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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The role of stigma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Combination_prevention_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_prevention_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Combination prevention programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_prevention_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Prevention efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Union's_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Union's_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 African Union's efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Union's_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AIDS_Watch_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_Watch_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 AIDS Watch Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_Watch_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roadmap_on_Shared_Responsibility_and_Global_Solidarity_for_AIDS,_TB_and_Malaria_Response_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadmap_on_Shared_Responsibility_and_Global_Solidarity_for_AIDS,_TB_and_Malaria_Response_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Roadmap on Shared Responsibility and Global Solidarity for AIDS, TB and Malaria Response in Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadmap_on_Shared_Responsibility_and_Global_Solidarity_for_AIDS,_TB_and_Malaria_Response_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventing_HIV_transmission_from_pregnant_women_to_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventing_HIV_transmission_from_pregnant_women_to_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Preventing HIV transmission from pregnant women to children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventing_HIV_transmission_from_pregnant_women_to_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_and_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Causes and spread </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_and_spread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes and spread subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behavioral_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Behavioral factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Health industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Medical factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_suspicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_suspicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Medical suspicion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_suspicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pharmaceutical industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Political factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtype_factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtype_factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Subtype factor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subtype_factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Religious factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health care delivery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Measurement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Regional prevalence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional prevalence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Horn of Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Central Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Eastern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.2 Tanzania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.3 Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Western Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Southern Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eswatini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eswatini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6.1 Eswatini </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eswatini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuberculosis_coinfections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuberculosis_coinfections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tuberculosis coinfections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuberculosis_coinfections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B2_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مرض الإيدز في إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض الإيدز في إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_v_Africe" title="HIV/AIDS v Africe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HIV/AIDS v Africe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afrika" title="HIV/AIDS in Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HIV/AIDS in Afrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIH/sida_en_%C3%81frica" title="VIH/sida en África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="VIH/sida en África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ایدز در آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایدز در آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida_en_Afrique_subsaharienne" title="Sida en Afrique subsaharienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sida en Afrique subsaharienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%98_HIV/AIDS" title="아프리카의 HIV/AIDS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카의 HIV/AIDS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_AIDS_a_Afirka" title="HIV AIDS a Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="HIV AIDS a Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_di_Afrika" title="HIV/AIDS di Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="HIV/AIDS di Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusione_dell%27HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="Diffusione dell'HIV/AIDS in Africa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diffusione dell'HIV/AIDS in Africa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94" title="איידס באפריקה שמדרום לסהרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איידס באפריקה שמדרום לסהרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_di_Afrika" title="HIV/AIDS di Afrika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="HIV/AIDS di Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv_og_aids_i_Afrika" title="Hiv og aids i Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hiv og aids i Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv/aids_i_Afrika" title="Hiv/aids i Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hiv/aids i Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_na_%C3%81frica" title="HIV/AIDS na África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="HIV/AIDS na África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiv_och_aids_i_Afrika" title="Hiv och aids i Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hiv och aids i Afrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="เอชไอวี/เอดส์ในแอฟริกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอชไอวี/เอดส์ในแอฟริกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1358589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png/300px-Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png/450px-Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png/600px-Schermafbeelding_2023-01-10_om_10.42.41.png 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa, total (% of population ages 15–49), in 2021 (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>) <table style="width:100%;"> </table> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> originated in the early 20th century and has become a major public health concern and cause of death in many countries. AIDS rates vary significantly between countries, with the majority of cases concentrated in Southern Africa. Although the continent is home to about 15.2 percent of the world's population,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> more than two-thirds of the total population infected worldwide – approximately 35 million people – were Africans, of whom around 1 million have already died.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> alone accounted for an estimate of 60 percent of all people living with HIV<a href="#cite_note-2012_Facts-3">[3]</a> and 100 percent of all AIDS deaths in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-dUNAIDSi_ck_2012-4">[4]</a> The countries of Eastern and Southern Africa are most affected, leading to raised death rates and lowered life expectancy among adults between the ages of 20 and 49 by about twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Furthermore, life expectancy in many parts of Africa is declining, largely as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with life-expectancy in some countries reaching as low as thirty-nine years.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Countries in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> have significantly low prevalence rates, as their populations typically engage in fewer high-risk cultural patterns that promote the spread of the virus in other parts of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> is the worst affected region on the continent. As of 2011, HIV has infected at least 10 percent of the population in <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. In response, a number of initiatives have been launched in various parts of the continent to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programs, considered to be the most effective initiative, such as the <a href="/wiki/Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom" title="Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom">abstinence, be faithful, use a condom</a> campaign or the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation" title="Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation">Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation</a>'s outreach programs.<a href="#cite_note-DTHF-7">[7]</a> The number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">anti-retroviral</a> treatment in 2012 were over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with nearly 1 million added in the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-9">[9]</a>: 15  Between 2000 and 2018, new HIV infections fell by 37%, and HIV-related deaths fell by 45% with 13.6 million lives saved due to ART in the same period. This achievement was the result of great efforts by national HIV programmes supported by civil society and a range of development partners. It reported that 1.1 million people have been newly infected with HIV in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> An estimated 420,000 [340,000−530,000] people died in the African Region from HIV-related causes from 1985-2021, implying that mortality has dropped by approximately 55% since 2010.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> In a 2019 research article titled "The Impact of HIV & AIDS in Africa", the charitable organization <a href="/wiki/AVERT" class="mw-redirect" title="AVERT">AVERT</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">HIV ... has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect ... has been illness and death, but the impact ... has ... not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. ... In sub-Saharan Africa, people with HIV-related diseases occupy more than half of all hospital beds. ... [L]arge numbers of healthcare professionals are being directly affected.... Botswana, for example, lost 17% of its healthcare workforce due to AIDS between 1999 and 2005. ... The toll of HIV and AIDS on households can be very severe. ... [I]t is often the poorest sectors of society that are most vulnerable.... In many cases, ... AIDS causes the household to dissolve, as parents die and children are sent to relatives for care and upbringing. ... Much happens before this dissolution takes place: AIDS strips families of their assets and income earners, further impoverishing the poor. ... The ... epidemic adds to food insecurity in many areas, as agricultural work is neglected or abandoned due to household illness. ... Almost invariably, the burden of coping rests with women. Upon a family member becoming ill, the role of women as carers, income-earners and housekeepers is stepped up. They are often forced to step into roles outside their homes as well. ... Older people are also heavily affected by the epidemic; many have to care for their sick children and are often left to look after orphaned grandchildren. ... It is hard to overemphasise the trauma and hardship that children ... are forced to bear. ... As parents and family members become ill, children take on more responsibility to earn an income, produce food, and care for family members. ... [M]ore children have been orphaned by AIDS in Africa than anywhere else. Many children are now raised by their extended families and some are even left on their own in child-headed households. ... HIV and AIDS are having a devastating effect on the already inadequate supply of teachers in African countries.... The illness or death of teachers is especially devastating in rural areas where schools depend heavily on one or two teachers. ... [I]n Tanzania[,] for example[,] ... in 2006 it was estimated that around 45,000 additional teachers were needed to make up for those who had died or left work because of HIV.... AIDS damages businesses by squeezing productivity, adding costs, diverting productive resources, and depleting skills. ... Also, as the impact of the epidemic on households grows more severe, market demand for products and services can fall. ... In many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is erasing decades of progress in extending life expectancy. ... The biggest increase in deaths ... has been among adults aged between 20 and 49 years. This group now accounts for 60% of all deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.... AIDS is hitting adults in their most economically productive years and removing the very people who could be responding to the crisis. ... As access to treatment is slowly expanded throughout the continent, millions of lives are being extended and hope is being given to people who previously had none. Unfortunately though, the majority of people in need of treatment are still not receiving it, and campaigns to prevent new infections ... are lacking in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></blockquote> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Regional comparisons of HIV in 2011 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>World region</th> <th>Adult HIV prevalence (ages 15–49)<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>Persons living with HIV<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, annual<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, annual<a href="#cite_note-2012_Facts-3">[3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Worldwide</td> <td align="center">0.8%</td> <td align="right">34,000,000</td> <td align="right">1,700,000</td> <td align="right">2,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-Saharan Africa</td> <td align="center">4.9%</td> <td align="right">23,500,000</td> <td align="right">1,200,000</td> <td align="right">1,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South and Southeast Asia</td> <td align="center">0.3%</td> <td align="right">4,000,000</td> <td align="right">250,000</td> <td align="right">280,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern Europe and Central Asia</td> <td align="center">1.0%</td> <td align="right">1,400,000</td> <td align="right">92,000</td> <td align="right">140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Asia</td> <td align="center">0.1%</td> <td align="right">830,000</td> <td align="right">59,000</td> <td align="right">89,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latin America</td> <td align="center">0.4%</td> <td align="right">1,400,000</td> <td align="right">54,000</td> <td align="right">83,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East and North Africa</td> <td align="center">0.2%</td> <td align="right">300,000</td> <td align="right">23,000</td> <td align="right">37,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North America</td> <td align="center">0.6%</td> <td align="right">1,400,000</td> <td align="right">21,000</td> <td align="right">51,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caribbean</td> <td align="center">1.0%</td> <td align="right">230,000</td> <td align="right">10,000</td> <td align="right">13,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western and Central Europe</td> <td align="center">0.2%</td> <td align="right">900,000</td> <td align="right">7,000</td> <td align="right">30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oceania</td> <td align="center">0.3%</td> <td align="right">53,000</td> <td align="right">1,300</td> <td align="right">2,900 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_HIV/AIDS_in_Africa">Origins of HIV/AIDS in Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of HIV/AIDS in Africa">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of AIDS">Origin of AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png/400px-HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png/600px-HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png/800px-HIV-1_subtype_prevalence_in_2002.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption>Historical prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV-1 subtypes</a> (2002)</figcaption></figure> The earliest known cases of human <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> infection were in western <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">equatorial Africa</a>, probably in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> where groups of the <a href="/wiki/Central_chimpanzee" title="Central chimpanzee">central common chimpanzee</a> live. "Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all <a href="/wiki/HIV-1" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-1">HIV-1</a> strains known to infect humans, including HIV-1 groups M, N, and O, were closely related to just one of these SIV cpz lineages: that found in P. t. troglodytes [Pan troglodytes troglodytes i.e. the central chimpanzee]." It is suspected that the disease jumped to humans from butchering of chimpanzees for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunt-15">[15]</a> Current hypotheses also include that, once the virus jumped from chimpanzees or other apes to humans, medical practices of the early 20th century helped HIV become established in human populations by 1930.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The virus likely moved from <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> to humans when hunters came into contact with the blood of infected primates. The hunters then became infected with HIV and passed on the disease to other humans through bodily fluid contamination. This theory is known as the "Bushmeat theory".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> HIV made the leap from rural isolation to rapid urban transmission as a result of urbanization that occurred during the 20th century. There are many reasons why there is such a high prevalence of AIDS in Africa. One of the most formative explanations is the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> that dramatically impacts the daily lives of Africans. The book, Ethics and AIDS in Africa: A Challenge to Our Thinking, describes how "Poverty has accompanying side-effects, such as prostitution (i.e. the need to sell sex for survival), poor living conditions, education, health and health care, that are major contributing factors to the current spread of HIV/AIDS."<a href="#cite_note-Van_Niekerk_A._2005-18">[18]</a> Researchers believe HIV was gradually spread by river travel. All the rivers in Cameroon run into the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_River" title="Sangha River">Sangha River</a>, which joins the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> running past <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. Trade along the rivers could have spread the virus, which built up slowly in the human population. By the 1960s, about 2,000 people in Africa may have had HIV,<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-15">[15]</a> including people in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> whose tissue samples from 1959 and 1960 have been preserved and studied retrospectively.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The first epidemic of HIV/AIDS is believed to have occurred in Kinshasa in the 1970s, signaled by a surge in opportunistic infections such as <a href="/wiki/Cryptococcal_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptococcal meningitis">cryptococcal meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg/400px-Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg/600px-Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg/800px-Carte_pr%C3%A9valence_sida_1988-2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa over the years</figcaption></figure> Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a fatal disease caused by the slow-acting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus multiplies in the body until it causes immune system damage, leading to diseases of the AIDS syndrome. HIV emerged in Africa in the 1960s and spread to the United States and Europe the following decade. In the 1980s it spread across the globe until it became a pandemic. Some areas of the world were already significantly impacted by AIDS, while in others the epidemic was just beginning. The virus is transmitted by bodily fluid contact including the exchange of sexual fluids, by blood, from mother to child in the womb, and during delivery or breastfeeding. AIDS first was identified in the United States and France in 1981, principally among homosexual men. Then in 1982 and 1983, heterosexual Africans also were diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> In the late 1980s, international development agencies regarded AIDS control as a technical medical problem rather than one involving all areas of economic and social life. Because public health authorities perceived AIDS to be an urban phenomenon associated with prostitution, they believed that the majority of Africans who lived in "traditional" rural areas would be spared. They believed that the heterosexual epidemic could be contained by focusing prevention efforts on persuading the so-called core transmitters—people such as sex workers and truck drivers, known to have multiple sex partners—to use condoms. These factors hindered prevention campaigns in many countries for more than a decade.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_UNAIDS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Africa_UNAIDS.svg/220px-Africa_UNAIDS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Africa_UNAIDS.svg/330px-Africa_UNAIDS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Africa_UNAIDS.svg/440px-Africa_UNAIDS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Africa over the years</figcaption></figure> Although many governments in <a href="/wiki/Sub-saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> denied that there was a problem for years, they have now begun to work toward solutions.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> AIDS was at first considered a disease of gay men and people suffering from drug addiction, but in Africa it took off among the general population. As a result, those involved in the fight against HIV began to emphasize aspects such as preventing transmission from mother to child, or the relationship between HIV and poverty, inequality of the sexes, and so on, rather than emphasizing the need to prevent transmission by unsafe sexual practices or drug injection. This change in emphasis resulted in more funding, but was not effective in preventing a drastic rise in HIV prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-HIV_Today-23">[23]</a> The global response to HIV and AIDS has improved considerably in recent years. Funding comes from many sources, the largest of which are the <a href="/wiki/Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS</a> (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">anti-retroviral treatment</a> rose from 1 million to 7.1 million between 2005 and 2012, an 805% increase. Almost 1 million of those patients were treated in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-9">[9]</a> The number of HIV positive people in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> who received such treatment in 2011 was 75.2 percent higher than the number in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> Additionally, the number of AIDS-related deaths in 2011 in both Africa as a whole and Sub-Saharan Africa alone was 32 percent less than the number in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> The number of new HIV infections in Africa in 2011 was also 33 percent less than the number in 2001, with a "24% reduction in new infections among children from 2009 to 2011".<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-9">[9]</a> In Sub-Saharan Africa, new HIV positive cases over the same period declined by 25%.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> According to UNAIDS, these successes have resulted from "strong leadership and shared responsibility in Africa and among the global community".<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_of_HIV_infections">Prevention of HIV infections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prevention of HIV infections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIDS_sign_in_Tanzania.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AIDS_sign_in_Tanzania.jpeg/400px-AIDS_sign_in_Tanzania.jpeg" decoding="async" width="400" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AIDS_sign_in_Tanzania.jpeg/600px-AIDS_sign_in_Tanzania.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/AIDS_sign_in_Tanzania.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>AIDS awareness sign in central <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, Tanzania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_education_initiatives">Public education initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public education initiatives">edit</a>]</div> Numerous public education initiatives have been launched to curb the spread of HIV in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_stigma">The role of stigma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The role of stigma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (April 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Many activists have drawn attention to stigmatization of those testing as HIV positive. This is due to many factors such as a lack of understanding of the disease, lack of access to treatment, the media, knowing that AIDS is incurable, and prejudices brought on by a cultures beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-biomedcentral.com|access-date=2015-04-25-26">[26]</a> "When HIV/AIDS became a global disease, Some African leaders played ostrich and said that it was a gay disease found only in the West and Africans did not have to worry because there were no gays and lesbians in Africa".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Africans were blind to the already huge epidemic that was infesting their communities. The belief that only homosexuals could contract the diseases was later debunked as the number of heterosexual couples living with HIV increased. Unfortunately there were other rumors being spread by elders in Cameroon. These "elders speculated that HIV/AIDS was a sexually transmitted disease passed on from Fulani women only to non-Fulani men who had sexual contact with them. They also claimed if a man was infected as a result of having sexual contact with a Fulani woman, only a Fulani healer could treat him".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This communal belief is shared by many other African cultures who believe that HIV and AIDS originated from women. Because of this belief that men can only get HIV from women many "women are not free to speak of their HIV status to their partners for fear of violence".<a href="#cite_note-biomedcentral.com|access-date=2015-04-25-26">[26]</a> In general HIV carries a negative stigma in Sub-Saharan Africa. Unfortunately This stigma makes it very challenging for Sub-Saharan Africans to share that they have HIV because they are afraid of being an outcast from their friends and family. In every Sub-Saharan community HIV is seen as the bringer of death. The common belief is that once you have HIV you are destined to die. People seclude themselves based on these beliefs. They do not tell their family and live with guilt and fear because of HIV. However, there is a way to treat HIV and AIDS the problem is that many are just not aware of how HIV is spread or what effects it has on the body. "80.8% of participants would not sleep in the same room as someone who was HIV positive, while 94.5% would not talk to someone who was HIV positive".<a href="#cite_note-biomedcentral.com|access-date=2015-04-25-26">[26]</a> Social stigma plays a significant role in the state of HIV and AIDS infection in Africa. "In a normatively HIV/AIDS-stigmatizing Sub Saharan African communities, this suspicion of one's status by others is also applicable to individuals who are not HIV positive, but who may wish to utilize healthcare services for preventive purposes. This group of individuals under fear of suspicion may avoid being mistakenly identified as stigmatized by simply avoiding HARHS utilization." (151)<a href="#cite_note-Van_Niekerk_A._2005-18">[18]</a> "At the individual level, persons living with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa likely want to conceal their stigmatized identities whenever possible in order to gain these rewards associated with having a 'normal' identity. The rewards of being considered normal' in the context of high-HIV-prevalence Sub-Saharan Africa are varied and great... such rewards for which there is empirical support in this context include perceived sexual freedom, avoidance of discrimination, avoidance of community or family rejection, avoidance of losing one's job or residence, and avoidance of losing one's sexual partners. Other potential rewards of being considered normal include avoidance of being associated with promiscuity or prostitution, avoidance of emotional, social and physical isolation and avoidance of being blamed for others' illness" (150).<a href="#cite_note-Van_Niekerk_A._2005-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combination_prevention_programs">Combination prevention programs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combination prevention programs">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS</a> defines combination prevention programs as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">rights-based, evidence-informed, and community-owned programs that use a mix of biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions, prioritized to meet the current HIV prevention needs of particular individuals and communities, so as to have the greatest sustained impact on reducing new infections. Well-designed programs are carefully tailored to national and local needs and conditions; focus resources on the mix of programmatic and policy actions required to address both immediate risks and underlying vulnerability; and are thoughtfully planned and managed to operate synergistically and consistently on multiple levels (e.g. individual, relationship, community, society) and over an adequate period of time. Using different prevention strategies in combination is not a new idea combination approaches have been used effectively to generate sharp, sustained reductions in new HIV infections in diverse settings. Combination prevention reflects common sense, yet it is striking how seldom the approach has been put into practice. Prevention efforts to date have overwhelmingly focused on reducing individual risk, with fewer efforts made to address societal factors that increase vulnerability to HIV. UNAIDS' combination prevention framework puts structural interventions—including programs to promote human rights, to remove punitive laws that block the AIDS response, and to combat gender inequality and HIV related stigma and discrimination—at the center of the HIV prevention agenda.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></blockquote> "It is the consensus in the HIV scientific community that <a href="/wiki/Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom" title="Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom">abstinence, be faithful, use a condom</a> [(ABC)] principles are vital guides for public health intervention, but are better bundled with biomedical prevention approaches; lone behavioral change approaches are not likely to stop the global pandemic."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> has replaced its ABC strategy with a combination prevention program because of an increase in the annual HIV infection rate. Most new infections were coming from people in long-term relationships who had multiple sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom">Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom" title="Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom">abstinence, be faithful, use a condom</a> (ABC) strategy to prevent HIV infection promotes safer sexual behavior and emphasizes the need for fidelity, fewer sexual partners, and a later age of sexual debut. The implementation of ABC differs among those who use it. For example, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a> has focused more on abstinence and fidelity than condoms<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> has had a more balanced approach to the three elements.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The effectiveness of ABC is controversial. At the <a href="/wiki/XVI_International_AIDS_Conference,_2006" title="XVI International AIDS Conference, 2006">16th International AIDS Conference</a> in 2006, African countries gave the strategy mixed reviews. In <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Much of the ABC message was getting through, but it was not making much of a difference. A program called Total Community Mobilization sent 450 AIDS counselors door-to-door, giving prevention advice, urging HIV testing and referring infected people to treatment. People who had talked to the counselors were twice as likely to mention abstinence and three times as likely to mention condom use when asked to describe ways to avoid infection. However, they were no more likely than the uncounseled to mention being faithful as a good strategy. The people who had been counseled were also twice as likely to have been tested for HIV in the previous year, and to have discussed that possibility with a sex partner. However, they were just as likely to have a partner outside marriage as the people who had not gotten a visit from a counselor, and they were no more likely to be using a condom in those liaisons.<a href="#cite_note-Mixed-34">[34]</a></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There was a somewhat different result in a study of young Nigerians, ages 15 to 24, most unmarried, living in the city and working in semiskilled jobs. People in specific neighborhoods were counseled with an ABC message as part of a seven-year project funded by the [[United States Agency for International Development [U.S. Agency for International Development] and its British counterpart. The uncounseled group showed no increase in condom use—it stayed about 55 percent. In the counseled group, however, condom use by women in their last nonmarital sexual encounter rose from 54 percent to 69 percent. For men, it rose from 64 percent to 75 percent. Stigmatizing attitudes appeared to be less common among the counseled group. But "We did not see a reduction in the number of partners," said Godspower Omoregie, the researcher from Abuja who presented the findings.<a href="#cite_note-Mixed-34">[34]</a></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A survey of 1,400 Kenyan teenagers found a fair amount of confusion about ABC's messages. Half of the teenagers could correctly define abstinence and explain why it was important. Only 23 percent could explain what being faithful meant and why it was important. Some thought it meant being honest, and some thought it meant having faith in the fidelity of one's partner. Only 13 percent could correctly explain the importance of a condom in preventing HIV infection. About half spontaneously offered negative opinions about condoms, saying they were unreliable, immoral and, in some cases, were designed to let HIV be transmitted.<a href="#cite_note-Mixed-34">[34]</a></blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, An estimated value of about 300,000 people(All ages) have been infected with the HIV virus. This is prevalent and highest in the Eastern Region of Ghana and lowest in the Northern Regions of the country. As part of national efforts to control the wide spread of the HIV virus, the ABC approach is a popular strategy employed for HIV prevention in the country. The virus is higher among women than among men in all age groups with estimates of 56 percent among females and 44 percent among male. Sexual transmission remains the major mode of HIV transmission in Ghana but other approaches such as Information Education and Communication (IEC) and Behavior Change Communication (BCC) are all been used for the course of the virus prevention.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a> in 2010 announced that it was abandoning the ABC strategy because it was a dismal failure in preventing the spread of HIV. "If you look at the increase of HIV in the country while we've been applying the ABC concept all these years, then it is evident that ABC is not the answer," said Dr. Derek von Wissell, Director of the National Emergency Response Council on HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevention_efforts">Prevention efforts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention efforts">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser_Family_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a> provided major funding for the <a href="/wiki/LoveLife_South_Africa" title="LoveLife South Africa">Love Life website</a>, an online sexual health and relationship resource for teenagers.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana Ministry of Education</a> introduced new HIV/AIDS educational technology in local schools. The <a href="/wiki/TeachAids" title="TeachAids">TeachAids</a> prevention software, developed at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, was distributed to every primary, secondary, and tertiary educational institution in the country, reaching all learners from 6 to 24 years of age nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Union's_efforts">African Union's efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: African Union's efforts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AIDS_Watch_Africa">AIDS Watch Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: AIDS Watch Africa">edit</a>]</div> During the Abuja <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> Summit on HIV/AIDS in April 2001, the heads of state and heads of government of <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> established the AIDS Watch Africa (AWA) advocacy platform. The initiative was formed to "accelerate efforts by Heads of State and Government to implement their commitments for the fight against HIV/AIDS, and to mobilize the required national and international resources."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In January 2012, AWA was revitalized to include all of Africa and its objectives were broadened to include malaria and tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roadmap_on_Shared_Responsibility_and_Global_Solidarity_for_AIDS,_TB_and_Malaria_Response_in_Africa">Roadmap on Shared Responsibility and Global Solidarity for AIDS, TB and Malaria Response in Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roadmap on Shared Responsibility and Global Solidarity for AIDS, TB and Malaria Response in Africa">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> adopted a Roadmap on Shared Responsibility and Global Solidarity for AIDS, TB and Malaria Response in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-8">[8]</a> This Roadmap outlines a set of African-developed strategies to strengthen shared responsibility and international cooperation for achieving sustainable AIDS solutions in Africa by 2015. The solutions are organized around three strategic pillars: diversified financing; access to medicines; and enhanced health governance. The Roadmap defines goals, results and roles and responsibilities to hold stakeholders accountable for the realization of these solutions between 2012 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventing_HIV_transmission_from_pregnant_women_to_children">Preventing HIV transmission from pregnant women to children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Preventing HIV transmission from pregnant women to children">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS</a> reported that the following sixteen African nations in 2012 "ensure[d] that more than three-quarters of pregnant women living with HIV receive antiretroviral medicine to prevent transmission to their child": <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Principe" class="mw-redirect" title="São Tomé and Principe">São Tomé and Principe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_spread">Causes and spread</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Causes and spread">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_factors">Behavioral factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Behavioral factors">edit</a>]</div> High-risk behavioral patterns are largely responsible for the significantly greater spread of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other parts of the world. Chief among these are the traditionally liberal attitudes espoused by many communities inhabiting the subcontinent toward multiple sexual partners and pre-marital and outside marriage sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCTHIV-43">[43]</a> HIV transmission is most likely in the first few weeks after infection, and is therefore increased when people have more than one sexual partner in the same time period. In most of the developed world outside Africa, this means HIV transmission is high among <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitutes</a> and other people who may have more than one sexual partner concurrently. Within the cultures of sub-Saharan Africa, it is relatively common for both men and women to be carrying on sexual relations with more than one person, which promotes HIV transmission.<a href="#cite_note-HIV_Today-23">[23]</a> This practice is known as concurrency, which Helen Epstein describes in her book, The Invisible Cure: Africa, the West, and the Fight against AIDS, in which her research into the sexual mores of Uganda revealed the high frequency with which men and women engage in concurrent sexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In addition, in sub-Saharan Africa AIDS is the leading killer and a large reason for the high transmission rates is because of the lack of education provided to youth. When infected, most children die within one year because of the lack of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> All demographic populations in Sub-Saharan Africa have been infected with HIV, from men to women, and from pregnant women to children. Rather than having more of a specific group infected, male or female, the ratio of men and women infected with HIV are quite similar. With the HIV infection, 77% of men, women, and children, develop AIDS, and die in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, "more than 90% of AIDS orphans and children [were] infected with HIV".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Lack of money is an obvious challenge, although a great deal of aid is distributed throughout developing countries with high HIV/AIDS rates. For African countries with advanced medical facilities, <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> on many drugs have hindered the ability to make low cost alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47">[47]</a> Natural disasters and conflict are also major challenges, as the resulting economic problems people face can drive many young women and girls into patterns of sex work in order to ensure their livelihood or that of their family, or else to obtain safe passage, food, shelter or other resources.<a href="#cite_note-ODIhiv-48">[48]</a> Emergencies can also lead to greater exposure to HIV infection through new patterns of sex work. In <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, an influx of humanitarian workers and transporters, such as truck drivers, attracted sex workers from outside the area.<a href="#cite_note-ODIhiv-48">[48]</a> Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/Turkana_District" title="Turkana District">Turkana District</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, drought led to a decrease in clients for local sex workers, prompting the sex workers to relax their condom use demands and search for new truck driver clients on main highways and in peri-urban settlements.<a href="#cite_note-ODIhiv-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_industry">Health industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Health industry">edit</a>]</div> Sub-Saharan "Africans have always appreciated the importance of health care because good health is seen as necessary for the continuation and growth of their lineage".<a href="#cite_note-Intercultural_Press-49">[49]</a> Without proper health the culture will not be able to thrive and grow. Unfortunately, "health services in many countries are swamped by the need to care for increasing numbers of infected and sick people. Ameliorative drugs are too expensive for most victims, except for a very small number who are affluent".<a href="#cite_note-Intercultural_Press-49">[49]</a> The greatest number of sick people with the fewest doctors, Sub-Saharan Africa "has 11 percent of the world's population but carries 24 percent of the global disease burden. With less than 1 percent of global health expenditure and only 3 percent of the world's health workers".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midwife_draws_blood_to_establish_HIV_patients_CD4_count_(7242176744).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Midwife_draws_blood_to_establish_HIV_patients_CD4_count_%287242176744%29.jpg/400px-Midwife_draws_blood_to_establish_HIV_patients_CD4_count_%287242176744%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Midwife_draws_blood_to_establish_HIV_patients_CD4_count_%287242176744%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Measuring an HIV patient's <a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a> count at the Kyabugimbi Health Center in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></figcaption></figure> When family members get sick with HIV or other sicknesses, family members often end up selling most of their belongings in order to provide health care for the individual. Medical facilities in many African countries are lacking. Many health care workers are also not available, in part due to lack of training by governments and in part due to the wooing of these workers by foreign medical organizations where there is a need for medical professionals.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Unfortunately, many individuals who get a medical degree end up leaving Sub-Saharan Africa to work abroad "either to escape instability or to practice where they have better working conditions and a higher salary".<a href="#cite_note-Health-51">[51]</a> Many low income communities are very far away from a hospital and they cannot afford to bus there or pay for medical attention once they arrive. "Healthcare in Africa differs widely, depending on the country and also the region – those living in urban areas are more likely to receive better healthcare services than those in rural or remote regions".<a href="#cite_note-Health-51">[51]</a> It is very common to just wait out a sickness or seek help from a neighbor or relative. Currently antiretroviral therapy is the closest to a cure. However, many hospitals lack enough antiretroviral drugs to treat everyone. This may be because most Sub-Saharan African countries invest "as little as 1-4 dollars per capita, [so] overseas aid is a major source of funding for healthcare".<a href="#cite_note-Health-51">[51]</a> Many overseas organizations are very hesitant to give antiretroviral drugs to Sub-Saharan Africa because they are expensive, which means that there is only so much they can give. Relying on other countries for help in general requires more paperwork and faith in another country very far away. Also, delivery of drugs and other aid takes many month and years to arrive in the hands of those that need help.<a href="#cite_note-:3-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_factors">Medical factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medical factors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_suspicion">Medical suspicion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medical suspicion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_(5686747785).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_%285686747785%29.jpg/400px-Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_%285686747785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_%285686747785%29.jpg/600px-Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_%285686747785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_%285686747785%29.jpg/800px-Angolan_community_members_at_HIV_AIDS_outreach_event_%285686747785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An HIV/AIDS educational outreach session in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></figcaption></figure> There are high levels of medical suspicion throughout Africa, and there is evidence that such distrust may have a significant impact on the use of medical services.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The distrust of modern medicine is sometimes linked to theories of a "Western Plot"<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> of mass sterilization or population reduction, perhaps a consequence of several high-profile incidents involving western medical practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_industry">Pharmaceutical industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical industry">edit</a>]</div> Africans are still fighting against unethical human experimentation and other practices of unfair treatment by the pharmaceutical industry.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57">[57]</a> Medical experimentation occurs in Africa on many medications, but once approved, access to the drug is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57">[57]</a> South African scientists in a combined effort with American scientists from <a href="/wiki/Gilead_Sciences" title="Gilead Sciences">Gilead Sciences</a> recently tested and found effective a <a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine/tenofovir" title="Emtricitabine/tenofovir">tenofovir</a>-based anti-retroviral vaginal gel that could be used as pre-exposure prophylaxis. Testing of this gel was conducted at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="University of KwaZulu-Natal">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The FDA in the US is in the process of reviewing the drug for approval for US use.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The AIDS/HIV epidemic has led to the rise in unethical <a href="/wiki/Medical_experimentation_in_Africa" title="Medical experimentation in Africa">medical experimentation in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57">[57]</a> Since the epidemic is widespread, African governments sometimes relax their laws in order to get research conducted in their countries which they would otherwise not afford.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-57">[57]</a> However, global organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Foundation" title="Clinton Foundation">Clinton Foundation</a>, are working to reduce the cost of HIV/AIDS medications in Africa and elsewhere. For example, the philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Inder_Singh_(philanthropist)" title="Inder Singh (philanthropist)">Inder Singh</a> oversaw a program which reduced the cost of paediatric HIV/AIDS drugs by between 80 and 92 percent by working with manufacturers to reduce production and distribution costs.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Manufacturers often cite distribution and production difficulties in developing markets, which create a substantial barrier to entry.<a href="#cite_note-:3-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_factors">Political factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political factors">edit</a>]</div> Major African political leaders have denied the link between HIV and AIDS, favoring alternate theories.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The scientific community considers the evidence that HIV causes AIDS to be conclusive and rejects <a href="/wiki/AIDS_denialism" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS denialism">AIDS-denialist</a> claims as pseudoscience based on conspiracy theories, faulty reasoning, cherry picking, and misrepresentation of mainly outdated scientific data.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subtype_factor">Subtype factor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subtype factor">edit</a>]</div> Subtypes A and C are the most prevalent HIV subtypes in Africa, and subtype C is the most prominent in the world, accounting for about 50% of all HIV infections.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Despite this, the majority of HIV research has historically been focused on subtype B, which constitutes only 12% of infections, mostly in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> Due to this lack of research, it is currently unclear whether or not subtype C has evolved factors for increased viral transmission compared to other HIV subtypes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_factors">Religious factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religious factors">edit</a>]</div> Pressure from both Christian and Muslim religious leaders has resulted in the banning of a number of safe-sex campaigns, including condom promoting advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_care_delivery">Health care delivery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Health care delivery">edit</a>]</div> While there is currently no cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS there are emerging treatments. It has been extensively discussed that antiretroviral drugs (ART) are crucial for preventing the acquiring of AIDS. AIDS is acquired at the final stage of the HIV virus, which can be completely averted. It is overwhelmingly possible to live with the virus and never acquire AIDS. The proper obedience to ART drugs can provide an infected person with a limitless future. ART drugs are key in preventing the diseases from progressing as well as ensuring the disease is well controlled, thus forbidding the disease from becoming resistant to the treatments.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In countries like Nigeria and the Central African Republic, a mere less than 25% of the population has access to the ART drugs.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Funds devoted to ART drug access were measured at $19.1 billion in 2013 in low and middle-income countries among the region, however the funds were short of the UNAIDS' previous resource needs estimates of $22–24 billion by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Measurement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester,_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester%2C_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg/290px-Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester%2C_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester%2C_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg/435px-Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester%2C_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester%2C_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg/580px-Archbishop_Desmond_Tutu_gets_an_HIV_test_on_The_Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation%27s_Tutu_Tester%2C_a_mobile_test_unit_that_brings_healthcare_right_to_your_doorstep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> gets an HIV test on the <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation" title="Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation">Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation</a>'s Tutu Tester, a mobile test unit.</figcaption></figure> Prevalence measures include everyone living with HIV and AIDS, and present a delayed representation of the epidemic by aggregating the HIV infections of many years. Incidence, in contrast, measures the number of new infections, usually over the previous year. There is no practical, reliable way to assess incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Prevalence in 15- to 24-year-old pregnant women attending <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">antenatal clinics</a> is sometimes used as an approximation. The test done to measure prevalence is a sero survey in which blood is tested for the presence of HIV.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Health units that conduct sero surveys rarely operate in remote rural communities, and the data collected also does not measure people who seek alternate healthcare. Extrapolating national data from antenatal surveys relies on assumptions which may not hold across all regions and at different stages in an epidemic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thus, there may be significant disparities between official figures and actual HIV prevalence in some countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A minority of scientists claim that as many as 40 percent of HIV infections in African adults may be caused by unsafe medical practices rather than by sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The World Health Organization states that about 2.5 percent of HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa are caused by unsafe medical injection practices and the "overwhelming majority" by unprotected sex.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_prevalence">Regional prevalence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regional prevalence">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to areas in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, traditional cultures and religions in Sub-Saharan Africa have generally exhibited a more liberal attitude to female out-of-marriage sexual activity. The latter includes practices such as multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex, high-risk cultural patterns that have been implicated in the much greater spread of HIV in the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-RCTHIV-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: North Africa">edit</a>]</div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2021</th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2021<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2021<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2021<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td><0.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>21,000</td> <td><500</td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td><0.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>30,000</td> <td><1000</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td> <td>0.2%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>8,300</td> <td><200</td> <td><500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td><0.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>23,000</td> <td><500</td> <td><1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td>0.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></td> <td>41,000</td> <td>1,900</td> <td>3,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td><0.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>5,400</td> <td><500</td> <td><500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa">edit</a>]</div> As with North Africa, the HIV infection rates in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> are quite low. This has been attributed to the Muslim nature of many of the local communities and adherence to Muslim norms regarding sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-RCTHIV-43">[43]</a> Ethiopia's HIV prevalence rate has decreased from 3.6 percent in 2001 to 1.4 percent in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> The number of new infections per year also has decreased from 130,000 in 2001 to 24,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>9,200</td> <td>12,000</td> <td><1,000</td> <td>1,000</td> <td><1,000</td> <td>1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>1,400</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>3.6%</td> <td>790,000</td> <td>1,300,000</td> <td>54,000</td> <td>100,000</td> <td>24,000</td> <td>130,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>35,000</td> <td>34,000</td> <td>3,100</td> <td>2,800</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Central Africa">edit</a>]</div> HIV infection rates in central Africa are moderate to high.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2011</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2011</th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2011</th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td>2.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>230,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>130,000</td> <td>12,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>8,200</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>4.6%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>5.1%</td> <td>550,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>450,000</td> <td>34,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>28,000</td> <td>43,000</td> <td>57,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></td> <td>4.6%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>8.1%</td> <td>130,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>170,000</td> <td>10,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>16,000</td> <td>8,200</td> <td>15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td> <td>3.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>210,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>170,000</td> <td>12,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>13,000</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></td> <td>3.3%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>3.8%</td> <td>83,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>74,000</td> <td>4,600<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>6,900</td> <td>7,900</td> <td>7,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td>1.2–1.6%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>430,000–560,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>26,000–40,000 (2009)<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td>4.7%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>20,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>7,900</td> <td><1,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td><500</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></td> <td>5.0%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>46,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>35,000</td> <td>2,500<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>2,100</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>4,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td>1.0%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>0.9%</td> <td><1,000<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td><1,000</td> <td><100<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td><100</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Africa">Eastern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Eastern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_%283%29.jpg/400px-Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_%283%29.jpg/600px-Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_%283%29.jpg/800px-Kenya2006-_worldaidsday-_contesto-_COSV_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a> 2006 event in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></figcaption></figure> HIV infection rates in eastern Africa are moderate to high. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenya">Kenya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">HIV/AIDS in Kenya</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, according to a 2008 report from the <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS</a>, had the third largest number of individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa living with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> It also had the highest prevalence rate of any country outside of Southern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> Kenya's HIV infection rate dropped from around 14 percent in the mid-1990s to 5 percent in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a> but rose again to 6.2 percent by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> The number of newly infected people per year, however, decreased by almost 30 percent, from 140,000 in 2001 to 100,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> As of 2012, <a href="/wiki/Nyanza_Province" title="Nyanza Province">Nyanza Province</a> had the highest HIV prevalence rate at 13.9 percent, with the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province_(Kenya)" title="North Eastern Province (Kenya)">North Eastern Province</a> having the lowest rate at 0.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> Christian men and women also had a higher infection rate than their Muslim counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> This discrepancy was especially visible among women, with Muslim women showing a rate of 2.8 percent versus 8.4 percent among Protestant women and 8 percent among Catholic women.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> HIV was also more common among the wealthiest than among the poorest (7.2 percent versus 4.6 percent).<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> Historically, HIV had been more prevalent in urban than rural areas, although the gap is closing rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> Men in rural areas are now more likely to be HIV-infected (at 4.5 percent) than those in urban areas (at 3.7 percent).<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDSKEN-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tanzania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">HIV/AIDS in Tanzania</a></div> Between 2004 and 2008, the HIV incidence rate in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> for ages 15–44 slowed to 3.37 per 1,000 person-years (4.42 for women and 2.36 for men).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The number of newly infected people per year increased slightly, from 140,000 in 2001 to 150,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> There were also significantly fewer HIV infections in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, which in 2011 had a prevalence rate of 1.0 percent compared to 5.3 percent in mainland Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-Survey-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">HIV/AIDS in Uganda</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> has registered a gradual decrease in its HIV rates from 10.6 percent in 1997, to a stabilized 6.5–7.2 percent since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2010-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCTHIV-43">[43]</a> This has been attributed to changing local behavioral patterns, with more respondents reporting greater use of contraceptives<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and a two-year delay in first sexual activity as well as fewer people reporting casual sexual encounters and multiple partners.<a href="#cite_note-RCTHIV-43">[43]</a> The number of newly infected people per year, however, has increased by over 50 percent, from 99,000 in 2001 to 150,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> More than 40 percent of new infections are among married couples, indicating widespread and increasing <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This increase has caused alarm. The director of the Centre for Disease Control – Uganda, Wuhib Tadesse, said in 2011 that, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">for every person started on antiretroviral therapy, there are three new HIV infections[,] and this is unsustainable. We are very concerned. Complacence could be part of the problem. Young people nowadays no longer see people dying; they see people on ARVs but getting children. We need to re-examine our strategies.... Leaders at all levels are spending [more] time in workshops than in the communities to sensitive the people[,] and this must stop."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></blockquote> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2011</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td>1.3%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>3.5%</td> <td>80,000</td> <td>130,000</td> <td>5,800</td> <td>13,000</td> <td>3,000</td> <td>6,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></td> <td>0.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td><0.1%</td> <td><500</td> <td><100</td> <td><100</td> <td><100</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>6.2%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>1,600,000</td> <td>1,600,000</td> <td>62,000</td> <td>130,000</td> <td>100,000</td> <td>140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td>0.3%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>34,000</td> <td>22,000</td> <td>2,600</td> <td>1,500</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></td> <td>1.0%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>7,400</td> <td>6,600</td> <td><1,000</td> <td><500</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td>2.9%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>4.1%</td> <td>210,000</td> <td>220,000</td> <td>6,400</td> <td>21,000</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>19,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></td> <td>not available<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td> <td>3.1%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>not available</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>not available</td> <td>11,000</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>5.1%<a href="#cite_note-Survey-76">[76]</a></td> <td>7.2%</td> <td>1,600,000</td> <td>1,400,000</td> <td>84,000</td> <td>130,000</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>7.2%<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>1,400,000</td> <td>990,000</td> <td>62,000</td> <td>100,000</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>99,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Africa">Western Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Western Africa">edit</a>]</div> Western Africa has moderate levels of infection of both <a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">HIV-1 and HIV-2</a>. The onset of the HIV epidemic in the region began in 1985 with reported cases in Senegal,<a href="#cite_note-:2-80">[80]</a> Benin,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> These were followed in 1986 by Côte d'Ivoire.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The first identification of HIV-2 occurred in Senegal by microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Mboup" title="Souleymane Mboup">Souleymane Mboup</a> and his collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-:2-80">[80]</a> HIV prevalence in western Africa is lowest in Senegal and highest in Nigeria, which has the second largest number of people living with HIV in Africa after <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Nigeria's infection rate (number of patients relative to the entire population), however, is much lower (3.7 percent) compared to South Africa's (17.3 percent).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Niger in 2011, the national HIV prevalence rate for ages 15–49 was 0.8 percent while for sex workers it was 36 percent.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>64,000</td> <td>66,000</td> <td>2,800</td> <td>6,400</td> <td>4,900</td> <td>5,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>120,000</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>6,800</td> <td>15,000</td> <td>7,100</td> <td>13,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>3,300</td> <td>2,700</td> <td><200</td> <td><500</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>360,000</td> <td>560,000</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>50,000</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>14,000</td> <td>5,700</td> <td><1,000</td> <td><500</td> <td>1,300</td> <td>1,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>230,000</td> <td>250,000</td> <td>15,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>18,000</td> <td>13,000</td> <td>28,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>85,000</td> <td>72,000</td> <td>4,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>5,100</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>24,000</td> <td>9,800</td> <td><1,000</td> <td><1,000</td> <td>2,900</td> <td>1,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>25,000</td> <td>39,000</td> <td>2,300<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>2,500</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>110,000</td> <td>110,000</td> <td>6,600</td> <td>9,700</td> <td>8,600</td> <td>12,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>24,000</td> <td>10,000</td> <td>1,500</td> <td><1,000</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>65,000</td> <td>45,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>3,200</td> <td>6,400</td> <td>6,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>3,400,000</td> <td>2,500,000</td> <td>210,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>150,000</td> <td>340,000</td> <td>310,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>0.7%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>53,000</td> <td>24,000</td> <td>1,600</td> <td>1,400</td> <td>not available</td> <td>not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>49,000</td> <td>21,000</td> <td>2,600</td> <td><1,000</td> <td>3,900</td> <td>4,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td>3.4%</td> <td>4.1%</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>120,000</td> <td>8,900<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>8,100</td> <td>9,500</td> <td>17,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg/240px-Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg/360px-Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg/480px-Life_expectancy_in_select_Southern_African_countries_1960-2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Graphs of life expectancy at birth for some Sub-Saharan countries showing the fall in the 1990s primarily due to the AIDS pandemic<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid-1980s, HIV and AIDS were virtually unheard of in southern Africa. However, it is now the worst-affected region in the world. Currently, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a> have the highest and second highest HIV prevalence rates in the world, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a> Of the nine southern African countries (<a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>), four are estimated to have an infection rate of over 15 percent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Botswana, the number of newly infected people per year has declined by 67 percent, from 27,000 in 2001 to 9,000 in 2011. In Malawi, the decrease has been 54 percent, from 100,000 in 2001 to 46,000 in 2011. All but two of the other countries in this region have also recorded major decreases (Namibia, 62 percent; Zambia, 54 percent; Zimbabwe, 47 percent; South Africa, 38 percent; Eswatini, 32 percent). The number has remained virtually the same in Lesotho and Mozambique.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> Zimbabwe's first reported case of HIV was in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> There are widespread practices of sexual networking that involve multiple overlapping or concurrent sexual partners.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Men's sexual networks, in particular, tend to be quite extensive,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> a fact that is tacitly accepted or even encouraged by many communities.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[89]</a> Along with having multiple sexual partners, unemployment and population displacements resulting from drought and conflict have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[89]</a> According to Susser and Stein (2000), men refuse to use condoms during intercourse with girls or women performing sex work (p. 1043–1044). The girls and women are in desperate need of money and do not have a choice. This leads to multiple sex partners, which increases the likelihood of their infection with HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> A 2008 study in Botswana, Namibia, and Eswatini found that intimate partner violence, extreme poverty, education, and partner income disparity explained almost all of the differences in HIV status among adults aged 15–29 years. Among young women with any one of these factors, the HIV rate increased from 7.7 percent with no factors to 17.1 percent. Approximately 26 percent of young women with any two factors were HIV positive, with 36 percent of those with any three factors and 39.3 percent of those with all four factors being HIV-positive.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Adult prevalence ages 15–49, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>Number of people living with HIV, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a></th> <th>AIDS deaths, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2011<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a></th> <th>New HIV infections, 2001<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td>23.4%</td> <td>27.0%</td> <td>300,000</td> <td>270,000</td> <td>4,200</td> <td>18,000</td> <td>9,000</td> <td>27,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td>23.3%</td> <td>23.4%</td> <td>320,000</td> <td>250,000</td> <td>14,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>15,000</td> <td>26,000</td> <td>26,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td>10.0%</td> <td>13.8%</td> <td>910,000</td> <td>860,000</td> <td>44,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>63,000</td> <td>46,000</td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>11.3%</td> <td>9.7%</td> <td>1,400,000</td> <td>850,000</td> <td>74,000</td> <td>46,000</td> <td>130,000</td> <td>140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td>13.4%</td> <td>15.5%</td> <td>190,000</td> <td>160,000</td> <td>5,200<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>8,600</td> <td>8,800</td> <td>23,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>17.3%</td> <td>15.9%</td> <td>5,600,000</td> <td>4,400,000</td> <td>270,000<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>210,000</td> <td>380,000</td> <td>610,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a></td> <td>26.0%</td> <td>22.2%</td> <td>190,000</td> <td>120,000</td> <td>6,800<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[Note 1]</a></td> <td>6,700</td> <td>13,000</td> <td>19,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td>12.5%</td> <td>14.4%</td> <td>970,000</td> <td>860,000</td> <td>31,000</td> <td>72,000</td> <td>51,000</td> <td>110,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td>14.9%</td> <td>25.0%</td> <td>1,200,000</td> <td>1,800,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>150,000</td> <td>74,000</td> <td>140,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eswatini">Eswatini</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Eswatini">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">HIV/AIDS in Eswatini</a></div> As of 2011, the HIV prevalence rate in Eswatini was the highest in the world at 26.0 percent of persons aged 15–49.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2011-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Program</a> wrote in 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The immense scale of AIDS-related illness and deaths is weakening governance capacities for service delivery, with serious consequences on food security, economic growth[,] and human development. AIDS undermines the capacities of individuals, families, communities[,] and the state to fulfill their roles and responsibilities in society. If current trends are not reversed, the longer-term survival of Swaziland as a country will be seriously threatened.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></blockquote> The HIV epidemic in Eswatini has reduced its life expectancy at birth to 49 for men and 51 for women (based on 2009 data).<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Life expectancy at birth in 1990 was 59 for men and 62 for women.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Based on 2011 data, Eswatini's crude death rate of 19.51 per 1,000 people per year was the third highest in the world, behind only Lesotho and Sierra Leone.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> HIV/AIDS in 2002 caused 64 percent of all deaths in the country.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuberculosis_coinfections">Tuberculosis coinfections</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Tuberculosis coinfections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS,_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS%2C_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg/400px-6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS%2C_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS%2C_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg/600px-6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS%2C_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS%2C_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg/800px-6._Combat_HIV_and_AIDS%2C_Malaria_and_Other_Diseases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Workshop on HIV/AIDS and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> Much of the deadliness of the epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa is caused by a deadly synergy between HIV and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, termed a "co-epidemic".<a href="#cite_note-DUAL-98">[97]</a> The two diseases have been "inextricably bound together" since the beginning of the HIV epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-99">[98]</a> "Tuberculosis and HIV co-infections are associated with special diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and constitute an immense burden on healthcare systems of heavily infected countries like Ethiopia."<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In many countries without adequate resources, the tuberculosis case rate has increased five to ten-fold since the identification of HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-99">[98]</a> Without proper treatment, an estimated 90 percent of persons living with HIV die within months after contracting tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-DUAL-98">[97]</a> The initiation of <a href="/wiki/Highly_active_antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly active antiretroviral therapy">highly active antiretroviral therapy</a> in persons coinfected with tuberculosis can cause an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome with a worsening, in some cases severe worsening, of tuberculosis infection and symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> An estimated 874,000 people in Sub-Saharan Africa were living with both HIV and tuberculosis in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> with 330,000 in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, 83,000 in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, 50,000 in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, 47,000 in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and 46,000 in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TB/HIV-102">[101]</a> In terms of cases per 100,000 population, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a>'s rate of 1,010 per 100,000, or approximately 1%, was by far the highest in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-TB/HIV-102">[101]</a> In the following 20 African countries, the cases-per-100,000 coinfection rate has increased at least 20 percent between 2000 and 2011: <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since 2004, however, tuberculosis-related deaths among people living with HIV have fallen by 28 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is home to nearly 80 percent of the people worldwide who are living with both diseases.<a href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-13">[13]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Concurrent HIV/Tuberculosis infections, 2011 (cases per 100,000 population)<a href="#cite_note-TB/HIV-102">[101]</a></th> <th>Concurrent HIV/Tuberculosis infections, 2011 (cases)<a href="#cite_note-TB/HIV-102">[101]</a></th> <th>Concurrent HIV/Tuberculosis infections, 2000 (cases per 100,000 population)<a href="#cite_note-TB/HIV-102">[101]</a></th> <th>Concurrent HIV/Tuberculosis infections, 2000 (cases)<a href="#cite_note-TB/HIV-102">[101]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>NORTH AFRICA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td align="right">1</td> <td align="right">360</td> <td align="right">0.3</td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td align="right"><0.1</td> <td align="right">43</td> <td align="right"><0.1</td> <td align="right">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td> <td align="right">3.4</td> <td align="right">220</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td align="right">0.9</td> <td align="right">300</td> <td align="right">0.4</td> <td align="right">110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td align="right">8.2</td> <td align="right">2,800</td> <td align="right">9.3</td> <td align="right">3,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></td> <td align="right">0.6</td> <td align="right">66</td> <td align="right">0.6</td> <td align="right">53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>HORN OF AFRICA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td align="right">63</td> <td align="right">570</td> <td align="right">86</td> <td align="right">730 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td align="right">8.2</td> <td align="right">440</td> <td align="right">20</td> <td align="right">750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td align="right">45</td> <td align="right">38,000</td> <td align="right">141</td> <td align="right">93,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td align="right">22</td> <td align="right">2,100</td> <td align="right">27</td> <td align="right">2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CENTRAL AFRICA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td> <td align="right">43</td> <td align="right">8,500</td> <td align="right">44</td> <td align="right">6,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td align="right">93</td> <td align="right">19,000</td> <td align="right">130</td> <td align="right">20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></td> <td align="right">159</td> <td align="right">7,100</td> <td align="right">591</td> <td align="right">22,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td> <td align="right">45</td> <td align="right">5,200</td> <td align="right">51</td> <td align="right">4,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></td> <td align="right">119</td> <td align="right">4,900</td> <td align="right">126</td> <td align="right">3,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td> <td align="right">49</td> <td align="right">34,000</td> <td align="right">57</td> <td align="right">28,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></td> <td align="right">52</td> <td align="right">370</td> <td align="right">47</td> <td align="right">250 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></td> <td align="right">185</td> <td align="right">2,800</td> <td align="right">203</td> <td align="right">2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="right">15</td> <td align="right">9.7</td> <td align="right">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>EASTERN AFRICA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></td> <td align="right">30</td> <td align="right">2,600</td> <td align="right">121</td> <td align="right">7,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></td> <td align="right">1.4</td> <td align="right">11</td> <td align="right">0</td> <td align="right"><10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td align="right">113</td> <td align="right">47,000</td> <td align="right">149</td> <td align="right">47,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></td> <td align="right">0.6</td> <td align="right">130</td> <td align="right">0.8</td> <td align="right">120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></td> <td align="right">1.6</td> <td align="right">21</td> <td align="right">1.1</td> <td align="right">13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></td> <td align="right">27</td> <td align="right">2,900</td> <td align="right">141</td> <td align="right">11,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></td> <td align="right">5.8</td> <td align="right"><10</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available</td> <td align="right">not available </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td align="right">65</td> <td align="right">30,000</td> <td align="right">106</td> <td align="right">36,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td align="right">102</td> <td align="right">35,000</td> <td align="right">244</td> <td align="right">59,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>WESTERN AFRICA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td align="right">12</td> <td align="right">1,100</td> <td align="right">20</td> <td align="right">1,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td> <td align="right">9.5</td> <td align="right">1,600</td> <td align="right">22</td> <td align="right">2,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">97</td> <td align="right">19</td> <td align="right">84 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></td> <td align="right">50</td> <td align="right">10,000</td> <td align="right">155</td> <td align="right">26,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></td> <td align="right">45</td> <td align="right">800</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">4,600</td> <td align="right">47</td> <td align="right">9,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></td> <td align="right">47</td> <td align="right">4,800</td> <td align="right">58</td> <td align="right">4,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></td> <td align="right">99</td> <td align="right">1,500</td> <td align="right">25</td> <td align="right">310 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td align="right">31</td> <td align="right">1,300</td> <td align="right">33</td> <td align="right">940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td align="right">9.4</td> <td align="right">1,500</td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">1,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></td> <td align="right">43</td> <td align="right">1,500</td> <td align="right">21</td> <td align="right">550 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td> <td align="right">11</td> <td align="right">1,700</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td align="right">30</td> <td align="right">50,000</td> <td align="right">42</td> <td align="right">52,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td align="right">14</td> <td align="right">1,700</td> <td align="right">7.9</td> <td align="right">750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></td> <td align="right">64</td> <td align="right">3,800</td> <td align="right">20</td> <td align="right">810 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td> <td align="right">16</td> <td align="right">1,000</td> <td align="right">18</td> <td align="right">840 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SOUTHERN AFRICA </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td align="right">292</td> <td align="right">5,900</td> <td align="right">611</td> <td align="right">11,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td align="right">481</td> <td align="right">11,000</td> <td align="right">425</td> <td align="right">8,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td align="right">114</td> <td align="right">18,000</td> <td align="right">324</td> <td align="right">36,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td align="right">347</td> <td align="right">83,000</td> <td align="right">279</td> <td align="right">51,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></td> <td align="right">359</td> <td align="right">8,400</td> <td align="right">787</td> <td align="right">15,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td align="right">650</td> <td align="right">330,000</td> <td align="right">317</td> <td align="right">140,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Eswatini</a></td> <td align="right">1,010</td> <td align="right">12,000</td> <td align="right">607</td> <td align="right">6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td> <td align="right">285</td> <td align="right">38,000</td> <td align="right">493</td> <td align="right">50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td align="right">360</td> <td align="right">46,000</td> <td align="right">666</td> <td align="right">83,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="28 (book)">28: Stories of AIDS in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Global Fund">The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">HIV/AIDS in Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">HIV/AIDS in Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">HIV/AIDS in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">HIV/AIDS in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">HIV/AIDS in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">HIV/AIDS in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">HIV/AIDS in South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of AIDS">Origin of AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASSA_AIDS_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="ASSA AIDS Model">South African model of the pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syphilis_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa">Syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Envoy_for_HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa">United Nations Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_84-9">j</a> The WHO records the following deaths by country due to HIV/AIDS is 2006 as follows: <ul><li>Ghana: 22,000</li> <li>Guinea: 6,100</li> <li>Liberia: 3,400</li> <li>Nigeria: 220,000</li> <li>Togo: 11,000</li> <li>Lesotho: 22,000</li> <li>Malawi: 75,000</li> <li>Namibia: 12,000</li> <li>South Africa: 390,000</li> <li>Eswatini: 9,800</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.623?lang=en">"People dying from HIV-related causes - Estimates by WHO region"</a>. 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International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): e283-91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2009.05.016">10.1016/j.ijid.2009.05.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19656712">19656712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Immune+reconstitution+inflammatory+syndrome+associated+with+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+infection%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e283-91&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2009.05.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19656712&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Nicastri%2C+E&rft.au=Giglio%2C+S&rft.au=Narciso%2C+P&rft.au=Ippolito%2C+G&rft.au=Acone%2C+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijidonline.com%2Farticle%2FS1201-9712%252809%252900226-4%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TB/HIV-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TB/HIV_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB/HIV_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB/HIV_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB/HIV_102-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB/HIV_102-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TB/HIV_102-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/entity/tb/publications/global_report/gtbr12_annex4.pdf">"Table A4.2, Annex 4: Global, regional and country-specific data for key indicators, Global Tuberculosis Report 2012, World Health Organization"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+A4.2%2C+Annex+4%3A+Global%2C+regional+and+country-specific+data+for+key+indicators%2C+Global+Tuberculosis+Report+2012%2C+World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fentity%2Ftb%2Fpublications%2Fglobal_report%2Fgtbr12_annex4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Africa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith RA, ed. (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofai00smit">Encyclopedia of AIDS: A Social, Political, Cultural, and Scientific Record of the HIV Epidemic</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051486-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051486-5"><bdi>978-0-14-051486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+AIDS%3A+A+Social%2C+Political%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Scientific+Record+of+the+HIV+Epidemic&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001-01&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofai00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe2006" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe J (2006). The African AIDS Epidemic: A History. Jamedn s Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-890-4"><bdi>978-0-85255-890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+AIDS+Epidemic%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Jamedn+s+Currey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-890-4&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourie2006" class="citation book cs1">Fourie P (2006). The Political Management of HIV and AIDS in South Africa: One burden too many?. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00667-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00667-6"><bdi>978-0-230-00667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Management+of+HIV+and+AIDS+in+South+Africa%3A+One+burden+too+many%3F&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00667-6&rft.aulast=Fourie&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Africa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionne2018" class="citation book cs1">Dionne KY (2018). Doomed Interventions: The Failure of Global Responses to AIDS in Africa. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doomed+Interventions%3A+The+Failure+of+Global+Responses+to+AIDS+in+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Dionne&rft.aufirst=Kim+Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+Africa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Africa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:AIDS_in_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:AIDS in Africa">AIDS in Africa</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/50px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/75px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Ribbon.svg/100px-Red_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1112" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV/AIDS in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Algeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Morocco" title="HIV/AIDS in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sudan" title="HIV/AIDS in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topics" title="Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topics" title="Template talk:Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Africa">Antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Pre-colonial kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Africa#Historiography_of_Africa" title="Talk:History of Africa">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters in Africa">Impact craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa" title="Natural history of Africa">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa#Politics" title="Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Africans_by_net_worth" title="List of Africans by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Africa" title="Infrastructure in Africa">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_Africa" title="Birth control in Africa">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cricket_Association" title="Africa Cricket Association">Africa Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Africa by population">urban areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Africa" title="Youth in Africa">Youth in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Africa (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Africa (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Africa (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Africa (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Africa (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Africa (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Africa (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Africa (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Africa" title="2016 in Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Africa (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in Africa (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in Africa (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 in Africa (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</a></li><li><a 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