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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_different_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_different_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In different media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_different_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In different media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_different_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Email" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Email"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Email</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Email-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instant_messaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instant_messaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Instant messaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instant_messaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newsgroup_and_forum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newsgroup_and_forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Newsgroup and forum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newsgroup_and_forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mobile phone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_networking_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_networking_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Social networking spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_networking_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Social spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blog,_wiki,_and_guestbook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blog,_wiki,_and_guestbook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Blog, wiki, and guestbook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blog,_wiki,_and_guestbook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spam_targeting_video_sharing_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spam_targeting_video_sharing_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Spam targeting video sharing sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spam_targeting_video_sharing_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VoIP_Spam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VoIP_Spam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>VoIP Spam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VoIP_Spam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Academic search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_apps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_apps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Mobile apps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_apps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluetooth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluetooth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Bluetooth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluetooth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noncommercial_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noncommercial_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Noncommercial forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noncommercial_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geographical origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademark_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trademark issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost–benefit_analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost–benefit_analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cost–benefit analyses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cost–benefit_analyses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cost–benefit analyses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cost–benefit_analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>General costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Political issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Court cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Court_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Court cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newsgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newsgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Newsgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newsgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spamming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A9_(%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9)" title="رسالة مزعجة (حوسبة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسالة مزعجة (حوسبة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correu_vasuera" title="Correu vasuera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Correu vasuera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="স্পেমিং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্পেমিং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corr%C3%A9u_puxarra" title="Corréu puxarra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corréu puxarra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="স্প্যামিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্প্যামিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्पैमिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्पैमिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correu_brossa" title="Correu brossa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Correu brossa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbam_e-bost" title="Sbam e-bost – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbam e-bost" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4mpspost" title="Rämpspost – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rämpspost" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Σπαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correo_basura" title="Correo basura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Correo basura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamo" title="Spamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabor-posta" title="Zabor-posta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zabor-posta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%85" title="اسپم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%B8_%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%A0" title="스팸 광고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스팸 광고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Սպամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ספאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სპამი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპამი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saginatio_(informatica)" title="Saginatio (informatica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saginatio (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surog%C4%81tpasts" title="Surogātpasts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Surogātpasts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroninis_%C5%A1lam%C5%A1tas" title="Elektroninis šlamštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektroninis šlamštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്പാമിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പാമിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(post)" title="Spam (post) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spam (post)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ppelpost" title="Søppelpost – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Søppelpost" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ppelpost" title="Søppelpost – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Søppelpost" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_(%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A)" title="ස්පෑම් (ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්පෑම් (ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spamming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadle%C5%BEna_po%C5%A1ta" title="Nadležna pošta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nadležna pošta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سپام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سپام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_(%C3%A9l%C3%A9ktronik)" title="Spam (éléktronik) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spam (éléktronik)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskaposti" title="Roskaposti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roskaposti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%A4ppost" title="Skräppost – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skräppost" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-spam" title="Pag-spam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-spam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A1" title="สแปม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สแปม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam" title="Spam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Спам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_r%C3%A1c_(%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD)" title="Thư rác (điện tử) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư rác (điện tử)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spamaedje" title="Spamaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Spamaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A5%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF" title="滥发电子消息 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="滥发电子消息" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="ספעם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%AB%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF" title="濫發電子訊息 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="濫發電子訊息" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BF%AB%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF" title="濫發電子訊息 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="濫發電子訊息" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83058#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unsolicited electronic messages, especially advertisements</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about unsolicited or undesirable electronic messages. For information specific to email, see <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spam (disambiguation)">Spam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spammed-mail-folder.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/220px-Spammed-mail-folder.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/330px-Spammed-mail-folder.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Spammed-mail-folder.png/440px-Spammed-mail-folder.png 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>An email inbox containing a large amount of spam messages</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spamming</b> is the use of messaging systems to send multiple unsolicited messages (<b>spam</b>) to large numbers of recipients for the purpose of commercial <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, non-commercial <a href="/wiki/Proselytizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytizing">proselytizing</a>, or any prohibited purpose (especially <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>), or simply repeatedly sending the same message to the same user. While the most widely recognized form of spam is <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">email spam</a>, the term is applied to similar abuses in other media: <a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">instant messaging spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Usenet newsgroup spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spamdexing" title="Spamdexing">Web search engine spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">spam in blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiki_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki spam">wiki spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classified_advertising" title="Classified advertising">online classified ads</a> spam, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">mobile phone messaging spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forum_spam" title="Forum spam">Internet forum spam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax"> junk fax transmissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_spam" title="Social spam">social spam</a>, spam mobile apps,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> television <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and file sharing spam. It is named after <a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">Spam</a>, a luncheon meat, by way of a <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python_sketch)" title="Spam (Monty Python sketch)">Monty Python sketch</a> about a restaurant that has Spam in almost every dish in which Vikings annoyingly sing "Spam" repeatedly.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spamming remains economically viable because advertisers have no operating costs beyond the management of their mailing lists, servers, infrastructures, IP ranges, and domain names, and it is difficult to hold senders accountable for their mass mailings. The costs, such as lost productivity and fraud, are borne by the public and by <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a>, which have added extra capacity to cope with the volume. Spamming has been the subject of legislation in many jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person who creates spam is called a <i>spammer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gyongyi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyongyi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_(14598710791).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_%2814598710791%29.jpg/220px-Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_%2814598710791%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_%2814598710791%29.jpg/330px-Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_%2814598710791%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_%2814598710791%29.jpg/440px-Monty_Python_Live_02-07-14_13_04_42_%2814598710791%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Menu from a 2014 stage performance of <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>'s 1970 "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">Spam</a>" sketch, from where the term is derived. Spam is included in almost every dish to the annoyance and dismay of a customer.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>spam</i> is derived from the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">"Spam"</a> <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">sketch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> sketch comedy television series <i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Flying_Circus" title="Monty Python's Flying Circus">Monty Python's Flying Circus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2635_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2635-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sketch, set in a <a href="/wiki/Cafe_(British)" title="Cafe (British)">cafe</a>, has a waitress reading out a menu where every item but one includes the Spam canned luncheon meat. As the waitress recites the Spam-filled menu, a chorus of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> patrons drown out all conversations with a song, repeating "Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam… Lovely Spam! Wonderful Spam!".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s the term was adopted to describe certain abusive users who frequented <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBSs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUDs</a>, who would repeat "Spam" a huge number of times to scroll other users' text off the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Templetons.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templetons.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early chat-room services like PeopleLink and the early days of Online America (later known as America Online or AOL), they actually flooded the screen with quotes from the Monty Python sketch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was used as a tactic by insiders of a group that wanted to drive newcomers out of the room so the usual conversation could continue. It was also used to prevent members of rival groups from chatting—for instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> fans often invaded <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> chat rooms, filling the space with blocks of text until the <i>Star Trek</i> fans left.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It later came to be used on <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> to mean excessive multiple posting—the repeated posting of the same message. The unwanted message would appear in many, if not all newsgroups, just as Spam appeared in all the menu items in the Monty Python sketch. One of the earliest people to use "spam" in this sense was <a href="/wiki/Joel_Furr" title="Joel Furr">Joel Furr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use had also become established—to "spam" Usenet was to flood newsgroups with junk messages. The word was also attributed to the flood of "<a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a>" messages that clogged many newsgroups during the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Dictionary of English">New Oxford Dictionary of English</a>, which had previously only defined "spam" in relation to the trademarked food product, added a second definition to its entry for "spam": "Irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of newsgroups or users." </p><p>There was also an effort to differentiate between types of newsgroup spam. Messages that were <a href="/wiki/Crossposting" title="Crossposting">crossposted</a> to too many newsgroups at once, as opposed to those that were posted too frequently, were called "velveeta" (after <a href="/wiki/Velveeta" title="Velveeta">a cheese product</a>), but this term did not persist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Internet">Pre-Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> allowed telegraphic messages on its network to be sent to multiple destinations. The first recorded instance of a mass unsolicited commercial telegram is from May 1864, when some British politicians received an unsolicited telegram advertising a dentist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest documented spam (although the term had not yet been coined<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a message advertising the availability of a new model of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> computers sent by Gary Thuerk to 393 recipients on <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> on May 3, 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than send a separate message to each person, which was the standard practice at the time, he had an assistant, Carl Gartley, write a single mass email. Reaction from the net community was fiercely negative, but the spam did generate some sales.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sfc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spamming had been practiced as a prank by participants in <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">multi-user dungeon</a> games, to fill their rivals' accounts with unwanted electronic junk.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major commercial spam incident started on March 5, 1994, when a husband and wife team of lawyers, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Canter_and_Martha_Siegel" title="Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel">Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel</a>, began using bulk <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> posting to advertise <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> law services. The incident was commonly termed the "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Permanent Resident Card">Green Card</a> spam", after the subject line of the postings. Defiant in the face of widespread condemnation, the attorneys claimed their detractors were hypocrites or "zealots", claimed they had a <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> right to send unwanted commercial messages, and labeled their opponents "anti-commerce radicals". The couple wrote a controversial book entitled <i>How to Make a Fortune on the Information Superhighway</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sfc_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early example of <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit</a> <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> bulk posting via <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> also occurred in 1994 on behalf of CitiHope, an <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> attempting to raise funds to rescue children at risk during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. However, as it was a violation of their terms of service, the ISP <a href="/wiki/Panix_(ISP)" title="Panix (ISP)">Panix</a> deleted all of the bulk posts from Usenet, only missing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!search/citihope$20orphan$20bosnia">three copies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Within a few years, the focus of spamming (and anti-spam efforts) moved chiefly to email, where it remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-Templetons.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templetons.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1999, Khan C. Smith, a well known hacker at the time, had begun to commercialize the bulk email industry and rallied thousands into the business by building more friendly bulk email software and providing internet access illegally hacked from major ISPs such as Earthlink and Botnets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2009 the majority of spam sent around the World was in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>; spammers began using automatic translation services to send spam in other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_different_media">In different media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In different media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Email">Email</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Email"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a></div> <p>Email spam, also known as unsolicited bulk email (UBE), or junk mail, is the practice of sending unwanted email messages, frequently with commercial content, in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spam in email started to become a problem when the Internet was opened for commercial use in the mid-1990s. It grew exponentially over the following years, and by 2007 it constituted about 80% to 85% of all e-mail, by a conservative estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure to make email spam illegal has resulted in legislation in some jurisdictions, but less so in others. The efforts taken by governing bodies, security systems and email service providers seem to be helping to reduce the volume of email spam. According to "2014 Internet Security Threat Report, Volume 19" published by <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec Corporation</a>, spam volume dropped to 66% of all email traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An industry of <a href="/wiki/Email_address_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Email address harvesting">email address harvesting</a> is dedicated to collecting email addresses and selling compiled databases.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these address-harvesting approaches rely on users not reading the fine print of agreements, resulting in their agreeing to send messages indiscriminately to their contacts. This is a common approach in <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking spam">social networking spam</a> such as that generated by the social networking site <a href="/wiki/Quechup" title="Quechup">Quechup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instant_messaging">Instant messaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instant messaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">Messaging spam</a></div> <p>Instant messaging spam makes use of <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> systems. Although less prevalent than its e-mail counterpart, according to a report from Ferris Research, 500 million spam IMs were sent in 2003, twice the level of 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newsgroup_and_forum">Newsgroup and forum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Newsgroup and forum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup spam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forum_spam" title="Forum spam">Forum spam</a></div> <p>Newsgroup spam is a type of spam where the targets are Usenet newsgroups. Spamming of Usenet newsgroups actually pre-dates e-mail spam. Usenet convention defines spamming as excessive multiple posting, that is, the repeated posting of a message (or substantially similar messages). The prevalence of Usenet spam led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Breidbart_Index" title="Breidbart Index">Breidbart Index</a> as an objective measure of a message's "spamminess". </p><p>Forum spam is the creation of advertising messages on Internet forums. It is generally done by automated spambots. Most forum spam consists of links to external sites, with the dual goals of increasing search engine visibility in highly competitive areas such as weight loss, pharmaceuticals, gambling, pornography, real estate or loans, and generating more traffic for these commercial websites. Some of these links contain code to track the spambot's identity; if a sale goes through, the spammer behind the spambot earns a commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phone">Mobile phone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mobile phone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Mobile phone spam</a></div> <p>Mobile phone spam is directed at the <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> service of a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a>. This can be especially irritating to customers not only for the inconvenience, but also because of the fee they may be charged per text message received in some markets. To comply with CAN-SPAM regulations in the US, SMS messages now must provide options of HELP and STOP, the latter to end communication with the advertiser via SMS altogether. </p><p>Despite the high number of phone users, there has not been so much phone spam, because there is a charge for sending SMS. Recently, there are also observations of mobile phone spam delivered via browser push notifications. These can be a result of allowing websites which are malicious or delivering malicious ads to send a user notifications.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_networking_spam">Social networking spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social networking spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_spam" title="Social spam">Social spam</a></div> <p>Facebook and Twitter are not immune to messages containing spam links. Spammers hack into accounts and send false links under the guise of a user's trusted contacts such as friends and family.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for Twitter, spammers gain credibility by following verified accounts such as that of Lady Gaga; when that account owner follows the spammer back, it legitimizes the spammer.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twitter has studied what interest structures allow their users to receive interesting tweets and avoid spam, despite the site using the broadcast model, in which all tweets from a user are broadcast to all followers of the user.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spammers, out of malicious intent, post either unwanted (or irrelevant) information or spread misinformation on social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_spam">Social spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spreading beyond the centrally managed social networking platforms, user-generated content increasingly appears on business, government, and nonprofit websites worldwide. Fake accounts and comments planted by computers programmed to issue social spam can infiltrate these websites.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blog,_wiki,_and_guestbook"><span id="Blog.2C_wiki.2C_and_guestbook"></span>Blog, wiki, and guestbook</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blog, wiki, and guestbook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blog_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog spam">Blog spam</a> is spamming on <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">weblogs</a>. In 2003, this type of spam took advantage of the open nature of comments in the blogging software <a href="/wiki/Movable_Type" title="Movable Type">Movable Type</a> by repeatedly placing comments to various blog posts that provided nothing more than a link to the spammer's commercial web site.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar <a href="/wiki/Attack_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack (computing)">attacks</a> are often performed against <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wikis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">guestbooks</a>, both of which accept user contributions. Another possible form of spam in blogs is the spamming of a certain tag on websites such as Tumblr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spam_targeting_video_sharing_sites">Spam targeting video sharing sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spam targeting video sharing sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg/200px-Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg/300px-Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg/400px-Youtube_Free_Movie_spam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot from a spam video on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> claiming that the film in question has been deleted from the site, and can only be accessed on the link posted by the spambot in the video description. If the video were actually removed by YouTube, the description would be inaccessible and the deletion notification would look different.</figcaption></figure> <p>In actual video spam, the uploaded video is given a name and description with a popular figure or event that is likely to draw attention, or within the video a certain image is timed to come up as the video's <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a> image to mislead the viewer, such as a still image from a feature film, purporting to be a part-by-part piece of a movie being pirated, e.g. <i>Big Buck Bunny Full Movie Online - Part 1/10 HD</i>, a link to a supposed <a href="/wiki/Keygen" title="Keygen">keygen</a>, trainer, ISO file for a <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a>, or something similar. The actual content of the video ends up being totally unrelated, a <a href="/wiki/Rickroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickroll">Rickroll</a>, offensive, or simply on-screen text of a link to the site being promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the link in question may lead to an online survey site, a password-protected archive file with instructions leading to the aforementioned survey (though the survey, and the archive file itself, is worthless and does not contain the file in question at all), or in extreme cases, <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others may upload videos presented in an <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercial</a>-like format selling their product which feature actors and paid <a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">testimonials</a>, though the promoted product or service is of dubious quality and would likely not pass the scrutiny of a <a href="/wiki/Standards_and_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards and practices">standards and practices</a> department at a <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cable_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable network">cable network</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VoIP_Spam">VoIP Spam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: VoIP Spam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP spam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP spam</a> is <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)</a> spam, usually using <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)</a>. This is nearly identical to telemarketing calls over traditional phone lines. When the user chooses to receive the spam call, a pre-recorded spam message or advertisement is usually played back. This is generally easier for the spammer as VoIP services are cheap and easy to anonymize over the Internet, and there are many options for sending mass number of calls from a single location. Accounts or IP addresses being used for VoIP spam can usually be identified by a large number of outgoing calls, low call completion and short call length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_search">Academic search</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Academic search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic search engines</a> enable researchers to find <a href="/wiki/Academic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic literature">academic literature</a> and are used to obtain citation data for calculating <a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">author-level metrics</a>. Researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto-von-Guericke_University_Magdeburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg">OvGU</a> demonstrated that most (web-based) academic search engines, especially <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> are not capable of identifying spam attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-acspam_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acspam-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers manipulated the citation counts of articles, and managed to make Google Scholar index complete fake articles, some containing advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-acspam_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acspam-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_apps">Mobile apps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mobile apps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spamming in mobile app stores include (i) apps that were automatically generated and as a result do not have any specific functionality or a meaningful description; (ii) multiple instances of the same app being published to obtain increased visibility in the app market; and (iii) apps that make excessive use of unrelated keywords to attract users through unintended searches.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bluetooth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bluespam, or the action of sending spam to <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>-enabled devices, is another form of spam that has developed in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noncommercial_forms">Noncommercial forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Noncommercial forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>E-mail and other forms of spamming have been used for purposes other than advertisements. Many early Usenet spams were religious or political. <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Argic" title="Serdar Argic">Serdar Argic</a>, for instance, spammed Usenet with historical revisionist screeds. A number of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelists</a> have spammed <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> and e-mail media with preaching messages. A growing number of criminals are also using spam to perpetrate various sorts of fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_origins">Geographical origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Geographical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 the origins of spam were analyzed by <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>. They provided a report that shows spam volume originating from countries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Spam<br />volume(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 </td> <td>India </td> <td align="right">13.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 </td> <td>Russia </td> <td align="right">9.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 </td> <td>Vietnam </td> <td align="right">7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" rowspan="2">4<br />(tie) </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td align="right">6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia </td> <td align="right">6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6 </td> <td>China </td> <td align="right">4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7 </td> <td>Brazil </td> <td align="right">4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8 </td> <td>United States </td> <td align="right">3.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademark_issues">Trademark issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trademark issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hormel_Foods_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormel Foods Corporation">Hormel Foods Corporation</a>, the maker of <a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">SPAM</a> luncheon meat, does not object to the Internet use of the term "spamming". However, they did ask that the capitalized word "Spam" be reserved to refer to their product and trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost–benefit_analyses"><span id="Cost.E2.80.93benefit_analyses"></span>Cost–benefit analyses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cost–benefit analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s Internal Market Commission estimated in 2001 that "junk email" cost Internet users €10 billion per year worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The California legislature found that spam cost United States organizations alone more than $13 billion in 2007, including lost productivity and the additional equipment, software, and manpower needed to combat the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spam's direct effects include the consumption of computer and network resources, and the cost in human time and attention of dismissing unwanted messages.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large companies who are frequent spam targets utilize numerous techniques to detect and prevent spam.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cost to providers of <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search engines</a> is significant: "The secondary consequence of spamming is that search engine indexes are inundated with useless pages, increasing the cost of each processed query".<sup id="cite_ref-Gyongyi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyongyi-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs of spam also include the collateral costs of the struggle between spammers and the administrators and users of the media threatened by spamming.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Email spam exemplifies a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>: spammers use resources (both physical and human), without bearing the entire cost of those resources. In fact, spammers commonly do not bear the cost at all. This raises the costs for everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ways spam is even a potential <a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">threat</a> to the entire email system, as operated in the past. Since email is so cheap to send, a tiny number of spammers can saturate the Internet with junk mail. Although only a tiny percentage of their targets are motivated to purchase their products (or fall victim to their scams), the low cost may provide a sufficient conversion rate to keep the spamming alive. Furthermore, even though spam appears not to be economically viable as a way for a reputable company to do business, it suffices for professional spammers to convince a tiny proportion of gullible advertisers that it is viable for those spammers to stay in business. Finally, new spammers go into business every day, and the low costs allow a single spammer to do a lot of harm before finally realizing that the business is not profitable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some companies and groups "rank" spammers; spammers who make the news are sometimes referred to by these rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_costs">General costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all cases listed above, including both commercial and non-commercial, "spam happens" because of a positive <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a> result; if the cost to recipients is excluded as an <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externality</a> the spammer can avoid paying.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b>Cost</b> is the combination of: </p> <ul><li>Overhead: The costs and overhead of electronic spamming include bandwidth, developing or acquiring an email/wiki/blog spam tool, taking over or acquiring a host/zombie, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">Transaction cost</a>: The incremental cost of contacting each additional recipient once a method of spamming is constructed, multiplied by the number of recipients (see <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> as a method of increasing transaction costs).</li> <li>Risks: Chance and severity of legal and/or public reactions, including <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punitive_damages" title="Punitive damages">punitive damages</a>.</li> <li>Damage: Impact on the community and/or communication channels being spammed (see <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup spam</a>).</li></ul> <p><b>Benefit</b> is the total expected profit from spam, which may include any combination of the commercial and non-commercial reasons listed above. It is normally linear, based on the incremental benefit of reaching each additional spam recipient, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Conversion_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion rate">conversion rate</a>. The conversion rate for <a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">botnet</a>-generated spam has recently been measured to be around one in 12,000,000 for pharmaceutical spam and one in 200,000 for infection sites as used by the <a href="/wiki/Storm_botnet" title="Storm botnet">Storm botnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of the study calculating those conversion rates noted, "After 26 days, and almost 350 million e-mail messages, only 28 sales resulted." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_crime">In crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spam can be used to spread <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">trojan horses</a>, or other malicious software. The objective may be <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, or worse (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance fee fraud">advance fee fraud</a>). Some spam attempts to capitalize on human greed, while some attempts to take advantage of the victims' inexperience with computer technology to trick them (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a>). </p><p>One of the world's most prolific spammers, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alan_Soloway" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Alan Soloway">Robert Alan Soloway</a>, was arrested by US authorities on May 31, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Lombardi_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombardi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Described as one of the top ten spammers in the world, Soloway was charged with 35 criminal counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, <a href="/wiki/E-mail_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail fraud">e-mail fraud</a>, aggravated identity theft, and money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-Lombardi_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombardi-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prosecutors allege that Soloway used millions of <a href="/wiki/Zombie_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie computer">"zombie" computers</a> to distribute spam during 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first case in which US prosecutors used identity theft laws to prosecute a spammer for taking over someone else's Internet domain name.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an attempt to assess potential legal and technical strategies for stopping illegal spam, a study cataloged three months of online spam data and researched website naming and hosting infrastructures. The study concluded that: 1) half of all spam programs have their domains and servers distributed over just eight percent or fewer of the total available hosting registrars and autonomous systems, with 80 percent of spam programs overall being distributed over just 20 percent of all registrars and autonomous systems; 2) of the 76 purchases for which the researchers received transaction information, there were only 13 distinct banks acting as credit card acquirers and only three banks provided the payment servicing for 95 percent of the spam-advertised goods in the study; and, 3) a "financial blacklist" of banking entities that do business with spammers would dramatically reduce monetization of unwanted e-mails. Moreover, this blacklist could be updated far more rapidly than spammers could acquire new banking resources, an asymmetry favoring anti-spam efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ongoing concern expressed by parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> has to do with so-called "stealth blocking", a term for ISPs employing aggressive spam blocking without their users' knowledge. These groups' concern is that ISPs or technicians seeking to reduce spam-related costs may select tools that (either through error or design) also <a href="/wiki/Block_(Internet)" title="Block (Internet)">block</a> non-spam e-mail from sites seen as "spam-friendly". Few object to the existence of these tools; it is their use in filtering the mail of users who are not informed of their use that draws fire.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though it is possible in some jurisdictions to treat some spam as unlawful merely by applying existing laws against <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conversion_(law)" title="Conversion (law)">conversion</a>, some laws specifically targeting spam have been proposed. In 2004, United States passed the <a href="/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003" title="CAN-SPAM Act of 2003">CAN-SPAM Act of 2003</a> that provided ISPs with tools to combat spam. This act allowed <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> to successfully sue Eric Head who settled the lawsuit for several thousand U.S. dollars in June 2004. But the law is criticized by many for not being effective enough. Indeed, the law was supported by some spammers and organizations that support spamming, and opposed by many in the anti-spam community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Court_cases">Court cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Court cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam_legislation_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam legislation by country">E-mail spam legislation by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earthlink won a $25 million judgment against one of the most notorious and active "spammers" Khan C. Smith in 2001 for his role in founding the modern spam industry which dealt billions in economic damage and established thousands of spammers into the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His email efforts were said to make up more than a third of all Internet email being sent from 1999 until 2002. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Wallace" title="Sanford Wallace">Sanford Wallace</a> and Cyber Promotions were the target of a string of lawsuits, many of which were settled out of court, up through a 1998 Earthlink settlement<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that put Cyber Promotions out of business. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Canter" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Canter">Laurence Canter</a> was disbarred by the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Supreme_Court" title="Tennessee Supreme Court">Tennessee Supreme Court</a> in 1997 for sending prodigious amounts of spam advertising his <a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">immigration law</a> practice. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Smathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jason Smathers">Jason Smathers</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a> employee, pleaded guilty to charges of violating the <a href="/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003" title="CAN-SPAM Act of 2003">CAN-SPAM Act</a>. In 2003, he sold a list of approximately 93 million AOL subscriber e-mail addresses to Sean Dunaway who sold the list to spammers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Soloway" title="Robert Soloway">Robert Soloway</a> lost a case in a federal court against the operator of a small Oklahoma-based Internet service provider who accused him of spamming. U.S. Judge Ralph G. Thompson granted a motion by plaintiff Robert Braver for a <a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">default judgment</a> and permanent <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a> against him. The judgment includes a statutory damages award of about $10 million under Oklahoma law.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2007, two men were convicted of eight counts stemming from sending millions of e-mail spam messages that included hardcore pornographic images. Jeffrey A. Kilbride, 41, of <a href="/wiki/Venice,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice, California">Venice, California</a> was sentenced to six years in prison, and James R. Schaffer, 41, of <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona" title="Paradise Valley, Arizona">Paradise Valley, Arizona</a>, was sentenced to 63 months. In addition, the two were fined $100,000, ordered to pay $77,500 in restitution to <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, and ordered to forfeit more than $1.1 million, the amount of illegal proceeds from their spamming operation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charges included <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, and transportation of <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscene</a> materials. The trial, which began on June 5, was the first to include charges under the <a href="/wiki/CAN-SPAM_Act_of_2003" title="CAN-SPAM Act of 2003">CAN-SPAM Act of 2003</a>, according to a release from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a>. The specific law that prosecutors used under the CAN-Spam Act was designed to crack down on the transmission of pornography in spam.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Scott J. Filary and Donald E. Townsend of <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a> were sued by <a href="/wiki/Florida_Attorney_General" title="Florida Attorney General">Florida Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a> for violating the Florida Electronic Mail Communications Act.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two spammers were required to pay $50,000 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> to cover the costs of investigation by the state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and a $1.1 million penalty if spamming were to continue, the $50,000 was not paid, or the financial statements provided were found to be inaccurate. The spamming operation was successfully shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edna Fiedler of <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, on June 25, 2008, pleaded guilty in a <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> court and was sentenced to two years imprisonment and five years of supervised release or <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> in an Internet $1 million "Nigerian check scam." She conspired to commit bank, wire and mail fraud, against US citizens, specifically using Internet by having had an <a href="/wiki/Accomplice" class="mw-redirect" title="Accomplice">accomplice</a> who shipped counterfeit checks and money orders to her from <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, Nigeria, the previous November. Fiedler shipped out $609,000 fake check and money orders when arrested and prepared to send additional $1.1 million counterfeit materials. Also, the U.S. Postal Service recently intercepted counterfeit checks, lottery tickets and eBay overpayment schemes with a value of $2.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2009 opinion, <i><a href="/wiki/Gordon_v._Virtumundo,_Inc." title="Gordon v. Virtumundo, Inc.">Gordon v. Virtumundo, Inc.</a></i>, 575 F.3d 1040, the Ninth Circuit assessed the standing requirements necessary for a private plaintiff to bring a civil cause of action against spam senders under the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, as well as the scope of the CAN-SPAM Act's federal preemption clause.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first successful case of its kind, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Roberts" title="Nigel Roberts">Nigel Roberts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> won £270 against Media Logistics UK who sent junk e-mails to his personal account.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2007, a Sheriff Court in Scotland awarded Mr. Gordon Dick £750 (the then maximum sum that could be awarded in a Small Claim action) plus expenses of £618.66, a total of £1368.66 against Transcom Internet Services Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for breaching anti-spam laws.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcom had been legally represented at earlier hearings, but were not represented at the proof, so Gordon Dick got his decree by default. It is the largest amount awarded in compensation in the United Kingdom since Roberts v Media Logistics case in 2005. </p><p>Despite the statutory tort that is created by the Regulations implementing the EC Directive, few other people have followed their example. As the Courts engage in active case management, such cases would probably now be expected to be settled by mediation and payment of nominal damages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2008, an international internet spam operation run from New Zealand was cited by American authorities as one of the world's largest, and for a time responsible for up to a third of all unwanted e-mails. In a statement the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) named Christchurch's Lance Atkinson as one of the principals of the operation. New Zealand's Internal Affairs announced it had lodged a $200,000 claim in the High Court against Atkinson and his brother <a href="/wiki/Shane_Atkinson" title="Shane Atkinson">Shane Atkinson</a> and courier Roland Smits, after raids in Christchurch. This marked the first prosecution since the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act (UEMA) was passed in September 2007. The FTC said it had received more than three million complaints about spam messages connected to this operation, and estimated that it may be responsible for sending billions of illegal spam messages. The US District Court froze the defendants' assets to preserve them for consumer redress pending trial.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. co-defendant Jody Smith forfeited more than $800,000 and faces up to five years in prison for charges to which he pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spamming" title="Special:EditPage/Spamming">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> allows spam messages as long as the message is clearly marked as spam according to the Bulgarian E-Commerce act. Spam messages can't be sent if the user opts out of them. When a user opts out of a message, their e-mail gets stored in a public registry. Companies sending spam messages to users registered in the registry have to pay a fine. Under the ECA, spam messages can't be sent if the address of the spam message is invalid or the user identity is unknown. <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This made lawsuits against Bulgarian ISP's and public e-mail providers with antispam policy possible, as they are obstructing legal commerce activity and thus violate Bulgarian antitrust acts. While there are no such lawsuits until now, several cases of spam obstruction are currently awaiting decision in the Bulgarian Antitrust Commission (Комисия за защита на конкуренцията) and can end with serious fines for the ISPs in question.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2014)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The law contains other dubious provisions — for example, the creation of a nationwide public electronic register of e-mail addresses that do not want to receive spam.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually abused as the perfect source for <a href="/wiki/E-mail_address_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail address harvesting">e-mail address harvesting</a>, because publishing invalid or incorrect information in such a register is a criminal offense in Bulgaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newsgroups">Newsgroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Newsgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/News.admin.net-abuse.email" title="News.admin.net-abuse.email">news.admin.net-abuse.email</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a> – Privacy technique to cloak e-mail addresses (avoidance technique)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">Advance-fee scam</a> – Type of confidence trick fraud (Nigerian spam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam techniques</a> – Methods to prevent email spam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">Identity theft</a> – Deliberate use of someone else's identity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a> – Type of email spam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">Confidence trick</a> – Attempt to defraud a person or group<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Junk mail</a> – Distribution of advertising by direct mail or letterbox drop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spammers" title="List of spammers">List of spammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> – Malicious software</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_Abuse_Clearinghouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network Abuse Clearinghouse (page does not exist)">Network Abuse Clearinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> – Form of social engineering</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_spam" title="Social spam">Social spam</a> – Spam on social networking services</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_and_Open_Relay_Blocking_System" title="Spam and Open Relay Blocking System">Spam and Open Relay Blocking System</a> (<abbr>SORBS</abbr>) – List of e-mail servers suspected of enabling spam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpamCop" title="SpamCop">SpamCop</a> – Email spam reporting service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spamhaus_Project" title="The Spamhaus Project">The Spamhaus Project</a> – Organization targeting email spammers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamigation" title="Spamigation">Spamigation</a> – Mass litigation conducted to intimidate large numbers of people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP spam</a> – bulk unsolicited automatic phone calls using VoIP<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoetry">Spoetry</a> – Poetic verse composed from spam e-mail contents<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporgery" title="Sporgery">Sporgery</a> – Posting a flood of articles to a Usenet group, with falsified headers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_list" title="Suppression list">Suppression list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice phishing</a>, also known as vishing – Phishing attack via telephony</li></ul> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Carmack" title="Howard Carmack">Howard Carmack</a> – American email spammer<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a> – Electronic chain letter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Wallace" title="Sanford Wallace">Sanford Wallace</a> – spammer<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span><span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_King_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spam King (disambiguation)">Spam King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet_Death_Penalty" title="Usenet Death Penalty">Usenet Death Penalty</a> – Policy of blocking and deleting posts</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a href="/wiki/Advance_fee_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance fee fraud">Advance fee fraud</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/about/spam.html#spam">"Developer Policy Center – Intellectual Property, Deception, and Spam"</a>. <i>play.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514124405/http://play.google.com/about/spam.html#spam">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=play.google.com&rft.atitle=Developer+Policy+Center+%E2%80%93+Intellectual+Property%2C+Deception%2C+and+Spam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fabout%2Fspam.html%23spam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spam">"Spam"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i> (definition & more). 31 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323132342/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spam">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Spam&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fspam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamhaus.org/definition.html">"The Definition of Spam"</a>. <i>The Spamhaus Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224024202/http://www.spamhaus.org/definition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spamhaus+Project&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+Spam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamhaus.org%2Fdefinition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gyongyi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gyongyi_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyongyi_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyöngyiGarcia-Molina2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoltan_Gy%C3%B6ngyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoltan Gyöngyi (page does not exist)">Gyöngyi, Zoltan</a>; <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Garc%C3%ADa-Molina" title="Héctor García-Molina">Garcia-Molina, Hector</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airweb.cse.lehigh.edu/2005/gyongyi.pdf">"Web spam taxonomy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web (AIRWeb), 2005 in The 14th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2005) May 10, (Tue) – 14 (Sat), 2005, Nippon Convention Center (Makuhari Messe), Chiba, Japan</i>. New York, NY: ACM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-046-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-046-0"><bdi>978-1-59593-046-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215100841/http://airweb.cse.lehigh.edu/2005/gyongyi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Spamlaws. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828222934/http://www.spamlaws.com/state/ca.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+business+and+professions+code&rft.pub=Spamlaws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamlaws.com%2Fstate%2Fca.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commtouch.com/spam-cost-calculator">"Spam Cost Calculator: Calculate enterprise spam cost?"</a>. Commtouch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724093655/http://www2.commtouch.com/spam-cost-calculator">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BizJournals.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020815075025/http://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/stories/2002/07/22/story4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2002</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Staff+Writer&rft.aulast=Credeur&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fatlanta%2Fstories%2F2002%2F07%2F22%2Fstory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brechtweigelhaus.de/css/box/js/icon/en/on-the-dark-side-of-the-planet-temperatures-average-110amp160k.htm">"On the dark side of the planet temperatures average 110amp160K"</a>. <i>www.brechtweigelhaus.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124518/http://www.brechtweigelhaus.de/css/box/js/icon/en/on-the-dark-side-of-the-planet-temperatures-average-110amp160k.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Newport Internet Marketing Corporation et al.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070123044716/http://www.mortgagespam.com/soloway">Archived</a> 2007-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> -<i>U.S. District Court - Western District of Oklahoma (Oklahoma City)</i>, 2005-02-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_crm_813.html">"Two Men Sentenced for Running International Pornographic Spamming Business"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. 12 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015052249/http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2007/October/07_crm_813.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Virtumundo, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703161453/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2009/08/06/07-35487.pdf">575 F.3d 1040</a> (9th Cir. 2009), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2009/08/06/07-35487.pdf">the original</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4562726.stm">"Businessman wins e-mail spam case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 27 December 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029112035/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/jersey/4562726.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Businessman+wins+e-mail+spam+case&rft.date=2005-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fjersey%2F4562726.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605100547/http://scotchspam.co.uk/transcom.html">"Gordon Dick v Transcom Internet Service Ltd"</a>. Scotchspam.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotchspam.co.uk/transcom.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gordon+Dick+v+Transcom+Internet+Service+Ltd&rft.pub=Scotchspam.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotchspam.co.uk%2Ftranscom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32002L0058">Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (Directive on privacy and electronic communications)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/675386">"Kiwi spam network was 'World's biggest'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff.co.nz" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuff.co.nz">Stuff.co.nz</a></i>. 16 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310200259/http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/675386">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=Kiwi+spam+network+was+%27World%27s+biggest%27&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftechnology%2F675386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2009/11/herbalkings.shtm">"Court Orders Australia-based Leader of International Spam Network to Pay $15.15 Million"</a>. Ftc.gov. 24 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075839/http://ftc.gov/opa/2009/11/herbalkings.shtm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+Orders+Australia-based+Leader+of+International+Spam+Network+to+Pay+%2415.15+Million&rft.pub=Ftc.gov&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fopa%2F2009%2F11%2Fherbalkings.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724113235/http://lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135530547/">"Закон За Електронната Търговия"</a>. <i>lex.bg</i>. 14 August 2011. Chapter 2, article 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135530547">the original</a> on 24 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lex.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=Chapter+2%2C+article+5.&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flex.bg%2Fbg%2Flaws%2Fldoc%2F2135530547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitrov, George, and Zahariev, Martin. Cyber Law in Bulgaria. Part 4, Chapter 4, Section 3. Netherlands, Wolters Kluwer, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927171539/http://www.kzp.bg/register/">"Регистър на юридическите лица, които не желаят да получават непоискани търговски съобщения"</a>. Kzp.bg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kzp.bg/register/">the original</a> on 27 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Kzp.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kzp.bg%2Fregister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecter2007" class="citation web cs1">Specter, Michael (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/06/070806fa_fact_specter">"Damn Spam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905133420/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/06/070806fa_fact_specter">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Damn+Spam&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft.aulast=Specter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F08%2F06%2F070806fa_fact_specter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brunton, Finn. <i>Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet</i> (MIT Press; 2013) 304 pages; $27.95). A cultural and technological history</li> <li>Sjouwerman, Stu; Posluns, Jeffrey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1gsUeCcA7qMC">"Inside the spam cartel: trade secrets from the dark side"</a>, Elsevier/Syngress; 1st edition, November 27, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932266-86-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932266-86-3">978-1-932266-86-3</a></li> <li>Brown, Bruce Cameron "How to stop e-mail spam, spyware, malware, computer viruses, and hackers from ruining your computer" Atlantic Publishing Group, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-601383-03-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-601383-03-7">978-1-601383-03-7</a></li> <li>Dunne, Robert "Computers and the law: an introduction to basic legal principles and their application in cyberspace" Cambridge University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521886-50-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521886-50-5">978-0-521886-50-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangXiaoGhaboosiZhang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Yanping; Xiao, Yang; Ghaboosi, Kaveh; Zhang, Jingyuan; Deng, Hongmei (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260409734">"A survey of cyber crimes"</a>. <i>Security and Communication Networks</i>. <b>5</b> (4). Wiley: <span class="nowrap">422–</span>437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsec.331">10.1002/sec.331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Security+and+Communication+Networks&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+cyber+crimes&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E422-%3C%2Fspan%3E437&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsec.331&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yanping&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Yang&rft.au=Ghaboosi%2C+Kaveh&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jingyuan&rft.au=Deng%2C+Hongmei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260409734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spamming&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronic_spam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electronic spam">Electronic spam</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8388737.stm">1 December 2009: arrest of a major spammer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621060227/http://www.privacyrights.org/fs/fs20-spam.htm">Anti-Spam Consumer Resources and Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertelecom.org/spam/">Cybertelecom:: Federal spam law and policy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/spam/">Federal Trade Commission page with spam reduction tips and reporting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223165604/http://www.malwarecity.com/site/News/browseBlogsByCategory/46/">Malware City - The Spam Omelette</a> BitDefender's weekly report on spam trends and techniques.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templetons.com/brad/spamreact.html">Reaction to the DEC Spam of 1978</a> Overview and text of the first known internet e-mail spam.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/depts/accc/newsletter/adn29/spam.html">Slamming Spamming Resource on Spam</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731064823/http://spamdex.co.uk/">"Spam Archive list of spam from traceable sources, 2014-15 (including 2008–2013) over 35,000 spam emails listed"</a>. <i>The Spam Archive | Spamdex</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamdex.co.uk/">the original</a> on 31 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spam+Archive+%7C+Spamdex&rft.atitle=Spam+Archive+list+of+spam+from+traceable+sources%2C+2014-15+%28including+2008%E2%80%932013%29+over+35%2C000+spam+emails+listed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spamdex.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpamming" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spamtrackers.eu/wiki">Spamtrackers SpamWiki</a>: a peer-reviewed spam information and analysis resource.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061218222622/http://www.cdt.org/speech/spam/030319spamreport.shtml">Why am I getting all this spam? 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related security categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_security" title="Automotive security">Automotive security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_fraud" title="Computer fraud">Computer fraud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_security" title="Internet security">Internet security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Mobile security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIAJMK1209-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="vectorial version"><img alt="vectorial version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/150px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/225px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/CIAJMK1209-en.svg/300px-CIAJMK1209-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>vectorial version</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_persistent_threat" title="Advanced persistent threat">Advanced persistent threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">Arbitrary code execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoors</a></li> <li>Bombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_bomb" title="Fork bomb">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(software)" title="Time bomb (software)">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_bomb" title="Zip bomb">Zip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM clobbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_sniffing" title="History sniffing">History sniffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptojacking" title="Cryptojacking">Cryptojacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">Data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive-by_download" title="Drive-by download">Drive-by download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scraping" title="Data scraping">Data scraping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_fraud" title="Email fraud">Email fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">Exploits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecure_direct_object_reference" title="Insecure direct object reference">Insecure direct object reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke loggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payload_(computing)" title="Payload (computing)">Payload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_engine" title="Polymorphic engine">Polymorphic engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootkit" title="Rootkit">Rootkits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellcode" title="Shellcode">Shellcode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">Social engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">Software bugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_Trojan" title="Hardware Trojan">Hardware Trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_access_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote access trojan">Remote access trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computer_security)" title="Vulnerability (computer security)">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_shell" title="Web shell">Web shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiper_(malware)" title="Wiper (malware)">Wiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_injection" title="SQL injection">SQL injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_security_software" title="Rogue security software">Rogue security software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_(computing)" title="Zombie (computing)">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secure_coding" title="Secure coding">Secure coding</a></li> <li>Secure by default</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_case" title="Misuse case">Misuse case</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Computer access control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">Multi-factor authentication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorization" title="Authorization">Authorization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security_software" title="Computer security software">Computer security software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-centric_security" title="Data-centric security">Data-centric security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation_(software)" title="Obfuscation (software)">Software obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_masking" title="Data masking">Data masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Host-based_intrusion_detection_system" title="Host-based intrusion detection system">Host-based intrusion detection system</a> (HIDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security_management" title="Information security management">Information security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_risk_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Information risk management">Information risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_information_and_event_management" title="Security information and event management">Security information and event management</a> (SIEM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_application_self-protection" title="Runtime application self-protection">Runtime application self-protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_isolation" title="Site isolation">Site isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsolicited_digital_communication148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spamming" title="Template:Spamming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spamming" title="Template talk:Spamming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spamming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spamming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsolicited_digital_communication148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unsolicited digital communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_email_software" title="Bulk email software">Bulk email software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_harvest_attack" title="Directory harvest attack">Directory harvest attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System_blocklist" title="Domain Name System blocklist">DNSBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSWL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSWL">DNSWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_job" title="Joe job">Joe job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_contract" title="Pink contract">Pink contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email-address_harvesting" title="Email-address harvesting">Spambot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_dialer" title="Auto dialer">Auto dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">Flyposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax">Junk fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robocall" title="Robocall">Robocall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spambot" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Blog spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking" title="Cloaking">Cloaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorway_page" title="Doorway page">Doorway page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_spam" title="Forum spam">Forum spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyword_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword stuffing">Keyword stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_farm" title="Link farm">Link farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referrer_spam" title="Referrer spam">Referrer spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_site" title="Scraper site">Scraper site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_spam" title="Social spam">Social spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sping" title="Sping">Sping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_fraud" title="Internet fraud">Internet fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance-fee_scam" title="Advance-fee scam">Advance-fee scam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lottery_scam" title="Lottery scam">Lottery scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Money_Fast" title="Make Money Fast">Make Money Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_phishing" title="Voice phishing">Voice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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