%20Roux"> Petrus Le Roux</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Platreef is a platinum group element (PGE) deposit in the northern limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) which was emplaced as a series of mafic and ultramafic sills between the Main Zone (MZ) and the country rocks. The PGE mineralisation in the Platreef is hosted in different rock types, and its distribution and style vary with depth and along strike. This study contributes towards understanding the processes involved in the genesis of the Platreef. Twenty-four Platreef (2 harzburgites, 4 olivine pyroxenites, 17 feldspathic pyroxenites and 1 gabbronorite) and few MZ (1 gabbronorite and 1 leucogabbronorite) quarter core samples were collected from four drill cores (e.g., TN754, TN200, SS339, and OY482) and analysed for whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope data. The results show positive ɛNd values (+3.53 to +7.51) for harzburgites suggesting their parental magmas derived from the depleted Mantle. The remaining Platreef rocks have negative ɛNd values (-2.91 to -22.88) and show significant variations in Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The first group of Platreef samples has relatively high isotopic compositions (ɛNd= -2.91 to -5.68; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.709177 - 0.711998). The second group of Platreef samples has Sr ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.709816-0.712106) overlapping with samples of the first group but slightly lower ɛNd values (-7.44 to -8.39). Lastly, the third group of Platreef samples has low ɛNd values (-10.82 to -14.32) and low Sr ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.707545-0.710042) than those from samples of the two Platreef groups mentioned above. There is, however, a Platreef sample with ɛNd value (-5.26) in range with the Platreef samples of the first group, but its Sr ratio (0.707281) is the lowest even when compared to samples of the third Platreef group. There are also five other Platreef samples which have either anomalous ɛNd or Sr ratios which make it difficult to assess their isotopic compositions relative to other samples. These isotopic variations for the Platreef samples indicate both multiple sources and multiple magma chambers where varying crustal contamination styles have operated during the evolution of these magmas prior their emplacements into the Platreef setting as sills. Furthermore, the MZ rocks have different Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (For OY482 gabbronorite [ɛNd= +0.65; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.711746]; for TN754 leucogabbronorite [ɛNd= -7.44; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sri= 0.709322]) which do not only indicate different MZ magma chambers, but also different magmas from those of the Platreef. Although the Platreef is still considered a single stratigraphic unit in the northern limb of the BIC, its genesis involved multiple magmatic processes which evolved independently from each other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crustal%20contamination%20styles" title="crustal contamination styles">crustal contamination styles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magma%20chambers" title=" magma chambers"> magma chambers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magma%20sources" title=" magma sources"> magma sources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sills%20emplacement" title=" multiple sills emplacement"> multiple sills emplacement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96022/the-sr-nd-isotope-data-of-the-platreef-rocks-from-the-northern-limb-of-the-bushveld-igneous-complex-evidence-of-contrasting-magma-composition-and-origin" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96022.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">341</span> Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Anorogenic Acid Plutonic Rocks of Khanak and Devsar of Southwestern Haryana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kumar">Naresh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radhika%20Sharma"> Radhika Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20Singh"> A. K. Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acid plutonic rocks from the Khanak and Devsar areas of southwestern Haryana were investigated to understand their geochemical and petrogenetic characteristics and tectonic environments. Three dominant rock types (grey, grayish green and pink granites) are the principal geochemical features of Khanak and Devsar areas which reflect the dependencies of their composition on varied geological environment during the anorogenic magmatism. These rocks are enriched in SiO₂, Na₂O+K₂O, Fe/Mg, Rb, Zr, Y, Th, U, REE (Rare Earth Elements) enriched and depleted in MgO, CaO, Sr, P, Ti, Ni, Cr, V and Eu and exhibit a clear affinity to the within-plate granites that were emplaced in an extensional tectonic environment. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show enriched LREE (Light Rare Earth Elements), moderate to strong negative Eu anomalies and flat heavy REE and grey and grayish green is different from pink granite which is enriched by Rb, Ga, Nb, Th, U, Y and HREE (Heavy Rare Earth Elements) concentrations. The composition of parental magma of both areas corresponds to mafic source contaminated with crustal materials. Petrogenetic modelling suggest that the acid plutonic rocks might have been generated from a basaltic source by partial melting (15-25%) leaving a residue with 35% plagioclase, 25% alkali feldspar, 25% quartz, 7% orthopyroxene, 5% biotite and 3% hornblende. Granites from both areas might be formed from different sources with different degree of melting for grey, grayish green and pink granites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A-type%20granite" title="A-type granite">A-type granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anorogenic" title=" anorogenic"> anorogenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malani%20igneous%20suite" title=" Malani igneous suite"> Malani igneous suite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khanak%20and%20Devsar" title=" Khanak and Devsar"> Khanak and Devsar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100597/geochemistry-and-petrogenesis-of-anorogenic-acid-plutonic-rocks-of-khanak-and-devsar-of-southwestern-haryana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">340</span> Seismic Data Analysis of Intensity, Orientation and Distribution of Fractures in Basement Rocks for Reservoir Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohit%20Kumar">Mohit Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural fractures are classified in two broad categories of joints and faults on the basis of shear movement in the deposited strata. Natural fracture always has high structural relationship with extensional or non-extensional tectonics and sometimes the result is seen in the form of micro cracks. Geological evidences suggest that both large and small-scale fractures help in to analyze the seismic anisotropy which essentially contribute into characterization of petro physical properties behavior associated with directional migration of fluid. We generally question why basement study is much needed as historically it is being treated as non-productive and geoscientist had no interest in exploration of these basement rocks. Basement rock goes under high pressure and temperature, and seems to be highly fractured because of the tectonic stresses that are applied to the formation along with the other geological factors such as depositional trend, internal stress of the rock body, rock rheology, pore fluid and capillary pressure. Sometimes carbonate rocks also plays the role of basement and igneous body e.g basalt deposited over the carbonate rocks and fluid migrate from carbonate to igneous rock due to buoyancy force and adequate permeability generated by fracturing. So in order to analyze the complete petroleum system, FMC (Fluid Migration Characterization) is necessary through fractured media including fracture intensity, orientation and distribution both in basement rock and county rock. Thus good understanding of fractures can lead to project the correct wellbore trajectory or path which passes through potential permeable zone generated through intensified P-T and tectonic stress condition. This paper deals with the analysis of these fracture property such as intensity, orientation and distribution in basement rock as large scale fracture can be interpreted on seismic section, however, small scale fractures show ambiguity in interpretation because fracture in basement rock lies below the seismic wavelength and hence shows erroneous result in identification. Seismic attribute technique also helps us to delineate the seismic fracture and subtle changes in fracture zone and these can be inferred from azimuthal anisotropy in velocity and amplitude and spectral decomposition. Seismic azimuthal anisotropy derives fracture intensity and orientation from compressional wave and converted wave data and based on variation of amplitude or velocity with azimuth. Still detailed analysis of fractured basement required full isotropic and anisotropic analysis of fracture matrix and surrounding rock matrix in order to characterize the spatial variability of basement fracture which support the migration of fluid from basement to overlying rock. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basement%20rock" title="basement rock">basement rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20fracture" title=" natural fracture"> natural fracture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reservoir%20characterization" title=" reservoir characterization"> reservoir characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seismic%20attribute" title=" seismic attribute"> seismic attribute</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56152/seismic-data-analysis-of-intensity-orientation-and-distribution-of-fractures-in-basement-rocks-for-reservoir-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">339</span> Industrial Assessment of the Exposed Rocks on Peris Anticline Kurdistan Region of Iraq for Cement Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faroojan%20Khajeek%20Sisak%20Siakian">Faroojan Khajeek Sisak Siakian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aayda%20Dikran%20Abdulahad"> Aayda Dikran Abdulahad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Peris Mountain is one of the main mountains in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, it forms one of the long anticlines trending almost East – West. The exposed formations on the top of the mountain are Bekhme, and Shiranish, with carbonate rocks of different types and thicknesses. We selected the site for sampling to be relevant for a quarry taking into consideration the thickness of the exposed rocks, no overburden, favorable quarrying faces, hardness of the rocks, bedding nature, good extension of the outcrops, and a favorable place for construction of a cement plant. We sampled the exposed rocks on the top of the mountain where a road crosses the mountain, and a total of 15 samples were collected. The distance between sampling intervals was 5 m, and each sample was collected to represent the sampling interval. The samples were subjected to X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) to indicate the main oxides percentages in each sample. The acquired results showed the studied rocks can be used in the cement industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limestone" title="limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quarry" title=" quarry"> quarry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CaO" title=" CaO"> CaO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MgO" title=" MgO"> MgO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overburden" title=" overburden"> overburden</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163693/industrial-assessment-of-the-exposed-rocks-on-peris-anticline-kurdistan-region-of-iraq-for-cement-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">338</span> Analysis of Aquifer Productivity in the Mbouda Area (West Cameroon)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Folong%20Tchoffo%20Marlyse%20Fabiola">Folong Tchoffo Marlyse Fabiola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anaba%20Onana%20Achille%20Basile"> Anaba Onana Achille Basile</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Located in the western region of Cameroon, in the BAMBOUTOS department, the city of Mbouda belongs to the Pan-African basement. The water resources exploited in this region consist of surface water and groundwater from weathered and fractured aquifers within the same basement. To study the factors determining the productivity of aquifers in the Mbouda area, we adopted a methodology based on collecting data from boreholes drilled in the region, identifying different types of rocks, analyzing structures, and conducting geophysical surveys in the field. The results obtained allowed us to distinguish two main types of rocks: metamorphic rocks composed of amphibolites and migmatitic gneisses and igneous rocks, namely granodiorites and granites. Several types of structures were also observed, including planar structures (foliation and schistosity), folded structures (folds), and brittle structures (fractures and lineaments). A structural synthesis combines all these elements into three major phases of deformation. Phase D1 is characterized by foliation and schistosity, phase D2 is marked by shear planes and phase D3 is characterized by open and sealed fractures. The analysis of structures (fractures in outcrops, Landsat lineaments, subsurface structures) shows a predominance of ENE-WSW and WNW-ESE directions. Through electrical surveys and borehole data, we were able to identify the sequence of different geological formations. Four geo-electric layers were identified, each with a different electrical conductivity: conductive, semi-resistive, or resistive. The last conductive layer is considered a potentially aquiferous zone. The flow rates of the boreholes ranged from 2.6 to 12 m3/h, classified as moderate to high according to the CIEH classification. The boreholes were mainly located in basalts, which are mineralogically rich in ferromagnesian minerals. This mineral composition contributes to their high productivity as they are more likely to be weathered. The boreholes were positioned along linear structures or at their intersections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mbouda" title="Mbouda">Mbouda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pan-African%20basement" title=" Pan-African basement"> Pan-African basement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=west-Cameroon" title=" west-Cameroon"> west-Cameroon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177744/analysis-of-aquifer-productivity-in-the-mbouda-area-west-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">337</span> Peculiar Mineralogical and Chemical Evolution of Contaminated Igneous Rocks at a Gabbro-Carbonate Contact, Wadai Bayhan, Yemen</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murad%20Ali">Murad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoji%20Arai"> Shoji Arai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Khedr"> Mohamed Khedr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukhtar%20Nasher"> Mukhtar Nasher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shawki%20Nasr"> Shawki Nasr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Wadi Bayhan area of southeastern Yemen is about 60 km NW of Al-Bayda city in the Al-Bayda uplift terrane at the southeast margin of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Intrusion of alkali gabbro into carbonate rocks apparently produced an 8m to 10 m thick reaction zone at the contact. This had been identified as nepheline pyroxenite. We have observed this to be mineralogically zoned with calc-silicate assemblages (e.g. pyroxene, calcite, spinel, garnet and melilite). The presence of melilite implies a skarn. The sinuous embayed pyroxenite-skarn contact, the presence of skarn minerals in pyroxenite, and textural evidence for growth of calc-silicate skarn by replacement of both carbonate rocks and solid pyroxenite indicate that reaction involved assimilation of carbonate wall rock by magma and loss of Al and Si to the skarn. Textural relationships between minerals provide evidence for a metasomatic development of the skarn at the expense of the pyroxenite. This process, related to the circulation of fluids equilibrated with carbonates, is responsible for those pyroxenite-spinel (± calcite) skarns. The uneven modal distribution of euhedral pyroxenite and enveloping nepheline in pyroxenite, the restricted occurrence of alkali gabbro as dikes in pyroxenite and skarn and the leucocratic matrix of pyroxenite suggest that pyroxenite represents an accumulation of titanaugite cemented by an alkali-rich residual magma and that alkali gabbro represents a part of the residual contaminated magma that was squeezed out of the pyroxene crystal mush. Carbonate assimilation is modeled by reaction of calcite and magmatic plagioclase, which results in resorption of plagioclase, growth of pyroxene enriched in Ca, Fe, Ti, and Al, and solution of nepheline in residual contaminated magma. The composition of nepheline pyroxenite evolved by addition of Ca from dissolved carbonate rocks, loss of Al and Si to skarn, and local segregation of solid pyroxene and alkali gabbro magma. The predominance of pyroxenite among contaminated rocks and their restriction to a large zone along the intrusive contact provide little evidence for the genesis of a significant volume of alkaline magmatic surroundings by carbonate assimilation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wadi%20Bayhan" title=" Wadi Bayhan"> Wadi Bayhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skarn" title=" skarn"> skarn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyroxenite" title=" pyroxenite"> pyroxenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonatite" title=" carbonatite"> carbonatite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metasomatic" title=" metasomatic"> metasomatic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15617/peculiar-mineralogical-and-chemical-evolution-of-contaminated-igneous-rocks-at-a-gabbro-carbonate-contact-wadai-bayhan-yemen" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15617.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">336</span> Application of Gene Expression Programming (GEP) in Predicting Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Pyroclastic Rocks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%B0smail%20%C4%B0nce">İsmail İnce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Fener"> Mustafa Fener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sair%20Kahraman"> Sair Kahraman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is an important input parameter for the design of rock engineering project. Compressive strength can be determined in the laboratory using the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test. Although the test is relatively simple, the method is time consuming and expensive. Therefore many researchers have tried to assess the uniaxial compressive strength values of rocks via relatively simple and indirect tests (e.g. point load strength test, Schmidt Hammer hardness rebound test, P-wave velocity test, etc.). Pyroclastic rocks are widely exposed in the various regions of the world. Cappadocia region located in the Central Anatolia is one of the most spectacular cite of these regions. It is important to determine the mechanical behaviour of the pyroclastic rocks due to their ease of carving, heat insulation properties and building some civil engineering constructions in them. The purpose of this study is to estimate a widely varying uniaxial strength of pyroclastic rocks from Cappadocia region by means of point load strength, porosity, dry density and saturated density tests utilizing gene expression programming. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyroclastic%20rocks" title="pyroclastic rocks">pyroclastic rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniaxial%20compressive%20strength" title=" uniaxial compressive strength"> uniaxial compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20expression%20programming%20%28GEP" title=" gene expression programming (GEP"> gene expression programming (GEP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cappadocia%20region" title=" Cappadocia region"> Cappadocia region</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49549/application-of-gene-expression-programming-gep-in-predicting-uniaxial-compressive-strength-of-pyroclastic-rocks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">335</span> The Exploration Targets of the Nanpu Sag: Insight from Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Source Rocks and Oils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lixin%20Pei">Lixin Pei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhilong%20Huang"> Zhilong Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenzhe%20Gang"> Wenzhe Gang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organic geochemistry of source rocks and oils in the Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay basin was studied on the basis of the results of Rock-Eval and biomarker. The possible source rocks consist of the third member (Es₃) and the first member (Es₁) of Shahejie formation and the third member of Dongying Formation (Ed₃) in the Nanpu Sag. The Es₃, Es₁, and Ed₃ source rock intervals in the Nanpu Sag all have high organic-matter richness and are at hydrocarbon generating stage, which are regarded as effective source rocks. The three possible source rock intervals have different biomarker associations and can be differentiated by gammacerane/αβ C₃₀ hopane, ETR ([C₂₈+C₂₉]/ [C₂₈+C₂₉+Ts]), C₂₇ diasterane/sterane and C₂₇/C₂₉ steranes, which suggests they deposited in different environments. Based on the oil-source rock correlation, the shallow oils mainly originated from the Es₃ and Es₁ source rocks in the Nanpu Sag. Through hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history of the source rocks, trap development history and accumulation history, the shallow oils mainly originated from paleo-reservoirs in the Es₃ and Es₁ during the period of Neotectonism, and the residual paleo-reservoirs in the Es₃ and Es₁ would be the focus targets in the Nanpu Sag; Bohai Bay Basin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20rock" title="source rock">source rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomarker%20association" title=" biomarker association"> biomarker association</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanpu%20Sag" title=" Nanpu Sag"> Nanpu Sag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bohai%20Bay%20Basin" title=" Bohai Bay Basin"> Bohai Bay Basin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79990/the-exploration-targets-of-the-nanpu-sag-insight-from-organic-geochemical-characteristics-of-source-rocks-and-oils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79990.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">334</span> Digital Geological Map of the Loki Crystalline Massif (The Caucasus) and Its Multi-Informative Explanatory Note</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irakli%20Gamkrelidze">Irakli Gamkrelidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Shengelia"> David Shengelia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Chichinadze"> Giorgi Chichinadze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsutsunava"> Tamara Tsutsunava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giorgi%20Beridze"> Giorgi Beridze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20Tsamalashvili"> Tamara Tsamalashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ketevan%20Tedliashvili"> Ketevan Tedliashvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irakli%20Javakhishvili"> Irakli Javakhishvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Caucasus is situated between the Eurasian and Africa-Arabian plates and represents a component of the Mediterranean (Alpine-Himalayan) collision belt. The Loki crystalline massif crops out within one of the terranes of the Caucasus – Baiburt-Sevanian terrane. By the end of 2018, a digital geological map (1:50 000) of the Loki massif was compiled. The presented map is of great importance for the region since there is no large-scale geological map which reflects the present standards of the geological study of the massif up to the last time. The existing State Geological Map of the Loki massif is very outdated. A new map drown by using GIS (Geographic Information System) technology is loaded with multi-informative details that include: specified contours of geological units and separate tectonic scales, key mineral assemblages and facies of metamorphism, temperature conditions of metamorphism, ages of metamorphism events and the massif rocks, genetic-geodynamic types of magmatic rocks. Explanatory note, attached to the map includes the large specter of scientific information. It contains characterization of the geological setting, composition and petrogenetic and geodynamic models of the massif formation. To create a geological map of the Loki crystalline massif, appropriate methodologies were applied: a sampling of rocks, GIS technology-based mapping of geological units, microscopic description of the material, composition analysis of rocks, microprobe analysis of minerals and a new interpretation of obtained data. To prepare a digital version of the map the appropriated activities were held including the creation of a common database. Finally, the design was created that includes the elaboration of legend and the final visualization of the map. The results of the study presented in the explanatory note are given below. The autochthonous gneissose quartz diorites of normal alkalinity and sub-alkaline gabbro-diorites included in them belong to different phases of magmatism. They represent “igneous” granites corresponding to mixed mantle-crustal type granites. Four tectonic plates of the allochthonous metamorphic complex–Lower Gorastskali, Sapharlo–Lok-Jandari, Moshevani, and Lower Gorastskali differ from each other by structure and degree of metamorphism. The initial rocks of these plates are formed in different geodynamic conditions and during the Early Bretonian orogeny while overthrusting due to tectonic compression they form a thick tectonic sheet. The Lower Gorastskali overthrust sheet is a fragment of ophiolitic association corresponding to the Paleotethys oceanic crust. The protolith of the ophiolitic complex basites corresponds to the tholeiitic series of basalts. The Sapharlo–Lok-Jandari overthrust sheet is metapelites, metamorphosed in conditions of greenschist facies of regional metamorphism. The regional metamorphism of Moshevani overthrust sheet crystalline schists quartzites corresponds to a range from greenschist to hornfels facies. The “mélange” is built of rock fragments and blocks of above-mentioned overthrust sheets. Sub-alkaline and normal alkaline post-metamorphic granites of the Loki crystalline massif belong to “igneous” and rarely to “sialic” and “anorogenic” types of granites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20geological%20map" title="digital geological map">digital geological map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=1%3A50%20000%20scale" title=" 1:50 000 scale"> 1:50 000 scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystalline%20massif" title=" crystalline massif"> crystalline massif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20caucasus" title=" the caucasus"> the caucasus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106823/digital-geological-map-of-the-loki-crystalline-massif-the-caucasus-and-its-multi-informative-explanatory-note" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">333</span> Generation and Migration of CO₂ in the Bahi Sandstone Reservoir within the Ennaga Sub Basin, Sirte Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moaawia%20Abdulgader%20Gdara">Moaawia Abdulgader Gdara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a study of Carbone dioxide generation and migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir over the EPSA 120/136 (conc 72). En Naga Sub Basin, Sirte Basin Libya. The Lower Cretaceous Bahi Sandstone is the result of deposition that occurred between the start of the Cretaceous rifting that formed the area's Horsts, Grabens and Cenomanian marine transgression. Bahi sediments were derived mainly from those Nubian sediments exposed on the structurally higher blocks, transported short distances into newly forming depocenters such as the En Naga Sub-basin and were deposited by continental processes over the Sirte Unconformity (pre-Late Cretaceous surface) Bahi Sandstone facies are recognized in the En Naga Sub-basin within different lithofacies distribution over this sub-base. One of the two lithofacies recognized in the Bahi is a very fine to very coarse, subangular to angular, pebbly and occasionally conglomeratic quartz sandstone, which is commonly described as being compacted but friable. This sandstone may contain pyrite and minor kaolinite. This facies was encountered at 11,042 feet in F1-72 well, and at 9,233 feet in L1-72. Good, reservoir quality sandstones are associated with paleotopographic highs within the sub-basin and around its margins where winnowing and/or deflationary processes occurred. The second Bahi Lithofacies is a thinly bedded sequence dominated by shales and siltstones with subordinate sandstones and carbonates. The sandstones become more abundant with depth. This facies was encountered at 12,580 feet in P1 -72 and at 11,850 feet in G1a -72. This argillaceous sequence is likely the Bahi sandstone's lateral facies equivalent deposited in paleotopographic lows, which received finer-grained material. The Bahi sandstones are generally described as a good reservoir rock, which after prolific production tests for the drilled wells makes Bahi sandstones the principal reservoir rocks for CO₂ where large volumes of CO₂ gas have been discovered in the Bahi Formation on and near EPSA 120/136, (conc 72). CO₂ occurs in this area as a result of the igneous activity of the Al Harouge Al Aswad complex. Igneous extrusive have been pierced in the subsurface and are exposed at the surface. Bahi CO₂ prospectivity is thought to be excellent in the central to western areas of EPSA 120/136 (CONC 72) where there are better reservoir quality sandstones associated with Paleostructural highs. Condensate and gas prospectivity increases to the east as the CO₂ productivity decreases with distance away from the Al Haruj Al Aswad igneous complex. To date, it has not been possible to accurately determine the volume of these strategically valuable reserves, although there are positive indications that they are very large. Three main structures (Barrut I, En Naga A and En Naga O) are thought to be prospective for the lower Cretaceous Bahi sandstone development. These leads are the most attractive on EPSA 120/136 for the deep potential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=En%20Naga%20Sub%20Basin" title="En Naga Sub Basin">En Naga Sub Basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Harouge%20Al%20Aswad%27s%20Igneous%20complex" title=" Al Harouge Al Aswad's Igneous complex"> Al Harouge Al Aswad's Igneous complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20generation" title=" carbon dioxide generation"> carbon dioxide generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration%20in%20the%20Bahi%20sandstone%20reservoir" title=" migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir"> migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lower%20cretaceous%20Bahi%20Sandstone" title=" lower cretaceous Bahi Sandstone"> lower cretaceous Bahi Sandstone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151300/generation-and-migration-of-co2-in-the-bahi-sandstone-reservoir-within-the-ennaga-sub-basin-sirte-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">102</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">332</span> Generation and Migration of CO₂ in the Bahi Sandstone Reservoir within the Ennaga Sub Basin, Sirte Basin, Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moaawia%20Abdulgader%20Gdara">Moaawia Abdulgader Gdara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents a study of carbon dioxide generation and migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir over the EPSA 120/136 (conc 72), En Naga Sub Basin, Sirte Basin, Libya. The Lower Cretaceous Bahi Sandstone is the result of deposition that occurred between the start of the Cretaceous rifting that formed the area's Horsts, Grabens, and Cenomanian marine transgression. Bahi sediments were derived mainly from those Nubian sediments exposed on the structurally higher blocks, transported short distances into newly forming depocenters such as the En Naga Sub-basin, and were deposited by continental processes over the Sirte Unconformity (pre-Late Cretaceous surface). Bahi Sandstone facies are recognized in the En Naga Sub-basin within different lithofacies distributed over this sub-base. One of the two lithofacies recognized in the Bahi is a very fine to very coarse, subangular to angular, pebbly, and occasionally conglomeratic quartz sandstone, which is commonly described as being compacted but friable. This sandstone may contain pyrite, minor kaolinite. This facies was encountered at 11,042 feet in F1-72 well and at 9,233 feet in L1-72. Good, reservoir quality sandstones are associated with paleotopographic highs within the sub-basin and around its margins where winnowing and/or deflationary processes occurred. The second Bahi Lithofacies is a thinly bedded sequence dominated by shales and siltstones with subordinate sandstones and carbonates. The sandstones become more abundant with depth. This facies was encountered at 12,580 feet in P1 -72 and at 11,850 feet in G1a -72. This argillaceous sequence is likely the Bahi sandstone's lateral facies equivalent deposited in paleotopographic lows, which received finer grained material. The Bahi sandstones are generally described as a good reservoir rock, which after prolific production tests for the drilled wells that makes Bahi sandstones the principal reservoir rocks for CO₂ where large volumes of CO₂ gas have been discovered in the Bahi Formation on and near EPSA 120/136, (conc 72). CO₂ occurs in this area as a result of the igneous activity of the Al Harouge Al Aswad complex. Igneous extrusive have been pierced in the subsurface and are exposed at the surface. Bahi CO₂ prospectivity is thought to be excellent in the central to western areas of EPSA 120/136 (CONC 72), where there are better reservoir quality sandstones associated with Paleostructural highs. Condensate and gas prospectivity increases to the east as the CO₂ prospectivity decreases with distance away from the Al Haruj Al Aswad igneous complex. To date, it has not been possible to accurately determine the volume of these strategically valuable reserves, although there are positive indications that they are very large. Three main structures (Barrut I, En Naga A, and En Naga O) are thought to be prospective for the lower Cretaceous Bahi sandstone development. These leads are the most attractive on EPSA 120/136 for the deep potential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=En%20Naga%20Sub%20Basin" title="En Naga Sub Basin">En Naga Sub Basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Harouge%20Al%20Aswad%E2%80%99s%20Igneous%20Complex" title=" Al Harouge Al Aswad’s Igneous Complex"> Al Harouge Al Aswad’s Igneous Complex</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide%20generation%20and%20migration%20in%20the%20Bahi%20sandstone%20reservoir" title=" carbon dioxide generation and migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir"> carbon dioxide generation and migration in the Bahi sandstone reservoir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lower%20cretaceous%20Bahi%20sandstone" title=" lower cretaceous Bahi sandstone"> lower cretaceous Bahi sandstone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151882/generation-and-migration-of-co2-in-the-bahi-sandstone-reservoir-within-the-ennaga-sub-basin-sirte-basin-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">331</span> Evaluation of Hard Rocks Destruction Effectiveness at Drilling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ekaterina%20Leusheva">Ekaterina Leusheva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentin%20Morenov"> Valentin Morenov </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Well drilling in hard rocks is coupled with high energy demands which negates the speed of the process and thus reduces overall effectiveness. Aim of this project is to develop the technique of experimental research, which would allow to select optimal washing fluid composition while adding special hardness reducing detergent reagents. Based on the analysis of existing references and conducted experiments, technique dealing with quantitative evaluation of washing fluid weakening influence on drilled rocks was developed, which considers laboratory determination of three mud properties (density, surface tension, specific electrical resistance) and three rock properties (ultimate stress, dynamic strength, micro-hardness). Developed technique can be used in the well drilling technologies and particularly while creating new compositions of drilling muds for increased destruction effectiveness of hard rocks. It can be concluded that given technique introduces coefficient of hard rocks destruction effectiveness that allows quantitative evaluation of different drilling muds on the drilling process to be taken. Correct choice of drilling mud composition with hardness reducing detergent reagents will increase drilling penetration rate and drill meterage per bit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detergent%20reagents" title="detergent reagents">detergent reagents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling%20mud" title=" drilling mud"> drilling mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drilling%20process%20stimulation" title=" drilling process stimulation"> drilling process stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20rocks" title=" hard rocks"> hard rocks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33042/evaluation-of-hard-rocks-destruction-effectiveness-at-drilling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33042.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">547</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">330</span> Leaching Properties of Phosphate Rocks in the Nile River </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20T.%20Ahmed">Abdelkader T. Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phosphate Rocks (PR) are natural sediment rocks. These rocks contain several chemical compositions of heavy metals and radioactive elements. Mining and transportation these rocks beside or through the natural water streams may lead to water contamination. When PR is in contact with water in the field, as a consequence of precipitation events, changes in water table or sinking in water streams, elements such as salts and heavy metals, may be released to the water. In this work, the leaching properties of PR in Nile River water was investigated by experimental lab work. The study focused on evaluating potential environmental impacts of some constituents, including phosphors, cadmium, curium and lead of PR on the water quality of Nile by applying tank leaching tests. In these tests the potential impact of changing conditions, such as phosphate content in PR, liquid to solid ratio (L/S) and pH value, was studied on the long-term release of heavy metals and salts. Experimental results showed that cadmium and lead were released in very low concentrations but curium and phosphors were in high concentrations. Results showed also that the release rate from PR for all constituents was low even in long periods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching%20tests" title="leaching tests">leaching tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nile%20river" title=" Nile river"> Nile river</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate%20rocks" title=" phosphate rocks"> phosphate rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39194/leaching-properties-of-phosphate-rocks-in-the-nile-river" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39194.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">329</span> A Geochemical Perspective on A-Type Granites of Khanak and Devsar Areas, Haryana, India: Implications for Petrogenesis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naresh%20Kumar">Naresh Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radhika%20Sharma"> Radhika Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20Singh"> A. K. Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Granites from Khanak and Devsar areas, a part of Malani Igneous Suite (MIS) were investigated for their geochemical characteristics to understand the petrogenetic aspect of the research area. Neoproterozoic rocks of MIS are well exposed in Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Pali, Barmer, Jalor, Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan and Bhiwani district of Haryana and also occur at Kirana hills of Pakistan. The MIS predominantly consists of acidic volcanic with acidic plutonic (granite of various types), mafic volcanic, mafic intrusive and minor amount of pyroclasts. Based on the field and petrographical studies, 28 samples were selected and analyzed for geochemical analysis of major, trace and rare earth elements at the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF) and ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma- Mass Spectrometry). Granites from the studied areas are categorized as grey, green and pink. Khanak granites consist of quartz, k-feldspar, plagioclase, and biotite as essential minerals and hematite, zircon, annite, monazite & rutile as accessory minerals. In Devsar granites, plagioclase is replaced by perthite and occurs as dominantly. Geochemically, granites from Khanak and Devsar areas exhibit typical A-type granites characteristics with their enrichment in SiO2, Na2O+K2O, Fe/Mg, Rb, Zr, Y, Th, U, REE (except Eu) and significant depletion in MgO, CaO, Sr, P, Ti, Ni, Cr, V and Eu suggested about A-type affinities in Northwestern Peninsular India. The amount of heat production (HP) in green and grey granites of Devsar area varies upto 9.68 & 11.70 μWm-3 and total heat generation unit (HGU) i.e. 23.04 & 27.86 respectively. Pink granites of Khanak area display a higher enrichment of HP (16.53 μWm-3) and HGU (39.37) than the granites from Devsar area. Overall, they have much higher values of HP and HGU than the average value of continental crust (3.8 HGU), which imply a possible linear relationship among the surface heat flow and crustal heat generation in the rocks of MIS. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns show enriched LREE, moderate to strong negative Eu anomalies and more or less flat heavy REE. In primitive mantle-normalized multi-element variation diagrams, the granites show pronounced depletions in the high-field-strength elements (HFSE) Nb, Zr, Sr, P, and Ti. Geochemical characteristics (major, trace and REE) along with the use of various discrimination schemes revealed their probable correspondence to magma derived from the crustal origin by a different degree of partial melting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A-type%20granite" title="A-type granite">A-type granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neoproterozoic" title=" neoproterozoic"> neoproterozoic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malani%20igneous%20suite" title=" Malani igneous suite"> Malani igneous suite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khanak" title=" Khanak"> Khanak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devsar" title=" Devsar"> Devsar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68565/a-geochemical-perspective-on-a-type-granites-of-khanak-and-devsar-areas-haryana-india-implications-for-petrogenesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">328</span> Hydrometallurgical Production of Nickel Ores from Field Bugetkol</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20T.%20Zhakiyenova">A. T. Zhakiyenova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20E.%20Zhatkanbaev"> E. E. Zhatkanbaev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zh.%20K.%20Zhatkanbaeva"> Zh. K. Zhatkanbaeva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nickel plays an important role in mechanical engineering and creation of military equipment; practically all steel are alloyed by nickel and other metals for receiving more durable, heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant steel and cast iron. There are many ways of processing of nickel in the world. Generally, it is igneous metallurgy methods. In this article, the review of majority existing ways of technologies of processing silicate nickel - cobalt ores is considered. Leaching of ores of a field Bugetkol is investigated by solution of sulfuric acid. We defined a specific consumption of sulfuric acid in relation to the mass of ore and to the mass of metal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt" title="cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20extraction" title=" degree of extraction"> degree of extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrometallurgy" title=" hydrometallurgy"> hydrometallurgy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20metallurgy" title=" igneous metallurgy"> igneous metallurgy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matte" title=" matte"> matte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43141/hydrometallurgical-production-of-nickel-ores-from-field-bugetkol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43141.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">385</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">327</span> Microfacies and Diagenetic Study of Rembang Limestone, Central Java, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evalita%20Amrita">Evalita Amrita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdurrokhim"> Abdurrokhim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ildrem%20Syafri"> Ildrem Syafri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Research area is located in Pasedan District, Rembang Regency, Central Java Province. This research is being held for the purpose of microfacies and diagenetic study of carbonate rocks. The study area is dominated by deformed carbonate rocks, folded and faulted. The research method is petrographic analysis with red alizarin staining to differentiate mineral types. Microfacies types and diagenetic processes can be known from petrographic analysis of rock texture, rock structure, type of grain, and fossils. Carbonate rocks in the study area can be divided into 4 types of microfacies: Reef Microfacies (SMF 7), Shallow Water Microfacies (SMF 9), and Textural Inversion Microfacies (SMF 10). Diagenetic processes that take place in carbonate rocks are microbial micritization, compaction, neomorphism, cementation, and dissolution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagenetic" title="diagenetic">diagenetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limestone" title=" limestone"> limestone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microfacies" title=" microfacies"> microfacies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rembang" title=" Rembang"> Rembang</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50473/microfacies-and-diagenetic-study-of-rembang-limestone-central-java-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">241</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">326</span> Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Material Composition on Landslides</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mengqi%20Wu">Mengqi Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haiping%20Zhu"> Haiping Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chin%20J.%20Leo"> Chin J. Leo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, six experimental cases with different components (dry and wet soils and rocks) were considered to elucidate the influence of material composition on landslide profiles. The results show that the accumulation zone for all cases considered has a quadrilateral shape with two different bottom angles. The asymmetry of the accumulation zone can be attributed to the fact that soils in different parts of the landslide sliding can produce different speeds and suffer different resistances. The higher soil moisture can generate stronger cohesion between soils to reduce the volume of the sliding body during the landslide. The rock content can increase the accumulation angles to improve slope stability. The interaction between the irregular shapes of rocks and soils provides more resistance than that between spherical rocks and soils, which causes the slope with irregular rocks and soils to have higher stability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title="landslide">landslide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20moisture" title=" soil moisture"> soil moisture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20content" title=" rock content"> rock content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20simulation" title=" experimental simulation"> experimental simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167193/experimental-investigation-of-the-effect-of-material-composition-on-landslides" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167193.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">325</span> Analyzing Oil Seeps Manifestations and Petroleum Impregnation in Northwestern Tunisia From Aliphatic Biomarkers and Statistical Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sawsen%20Jarray">Sawsen Jarray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahani%20Hallek"> Tahani Hallek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabrouk%20Montacer"> Mabrouk Montacer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The tectonically damaged terrain in Tunisia's Northwest is seen in the country's numerous oil leaks. Finding a genetic link between these oil seeps and the area's putative source rocks is the goal of this investigation. Here, we use aliphatic biomarkers assessed by GC-MS to describe the organic geochemical data of 18 oil seeps samples and 4 source rocks (M'Cherga, Fahdene, Bahloul, and BouDabbous). In order to establish correlations between oil and oil and oil and source rock, terpanes, hopanes, and steranes biomarkers were identified. The source rocks under study were deposited in a marine environment and were suboxic, with minor signs of continental input for the M'Cherga Formation. There is no connection between the Fahdene and Bahloul source rocks and the udied oil seeps. According to the biomarkers C27 18-22,29,30trisnorneohopane (Ts) and C27 17-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Tm), these source rocks are mature and have reached the oil window. Regarding oil seeps, geochemical data indicate that, with the exception of four samples that showed some continental markings, the bulk of samples were deposited in an open marine environment. These most recent samples from oil seeps have a unique lithology (marl) that distinguishes them from the others (carbonate). There are two classes of oil seeps, according to statistical analysis of relationships between oil and oil and oil and source rocks. The first comprised samples that showed a positive connection with carbonate-lithological and marine-derived BouDabbous black shales. The second is a result of M'Cherga source rock and is made up of oil seeps with remnants of the terrestrial environment and a lithology with a marl trend. The Fahdene and Bahloul source rocks have no connection to the observed oil seeps. There are two different types of hydrocarbon spills depending on their link to tectonic deformations (oil seeps) and outcropping mature source rocks (oil impregnations), in addition to the existence of two generations of hydrocarbon spills in Northwest Tunisia (Lower Cretaceous/Ypresian). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20seeps" title="petroleum seeps">petroleum seeps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=source%20rocks" title=" source rocks"> source rocks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomarkers" title=" biomarkers"> biomarkers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistic" title=" statistic"> statistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Northern%20Tunisia" title=" Northern Tunisia"> Northern Tunisia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174820/analyzing-oil-seeps-manifestations-and-petroleum-impregnation-in-northwestern-tunisia-from-aliphatic-biomarkers-and-statistical-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">324</span> The Geochemical Characteristic and Tectonic Setting of Mezoic-Cenozoic Volcanic and Granitic Rocks in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syahrir%20Andi%20Mangga">Syahrir Andi Mangga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During 1989–1993, the Geological Research and Development Center (recent Geological Survey Institute) Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia was the collaboration with British Geological Survey, the United Kingdom to do technical assistance in order to collect data of geology in Sumatra Island. The overall corporation of technical programs was larger concern in stratigraphy, geochemical and age-dating studies. Availability of new data has been stimulated to reassessment of tectonic evolution of Sumatra Island. The study area located in Southern Sumatra within at latitudes 0°-6° S and 99°40’-106’00 E longitudes. The study tectonic is situated within along South Western margin of Sunda land, The Southeast Asia Continental extension arc of the Eurasian Plate and formed as part of Sunda Arc. The oceanic crust of Indian-Australian plate recently is being oblique subduction along the Sunda Trench off the West coast Sumatra. The Mesozoic-Cenozoic of the volcanic and granitic rocks can be divided into northern and southern plutons, defining a series subparallel, controlled by fault, northwest-southeast trending belts, some of the plutons are deformed and under-formed. They are widely exposed along the south-eastern side of the Barisan mountain. Based on the characteristic of minerals and crystallography, rocks found in this study area were granite, granitic, monzogranite and andesitic-Basaltic Volcanic Rock. It belongs to calc Alkaline was predominantly metalumina, I-Type Granite, Volcanic arc granites, Syncollisonal Granites (Syn_COLG) and tholeiitic basalt. It was formed since 169±5 to 20±1 Ma. The origin of magmas in interpreted to be derived from partial melting of igneous rock. The occurrence of the gratoid and volcanic rocks supposed to be closely related to the subduction of the Australian-Hindia oceanic crust beneath the Eurasia/Sunda land Continental Crust as Volcanic arc or continental margin granitic and shown youngest to the southwest. The subduction process having probably been different in position between one terrane to others led to the occurrence of segmentation subduction system. The positional discontinuities of the subduction are probably caused by the difference in time of emplacement and mechanism of volcanic and granitic rock between segments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tectonic%20setting" title="tectonic setting">tectonic setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-type%20granitic" title=" I-type granitic"> I-type granitic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subduction" title=" subduction"> subduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southern%20Sumatra" title=" Southern Sumatra"> Southern Sumatra</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60668/the-geochemical-characteristic-and-tectonic-setting-of-mezoic-cenozoic-volcanic-and-granitic-rocks-in-southern-sumatra-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60668.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20rocks&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20rocks&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20rocks&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=igneous%20rocks&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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