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<ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Flax" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Flax" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Flax" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button 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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Flax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Flax (disambiguation)">Flax (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a>, Linum usitatissimum, in the family <a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a>. It is cultivated as a food and <a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">fiber crop</a> in regions of the world with <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> produced 75% of the world's supply of flax. <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Flax </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_(Plate_16)_BHL303594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6hler%27s_Medizinal-Pflanzen_in_naturgetreuen_Abbildungen_mit_kurz_erl%C3%A4uterndem_Texte_%28Plate_16%29_BHL303594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="4081"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Botanical illustration from 1887 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Linum" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linum" title="Linum">Linum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">L. usitatissimum</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Linum usitatissimum <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/L." class="mw-redirect" title="L.">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Varieties<a href="#cite_note-POWO-1">[1]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li>L. usitatissimum var. stenophyllum (Boiss.) Rech.f. </li><li>L. usitatissimum var. usitatissimum </li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li>Linum crepitans (Boenn.) Dumort. </li><li>Linum humile Mill. </li><li>Linum indehiscens (Neilr.) Vavilov & Elladi </li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Textiles made from flax are known in English as <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> and are traditionally used for bed sheets, underclothes, and table linen. Its oil is known as <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>. In addition to referring to the plant, the word "flax" may refer to the unspun fibers of the flax plant. The plant species is known only as a cultivated plant<a href="#cite_note-GRIN-3">[3]</a> and appears to have been domesticated just once from the wild species <a href="/wiki/Linum_bienne" title="Linum bienne">Linum bienne</a>, called pale flax.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The plants called "flax" in New Zealand are, by contrast, members of the genus <a href="/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">Phormium</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Taxonomy">2 Taxonomy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Varieties">2.1 Varieties</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Cultivation">3 Cultivation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#History">3.1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Diseases">3.2 Diseases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Production">3.3 Production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Harvesting">3.4 Harvesting</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Maturation">3.4.1 Maturation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Harvesting_for_fiber">3.4.2 Harvesting for fiber</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mechanical">3.4.2.1 Mechanical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Manual">3.4.2.2 Manual</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Processing">3.5 Processing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Uses">4 Uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Flax_seeds">4.1 Flax seeds</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Culinary">4.1.1 Culinary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Nutrition">4.1.1.1 Nutrition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#Health_research">4.1.1.2 Health research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Linseed_oil">4.1.1.3 Linseed oil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Safety">4.1.1.4 Safety</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Fodder">4.1.2 Fodder</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Warfare">4.1.3 Warfare</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Flax_fibers">4.2 Flax fibers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Preparation_for_spinning">4.2.1 Preparation for spinning</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#Retting_flax">4.2.1.1 Retting flax</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-26"><a href="#Dressing_the_flax">4.2.1.2 Dressing the flax</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Genetically_modified_flax_contamination">5 Genetically modified flax contamination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#In_culture">6 In culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Several other species in the genus Linum are similar in appearance to L. usitatissimum, cultivated flax, including some that have similar blue flowers, and others with white, yellow, or red flowers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Some of these are <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> plants, unlike L. usitatissimum, which is an <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a>. Cultivated flax plants grow to 1.2 m (4 ft) tall, with slender stems. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are <a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">glaucous</a> green, slender <a href="/wiki/Lanceolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceolate">lanceolate</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long, and 3 mm broad.<a href="#cite_note-Saleem-2020-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> are 15–25 mm in diameter with five petals, which can be coloured white, blue, yellow, and red depending on the species.<a href="#cite_note-Saleem-2020-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> is a round, dry <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a> 5–9 mm in diameter, containing several glossy brown <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> shaped like <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> pips, 4–7 mm long. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flowers"><noscript><img alt="Flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/338px-Flax_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/338px-Flax_flowers.jpg" data-alt="Flowers" data-width="226" data-height="180" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/506px-Flax_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flax_flowers.jpg/675px-Flax_flowers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light-coloured flower"><noscript><img alt="Light-coloured flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/218px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="3081"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/218px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg" data-alt="Light-coloured flower" data-width="146" data-height="180" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/326px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg/435px-Linum_usitatissimum_20230402.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light-coloured flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Linum_usitatissimum_capsules,_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capsules"><noscript><img alt="Capsules" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/219px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1871"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/219px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg" data-alt="Capsules" data-width="146" data-height="180" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/328px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg/438px-Linum_usitatissimum_capsules%2C_vlas_zaadbollen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capsules</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The scientific name for flax was coined by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> in 1753.<a href="#cite_note-POWO-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varieties">Varieties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a> the flax species has two botanical <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a>, Linum usitatissimum var. usitatissimum and Linum usitatissimum var. stenophyllum.<a href="#cite_note-POWO-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultivation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Flax is native to the region extending from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and was first domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soils</a> most suitable for flax, besides the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> kind, are deep <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loams</a> containing a large proportion of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Flax is often found growing just above the waterline in <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a> bogs. Heavy <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a> are unsuitable, as are soils of a <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravelly</a> or dry <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandy</a> nature. Farming flax requires few <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. Within eight weeks of sowing, the plant can reach 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in height, reaching 70–80 cm (28–31 in) within 50 days.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The earliest evidence of humans using wild flax as a <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> comes from the present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a>, where spun, dyed, and knotted wild flax fibers found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzudzuana_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzudzuana Cave (page does not exist)">Dzudzuana Cave</a> date to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, 30,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-VintageThreads-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Humans first domesticated flax in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Fu-12">[12]</a> Evidence exists of a domesticated oilseed flax with increased seed-size from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-Fu-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">flax fabric</a> fragments from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> by <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9,000 years ago. Use of the crop steadily spread, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> by 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In China and India, domesticated flax was cultivated at least 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-cullis275-15">[15]</a> Flax was cultivated extensively in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, where the temple walls had paintings of flowering flax, and mummies were embalmed using linen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Egyptian priests wore only linen, as flax symbolized purity.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> traded Egyptian linen throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used it for their <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> declined, so did flax production. But with laws designed to publicize the <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> of linen textiles and the health of linseed oil, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> revived the crop in the eighth century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wisseman_S.,_p.125-19">[19]</a> Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> became the major center of the European linen industry in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wisseman_S.,_p.125-19">[19]</a> In North America, colonists introduced flax, and it flourished there,<a href="#cite_note-cullis275-15">[15]</a> but by the early 20th century, cheap <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and rising farm wages had caused production of flax to become concentrated in northern Russia, which came to provide 90% of the world's output. Since then, flax has lost its importance as a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial crop">commercial crop</a>, due to the easy availability of more inexpensive synthetic fibres.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diseases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flax_diseases" title="List of flax diseases">List of flax diseases</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:14em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Flax production – 2022 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;">tonnes </th></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>652,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>77,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td>47,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>29,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>24,103 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>875,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><a href="#cite_note-fao-21">[21]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2022, world production of raw or <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retted</a> flax was 875,995 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with 75% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-fao-21">[21]</a> One of the largest regions in France for flax production is <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> with nearly one-third of the world's production.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harvesting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maturation">Maturation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maturation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Flax is harvested for fiber production after about 100 days, or a month after the plants flower, and two weeks after the seed capsules form. The bases of the plants begin to turn yellow. If the plants are still green, the seed will not be useful, and the fiber will be underdeveloped. The fiber degrades once the plants turn brown. Flax grown for seed is allowed to mature until the seed capsules are yellow and just starting to split; it is then harvested in various ways. A <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> may either cut only the heads of the plants, or the whole plant. These are then dried to extract the seed. The amount of weeds in the straw affects its marketability, and this, coupled with market prices, determines whether the farmer chooses to harvest the flax straw. If the flax straw is not harvested, typically, it is burned, since the stalks are quite tough and decompose slowly (i.e., not in a single season). Formed into <a href="/wiki/Windrow" title="Windrow">windrows</a> from the harvesting process, the straw often clogs up tillage and planting equipment. Flax straw of insufficient quality for fiber use can be baled to build shelters for farm animals, sold as biofuel, or removed from the field in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Two ways are used to harvest flax fiber, one involving mechanized equipment (combines), and the second method, is more manual and targets maximum fiber length. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harvesting_for_fiber">Harvesting for fiber</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Harvesting for fiber" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mechanical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Flax for fiber production is usually harvested by a specialized flax harvester. Usually built on the same machine base as a combine, but instead of the cutting head, it has a flax puller. The flax plant is turned over and is gripped by rubber belts roughly 20–25 cm (8–10 inches) above ground, to avoid getting grasses and weeds in the flax. The rubber belts then pull the whole plant out of the ground with the roots so the whole length of the plant fiber can be used. The plants then pass over the machine and are placed on the field crosswise to the harvester's direction of travel. The plants are left in the field for field <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>. The mature plant can also be cut with mowing equipment, similar to hay harvesting, and raked into windrows. When dried sufficiently, a combine then harvests the seeds similar to wheat or oat harvesting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Manual">Manual</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Manual" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The plant is pulled up with the roots (not cut), so as to increase the fiber length. After this, the flax is allowed to dry, the seeds are removed, and it is then <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retted</a>. Depending upon climatic conditions, characteristics of the sown flax, and fields, the flax remains on the ground between two weeks and two months for retting. As a result of alternating rain and the sun, an enzymatic action degrades the pectins that bind fibers to the straw. The farmers turn over the straw during retting to evenly rett the stalks. When the straw is retted and sufficiently dry, it is rolled up. It is then stored by farmers before extracting the fibers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Claus001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/220px-Emile_Claus001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/220px-Emile_Claus001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/330px-Emile_Claus001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Emile_Claus001.jpg/440px-Emile_Claus001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>De vlasoogst (1904) ("The flax harvest") painting by <a href="/wiki/Emile_Claus" title="Emile Claus">Emile Claus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Processing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/220px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8688" data-file-height="5077"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/220px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/330px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg/440px-Hatchel_of_the_Bugg_Family.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A hackle or heckle, a tool for threshing flax and preparing the fiber</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana,abbigliamento_lino,Taccuino_Sa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/170px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="934"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/170px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="183" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/255px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg/340px-58-aspetti_di_vita_quotidiana%2Cabbigliamento_lino%2CTaccuino_Sa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flax tissues, <a href="/wiki/Tacuinum_sanitatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuinum sanitatis">Tacuinum sanitatis</a>, 14th century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">Threshing</a> is the process of removing the seeds from the rest of the plant. Separating the usable flax fibers from other components requires pulling the stems through a hackle and/or beating the plants to break them. Flax processing is divided into two parts: the first part is generally done by the farmer, to bring the flax fiber into a fit state for general or common purposes. This can be performed by three machines: one for threshing out the seed, one for breaking and separating the straw (stem) from the fiber, and one for further separating the broken straw and matter from the fiber. The second part of the process brings the flax into a state for the very finest purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damask</a>, and very fine <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. This second part is performed by a refining machine. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/220px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/220px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/330px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg/440px-Brown_Flax_Seeds.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Brown flax seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_seeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/220px-Flax_seeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="786"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/220px-Flax_seeds.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/330px-Flax_seeds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flax_seeds.jpg/440px-Flax_seeds.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Golden flax seeds</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_(8594315026).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/220px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/220px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/330px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg/440px-Ground_Golden_Flax_Seeds_%288594315026%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Golden flax seed meal</figcaption></figure> Flax is grown for its seeds, which can be ground into a meal or turned into <a href="/wiki/Flaxseed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed oil">linseed oil</a>, a product used as a <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional supplement">nutritional supplement</a> and as an ingredient in many <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood-finishing</a> products. Flax is also grown as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a> in gardens. Moreover, flax fibers are used to make <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific epithet">specific epithet</a> in its binomial name, usitatissimum, means "most useful".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Flax fibers taken from the stem of the plant are two to three times as strong as cotton fibers. Additionally, flax fibers are naturally smooth and straight. Europe and North America both depended on flax for plant-based cloth until the 19th century, when cotton overtook flax as the most common plant for making <a href="/wiki/Rag_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag paper">rag-based paper</a>. Flax is grown on the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> for linseed oil, which is used as a drying oil in paints and varnishes and in products such as <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printing_ink" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing ink">printing inks</a>. Linseed meal, the by-product of producing linseed oil from flax seeds, is used as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flax_seeds"> Flax seeds</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flax seeds" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Flax seeds occur in brown and yellow (golden) varieties.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Most types of these basic varieties have similar <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> characteristics and equal numbers of short-chain <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>. Yellow flax seeds, called solin (<a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade name</a> "<a href="/wiki/Linola" title="Linola">Linola</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-CRS-27">[27]</a> have a similar oil profile to brown flax seeds and both are very high in omega-3s (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> (ALA), specifically).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Flax seeds produce a <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> known as flax seed oil or <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, which is one of the oldest commercial oils. It is an <a href="/wiki/Edible_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible oil">edible oil</a> obtained by <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">expeller pressing</a> and sometimes followed by <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>. Solvent-processed flax seed oil has been used for centuries as a <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">drying oil</a> in painting and varnishing.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Although brown flax seed varieties may be consumed as readily as the yellow ones, and have been for thousands of years, these varieties are more commonly used in paints, fiber, and cattle feed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culinary">Culinary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culinary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Small pieces of dough being topped with flax seeds before baking in a commercial bakery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/220px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="2659"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/220px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG" data-alt="Small pieces of dough being topped with flax seeds before baking in a commercial bakery" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/330px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG/440px-Linseed_rolls_crude.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bread rolls being topped with flax seeds before baking</figcaption></figure> A 100-gram portion of ground flax seed supplies about 2,234 kilojoules (534 kilocalories) of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, 41 g of fat, 28 g of fiber, and 20 g of protein.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Whole flax seeds are chemically stable, but ground flax seed meal, because of <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a>, may go <a href="/wiki/Rancidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Rancidity">rancid</a> when left exposed to air at room temperature in as little as a week.<a href="#cite_note-DieteticAss-31">[31]</a> Refrigeration and storage in sealed containers will keep ground flax seed meal for a longer period before it turns rancid. Under conditions similar to those found in commercial bakeries, trained sensory panelists could not detect differences between bread made with freshly ground flax seed and bread made with flax seed that had been <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">milled</a> four months earlier and stored at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Malcolmson-32">[32]</a> If packed immediately without exposure to air and light, milled flax seed is stable against excessive oxidation when stored for nine months at room temperature,<a href="#cite_note-Chen-33">[33]</a> and under <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouse</a> conditions, for 20 months at ambient temperatures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Three <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">phenolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Glucoside" title="Glucoside">glucosides</a>—<a href="/wiki/Secoisolariciresinol_diglucoside" title="Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside">secoisolariciresinol diglucoside</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-coumaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="P-coumaric acid">p-coumaric acid</a> glucoside, and <a href="/wiki/Ferulic_acid" title="Ferulic acid">ferulic acid</a> glucoside—are present in commercial bread containing flax seed.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nutrition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Flax seeds</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,234 kJ (534 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">28.88 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.55 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">27.3 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">42.16 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.663 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.527 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">28.730 g<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">22.8 g</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">5.9 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">18.29 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">137%</div> 1.644 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.161 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">19%</div> 3.08 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 0.985 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">28%</div> 0.473 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 87 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.6 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 255 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">32%</div> 5.73 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">93%</div> 392 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">51%</div> 642 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">27%</div> 813 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">39%</div> 4.34 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Other constituents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169414/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-35">[35]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-36">[36]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Flax seeds are 7% water, 18% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, 29% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and 42% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In 100 grams (3.5 oz) as a reference amount, flax seeds provide 534 <a href="/wiki/Kilocalorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilocalorie">kilocalories</a> and contain high levels (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of protein, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, several <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary minerals">dietary minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nd-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-usda-38">[38]</a> Flax seeds are especially rich in <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (DVs above 90%) (table). As a percentage of total <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>, flax seeds contain 54% omega-3 fatty acids (mostly <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Linolenic acid">ALA</a>), 18% <a href="/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-9 fatty acids">omega-9 fatty acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a>), and 6% <a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega-6 fatty acids">omega-6 fatty acids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>); the seeds contain 9% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fat</a>, including 5% as <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">palmitic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nd-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-usda-38">[38]</a> Flax seed oil contains 53% 18:3 omega-3 fatty acids (mostly ALA) and 13% 18:2 omega-6 fatty acids.<a href="#cite_note-nd-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Health_research">Health research</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Health research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> showed that consumption of more than 30 g of flax-seed daily for more than 12 weeks reduced body weight, <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI), and waist circumference for persons with a BMI greater than 27.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28635182-39">[39]</a> Another meta-analysis showed that consumption of flax seeds for more than 12 weeks produced small reductions in <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systolic blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastolic blood pressure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25740909-40">[40]</a> A third showed that consuming flax seed or its derivatives may reduce total and <a href="/wiki/LDL-cholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="LDL-cholesterol">LDL-cholesterol</a> in the blood, with greater benefits in women and people with high <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A fourth showed a small reduction in <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">c-reactive protein</a> (a marker of inflammation) only in persons with a body mass index greater than 30.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26959052-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Linseed_oil">Linseed oil</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Linseed oil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linseed_oil&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/300px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="2291"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/300px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG" data-width="300" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/450px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG/600px-From_flax_to_linseed_oil..JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flax, flax seeds, linseed oil, linseed cake</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a>, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colorless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). The oil is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Expeller_pressing" title="Expeller pressing">pressing</a>, sometimes followed by <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a>. Owing to its polymer-forming properties, linseed oil is often blended with combinations of other oils, <a href="/wiki/Resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resins">resins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> as an impregnator, drying oil finish or <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">wood finishing</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> binder in <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> and hardener in <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>, and in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Linoleum" title="Linoleum">linoleum</a>. Linseed oil use has declined over the past several decades with increased availability of synthetic <a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyd</a> resins—which function similarly but resist yellowing.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Safety">Safety</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Flax seed and its oil are <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycoside</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> which is nontoxic when consumed in typical amounts.<a href="#cite_note-efsa-46">[46]</a> Typical concentrations (for example, 0.48% in a sample of defatted dehusked flax seed meal) can be removed by special processing.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fodder">Fodder</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fodder" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After crushing the seeds to extract linseed oil, the resultant linseed meal is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and fish.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> It is also often used as feed for <a href="/wiki/Swine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine">swine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, and has also been used in horse concentrate and <a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">dog food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-48">[48]</a> The high omega-3 fatty acid (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">ALA</a>) content of linseed meal "softens" milk, eggs, and meat, which means it causes a higher <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fat" title="Unsaturated fat">unsaturated fat</a> content and thus lowers its storage time.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> The high omega-3 content also has a further disadvantage, because this fatty acid <a href="/wiki/Oxidise" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidise">oxidises</a> and goes <a href="/wiki/Rancidification" title="Rancidification">rancid</a> quickly, which shortens the storage time. <a href="/wiki/Linola" title="Linola">Linola</a> was developed in Australia and introduced in the 1990s with less omega-3, specifically to serve as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRS-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dribnenkil1995-49">[49]</a> Another disadvantage of the meal and seed is that it contains a <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine" title="Pyridoxine">pyridoxine</a>) antagonist, and may require this vitamin be supplemented, especially in <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, and furthermore linseeds contain 2–7% of <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> (fibre), which may be beneficial in humans<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> and cattle,<a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-48">[48]</a> but cannot be digested by non-ruminants and can be detrimental to young animals, unless possibly treated with <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> Linseed meal is added to <a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">cattle feed</a> as a protein <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">supplement</a>. It can only be added at low percentages due to the high fat content, which is unhealthy for ruminants.<a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-48">[48]</a> Compared to oilseed meal from <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">crucifers</a> it measures as having lower nutrient values,<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> however, good results are obtained in cattle, perhaps due to the mucilage, which may aid in slowing digestion and thus allowing more time to absorb nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-48">[48]</a> One study found that feeding flax seeds may increase omega-3 content in <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, while another found no differences. It might also act as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> in increasing <a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">marbling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maddock1-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maddock2-50">[50]</a> In the US, flax-based feed for ruminants is often somewhat more expensive than other feeds on a nutrient basis.<a href="#cite_note-Lardy2015-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Sheep</a> feeding on low quality <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> are able to eat a large amount of linseed meal, up to 40% in one test, with positive consequences. It has been fed as a supplement to <a href="/wiki/Water_buffaloes" class="mw-redirect" title="Water buffaloes">water buffaloes</a> in India and provided a better diet than forage alone, but not as good as when substituted with <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soy</a> meal. It is considered an inferior protein supplement for swine because of its fibre, vitamin antagonist, high omega-3 content, and its low lysine content, and can only be used in small amounts in the feed. Although it may increase the omega-3 content in eggs and meat, it is also an inferior and potentially toxic feed for poultry, although it can be used in small amounts. The meal is an adequate and traditional source of protein for rabbits at 8–10%. Its use in fish feeds is limited.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a> Raw, immature linseeds contain an amount of <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic">cyanogenic</a> compounds and can be dangerous for <a href="/wiki/Monogastric" title="Monogastric">monogastric</a> animals, like horses and rabbits. Boiling removes the danger. This is not an issue in meal cake due to the processing temperature during oil extraction.<a href="#cite_note-Feedipedia-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lardy2015-51">[51]</a> Flax <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> left over from the harvesting of oilseed is not very nutritious; it is tough and indigestible and is not recommended for use as ruminant fodder, although it may be used as bedding or <a href="/wiki/Baler" title="Baler">baled</a> as <a href="/wiki/Windbreak" title="Windbreak">windbreaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lardy2015-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warfare">Warfare</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Warfare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biowarfare</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_operation_plan" title="Military operation plan">military operation plan</a> developed from 1942 to 1944 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was planned to disseminate linseed with anthrax spores to be eaten by livestock, and eventually consumed by the human population.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This would have led to widespread death, but the plan was eventually abandoned for Operation Overlord. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flax_fibers">Flax fibers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Flax fibers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/220px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/220px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/330px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG/440px-Heckling_Shop_Irvine.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Heckling_(flax)" title="Heckling (flax)">heckling</a> shop once used to prepare flax fibers. <a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a>, Scotland.</figcaption></figure> Flax fiber is extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Bast_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast (biology)">bast</a> beneath the surface of the stem of the flax plant. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous, and flexible; bundles of fiber have the appearance of blonde hair, hence the description "flaxen" hair. It is stronger than cotton fiber, but less elastic. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_field.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/220px-Flax_field.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/220px-Flax_field.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/330px-Flax_field.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flax_field.JPG/440px-Flax_field.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A flax field in bloom in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> The use of flax fibers dates back tens of millennia;<a href="#cite_note-VintageThreads-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, a refined textile made from flax fibers, was worn widely by <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> priests more than 4,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Industrial-scale flax fiber processing existed in antiquity. A <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> factory dedicated to flax processing was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Euonymeia" title="Euonymeia">Euonymeia</a>, Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Kaza2015-54">[54]</a> The best grades are used for fabrics such as <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damasks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bed_sheet" title="Bed sheet">sheeting</a>. Coarser grades are used for the manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>, and historically, for <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webbing_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Webbing equipment">webbing equipment</a>. Flax fiber is a raw material used in the high-quality paper industry for the use of printed <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a>, laboratory paper (<a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">blotting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">filter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">tea bags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flax_mill" title="Flax mill">Flax mills</a> for spinning flaxen <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> were invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew_(inventor)" title="John Kendrew (inventor)">John Kendrew</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Porthouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Porthouse (page does not exist)">Thomas Porthouse</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in 1787.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> New methods of processing flax have led to renewed interest in the use of flax as an industrial fiber. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparation_for_spinning">Preparation for spinning</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Preparation for spinning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/220px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1030"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/220px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/330px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg/440px-Labeledstemforposter_copy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stem cross-section, showing locations of underlying tissues: Ep = <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>; C = <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a>; BF = <a href="/wiki/Bast_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast (biology)">bast</a> fibers; P = <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>; X = <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>; Pi = <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/220px--Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="169" data-durationhint="213" data-mwtitle="Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="416" data-height="320"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="416" data-height="320"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="188" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d1/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv/Rhof-flachsbearbeitung.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240"></source></video><figcaption>Threshing, retting, and dressing flax at the <a href="/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum">Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum</a> (Germany)</figcaption></figure> Before the flax fibers can be spun into linen, they must be separated from the rest of the stalk. The first step in this process is <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a>, which is the process of rotting away the inner stalk, leaving the outer parts intact. At this point, straw, or coarse outer stem (<a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>), is still remaining. To remove this, the flax is "broken", the straw is broken up into small, short bits, while the actual fiber is left unharmed. <a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">Scutching</a> scrapes the outer straw from the fiber. The stems are then pulled through "hackles", which act like combs to remove the straw and some shorter fibers out of the long fiber.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Retting_flax">Retting flax</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Retting flax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Several methods are used for <a href="/wiki/Retting" title="Retting">retting</a> flax. It can be retted in a pond, stream, field, or tank. When the retting is complete, the bundles of flax feel soft and slimy, and quite a few fibers stand out from the stalks. When wrapped around a finger, the inner woody part springs away from the fibers. Pond retting is the fastest. It consists of placing the flax in a pool of water which will not evaporate. It generally takes place in a shallow pool which will warm up dramatically in the sun; the process may take from a few days to a few weeks. Pond-retted flax is traditionally considered of lower quality, possibly because the product can become dirty, and is easily over-retted, damaging the fiber. This form of retting also produces quite an odor. Stream retting is similar to pool retting, but the flax is submerged in bundles in a stream or river. This generally takes two or three weeks longer than pond retting, but the end product is less likely to be dirty, does not smell as bad, and because the water is cooler, is less likely to be over-retted. Both pond and stream retting were traditionally used less because they pollute the waters used for the process.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In field retting, the flax is laid out in a large field, and dew is allowed to collect on it. This process normally takes a month or more but is generally considered to provide the highest quality flax fibers, and it produces the least pollution.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Retting can also be done in a plastic trash can or any type of water-tight container of wood, concrete, earthenware, or plastic. Metal containers will not work, as acid is produced when retting, and it would <a href="/wiki/Corrode" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrode">corrode</a> the metal. If the water temperature is kept at 27 °C (80 °F), the retting process under these conditions takes 4 or 5 days. If the water is colder, it takes longer. Scum collects at the top, and an odor is given off the same as in pond retting. 'Enzymatic' retting of flax has been researched as a technique to engineer fibers with specific properties.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dressing_the_flax">Dressing the flax</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dressing the flax" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Breaking flax"><noscript><img alt="Breaking flax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/80px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/80px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg" data-alt="Breaking flax" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg/159px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_teillage_du_lin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Breaking flax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scutching flax"><noscript><img alt="Scutching flax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/80px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/80px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg" data-alt="Scutching flax" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg/159px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_battage_du_lin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scutching flax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heckling flax"><noscript><img alt="Heckling flax" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/120px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg" data-alt="Heckling flax" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/180px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg/240px-Harfleur_-_Compagnons_duellistes_-_peignage_du_lin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heckling flax</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_fibers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing"><noscript><img alt="Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/120px-Flax_fibers.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/120px-Flax_fibers.JPG" data-alt="Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/180px-Flax_fibers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flax_fibers.JPG/240px-Flax_fibers.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flax fiber in different forms, before and after processing </div> </li> </ul> Dressing the flax is the process of removing the straw from the fibers. Dressing consists of three steps: breaking, scutching, and heckling. The breaking breaks up the straw. Some of the straw is scraped from the fibers in the scutching process, and finally, the fiber is pulled through heckles to remove the last bits of straw. Breaking breaks up the straw into short segments. <a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">Scutching</a> removes some of the <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> from the fiber. <a href="/wiki/Heckling_(flax)" title="Heckling (flax)">Heckling</a> is pulling the fiber through various sizes of <a href="/wiki/Heckling_comb" class="mw-redirect" title="Heckling comb">heckling combs</a> or heckles. A heckle is a bed of "nails"—sharp, long-tapered, tempered, polished steel pins driven into wooden blocks at regular spacing. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Genetically_modified_flax_contamination">Genetically modified flax contamination</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Genetically modified flax contamination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flax_Plants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/220px-Flax_Plants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/220px-Flax_Plants.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/330px-Flax_Plants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flax_Plants.jpg/440px-Flax_Plants.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Small flax plants</figcaption></figure> In September 2009, Canadian flax exports reportedly had been contaminated by a deregistered <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> cultivar called 'Triffid' that had food and feed safety approval in Canada and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-twp-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-cdc-61">[61]</a> Canadian growers and the Flax Council of Canada raised concerns about the marketability of this cultivar in Europe where a <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero tolerance</a> policy exists regarding unapproved <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Consequently, Triffid was deregistered in 2010 and never grown commercially in Canada or the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-63">[63]</a> Triffid stores were destroyed, but future exports and further tests at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> proved that Triffid persisted in at least two Canadian flax varieties, possibly affecting future crops.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-63">[63]</a> Canadian flax seed cultivars were reconstituted with Triffid-free seed used to plant the 2014 crop.<a href="#cite_note-twp-60">[60]</a> Laboratories are certified to test for the presence of Triffid at a level of one seed in 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-cdc-61">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flax" title="Special:EditPage/Flax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/170px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 198px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/170px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="198" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/255px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg/340px-Mulgi_valla_vapp.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Four flax flowers pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Mulgi_Parish" title="Mulgi Parish">Mulgi Parish</a></figcaption></figure> Flax is an emblem of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and is displayed by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>. In a coronet, it appeared on the reverse of the <a href="/wiki/One_pound_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="One pound (British coin)">British one-pound coin</a> to represent Northern Ireland on coins minted in 1986, 1991, and 2014. Flax also represents Northern Ireland on the badge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> and on various logos associated with it. Common flax is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. In early versions of the <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a> tale, such as "<a href="/wiki/Sun,_Moon,_and_Talia" title="Sun, Moon, and Talia">Sun, Moon, and Talia</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>, the princess pricks her finger, not on a spindle, but on a sliver of flax, which later is sucked out by her children conceived as she sleeps. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flax_in_New_Zealand" title="Flax in New Zealand">Flax in New Zealand</a> – Flax fibre (Phormium) in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Natural_Fibres" title="International Year of Natural Fibres">International Year of Natural Fibres</a> – United Nations observance of 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a> – Brand name for linen woven in Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Linen" title="Belgian Linen">Belgian Linen</a> – TrademarkPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> – Provision to cells and organisms to support life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Salvia hispanica</a> – Species of flowering plant in the mint and sage family Lamiaceae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a> – Irish linen Jacquard weaver in IrelandPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatnez" title="Shatnez">Shatnez</a> – Type of cloth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemp seed">Hemp seed</a> – Low-THC cannabis plantPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-POWO-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-POWO_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/544772-1">"Linum usitatissimum L."</a> <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a>. <a 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Industrial Crops and Products. 13 (3): 239–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0926-6690%2800%2900081-9">10.1016/s0926-6690(00)00081-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Crops+and+Products&rft.atitle=Processing+techniques+for+improving+enzyme-retting+of+flax&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0926-6690%2800%2900081-9&rft.aulast=Akin+Dodd&rft.aufirst=Foulk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twp-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twp_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twp_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.producer.com/2013/01/flax-growers-try-to-flush-triffid-from-system%E2%80%A9/">"Flax growers try to flush Triffid from system"</a>. The Western Producer. 11 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217015854/http://www.producer.com/2013/01/flax-growers-try-to-flush-triffid-from-system%E2%80%A9/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flax+growers+try+to+flush+Triffid+from+system&rft.pub=The+Western+Producer&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.producer.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fflax-growers-try-to-flush-triffid-from-system%25E2%2580%25A9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/gmflax-lingm/stpf-peevl-en.pdf">"Sampling and Testing Protocol for Canadian Flaxseed Exported to the European Union"</a> (PDF). Canadian Grain Commission. 28 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014045315/http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/gmflax-lingm/stpf-peevl-en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sampling+and+Testing+Protocol+for+Canadian+Flaxseed+Exported+to+the+European+Union&rft.pub=Canadian+Grain+Commission&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grainscanada.gc.ca%2Fgmflax-lingm%2Fstpf-peevl-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/flax-canada-gmo-idUSN0824305620100108">"Canada moves to revive flax exports after GMO flap"</a>. Reuters. 8 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509120442/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/08/flax-canada-gmo-idUSN0824305620100108">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Canada+moves+to+revive+flax+exports+after+GMO+flap&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fflax-canada-gmo-idUSN0824305620100108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/triffid-seed-threatens-flax-industry-1.898128">"Triffid seed threatens flax industry"</a>. CBC News. 20 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042722/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/triffid-seed-threatens-flax-industry-1.898128">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triffid+seed+threatens+flax+industry&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Ftriffid-seed-threatens-flax-industry-1.898128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlax" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flax" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Flax">Flax</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flax" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:flax">flaxen</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flax&oldid=1277845581">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flax&oldid=1277845581</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Flax&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 27 February 2025, at 01:22 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas" title="Vlas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A3" title="ተልባ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተልባ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كتان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_z%C9%99yr%C9%99k" title="Adi zəyrək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi zəyrək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عادی کتان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عادی کتان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="তিসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Културен лен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Културен лен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan" title="Lan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lli" title="Lli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_set%C3%BD" title="Len setý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Len setý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llin" title="Llin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almindelig_h%C3%B8r" title="Almindelig hør – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Almindelig hør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" title="Flax – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Flax" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeiner_Lein" title="Gemeiner Lein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeiner Lein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_lina" title="Harilik lina – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik lina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Λινάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λινάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinara_lino" title="Ordinara lino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ordinara lino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liho" title="Liho – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liho" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کتان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_cultiv%C3%A9" title="Lin cultivé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lin cultivé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaaks" title="Flaaks – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flaaks" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADon_(planda)" title="Líon (planda) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Líon (planda)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B1o" title="Liño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80" title="અળશી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અળશી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88" title="아마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Կտավատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կտավատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="अलसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawy_len" title="Prawy len – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Prawy len" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravi_lan" title="Pravi lan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravi lan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Flaks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A_%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B3_%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Даргъ лыстæг гæн – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Даргъ лыстæг гæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spunal%C3%ADn" title="Spunalín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spunalín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9F" title="פשתן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פשתן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಗಸೆನಾರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಗಸೆನಾರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len" title="Len – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Len" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Шабді – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шабді" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loke" title="Loke – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Loke" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siejamais_lyns" title="Siejamais lyns – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Siejamais lyns" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93jas_lini" title="Sējas lini – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sējas lini" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97jamasis_linas" title="Sėjamasis linas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėjamasis linas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas" title="Vlas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vlas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvas" title="Pelvas – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pelvas" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1zi_len" title="Házi len – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Házi len" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Лен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongonimbazaha" title="Rongonimbazaha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rongonimbazaha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A3" title="ചെറുചണ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെറുചണ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="जवस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जवस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كتان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Flaks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Маалинга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маалинга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas_(gewas)" title="Vlas (gewas) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlas (gewas)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="आलस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आलस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="アマ (植物) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマ (植物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaaks" title="Flaaks – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Flaaks" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin" title="Lin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin" title="Lin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_cultivat" title="Lin cultivat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lin cultivat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zig%CA%BBir" title="Zigʻir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zigʻir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਲਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اݪسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اݪسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_zwyczajny" title="Len zwyczajny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Len zwyczajny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linho" title="Linho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/In" title="In – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="In" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linu" title="Linu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Лён обыкновенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лён обыкновенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint" title="Lint – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lint" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floaks" title="Floaks – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Floaks" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flax" title="Flax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="السي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="السي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDan_siaty" title="Ľan siaty – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľan siaty" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan" title="Lan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoondar" title="Qoondar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoondar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan" title="Lan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellava" title="Pellava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pellava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_(v%C3%A4xt)" title="Lin (växt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lin (växt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lino" title="Lino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF)" title="ஆளி (செடி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆளி (செடி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tifest" title="Tifest – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tifest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86" title="అవిసె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అవిసె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="แฟลกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟลกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94" title="ᎤᎦᏔ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keten" title="Keten – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Льон звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льон звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="السی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="السی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%89%D8%BA%D9%89%D8%B1" title="زىغىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زىغىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rgeline_p%C3%B6lvaz" title="Järgeline pölvaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Järgeline pölvaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanh_(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt)" title="Lanh (thực vật) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lanh (thực vật)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9n" title="Lén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlas" title="Vlas – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vlas" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum" title="Linum usitatissimum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linum usitatissimum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BA%BB" title="亚麻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚麻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BA%BB" title="亞麻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞麻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97ns" title="Lėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BA%BB" title="亚麻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚麻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%94%D0%BD" title="Лєн – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Лєн" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 February 2025, at 01:22 (UTC).</li> <li 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