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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Makkabe%C3%ABrs" title="4 Makkabeërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="4 Makkabeërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="سفر المكابيين الرابع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفر المكابيين الرابع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Чацвёртая кніга Макавеяў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чацвёртая кніга Макавеяў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="За господството на разума – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="За господството на разума" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._kniha_Makabejsk%C3%A1" title="4. kniha Makabejská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="4. kniha Makabejská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/4._Buch_der_Makkab%C3%A4er" title="4. Buch der Makkabäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="4. Buch der Makkabäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Macabeos" title="IV Macabeos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IV Macabeos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_livre_des_Maccab%C3%A9es" title="Quatrième livre des Maccabées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatrième livre des Maccabées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Makkabee%C3%ABrs" title="4 Makkabeeërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="4 Makkabeeërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%B2%A0%EC%98%A4%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A0%9C4%EC%84%9C" title="마카베오기 제4서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마카베오기 제4서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Makabe_yang_Keempat" title="Kitab Makabe yang Keempat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab Makabe yang Keempat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarto_libro_dei_Maccabei" title="Quarto libro dei Maccabei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quarto libro dei Maccabei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%93%27" title="ספר מקבים ד' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר מקבים ד'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkabeusok_negyedik_k%C3%B6nyve" title="Makkabeusok negyedik könyve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Makkabeusok negyedik könyve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky_fahefatry_ny_Makabeo" title="Boky fahefatry ny Makabeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky fahefatry ny Makabeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Makkabee%C3%ABn" title="4 Makkabeeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="4 Makkabeeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjerde_Makkabeerbok" title="Fjerde Makkabeerbok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fjerde Makkabeerbok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Ksi%C4%99ga_Machabejska" title="4 Księga Machabejska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="4 Księga Machabejska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_Macabeus" title="IV Macabeus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IV Macabeus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Четвёртая книга Маккавейская – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Четвёртая книга Маккавейская" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="4 Maccabees" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelj%C3%A4s_makkabilaiskirja" title="Neljäs makkabilaiskirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neljäs makkabilaiskirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaapat_na_Aklat_ng_mga_Macabeo" title="Ikaapat na Aklat ng mga Macabeo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikaapat na Aklat ng mga Macabeo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Четверта книга Макавеїв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Четверта книга Макавеїв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8A%A0%E6%AF%94%E5%9B%9B%E6%9B%B8" title="馬加比四書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬加比四書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q230255#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Nevi'im</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Prophets)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Former_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Former</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yehoshua</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shofetim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shemuel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Melakhim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im#Latter_Prophets" title="Nevi'im">Latter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:10.0em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yeshayahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yirmeyahu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Yekhezqel</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim"><span style="font-size:120%"><i>Ketuvim</i></span> <span class="nobold">(Writings)</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Poetic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Tehillim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Mishlei</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Iyov</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five <i>Megillot</i> <span class="nobold">(Scrolls)</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Shir Hashirim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Rut</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Eikhah</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Qohelet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ester</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Historical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;width:15.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:1.2em;white-space:nowrap;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Daniyyel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ezra%E2%80%93Nehemiah" title="Ezra–Nehemiah">Ezra–Nehemiah</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Ezra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;font-style:italic;">Divre Hayyamim</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:115%;padding-top:0.3em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <span class="nobold">(Christianity)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Pentateuch#Contents" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Wisdom</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;padding-top:0.25em;padding-bottom:0.25em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> Orthodox only</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;font-size:105%;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanakh_OT" title="Template talk:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh_OT" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanakh OT"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>4 Maccabees</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the <b>Fourth Book of Maccabees</b> and possibly originally known as <b>On the Sovereignty of Reason</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a book written in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, likely in the <a href="/wiki/1st_century" title="1st century">1st</a> or early <a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a> or <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophic</a> discourse praising the supremacy of pious <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> over <a href="/wiki/Passions_(philosophy)" title="Passions (philosophy)">passion</a>. It is a work that combines <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> with influence from <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a>, particularly the school of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>. </p><p>The work is largely an elaboration of the stories of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> in the book <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>: that of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">woman with seven sons</a> and the scribe <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(2_Maccabees)" title="Eleazar (2 Maccabees)">Eleazar</a>, who are tortured to death by Seleucid King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> in an attempt to make them renounce their adherence to Judaism. What 2 Maccabees covered in one chapter and a half, 4 Maccabees extends to a full 14 chapters of dialogue and philosophical discussion. 4 Maccabees recasts the story as one of reason and logic: the martyrs will be rewarded in the afterlife, so it is rational to continue to obey <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, even at the risk of torture and death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I could prove to you from many and various examples that reason is dominant over the emotions, but I can demonstrate it best from the noble bravery of those who died for the sake of virtue, Eleazar and the seven brothers and their mother. All of these, by despising sufferings that bring death, demonstrated that reason controls the emotions. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>4 Maccabees 1:7–9 (NRSV)<sup id="cite_ref-4Mac_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4Mac-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The work consists of a prologue and two main sections. The first advances the philosophical thesis on the basis of examples from the Law of Moses and the biblical tradition while the second illustrates the points made using examples drawn from <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(2_Maccabees)" title="Eleazar (2 Maccabees)">Eleazar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">woman with seven sons</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vanhenten_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanhenten-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last chapters concern the author's impressions drawn from these martyrdoms. It has been suggested that, while 2 Maccabees was written with appeals to emotion, sentiment, and drama (<i><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a></i>), 4 Maccabees is considerably more intellectual about the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The martyred woman calmly debates her captors, explaining why her actions are rational given God's promise of rewards in the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, using arguments akin to those favored by <a href="/wiki/Stoic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoic philosophy">Stoic philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cobb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of 4 Maccabees still appreciates the power of arousing emotions, however. The work goes into more grisly detail concerning the martyrdoms themselves than 2 Maccabees; "even now, we ourselves shudder as we hear of the suffering of these young men" (4 Maccabees 14:9).<sup id="cite_ref-4Mac14_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4Mac14-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author has the clear rhetorical intent of arousing admiration and emulation of these examples of devotion to the Jewish law. </p><p>The work is in fluent and complicated Greek using the rhetorical argumentative style of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas100_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desilva12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Orlinsky" title="Harry Orlinsky">Harry Orlinsky</a> describes it as "an elaborate variation, in philosophical and highly dramatic vein, of the theme" of 2 Maccabees 6:18–7:4.<sup id="cite_ref-HMO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work uses secular allusions to Greek-style athletics and military contests, calling Eleazar a "noble athlete" and the martyred mother of the seven sons a "soldier of God".<sup id="cite_ref-cobb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cobb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work defends the merits of Judaism in a Hellenized world. According to it, devout practice of Judaism perfects the values held dear in Greek and Roman contexts, with the martyrs presented in terms reminiscent of Greek sages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship,_date,_and_title"><span id="Authorship.2C_date.2C_and_title"></span>Authorship, date, and title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Authorship, date, and title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of the work is unknown. The book is ascribed to the Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this opinion was accepted for many years, leading to its inclusion in many editions of Josephus' works. Later scholars have rejected this claim of authorship, however. There are differences of language and style; 4 Maccabees makes several historical errors that Josephus's work does not make; and the ideology of the two seems to conflict (Josephus favored accommodation toward Gentile practices, not the uncompromising stance seen in 4 Maccabees).<sup id="cite_ref-Hadas113_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadas113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desilva12_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author was probably not from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Judea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judea">Roman Judea</a>, as the book includes a minor geographical mistake about the layout of Jerusalem, Judea was largely Aramaic-speaking in the era, and the tone of the work suggests the defense of a cultural minority in a Hellenistic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-deSilva18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, he was probably a <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora Jew">diaspora Jew</a>, although from where is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-vanhenten_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanhenten-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandria was the largest site of literary Greek Jewish works in the era, but scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freudenthal" title="Hans Freudenthal">Hans Freudenthal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Norden" title="Eduard Norden">Eduard Norden</a> think that the religious outlook of the book does not easily match Alexandrian Jewish thought.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas109_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas109-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deSilva18_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deSilva18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hadas" title="Moses Hadas">Moses Hadas</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> was a more likely site for composition: a thoroughly Hellenized and Greek-speaking city with a large Jewish minority that revered the martyrs, judging by later Christian churches dedicated to the "Maccabean martyrs" in Antioch, as well as certain word usage that was rare among Alexandrian works such as <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas109_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas109-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanhenten_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanhenten-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original title of the work, if any, is uncertain. The Septuagint is what gave it its modern name of "4 Maccabees" to distinguish it from the other books of Maccabees in it, but it almost certainly was not the original title of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-desilva12_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusebius and Jerome wrote that the work of Josephus on the martyrdoms of the Maccabees – presumably 4 Maccabees – was called "On the Sovereignty of Reason", suggesting that might have been the original title.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title would be consistent with the conventions of Greek philosophical and ethical works of the period (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>'s "On Anger", "On Benefits", "On the Constancy of the Wise Person").<sup id="cite_ref-Hadas113_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadas113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desilva12_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanhenten_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanhenten-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book is generally dated between 20 and 130 CE. <a href="/wiki/Elias_Joseph_Bickerman" title="Elias Joseph Bickerman">Elias J. Bickerman</a> suggests a composition date somewhere between 20–54 CE; Moses Hadas agrees with that range and further suggests that perhaps around 40 CE during the reign of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> would fit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a> support a later date, perhaps during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (118–135 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-desilva12_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last chapter differs from the earlier chapters in style, and is a somewhat disorganized summary of what has been stated before.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, this might be evidence that the last chapter is a later addition to the work, though this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument in favor of it being an original part of the composition is that the book would have a weak ending without the final chapter, and that the style and vocabulary of the final chapter is not as different as claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change of direction with chapter 17 supports the view of the work as a homily held before a Greek-speaking audience on the feast of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, as advanced by Ewald and Freudenthal, where this would be a rhetorical element to draw the listeners into the discourse. Others hold that a homily would have to be based on scriptural texts, which this work is only loosely.<sup id="cite_ref-je_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of genre, the book resembles both the <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a> (speeches in honor of a particular person or subject) as well as the philosophical <a href="/wiki/Diatribe" title="Diatribe">diatribe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas100_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanhenten_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanhenten-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work has a clearly Stoic stamp as the thesis it seeks to demonstrate is that "pious reason exercises mastery over the emotions" (4 Maccabees 1:1). The adjective "pious," however, is critically important: the author is altering the common topic ("reason can master the emotions") in order to suggest that it is the mind that has been trained in the piety and exercises in the practices of the Jewish Law that is equipped to exercise the mastery that Greek ethicists praise. The work also resonates with sentiments articulated by other philosophical schools such as <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desilva12_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The writer believes in the <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a>, but never mentions the resurrection of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Good souls are said to live forever in happiness with the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">patriarchs</a> and God, but even the evil souls are held to be immortal. The suffering and martyrdom of the Maccabees is seen by the author to be vicarious for the Jewish nation, and the author portrays martyrdom in general as bringing atonement for the past sins of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this it is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Moses" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Moses">Testament of Moses</a>, which was written or updated around the same time period, and similarly praises the virtues of martyrdom and resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the setting of the book is during the Seleucid and Maccabee period of Judea, it is generally believed that the author intended to apply the lessons from this era in his current time. The book thus functions as an endorsement of fidelity to Jewish customs and law and against assimilation to Gentile practice where this conflicted with the Torah.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David A. deSilva considers the work's depiction of personal trust and faithfulness toward God as being in line with early Christian theology; notably, he argues that the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> has a similar viewpoint on the matter of the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work also seems to have proto-Christian views on the nature of <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a>: that the sacrifice of animals at the Temple (impossible in the Maccabean era, as well as for diaspora Jews in the author's era) could be replaced by a sacrifice of "obedience unto death" by faithful humans.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is difficult to know for sure, deSilva also hypothesizes that the kind of promotion of the value of the Jewish Law for shaping an ethical life might have been used by the Jewish Christians who sought to persuade Gentile Christians also to adopt a Jewish way of life. <sup id="cite_ref-desilva143_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva143-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Jewish Christians, however, have not left a written legacy of their own; we have access to their arguments only as reflected in Paul's letters angrily denouncing their understanding of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canonicity">Canonicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>4 Maccabees enjoyed little influence on later Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> waned with time, and the book was not translated to Hebrew in its era. It was not included in the Masoretic canon of Hebrew scriptures, the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, and thus was not considered canonical by later Jews. Stories of the martyrs did circulate among Jews in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, but likely from independent traditions rather than 4 Maccabees directly.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas123_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desilva143_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilva143-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work was preserved largely among Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadas113_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadas113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early Christians both were interested in stories of martyrdom and generally admired Stoicism. The book seems to have been reasonably esteemed in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian church</a>: sermons and works of <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> evince familiarity with 4 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas123_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work also had a profound impact on <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a> exhibits many similarities with the stories in 4 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas123_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite circulating among early Christian communities who used versions of the Septuagint that included 4 Maccabees, church councils were generally more skeptical. In Greek lists, the book appears in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a>, but no others.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin lists, it appears in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">Codex Claromontanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallagher_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallagher-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a> is taken as an accurate record of the "Damasine canon" compiled by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> (366–383 CE), then neither <a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a> nor 4 Maccabees was in the Western, Latin church's list of canonical books of the 4th century. The book was not translated by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> into the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>. As a result, the work was generally obscure in Latin-reading Western Europe. </p><p>In the Greek-reading East, it seems the work was more popular, but still failed to be included in later canon lists. The Eastern Orthodox Canon was laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> in Trullo (692 CE). The Trullo list included the first three <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Maccabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of Maccabees">books of Maccabees</a>, but did not include 4 Maccabees as canonical. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a> printed 4 Maccabees in their Bibles together with the rest of the Old Testament, but this did not entail that they officially considered 4 Maccabees "canonical." More recently, the Greek Church moved it to an appendix and a recent Georgian Bible marks it as "noncanonical." It was included in the 1688 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> and the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Romanian Catholic</a> Bibles where it was called "Iosip" (<i>Josephus</i>). It is no longer printed in <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Romanian" title="Bible translations into Romanian">Romanian Bibles</a> today. </p><p>The Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic language <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Churchs">Oriental Orthodox Churchs</a> do not include the book as canonical either. Some ancient manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> church include the work, but this trend eventually stopped. </p><p>It is generally not in the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canon</a> for modern Christians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_translations">Manuscripts and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>4 Maccabees is in two of the three of the most ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint: the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (4th century) and the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a> (5th century). It is not, however, in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas135_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of the section 5:12-12:1, it is found also in the eight or ninth-century <a href="/wiki/Septuagint_manuscripts#Part_I:_A–Z" title="Septuagint manuscripts">Codex Venetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Charlesworth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are over 70 extant Greek manuscripts of 4 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-RJVH_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJVH-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four pre-modern translations of 4 Maccabees are known. There survives a complete <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> translation, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adaptation under the title <i>Passio Sanctorum Machabaeorum</i> (Suffering of the Holy Maccabees).<sup id="cite_ref-RJVH_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJVH-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Syriac versions was titled <i>The Fourth Book of the Maccabees and Their Mother</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Charlesworth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin text was made around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>'s <i>De Jacob et vita beata</i> (388), which includes an independent partial translation of 4 Maccabees. The <i>Passio</i> was probably completed before the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulgate Bible">Vulgate Bible</a> in 405–406 and was probably produced in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HMO_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragments of an abridged <a href="/wiki/Sahidic_Coptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic Coptic">Sahidic Coptic</a> translation were discovered by Enzo Lucchesi in the 1980s. They have been edited and translated into English. <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Greek" title="Maximus the Greek">Maximus the Greek</a> produced an abridged <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Slavonic</a> translation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fourth Book of Maccabees is not in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> and so is absent from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha of the Roman Bible</a> as well as from Protestant Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Charlesworth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus</a> published at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in 1517,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expanded in 1524, a very free Latin paraphrase of 4 Maccabees, possibly based on the <i>Passio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_Charlesworth-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, 4 Maccabees was first mass printed in a 1526 edition of the Septuagint made in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, albeit one based on a less reliable manuscript with a number of printer's errors.<sup id="cite_ref-hadas135_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadas135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work is included in the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> (RSV), the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (NRSV), and <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version#NRSV_Updated_Edition_(NRSVue)" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</a>. The NRSV is used as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/The_Life_with_God_Study_Bible" title="The Life with God Study Bible">Renovaré Spiritual Formation Bible</a>. </p><p><i>The Lexham English Septuagint: A New Translation</i> (LES), published in 2020, includes 4 Maccabees.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μακκαβαίων Δʹ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Makkabaíōn 4</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">περί αύτοκράτορος λογισμού</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Perí áftokrátoros logismoú</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4Mac-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4Mac_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=4%20Maccabees%201:7–9&version=nrsvae">4 Maccabees 1:7–9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanhenten-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanhenten_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanhenten_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanhenten_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanhenten_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanhenten_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_Henten2021" class="citation book cs1">van Henten, Jan Willem (2021). "4 Maccabees". In Oegema, Gerbern S. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Apocrypha</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">199–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.12">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190689643.013.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190689667" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190689667"><bdi>978-0190689667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+Maccabees&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Apocrypha&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190689643.013.12&rft.isbn=978-0190689667&rft.aulast=van+Henten&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoslyn-Siemiatkoski2009" class="citation book cs1">Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel (2009). <i>Christian Memories of the Maccabean Martyrs</i>. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230602793" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230602793"><bdi>978-0230602793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Memories+of+the+Maccabean+Martyrs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Palgrave+Mcmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230602793&rft.aulast=Joslyn-Siemiatkoski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cobb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cobb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCobb2020" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, L. Stephanie (2020). "Martyrdom in Roman Context". In Middleton, Paul (ed.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Christian Martyrdom</i>. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119099826" title="Special:BookSources/9781119099826"><bdi>9781119099826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+in+Roman+Context&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Christian+Martyrdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781119099826&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=L.+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4Mac14-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4Mac14_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=4%20Maccabees%2014:9&version=nrsvae">4 Maccabees 14:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hadas100-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadas100_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadas100_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953 pp. 100–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desilva12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desilva12_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desilva12_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desilva12_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desilva12_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desilva12_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desilva12_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 12–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMO-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMO_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMO_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry M. Orlinsky, "Review of Heinrich Dörrie, <i>Passio SS. Machabaeorum, die antike lateinische Übersetzung des IV. Makkabäerbuches</i>", <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i> <b>60</b>, 4 (1941):. 440–445. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262470">3262470</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Books of the Maccabees" by John R Bartlett, <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael D. Coogan">Michael D. Coogan</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195046455" title="Special:BookSources/0195046455">0195046455</a>) p. 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadas113-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hadas113_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hadas113_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hadas113_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 113–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSilva18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deSilva18_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deSilva18_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 18–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hadas109-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadas109_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadas109_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 109–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJerome1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (1999) [392]. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Viris Illustribus">On Illustrious Men</a></i>. The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation. Translated by Halton, Thomas P. Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt2853x3">10.2307/j.ctt2853x3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813201004" title="Special:BookSources/0813201004"><bdi>0813201004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Illustrious+Men&rft.series=The+Fathers+of+the+Church%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt2853x3&rft.isbn=0813201004&rft.au=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 95–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBickerman2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Joseph_Bickerman" title="Elias Joseph Bickerman">Bickerman, Elias J.</a> (2007) [1937]. "The Date Of Fourth Maccabees". <i>Studies in Jewish and Christian History</i>. <b>68</b>: <span class="nowrap">266–</span>271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004152946.i-1242.91">10.1163/ej.9789004152946.i-1242.91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047420729" title="Special:BookSources/9789047420729"><bdi>9789047420729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Jewish+and+Christian+History&rft.atitle=The+Date+Of+Fourth+Maccabees&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004152946.i-1242.91&rft.isbn=9789047420729&rft.aulast=Bickerman&rft.aufirst=Elias+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Henten 1997, pp. 76–78. Note that van Henten supports a wider range than Dupont-Sommer and suggests the final decades of the 1st century are plausible as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 237–240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 28–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Henten 1997, pp. 67–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-je-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-je_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToyBartonJacobsAbrahams1904" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Toy, Crawford Howell; Barton, George A.; Jacobs, Joseph; Abrahams, Israel (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10237-maccabees-books-of">"Books of Maccabees"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 8. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+of+Maccabees&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Toy&rft.aufirst=Crawford+Howell&rft.au=Barton%2C+George+A.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Abrahams%2C+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F10237-maccabees-books-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 25–28; 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 115–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Access Bible (Oxford University Press, 1999), Apocrypha 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tentmaker.org/books/DoctrineOfRetribution.html"><i>History of opinions on the scriptural doctrine of retribution</i></a>, Edward Beecher, D. Appleton & Company, 1878 (original), Tentmaker publications, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0548231117" title="Special:BookSources/0548231117">0548231117</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 128–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 137–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desilva143-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-desilva143_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-desilva143_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 143–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:1–6:10&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:1–6:10</a> for example, a letter to Asia Minor – potentially where 4 Maccabees was written. Cited by deSilva 1998, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hadas123-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadas123_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadas123_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadas123_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 123–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallagher-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallagher_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher,_Edmon_L._and_Meade,_John_D.2018" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Edmon L. and Meade, John D. (2018). <i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198792499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198792499"><bdi>978-0198792499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity%3A+Texts+and+Analysis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0198792499&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Edmon+L.+and+Meade%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">deSilva 1998, pp. 149–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hadas135-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadas135_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadas135_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadas 1953, pp. 135–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson_Charlesworth-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_Charlesworth_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Anderson, <i>4 Maccabees (First Century B.C.). A New Translation and Introduction</i>, in <a href="/wiki/James_H._Charlesworth" title="James H. Charlesworth">James H. Charlesworth</a> (1985), <i>The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha</i>, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company Inc., Volume 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-09630-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-09630-5">0-385-09630-5</a> (Vol. 1), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-18813-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-18813-7">0-385-18813-7</a> (Vol. 2), pp. 531-532</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJVH-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RJVH_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RJVH_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. V. Hiebert, "Preparing a Critical Edition of IV Maccabees: The Syriac Translation and the <i>Passio Sanctorum Machabaeorum</i> as Witnesses to the Original Greek", in F. García Martínez and M. Vervenne (eds.), <i>Interpreting Translation: Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust</i> (Peeters, 2005), pp. 193–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some comparison of the Syriac with the Greek was undertaken in the joint work of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lubbock_Bensly" title="Robert Lubbock Bensly">R. L. Bensly</a> and W. E. Barnes, published at Cambridge in 1895, titled <i>The Fourth Book of Maccabees and Kindred Documents in Syriac</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Miroshnikov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/41bb/e340923fa266919fee83e5a23359b0a0eeab.pdf">"The Sahidic Coptic Version of 4 Maccabees"</a>, <i>Vetus Testamentum</i> <b>64</b> (2014): 69–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"842 / To Helias Marcaeus – 863 / From Jakob Spiegel". <i>The Correspondence of Erasmus</i>: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>105. 31 December 1982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442681026-004">10.3138/9781442681026-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8102-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-8102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus&rft.atitle=842+%2F+To+Helias+Marcaeus+%E2%80%93+863+%2F+From+Jakob+Spiegel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1982-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442681026-004&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-8102-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Lexham English Septuagint: A New Translation</i>. Bellingham, Washington: Lexham Press. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1683593448" title="Special:BookSources/1683593448"><bdi>1683593448</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lexham+English+Septuagint%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.place=Bellingham%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Lexham+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=1683593448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdeSilva1998" class="citation book cs1">deSilva, David A. (1998). <a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Knibb" title="Michael A. Knibb">Knibb, Michael A.</a> (ed.). <i>4 Maccabees</i>. Guides to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha. Sheffield: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850758964" title="Special:BookSources/1850758964"><bdi>1850758964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=4+Maccabees&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.series=Guides+to+Apocrypha+and+Pseudepigrapha&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1850758964&rft.aulast=deSilva&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHadas1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Hadas" title="Moses Hadas">Hadas, Moses</a> (1953). <i>The Third and Fourth Books of Maccabees</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/53-5114">53-5114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+and+Fourth+Books+of+Maccabees&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F53-5114&rft.aulast=Hadas&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_Henten1997" class="citation book cs1">van Henten, Jan Willem (1997). <i>The Maccabean Martyrs as Saviours of the Jewish People</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10976-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10976-5"><bdi>90-04-10976-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maccabean+Martyrs+as+Saviours+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10976-5&rft.aulast=van+Henten&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moore, S. D., & Anderson, J. C. (1998). "Taking It like a Man: Masculinity in 4 Maccabees". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a></i>, 117(2), 249–273.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_Maccabees&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%94%27_(Rahlfs)" class="extiw" title="s:el:Μακκαβαίων Δ' (Rahlfs)">Μακκαβαίων Δ'</a>, Septuagint Greek text from 1935 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint</a> (<i>Septuaginta: Id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes</i>) at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030104122535/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/ap/16_4maccabees.htm">English text from <i>The Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version</i> (NRSV)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=4496061">English text from <i>The Apocrypha, Revised Standard Version</i> (RSV)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Maccabees, Books of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Maccabees,_Books_of">"Maccabees, Books of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maccabees%2C+Books+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwete1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barclay_Swete" title="Henry Barclay Swete">Swete, Henry Barclay</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/introductiontool00swet#page/280/mode/2up">"Books not included in the Hebrew canon"</a>. <i>An introduction to the Old Testament in Greek</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Books+not+included+in+the+Hebrew+canon&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+in+Greek&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Swete&rft.aufirst=Henry+Barclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fintroductiontool00swet%23page%2F280%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4+Maccabees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/biblical-stuff/apocrypha-and-pseudepigrapha/new-testament-allusions-to-apocrypha-and-pseudepigrapha/">New Testament Allusions to Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha (including 4 Macc.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930184833/http://www.bombaxo.com/blog/biblical-stuff/apocrypha-and-pseudepigrapha/new-testament-allusions-to-apocrypha-and-pseudepigrapha/">Archived</a> 2018-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/nets/edition/23-4makk-nets.pdf">New English Translation of the Septuagint (4 Maccabees)</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>4 Maccabees </div><div><b> E. Orthodox<br /><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <small>E. Orthodox</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Bible">Books of the Bible</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">Testament of Qahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Amram" title="Visions of Amram">Visions of Amram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Enoch" title="2 Enoch">2 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Enoch" title="3 Enoch">3 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Testament of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Abraham" title="Apocalypse of Abraham">Apocalypse of Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_Aseneth" title="Joseph and Aseneth">Joseph and Aseneth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Baruch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Baruch">1 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">3 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apocrypha in <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Book of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_the_Book_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to the Book of Esther">Additions to the Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other apocrypha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo"> Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible242" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230255#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1561" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230255#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1561" 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