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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Communauté scientifique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 30 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="مجتمع علمي – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع علمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitat_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Comunitat científica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunitat científica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵەی زانستی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵەی زانستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftsgemeinde" title="Wissenschaftsgemeinde – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissenschaftsgemeinde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Scientific community" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienca_komunumo" title="Scienca komunumo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scienca komunumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Comunidad científica – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad científica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitate_zientifikoa" title="Komunitate zientifikoa – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komunitate zientifikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="جامعه علمی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه علمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedeyhteis%C3%B6" title="Tiedeyhteisö – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedeyhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_cient%C3%ADfica" title="Comunidade científica – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunidade científica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הקהילה המדעית – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקהילה המדעית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitas_ilmiah" title="Komunitas ilmiah – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunitas ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencala_komunitato" title="Ciencala komunitato – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ciencala komunitato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_scientifica" title="Comunità scientifica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunità scientifica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Ғылыми қауымдастық – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылыми қауымдастық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99%EC%B2%B4" title="과학 공동체 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과학 공동체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Илимий жамаат – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Илимий жамаат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuniti_saintifik" title="Komuniti saintifik – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komuniti saintifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschappelijke_gemeenschap" title="Wetenschappelijke gemeenschap – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschappelijke gemeenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskapelige_milj%C3%B8" title="Vitenskapelige miljø – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskapelige miljø" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Научное сообщество – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Научное сообщество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumunitati_scentifica" title="Cumunitati scentifica – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cumunitati scentifica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ชุมชนนักวิทยาศาสตร์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุมชนนักวิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Наукове співтовариство – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наукове співтовариство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmiy_hamjamiyat" title="Ilmiy hamjamiyat – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilmiy hamjamiyat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cộng đồng khoa học – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng đồng khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D_ton%C3%ADs%C3%A1y%E1%BA%B9%CC%81ns%C3%AC" title="Àwùjọ tonísáyẹ́nsì – yoruba" 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Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-04" data-sort-value="2017-04">avril 2017</time>).</small> </p><p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». </p><p><b>En pratique :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources#Qualité_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a> </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Rosetta_Stone_International_Congress_of_Orientalists_ILN_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rosetta_Stone_International_Congress_of_Orientalists_ILN_1874.jpg/300px-Rosetta_Stone_International_Congress_of_Orientalists_ILN_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Rosetta_Stone_International_Congress_of_Orientalists_ILN_1874.jpg/450px-Rosetta_Stone_International_Congress_of_Orientalists_ILN_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Rosetta_Stone_International_Congress_of_Orientalists_ILN_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>1874 - Quelques spécialistes se penchent sur la <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Rosette" title="Pierre de Rosette">pierre de Rosette</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> avait mis huit ans pour percer son secret. Il l'annonça à la communauté scientifique en 1822.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>communauté scientifique</b> désigne, dans un sens assez large, l'ensemble des <a href="/wiki/Chercheur" title="Chercheur">chercheurs</a> et autres personnalités dont les travaux ont pour objet les <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">sciences</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Recherche_scientifique" title="Recherche scientifique">recherche scientifique</a>, selon des <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_scientifique" title="Méthode scientifique">méthodes scientifiques</a>. Parfois cette expression se réduit à un <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(sp%C3%A9cialit%C3%A9)" title="Discipline (spécialité)">domaine scientifique</a> particulier : la communauté des astrophysiciens pour l'<a href="/wiki/Astrophysique" title="Astrophysique">astrophysique</a>, par exemple. La <a href="/wiki/Sociologie_des_sciences" title="Sociologie des sciences">sociologie des sciences</a> s'intéresse à cette communauté, à la façon dont elle fonctionne et s'inscrit dans la <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(sciences_sociales)" title="Société (sciences sociales)">société</a>. </p><p>Le terme est d'usage ancien, et permet à un chercheur de se référer à ses pairs afin de légitimer ses travaux de recherche. Cet usage s'appuie sur l'évaluation de travaux de recherche par les pairs au sein de <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité de lecture">comités de lecture</a> lors de leur communication. </p><p>Toutefois, l'expression « communauté scientifique » ne doit pas être prise trop littéralement. En effet, se posent les problèmes suivants : </p> <ul><li>la communauté scientifique dans sa globalité n'est pas une communauté organisée, au sens où elle n'a pas de représentant légal, de porte-parole reconnu (même si certaines disciplines se dotent parfois d'une <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie" title="Académie">académie</a> ou d'un <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Ordre" class="mw-disambig" title="Conseil de l'Ordre">Conseil de l'Ordre</a>) ;</li> <li>la communauté scientifique n'est pas un ensemble de personnes totalement identifié, et l'appartenance à celle-ci n'est pas « labellisée » : voir par exemple le problème des <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-science" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-science">pseudo-sciences</a> ;</li> <li>la communauté scientifique n'est pas univoque. Dans un même domaine scientifique, y compris dans les sciences exactes, plusieurs avis différents peuvent coexister.</li></ul> <p>Le problème de flou de l'expression est le même que pour la <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_internationale" title="Communauté internationale">communauté internationale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique" title="Spécial:EditPage/Communauté scientifique">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a></div></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_scientifique" title="Consensus scientifique">Consensus scientifique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_savante" title="Société savante">Société savante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_pontificale_des_sciences" title="Académie pontificale des sciences">Académie pontificale des sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociologie_des_sciences" title="Sociologie des sciences">Sociologie des sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Samuel_Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Samuel Kuhn">Thomas Samuel Kuhn</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sociologie" title="Portail de la sociologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sociologielogo.png/21px-Sociologielogo.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sociologielogo.png/32px-Sociologielogo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sociologielogo.png/42px-Sociologielogo.png 2x" data-file-width="51" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Sociologie" title="Portail:Sociologie">Portail de la sociologie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span 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