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Express routing
<!DOCTYPE html> <!--- Copyright (c) 2016 StrongLoop, IBM, and Express Contributors License: MIT --> <html lang="en" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <title>Express routing</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/images/favicon.png" /> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/js/theme.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/dark-theme.css?_=1732211793"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css?_=1732211793"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/prism.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:300,400,600,700&amp;subset=latin,latin-ext"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/en.css"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="description" content="Learn how to define and use routes in Express.js 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For an introduction to routing, see <a href="/en/starter/basic-routing.html">Basic routing</a>.</p> <p>You define routing using methods of the Express <code>app</code> object that correspond to HTTP methods; for example, <code>app.get()</code> to handle GET requests and <code>app.post</code> to handle POST requests. For a full list, see <a href="/en/4x/api.html#app.METHOD">app.METHOD</a>. You can also use <a href="/en/4x/api.html#app.all">app.all()</a> to handle all HTTP methods and <a href="/en/4x/api.html#app.use">app.use()</a> to specify middleware as the callback function (See <a href="/en/guide/using-middleware.html">Using middleware</a> for details).</p> <p>These routing methods specify a callback function (sometimes called “handler functions”) called when the application receives a request to the specified route (endpoint) and HTTP method. In other words, the application “listens” for requests that match the specified route(s) and method(s), and when it detects a match, it calls the specified callback function.</p> <p>In fact, the routing methods can have more than one callback function as arguments. With multiple callback functions, it is important to provide <code>next</code> as an argument to the callback function and then call <code>next()</code> within the body of the function to hand off control to the next callback.</p> <p>The following code is an example of a very basic route.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const express = require('express') const app = express() // respond with "hello world" when a GET request is made to the homepage app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('hello world') }) </code></pre> <h2 id="route-methods">Route methods</h2> <p>A route method is derived from one of the HTTP methods, and is attached to an instance of the <code>express</code> class.</p> <p>The following code is an example of routes that are defined for the GET and the POST methods to the root of the app.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">// GET method route app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('GET request to the homepage') }) // POST method route app.post('/', (req, res) => { res.send('POST request to the homepage') }) </code></pre> <p>Express supports methods that correspond to all HTTP request methods: <code>get</code>, <code>post</code>, and so on. For a full list, see <a href="/en/4x/api.html#app.METHOD">app.METHOD</a>.</p> <p>There is a special routing method, <code>app.all()</code>, used to load middleware functions at a path for <em>all</em> HTTP request methods. For example, the following handler is executed for requests to the route “/secret” whether using GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, or any other HTTP request method supported in the <a href="https://nodejs.org/api/http.html#http_http_methods">http module</a>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.all('/secret', (req, res, next) => { console.log('Accessing the secret section ...') next() // pass control to the next handler }) </code></pre> <h2 id="route-paths">Route paths</h2> <p>Route paths, in combination with a request method, define the endpoints at which requests can be made. Route paths can be strings, string patterns, or regular expressions.</p> <p>The characters <code>?</code>, <code>+</code>, <code>*</code>, and <code>()</code> are subsets of their regular expression counterparts. The hyphen (<code>-</code>) and the dot (<code>.</code>) are interpreted literally by string-based paths.</p> <p>If you need to use the dollar character (<code>$</code>) in a path string, enclose it escaped within <code>([</code> and <code>])</code>. For example, the path string for requests at “<code>/data/$book</code>”, would be “<code>/data/([\$])book</code>”.</p> <div class="doc-box doc-info"> <p>Express uses <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/path-to-regexp">path-to-regexp</a> for matching the route paths; see the path-to-regexp documentation for all the possibilities in defining route paths. <a href="http://forbeslindesay.github.io/express-route-tester/">Express Route Tester</a> is a handy tool for testing basic Express routes, although it does not support pattern matching.</p> </div> <div class="doc-box doc-warn"> <p>Query strings are not part of the route path.</p> </div> <p>Here are some examples of route paths based on strings.</p> <p>This route path will match requests to the root route, <code>/</code>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('root') }) </code></pre> <p>This route path will match requests to <code>/about</code>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/about', (req, res) => { res.send('about') }) </code></pre> <p>This route path will match requests to <code>/random.text</code>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/random.text', (req, res) => { res.send('random.text') }) </code></pre> <p>Here are some examples of route paths based on string patterns.</p> <p>This route path will match <code>acd</code> and <code>abcd</code>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/ab?cd', (req, res) => { res.send('ab?cd') }) </code></pre> <p>This route path will match <code>abcd</code>, <code>abbcd</code>, <code>abbbcd</code>, and so on.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/ab+cd', (req, res) => { res.send('ab+cd') }) </code></pre> <p>This route path will match <code>abcd</code>, <code>abxcd</code>, <code>abRANDOMcd</code>, <code>ab123cd</code>, and so on.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/ab*cd', (req, res) => { res.send('ab*cd') }) </code></pre> <p>This route path will match <code>/abe</code> and <code>/abcde</code>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/ab(cd)?e', (req, res) => { res.send('ab(cd)?e') }) </code></pre> <p>Examples of route paths based on regular expressions:</p> <p>This route path will match anything with an “a” in it.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get(/a/, (req, res) => { res.send('/a/') }) </code></pre> <p>This route path will match <code>butterfly</code> and <code>dragonfly</code>, but not <code>butterflyman</code>, <code>dragonflyman</code>, and so on.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get(/.*fly$/, (req, res) => { res.send('/.*fly$/') }) </code></pre> <h2 id="route-parameters">Route parameters</h2> <p>Route parameters are named URL segments that are used to capture the values specified at their position in the URL. The captured values are populated in the <code>req.params</code> object, with the name of the route parameter specified in the path as their respective keys.</p> <pre><code>Route path: /users/:userId/books/:bookId Request URL: http://localhost:3000/users/34/books/8989 req.params: { "userId": "34", "bookId": "8989" } </code></pre> <p>To define routes with route parameters, simply specify the route parameters in the path of the route as shown below.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/users/:userId/books/:bookId', (req, res) => { res.send(req.params) }) </code></pre> <div class="doc-box doc-notice"> <p>The name of route parameters must be made up of “word characters” ([A-Za-z0-9_]).</p> </div> <p>Since the hyphen (<code>-</code>) and the dot (<code>.</code>) are interpreted literally, they can be used along with route parameters for useful purposes.</p> <pre><code>Route path: /flights/:from-:to Request URL: http://localhost:3000/flights/LAX-SFO req.params: { "from": "LAX", "to": "SFO" } </code></pre> <pre><code>Route path: /plantae/:genus.:species Request URL: http://localhost:3000/plantae/Prunus.persica req.params: { "genus": "Prunus", "species": "persica" } </code></pre> <p>To have more control over the exact string that can be matched by a route parameter, you can append a regular expression in parentheses (<code>()</code>):</p> <pre><code>Route path: /user/:userId(\d+) Request URL: http://localhost:3000/user/42 req.params: {"userId": "42"} </code></pre> <div class="doc-box doc-warn"> <p>Because the regular expression is usually part of a literal string, be sure to escape any <code>\</code> characters with an additional backslash, for example <code>\\d+</code>.</p> </div> <div class="doc-box doc-warn"> <p>In Express 4.x, <a href="https://github.com/expressjs/express/issues/2495">the <code>*</code> character in regular expressions is not interpreted in the usual way</a>. As a workaround, use <code>{0,}</code> instead of <code>*</code>. This will likely be fixed in Express 5.</p> </div> <h2 id="route-handlers">Route handlers</h2> <p>You can provide multiple callback functions that behave like <a href="/en/guide/using-middleware.html">middleware</a> to handle a request. The only exception is that these callbacks might invoke <code>next('route')</code> to bypass the remaining route callbacks. You can use this mechanism to impose pre-conditions on a route, then pass control to subsequent routes if there’s no reason to proceed with the current route.</p> <p>Route handlers can be in the form of a function, an array of functions, or combinations of both, as shown in the following examples.</p> <p>A single callback function can handle a route. For example:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/example/a', (req, res) => { res.send('Hello from A!') }) </code></pre> <p>More than one callback function can handle a route (make sure you specify the <code>next</code> object). For example:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.get('/example/b', (req, res, next) => { console.log('the response will be sent by the next function ...') next() }, (req, res) => { res.send('Hello from B!') }) </code></pre> <p>An array of callback functions can handle a route. For example:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const cb0 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB0') next() } const cb1 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB1') next() } const cb2 = function (req, res) { res.send('Hello from C!') } app.get('/example/c', [cb0, cb1, cb2]) </code></pre> <p>A combination of independent functions and arrays of functions can handle a route. For example:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const cb0 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB0') next() } const cb1 = function (req, res, next) { console.log('CB1') next() } app.get('/example/d', [cb0, cb1], (req, res, next) => { console.log('the response will be sent by the next function ...') next() }, (req, res) => { res.send('Hello from D!') }) </code></pre> <h2 id="response-methods">Response methods</h2> <p>The methods on the response object (<code>res</code>) in the following table can send a response to the client, and terminate the request-response cycle. If none of these methods are called from a route handler, the client request will be left hanging.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Method</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.download">res.download()</a></td> <td>Prompt a file to be downloaded.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.end">res.end()</a></td> <td>End the response process.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.json">res.json()</a></td> <td>Send a JSON response.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.jsonp">res.jsonp()</a></td> <td>Send a JSON response with JSONP support.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.redirect">res.redirect()</a></td> <td>Redirect a request.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.render">res.render()</a></td> <td>Render a view template.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.send">res.send()</a></td> <td>Send a response of various types.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.sendFile">res.sendFile()</a></td> <td>Send a file as an octet stream.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="/en/4x/api.html#res.sendStatus">res.sendStatus()</a></td> <td>Set the response status code and send its string representation as the response body.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h2 id="app-route">app.route()</h2> <p>You can create chainable route handlers for a route path by using <code>app.route()</code>. Because the path is specified at a single location, creating modular routes is helpful, as is reducing redundancy and typos. For more information about routes, see: <a href="/en/4x/api.html#router">Router() documentation</a>.</p> <p>Here is an example of chained route handlers that are defined by using <code>app.route()</code>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">app.route('/book') .get((req, res) => { res.send('Get a random book') }) .post((req, res) => { res.send('Add a book') }) .put((req, res) => { res.send('Update the book') }) </code></pre> <h2 id="express-router">express.Router</h2> <p>Use the <code>express.Router</code> class to create modular, mountable route handlers. A <code>Router</code> instance is a complete middleware and routing system; for this reason, it is often referred to as a “mini-app”.</p> <p>The following example creates a router as a module, loads a middleware function in it, defines some routes, and mounts the router module on a path in the main app.</p> <p>Create a router file named <code>birds.js</code> in the app directory, with the following content:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const express = require('express') const router = express.Router() // middleware that is specific to this router const timeLog = (req, res, next) => { console.log('Time: ', Date.now()) next() } router.use(timeLog) // define the home page route router.get('/', (req, res) => { res.send('Birds home page') }) // define the about route router.get('/about', (req, res) => { res.send('About birds') }) module.exports = router </code></pre> <p>Then, load the router module in the app:</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const birds = require('./birds') // ... app.use('/birds', birds) </code></pre> <p>The app will now be able to handle requests to <code>/birds</code> and <code>/birds/about</code>, as well as call the <code>timeLog</code> middleware function that is specific to the route.</p> <p>But if the parent route <code>/birds</code> has path parameters, it will not be accessible by default from the sub-routes. To make it accessible, you will need to pass the <code>mergeParams</code> option to the Router constructor <a href="https://expressjs.com/en/4x/api.html#app.use">reference</a>.</p> <pre><code class="language-js">const router = express.Router({ mergeParams: true }) </code></pre> </div> </section> <a id="top" href="#"><img src="/images/arrow.png"></a> <footer> <section id="doc-langs"> Documentation translations provided by StrongLoop/IBM: <a href="/fr/">French</a>, <a href="/de/">German</a>, <a href="/es/">Spanish</a>, <a href="/it/">Italian</a>, <a href="/ja/">Japanese</a>, <a href="/ru/">Russian</a>, <a href="/zh-cn/">Chinese</a>, <a href="/zh-tw/">Traditional Chinese</a>, <a href="/ko/">Korean</a>, <a href="/pt-br/">Portuguese</a>. <br> Community translation available for: <a href="/sk/">Slovak</a>, <a href="/uk/">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/uz/">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/tr/">Turkish</a>, <a href="/th/">Thai</a> and <a href="/id/">Indonesian</a>. </section> <section id="footer-content"> <div 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