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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extreme_body_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_body_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extreme body art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extreme_body_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extreme body art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extreme_body_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absence_of_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence_of_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Absence</i> of body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence_of_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_art_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_art_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Body art events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_art_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses_for_body_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses_for_body_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medical uses for body art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses_for_body_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Body art</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="فن الجسد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الجسد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_corporal" title="Arte corporal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arte corporal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Бодиарт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бодиарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_corporal" title="Art corporal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Art corporal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kropsudsmykning" title="Kropsudsmykning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kropsudsmykning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-Art" title="Body-Art – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Body-Art" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_corporal" title="Arte corporal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte corporal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هنر بدنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنر بدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_corporel" title="Art corporel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Art corporel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%94%94_%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8" title="보디 아트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보디 아트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարմնի նկարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարմնի նկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_tubuh" title="Seni tubuh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni tubuh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Боди-арт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боди-арт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_corporea" title="Ars corporea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars corporea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyart" title="Bodyart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bodyart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ボディアート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボディアート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Боди-арт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боди-арт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Боди арт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боди арт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Art" title="Body Art – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Body Art" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehotaide" title="Kehotaide – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kehotaide" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Body art" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BCcut_sanat%C4%B1" title="Vücut sanatı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vücut sanatı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Бодіарт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бодіарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جسم کی فنکاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جسم کی فنکاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodiart" title="Bodiart – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bodiart" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87_thu%E1%BA%ADt_th%C3%A2n_th%E1%BB%83" title="Nghệ thuật thân thể – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghệ thuật thân thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%94%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="身體藝術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="身體藝術" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art with the human body</div> <p><b>Body art</b> is <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> in which the artist uses their <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> body as the primary medium.<sup id="cite_ref-Contemporary_Art_p._88_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Art_p._88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging from the context of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Conceptual Art">Conceptual Art</a> during the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-Contemporary_Art_p._88_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Art_p._88-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body art may include <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>. Body art is likewise utilized for investigations of the body in an assortment of different media including <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More extreme body art can involve mutilation or pushing the body to its physical limits. </p><p>In more recent times, the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> has become a subject of much broader discussion and treatment than can be reduced to body art in its common understanding. Important strategies that question the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> are: <a href="/wiki/Implant_(body_modification)" title="Implant (body modification)">implants</a>, body in <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with the <a href="/wiki/New_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="New technologies">new technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">virtual</a> avatar bodies, among others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_use_of_the_term">Popular use of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Popular use of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yonga_Arts_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yonga_Arts_4.jpg/203px-Yonga_Arts_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yonga_Arts_4.jpg/305px-Yonga_Arts_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yonga_Arts_4.jpg/406px-Yonga_Arts_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Body painting</figcaption></figure> <p>Body art has been expanded into the popular culture and now covers a wide spectrum of usage, including <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Body_piercings" class="mw-redirect" title="Body piercings">body piercings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarification" title="Scarification">scarification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Body_painting" title="Body painting">body painting</a>. Photographer <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tunick" title="Spencer Tunick">Spencer Tunick</a> is well known for conducting <a href="/wiki/Photo_shoot" title="Photo shoot">photo shoots</a> which gather large numbers of naked people at public locations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Body art often deals with issues of gender and personal identity and common topics include the relationship between body and psyche.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Viennese_Actionism" title="Viennese Actionism">Vienna Action Group</a> was formed in 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Nitsch" title="Hermann Nitsch">Hermann Nitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_M%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Mühl">Otto Mühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Brus" title="Günter Brus">Günter Brus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schwarzkogler" title="Rudolf Schwarzkogler">Rudolf Schwarzkogler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They performed several body art actions. In the United States <a href="/wiki/Carolee_Schneemann" title="Carolee Schneemann">Carolee Schneemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Burden" title="Chris Burden">Chris Burden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vito_Acconci" title="Vito Acconci">Vito Acconci</a> were very active participants. Acconci once documented, through photos and text, his daily exercise routine of stepping on and off a chair for as long as possible over several months. Acconci also performed <i>Following Piece</i>, in which he followed randomly chosen New Yorkers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, body art was termed <i>art corporel</i> and practiced by such artists as <a href="/wiki/Michel_Journiac" title="Michel Journiac">Michel Journiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlan" title="Orlan">Orlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gina_Pane" title="Gina Pane">Gina Pane</a> while in Italy in the 1980s, one of the famous artists in the movement was <a href="/wiki/Ketty_La_Rocca" title="Ketty La Rocca">Ketty La Rocca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a> performed <i><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_0" title="Rhythm 0">Rhythm 0</a></i> in 1974. In the piece, the audience was given instructions to use on Abramović's body an array of 72 provided instruments of pain and pleasure, including knives, feathers, and a loaded pistol. Audience members cut her, pressed thorns into her belly, applied lipstick to her, removed her clothes, and held a loaded pistol to her head. Accounts vary as to how the performance concluded, some stating it ended after a scuffle broke out in the audience over their conduct, while Abramović retells that the artwork simply came to an end after the intended six hours, at which time she stood and walked towards the audience, which fled.<sup id="cite_ref-Ward_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graf_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graf-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists whose works have evolved with more directed personal mythologies include <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Horn" title="Rebecca Horn">Rebecca Horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youri_Messen-Jaschin" title="Youri Messen-Jaschin">Youri Messen-Jaschin</a>, Javier Perez, and <a href="/wiki/Jana_Sterbak" title="Jana Sterbak">Jana Sterbak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body art can also be expressed via <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extreme_body_art">Extreme body art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extreme body art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For example, one of <a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a>'s works involved dancing until she collapsed from exhaustion, while one of <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Oppenheim" title="Dennis Oppenheim">Dennis Oppenheim</a>'s better-known works saw him lying in the sunlight with a book on his chest, until his skin, excluding that covered by the book, was badly <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sunburned</a>. It can even consist of the arrangement and <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissection</a> of preserved bodies in an artistic fashion, as was for the <a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">plastinated</a> bodies used in the travelling <a href="/wiki/Body_Worlds" title="Body Worlds">Body Worlds</a> exhibition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absence_of_body"><i>Absence</i> of body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Absence of body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientific research in this area, for example that by <a href="/wiki/Stelarc" title="Stelarc">Stelarc</a>, can be considered in this artistic vein.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special case of the body art strategies is the <a href="/wiki/Nonexistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonexistence">absence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>. Some artists who performed the "absence" of body through their <a href="/wiki/Visual_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual art">artworks</a> were: <a href="/wiki/Davor_D%C5%BEalto" title="Davor Džalto">Davor Džalto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Gormley" title="Antony Gormley">Antony Gormley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Body_art_events">Body art events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Body art events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Burning_Man" title="Burning Man">Burning Man</a> festival is held annually in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock Desert</a> of northwest Nevada (US), in September. Jake Lloyd Jones, a Sydney-based artist, conceived the Sydney Body Art Ride, which has become an annual event. Participants are painted to form a living rainbow that rides to the Pacific Ocean and immerses itself in the waves.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses_for_body_art">Medical uses for body art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medical uses for body art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Body art, specifically painting on the body is a newly incorporated skill in the medical industry primarily used for schooling. While the primary method for learning bodily physiology is through examining cadavers according to Gabrielle Flinn, some students are very off put by this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations are now considering using body painting as a functional, low-cost, and positive way of learning about the inner-workings of anatomical structures through painting. This would consist of medical students painting on, or working with, willing volunteers who have been painted on to expose various body parts such as: lungs, muscles in hands, legs, etc. Hands are the most typically chosen as the patient does not have to undress for the painting examination, however, with consent of the volunteer patient, medical students could paint other areas such as the back. This would allow the medical students to not only learn more about anatomy in a positive manner but also have real life practice in bedside manners, and making sure their patients are comfortable, and well taken care of through the entire process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">Body modification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_cosmetic_coalitions" title="Female cosmetic coalitions">Female cosmetic coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">Mehndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_primitive" title="Modern primitive">Modern primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_tattoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary tattoos">Temporary tattoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajazzle" title="Vajazzle">Vajazzle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Contemporary_Art_p._88-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Contemporary_Art_p._88_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Contemporary_Art_p._88_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, Oxford University, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTate" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Body+art+%E2%80%93+Art+Term&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fart-terms%2Fb%2Fbody-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilda_Battersby2011" class="citation news cs1">Matilda Battersby (19 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/spencer-tunick-creates-naked-dead-sea-2357090.html">"Spencer Tunick creates 'naked Dead Sea'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Dutton Children's. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookingforalaska00gree/page/67">67–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-47506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-47506-4"><bdi>978-0-525-47506-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+for+Alaska&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=67-69&rft.pub=Dutton+Children%27s&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-525-47506-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookingforalaska00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Publishing2007" class="citation news cs1">Dennis Publishing (2007). 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class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FAMEP.S142212">10.2147/AMEP.S142212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165736">6165736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30310345">30310345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Medical+Education+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Current+perspectives+on+the+role+of+body+painting+in+medical+education&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=701-706&rft.date=2018-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6165736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30310345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FAMEP.S142212&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6165736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+art" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Body_art&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Body_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Body art">Body art</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, John (1992). "Body Art". <i>Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design Since 1945</i> (3rd ed.). London: Bingley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85365-639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85365-639-5"><bdi>978-0-85365-639-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/930752485">930752485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Body+Art&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Art%2C+Architecture+%26+Design+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Bingley&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F930752485&rft.isbn=978-0-85365-639-5&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaweewongR._J._Preece2019" class="citation web cs1">Gaweewong, Gridthiya; R. J. Preece (4 April 2019) [8 August 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Body-Art">"Thai Women Artists: Doin' It for Themselves"</a>. Art. artdesigncafé.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thai+Women+Artists%3A+Doin%27+It+for+Themselves&rft.pub=artdesigncaf%C3%A9.com&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.aulast=Gaweewong&rft.aufirst=Gridthiya&rft.au=R.+J.+Preece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artdesigncafe.com%2FBody-Art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABody+art" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040918031343/http://www.amonline.net.au/bodyart/">Body Art section</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/bodyart/">Body Art Page</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational 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