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background-color:white; padding:10px"><center><b><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">Click here to learn more about the Biden administration.</a></b></center></div><p><br /> </p><table class="infobox" style="width:25%; font-size:90%; float:right; padding:4px;"><tbody><tr style="background:#FFA812; color:white"><td colspan="2" align="center"><big><b>Katherine Tai</b></big></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="2" valign="top"><a href="/Katherine_Tai" title="Katherine Tai"><img alt="Katherine Tai Square.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/79/Katherine_Tai_Square.png/150px-Katherine_Tai_Square.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/79/Katherine_Tai_Square.png/225px-Katherine_Tai_Square.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/7/79/Katherine_Tai_Square.png/300px-Katherine_Tai_Square.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="726" /></a></td></tr><tr style="background:#FFA812; color:white; font-size:95%;"><td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Basic facts</b></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><b>Current Campaign:</b></td><td><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">Biden administration</a></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><b>Organization:</b></td><td>U.S. trade representative</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><b>Education:</b></td><td align="left">• Yale University<br />• Harvard Law School</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>Katherine Tai</b> was the U.S. trade representative in the <a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">Biden administration</a> from 2021 to 2025. The Senate confirmed her on March 17, 2021, by a vote of 98-0. <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Katherine_Tai_for_U.S._trade_representative" title="Confirmation process for Katherine Tai for U.S. trade representative">Click here to learn more about her confirmation process</a>. </p><p>Tai was born in Connecticut and raised in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai-1">[1]</a></sup> Her parents were born in mainland China and raised in Taiwan before immigrating to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai-1">[1]</a></sup> Regarding her experience as the daughter of immigrant parents, Tai, who speaks fluent Mandarin, said, “I feel like my entire life, I’ve been trained as a bridge-builder and someone who is always bridging two languages, two worlds, two cultures, two sets of expectations.”<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Tai received a bachelor’s degree in history from Yale University and a J.D. from Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> Between college and law school, she taught English at Sun Yat-sen University as a Yale-China Fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> Tai said her decision to become a trade attorney came from wanting “to marry up the most interesting experiences I’d had—my interest in history, what I had seen happening in Asia, South China and Hong Kong—[and] bring those elements of my experience into a legal practice and a career.”<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Following law school, Tai worked for several law firms, including Powell Goldstein Frazer & Murphy LLP, Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LLP, Miller and Chevalier Chartered, and Baker & McKenzie.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> She also clerked for U.S. District Courts in <a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Maryland" title="United States District Court for the District of Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>From 2007 to 2014, Tai worked at the <a href="/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">U.S. Trade Representative’s office</a>, which is responsible for developing and coordinating U.S. international trade, commodity, and direct investment policy, and overseeing negotiations with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> She served as general counsel for the office until 2011 when she was named chief general counsel for China enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> Tai was responsible for litigating trade violation cases before the World Trade Organization during her tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Tai began working as trade counsel for the <a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means">U.S. House Ways and Means Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> She was named chief trade counsel in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3">[3]</a></sup> In 2019, she handled negotiations between congressional Democrats and then-President <a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>’s (R) administration on the United-States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which replaced the <a href="/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA).<sup id="cite_ref-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator-6">[6]</a></sup> According to The Washington Post’s David J. Lynch, she “helped design a creative approach to enforcing workers’ rights in Mexico, which involved the right to challenge the operations of individual Mexican factories.”<sup id="cite_ref-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator-6">[6]</a></sup> </p><p>During her <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Katherine_Tai_for_U.S._trade_representative" title="Confirmation process for Katherine Tai for U.S. trade representative">confirmation hearing</a> before the <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">U.S. Senate Finance Committee</a>, Tai said her main priority would be “to help American communities emerge from the [COVID-19] pandemic and economic crisis.”<sup id="cite_ref-Confirmation_Hearing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confirmation_Hearing-7">[7]</a></sup> Tai also said her long-term goals in the role would include enforcing the terms of the USMCA, rebuilding international alliances, and addressing China’s trade practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Confirmation_Hearing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confirmation_Hearing-7">[7]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Nomination_for_U.S._trade_representative"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Nomination for U.S. trade representative</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Recent_news"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Recent news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2> <p>Tai graduated from Yale University and Harvard Law School. She practiced law in Washington, D.C., with a focus on international trade issues. She served as associate general counsel and chief counsel for China trade enforcement at the Office of the United States Trade Representative. In 2014, she began working as the chief trade counsel to the chairman and Democratic members of the House Committee on Ways and Means.<sup id="cite_ref-Announce_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Announce-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bio_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-9">[9]</a></sup> </p><p>Tai, who worked in China as a Yale-China fellow from 1996 to 1998, is fluent in Mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span></h2> <p>Below is an abbreviated outline of Tai's academic, professional, and political career: </p> <ul><li><b>2021-2025</b>: U.S. trade representative</li> <li><b>2017-2021</b>: Lead advisor to the chairman and Democratic members of the Committee on Ways and Means</li> <li><b>2014-2017</b>: Trade counsel, Committee on Ways and Means</li> <li><b>2007-2014</b>: Worked at USTR's Office of the General Counsel</li> <li><b>2001</b>: Graduated from Harvard Law School</li> <li><b>1996-1998</b>: Yale-China Fellow</li> <li><b>1996</b>: Graduated from Yale University</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomination_for_U.S._trade_representative">Nomination for U.S. trade representative</span></h2> <dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">Joe Biden presidential transition</a> and <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Katherine_Tai_for_U.S._trade_representative" title="Confirmation process for Katherine Tai for U.S. trade representative">Confirmation process for Katherine Tai for U.S. trade representative</a></i></dd></dl> <table style="width:240px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0; line-height: 1.2em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><big><a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet_nominees" title="Confirmation process for Joe Biden's Cabinet nominees">Joe Biden's Cabinet</a></big></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3"><small><b>Candidate:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katherine Tai</a></small></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><small><b>Position:</b> U.S. Trade Representative</small></th></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="8%"><a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span></td><td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><small><b>Announced:</b></small></td><td align="left" style="padding-left:5px;"><small>December 10, 2020</small></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="8%"><a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span></td><td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><small><b>Hearing:</b></small></td><td align="left" style="padding-left:5px;"><small>February 25, 2021</small></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="8%"><a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span></td><td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><small><b>Committee:</b></small></td><td align="left" style="padding-left:5px;"><small><a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a></small></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="8%"><a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span></td><td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><small><b>Reported:</b></small></td><td align="left" style="padding-left:5px;"><small>Favorable (Voice Vote)</small></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="8%"><a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span></td><td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><small><b>Confirmed:</b></small></td><td align="left" style="padding-left:5px;"><small>March 17, 2021</small></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="8%"><a href="/Approved" title="Approved"><img alt="Approved" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/7/77/Yes.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><span style="display:none;">a</span></td><td width="25%" align="left" valign="top"><small><b>Vote:</b></small></td><td align="left" style="padding-left:5px;"><small>98-0</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Biden announced on December 10, 2020, that Tai would be nominated for U.S. trade representative.<sup id="cite_ref-Announce2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Announce2-11">[11]</a></sup> CNBC reported that Tai's selection "likely signals an intent to return to a more multilateral trade approach to advance U.S. trade interests and confront growing economic competition from China."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>The Biden Transition said in a press release that Tai was "a dedicated, deeply respected public servant and veteran international trade expert who has spent her career working to level the playing field for American workers and families."<sup id="cite_ref-Announce_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Announce-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> scheduled Tai's confirmation hearing for February 25, 2021. The Senate confirmed Tai on March 17, 2021, by a vote of 98-0. <br /> </p> <table class="marqueetable endorsements" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="50%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>Summary of Senate vote on Katherine Tai's nomination for U.S. trade representative (March 17, 2021)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Party </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Votes for </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Votes against </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">Not voting </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <b>Democrats</b></td> <td>47</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <b>Republicans</b></td> <td>50</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/File:Grey.png" class="image"><img alt="Grey.png" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/a/a7/Grey.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><b> Independents</b></td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Totals</b></td> <td>98</td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Click on the following table to view the full roll call. </p> <table class="marqueetable endorsements collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>Senate vote on Katherine Tai's nomination for U.S. trade representative (March 17, 2021)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alabama</td> <td><a href="/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alabama</td> <td><a href="/Tommy_Tuberville" title="Tommy Tuberville">Tommy Tuberville</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaska</td> <td><a href="/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaska</td> <td><a href="/Dan_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Sullivan">Dan Sullivan</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arizona</td> <td><a href="/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arizona</td> <td><a href="/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Mark Kelly</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arkansas</td> <td><a href="/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">John Boozman</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arkansas</td> <td><a href="/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Tom Cotton</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>California</td> <td><a href="/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>California</td> <td><a href="/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Alex Padilla</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colorado</td> <td><a href="/Michael_F._Bennet" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Bennet">Michael F. Bennet</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colorado</td> <td><a href="/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Connecticut</td> <td><a href="/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Richard Blumenthal</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Connecticut</td> <td><a href="/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Chris Murphy</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delaware</td> <td><a href="/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delaware</td> <td><a href="/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida</td> <td><a href="/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Rick Scott</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Florida</td> <td><a href="/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia</td> <td><a href="/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Jon Ossoff</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia</td> <td><a href="/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawaii</td> <td><a href="/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Mazie Hirono</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Not voting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hawaii</td> <td><a href="/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idaho</td> <td><a href="/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Idaho</td> <td><a href="/James_E._Risch" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Risch">James E. Risch</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illinois</td> <td><a href="/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illinois</td> <td><a href="/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Tammy Duckworth</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indiana</td> <td><a href="/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Mike Braun</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indiana</td> <td><a href="/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Todd Young</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa</td> <td><a href="/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iowa</td> <td><a href="/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Joni Ernst</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kansas</td> <td><a href="/Roger_Marshall" title="Roger Marshall">Roger Marshall</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kansas</td> <td><a href="/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Jerry Moran</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kentucky</td> <td><a href="/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kentucky</td> <td><a href="/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisiana</td> <td><a href="/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louisiana</td> <td><a href="/John_Kennedy" title="John Kennedy">John Kennedy</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maine</td> <td><a href="/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maine</td> <td><a href="/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a></td> <td><a href="/File:Grey.png" class="image"><img alt="Grey.png" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/a/a7/Grey.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Independent</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maryland</td> <td><a href="/Benjamin_L._Cardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin L. Cardin">Benjamin L. Cardin</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maryland</td> <td><a href="/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Chris Van Hollen</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Massachusetts</td> <td><a href="/Ed_Markey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Markey">Ed Markey</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan</td> <td><a href="/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michigan</td> <td><a href="/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Gary Peters</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minnesota</td> <td><a href="/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minnesota</td> <td><a href="/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Tina Smith</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi</td> <td><a href="/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Roger Wicker</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mississippi</td> <td><a href="/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Cindy Hyde-Smith</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missouri</td> <td><a href="/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Josh Hawley</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Missouri</td> <td><a href="/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montana</td> <td><a href="/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montana</td> <td><a href="/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Jon Tester</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nebraska</td> <td><a href="/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Deb Fischer</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nebraska</td> <td><a href="/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Ben Sasse</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nevada</td> <td><a href="/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Jacky Rosen</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nevada</td> <td><a href="/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Catherine Cortez Masto</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Hampshire</td> <td><a href="/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Jeanne Shaheen</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Hampshire</td> <td><a href="/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Maggie Hassan</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Jersey</td> <td><a href="/Robert_Menendez" title="Robert Menendez">Robert Menendez</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Jersey</td> <td><a href="/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Mexico</td> <td><a href="/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Ben Ray Luján">Ben Ray Luján</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Mexico</td> <td><a href="/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Martin Heinrich</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York</td> <td><a href="/Charles_E._Schumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles E. Schumer">Charles E. Schumer</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>New York</td> <td><a href="/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Carolina</td> <td><a href="/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Carolina</td> <td><a href="/Thom_Tillis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Dakota</td> <td><a href="/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">John Hoeven</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Dakota</td> <td><a href="/Kevin_Cramer" title="Kevin Cramer">Kevin Cramer</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ohio</td> <td><a href="/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ohio</td> <td><a href="/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oklahoma</td> <td><a href="/James_M._Inhofe" class="mw-redirect" title="James M. Inhofe">James M. Inhofe</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oklahoma</td> <td><a href="/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">James Lankford</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oregon</td> <td><a href="/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oregon</td> <td><a href="/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Jeff Merkley</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td><a href="/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td><a href="/Robert_P._Casey" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Casey">Robert P. Casey</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhode Island</td> <td><a href="/Jack_Reed" title="Jack Reed">Jack Reed</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhode Island</td> <td><a href="/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Carolina</td> <td><a href="/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Carolina</td> <td><a href="/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Dakota</td> <td><a href="/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Dakota</td> <td><a href="/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Mike Rounds</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tennessee</td> <td><a href="/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Bill Hagerty</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tennessee</td> <td><a href="/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Marsha Blackburn</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas</td> <td><a href="/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas</td> <td><a href="/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utah</td> <td><a href="/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Utah</td> <td><a href="/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vermont</td> <td><a href="/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vermont</td> <td><a href="/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></td> <td><a href="/File:Grey.png" class="image"><img alt="Grey.png" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/a/a7/Grey.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Independent</td> <td>Not voting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virginia</td> <td><a href="/Mark_R._Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark R. Warner">Mark R. Warner</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virginia</td> <td><a href="/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Washington</td> <td><a href="/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Washington</td> <td><a href="/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia</td> <td><a href="/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Virginia</td> <td><a href="/Joe_Manchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisconsin</td> <td><a href="/Ron_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Johnson">Ron Johnson</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wisconsin</td> <td><a href="/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a></td> <td><a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Democrat</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wyoming</td> <td><a href="/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wyoming</td> <td><a href="/Cynthia_Lummis" title="Cynthia Lummis">Cynthia Lummis</a></td> <td><a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Republican</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_news">Recent news</span></h2> <p>The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms <b>Katherine Tai.</b> These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. </p> <div class="rss-feed"> <p><b><span style="font-size:135%"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=Katherine+Tai&um=1&ie=UTF-8">Katherine Tai - Google News</a></span></b> </p> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">Joe Biden presidential transition</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Daily_Transition_Tracker" title="Ballotpedia's Daily Transition Tracker">Ballotpedia's Daily Transition Tracker</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://buildbackbetter.com/">Biden-Harris Transition</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Why_Everyone_Likes_Katherine_Tai_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/10/katherine-tai-profile-ustr-trade-representative-biden-nominee/"><i>Foreign Policy</i>, "Why Everyone Likes Katherine Tai," February 10, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Representative_Katherine_Tai_talks_being_tough_on_China,_without_the_racist_rhetoric_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/trade-representative-katherine-tai-talks-tough-china-racist-rhetoric-rcna30145"><i>NBC News</i>, "Trade Representative Katherine Tai talks being tough on China, without the racist rhetoric," May 23, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katherine_Tai-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-3">3.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-4">3.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-5">3.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-6">3.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_Tai_3-7">3.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/katherine-tai-b23a1b1/"><i>LinkedIn</i>, "Katherine Tai," accessed August 14, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/about-ustr"><i>Office of the United States Trade Representative</i>, "Mission of the USTR," accessed August 14, 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://rollcall.com/2021/02/25/trade-nominee-tai-appears-poised-for-finance-committee-approval/"><i>Roll Call</i>, "Trade nominee Tai appears poised for Finance committee approval," February 25, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Tai_confirmed_as_top_U.S._trade_negotiator_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/03/17/tai-trade-biden/"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Tai confirmed as top U.S. trade negotiator," March 17, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Confirmation_Hearing-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Confirmation_Hearing_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Confirmation_Hearing_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2021/february/opening-statement-ambassador-designate-katherine-tai-senate-finance-committee"><i>Office of the United States Trade Representative</i>, "Opening Statement of Ambassador-designate Katherine Tai Before the Senate Finance Committee," February 24, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announce-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Announce_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Announce_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://blog.4president.org/2020/2020/12/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-administration.html"><i>4President</i>, "President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Administration," December 10, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bio-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bio_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bio_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.uschina.org/katherine-tai"><i>The U.S.-China Business Council</i>, "Katherine Tai," accessed December 10, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-to-pick-katherine-tai-as-top-trade-envoy-sources-say"><i>PBS NewsHour</i>, "Biden to pick Katherine Tai as top trade envoy, sources say," December 9, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Announce2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Announce2_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://buildbackbetter.gov/uncategorized/president-elect-biden-announces-key-members-of-his-administration/"><i>Biden-Harris Transition</i>, "President-elect Biden Announces Key Members of His Administration," December 10, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/10/biden-to-name-katherine-tai-us-trade-representative.html"><i>CNBC</i>, "Biden picks longtime China critic Katherine Tai as top U.S. trade official," December 10, 2020</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <p><style> .succession-table th, .succession-table tr { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1 !important; } </style> </p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="table table-bordered text-center succession-table" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-color: #a2a9b1"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="background: #ccccff;">Political offices</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%">Preceded by <br /> <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Maria_Pagan"><b>Maria Pagan</b></a> </td> <td style="width: 40%"> <b>U.S. Trade Representative</b> <br /> 2021-2025</td> <td style="width: 30%">Succeeded by <br /> <a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Juan_Millan"><b>Juan Millan</b></a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; 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Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">Biden Administration</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Overviews</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Daily_Transition_Tracker" title="Ballotpedia's Daily Transition Tracker">Ballotpedia's Daily Transition Tracker</a> • <a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet" title="Joe Biden's Cabinet">Joe Biden's Cabinet</a> • <a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet_nominees" title="Confirmation process for Joe Biden's Cabinet nominees">Confirmation process for Joe Biden's Cabinet nominees</a> • <a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_executive_orders_and_actions" title="Joe Biden's executive orders and actions">Joe Biden's executive orders and actions</a> • <a href="/Joe_Biden:_Vetoed_legislation" title="Joe Biden: Vetoed legislation">Joe Biden: Vetoed legislation</a> • <a href="/Ambassadors_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="Ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden">Ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Polling_Index:_Opinion_polling_during_the_Biden_administration" title="Ballotpedia's Polling Index: Opinion polling during the Biden administration">Ballotpedia's Polling Index: Opinion polling during the Biden administration</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Cabinet</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>Members not requiring Senate confirmation</b> <ul><li><a href="/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, vice president</li> <li><a href="/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a>, White House chief of staff</li></ul> <p><b>Members confirmed by the Senate</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/Tony_Blinken" title="Tony Blinken">Tony Blinken</a>, secretary of state</li> <li><a href="/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Janet Yellen</a>, secretary of the Treasury</li> <li><a href="/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a>, secretary of defense</li> <li><a href="/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>, attorney general</li> <li><a href="/Gina_Raimondo" title="Gina Raimondo">Gina Raimondo</a>, secretary of commerce</li> <li><a href="/Martin_Walsh_(Massachusetts)" title="Martin Walsh (Massachusetts)">Marty Walsh</a>, secretary of labor</li> <li><a href="/Debra_Haaland" title="Debra Haaland">Debra Haaland</a>, secretary of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a>, secretary of agriculture</li> <li><a href="/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a>, secretary of health and human services</li> <li><a href="/Marcia_Fudge" title="Marcia Fudge">Marcia Fudge</a>, secretary of housing and urban development</li> <li><a href="/Miguel_Cardona" title="Miguel Cardona">Miguel Cardona</a>, secretary of education</li> <li><a href="/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a>, secretary of transportation</li> <li><a href="/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Jennifer Granholm</a>, secretary of energy</li> <li><a href="/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a>, secretary of veterans affairs</li> <li><a href="/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a>, secretary of homeland security</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katherine Tai</a>, U.S. trade representative</li> <li><a href="/Avril_Haines" title="Avril Haines">Avril Haines</a>, director of national intelligence</li> <li><a href="/Linda_Thomas-Greenfield" title="Linda Thomas-Greenfield">Linda Thomas-Greenfield</a>, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations</li> <li><a href="/Cecilia_Rouse" title="Cecilia Rouse">Cecilia Rouse</a>, chairwoman of the Council of Economic Advisers</li> <li><a href="/Michael_Regan" title="Michael Regan">Michael Regan</a>, administrator of the Environmental Protection AGency</li> <li><a href="/Isabel_Guzman" title="Isabel Guzman">Isabel Guzman</a>, administrator of the Small Business Administration</li></ul> <hr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; 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