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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agricultural trade controversy</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>beef hormone controversy</b> or <b>beef hormone dispute</b> is a disagreement over the use of <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth hormones">growth hormones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beef_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef production">beef production</a>. </p><p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> banned the import of meat that contained artificial beef <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">growth hormones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they were approved for use in the United States. In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol-17β</a> was permanently banned, while provisionally banning five others.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) rules permit such bans, but only where a signatory presents valid <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> that the ban is a health and safety measure. Canada and the United States opposed this ban, taking the EU to the <a href="/wiki/WTO_Dispute_Settlement_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Dispute Settlement Body">WTO Dispute Settlement Body</a>. In 1997, the WTO <a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a> ruled against the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remains one of the most intractable agricultural trade controversies since the establishment of the WTO.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not the same as the UK–EU <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy#The_ban_on_British_beef" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">dispute over bovine spongiform enecphalopathy</a>, although both have been termed the "beef war".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_ban">EU ban</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: EU ban"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EU banned <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">zeranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melengestrol_acetate" title="Melengestrol acetate">melengestrol acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">trenbolone acetate</a>. The first three are synthetic versions of <a href="/wiki/Endogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogeny">endogenous</a> hormones that are naturally produced in humans and animals, and in a wide range of foods, whereas the last two are synthetic, designed to mimic the behaviour of endogenous hormones. Zeranol (alpha-zearalanol) is produced semi-synthetically, but occurs naturally in some foods. It is one of several derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a> produced by certain <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its occurrence in animal products can be partly due to ingestion of such feeds, alpha-zearalanol can be produced endogenously in ruminants that have ingested zearalenone and some zearalenone derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU did not impose an absolute ban. Under veterinary supervision, cattle farmers were permitted to administer the synthetic versions of natural hormones for cost-reduction and possibly therapeutic purposes, such as synchronising <a href="/wiki/Oestrus_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestrus cycle">oestrus cycles</a>. All six hormones were licensed for use in the US and in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caduff_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caduff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a>, signatories have the right to impose restrictions on health and safety grounds subject to scientific analysis. The heart of the dispute was the fact that <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk analysis (engineering)">risk analysis</a> is statistical, and thus unable to determine with absolute certainty the absence of health risks. While US and Canada beef producers claimed that beef produced with the use of hormones was safe, the EU asserted that it was not safe.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hormones in cattle had been studied in North America for 50 years prior to the ban, accompanied by long-term use in over 20 countries. Canada and the United States asserted that these practices provided empirical evidence of long-term safety.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EU had already established other measures that restricted the import of North American beef. The primary North American product affected by the new ban was edible <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Colgan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colgan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCC_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of "hormone scandals" emerged in Italy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The first, in 1977, was the discovery of premature <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in northern Italian schoolchildren. Investigators cast suspicion on school lunches that used illegal hormone-treated meat. No concrete evidence was found–no samples of the suspect meals were available for analysis. In 1980 <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a> (DES), another illegal synthetic hormone, was discovered in veal-based baby foods.<sup id="cite_ref-CCC_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little or no scientific evidence supported these restrictions. However, consumer groups successfully influenced the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> to enact regulations in the 1980s, and influenced public perceptions. In the US at the time, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">consumer organizations</a> evinced little interest prior to the 1980s, and regulations were driven by a coalition of export-oriented industry and farming interests, opposed only by organic farming groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Caduff_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caduff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1980, the use of growth hormones was completely prohibited in Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Greece. Germany, the EU's largest beef producer at the time, prohibited only exogenous growth hormones. The five other countries, including the second and third largest beef producers, France and the United Kingdom, respectively, permitted their use. This had resulted in disputes, with countries that had no prohibitions arguing that the restrictions by the others acted as <a href="/wiki/Non-tariff_barriers_to_trade" title="Non-tariff barriers to trade">non-tariff trade barriers</a>. In response to the public outcry, in combination with the discovery that DES was a <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogen</a>, in 1980 the EU began to issue regulations, beginning with prohibiting the use of <a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">stilbenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism#Antithyroid_drugs" title="Hyperthyroidism">thyrostatics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Agriculture Ministers</a> in 1980, and commissioning of a scientific study into the use of estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, trenbolone, and zeranol in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Caduff_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caduff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Consumers' Organisation (<a href="/wiki/BEUC" class="mw-redirect" title="BEUC">BEUC</a>) lobbied for a total ban upon growth hormones, opposed, with partial success, by the pharmaceutical industry. (In 1987 the European Federation of Animal Health (FEDESA), formed to represent, amongst other things, companies that manufactured growth hormones.) Neither European farmers nor the meat processing industry took a stance on the matter. With the help of the BEUC consumer <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> of veal products, sparked by the Italian scandals and similar reports in France and Germany, spread across the EU, causing companies such as Hipp and Alete to withdraw their veal products, while veal prices dropped in France, Belgium, West Germany, Ireland, and the Netherlands. Because of the fixed purchases guaranteed by the EU's <a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Common Agricultural Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECU</a> 10 million came out of the EU budget.<sup id="cite_ref-Caduff_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caduff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imposition of a general ban was encouraged by the European Parliament. A 1981 resolution passed by 177:1. The Council of Ministers was divided along lines that matched each country's domestic stance on growth hormones, with France, Ireland, the U.K., Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany all opposing a general ban. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, leery of a Council veto and linked to both pharmaceutical and (via Directorate VI) agricultural interests, presented factual arguments and emphasized the problem of trade barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-Caduff_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caduff-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_WTO_decision">1998 WTO decision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1998 WTO decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WTO Appellate Body affirmed the WTO Panel conclusion in a report adopted by the WTO <a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a> on 13 February 1998. Section 208 of this report says: </p> <blockquote> <p>[W]e find that the European Communities did not actually proceed to an assessment, within the meaning of Articles 5.1 and 5.2, of the risks arising from the failure of observance of good veterinary practice combined with problems of control of the use of hormones for growth promotion purposes. The absence of such risk assessment, when considered in conjunction with the conclusion actually reached by most, if not all, of the scientific studies relating to the other aspects of risk noted earlier, leads us to the conclusion that no risk assessment that reasonably supports or warrants the import prohibition embodied in the EC Directives was furnished to the Panel. We affirm, therefore, the ultimate conclusions of the Panel that the EC import prohibition is not based on a risk assessment within the meaning of Articles 5.1 and 5.2 of the SPS Agreement and is, therefore, inconsistent with the requirements of Article 5.1. </p> </blockquote> <p>On 12 July 1999, an arbitrator appointed by the WTO <a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a> authorized the US to impose retaliatory tariffs of US$116.8 million per year on the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-2017-trade-estimate_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017-trade-estimate-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_risk_assessments">EU risk assessments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: EU risk assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002 the EU Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health (SCVPH) claimed that the use of beef growth hormones posed a potential health risk, and in 2003 the EU enacted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2003/74/oj">Directive 2003/74/EC</a> to amend its ban, but the US and Canada objected that the EU had not met WTO standards for scientific risk assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The EC claimed that the hormones remain in the tissue, specifically <a href="/wiki/17-beta_estradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="17-beta estradiol">17-beta estradiol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the EC found no clear link to health risks in humans for the other five hormones. The EC reported that high amounts of hormones had been found in areas around dense cattle lots. This increase in hormones in groundwater affected waterways and nearby wild fish.<sup id="cite_ref-EFSA_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFSA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hormone contamination of North American waterways would not, however, have any health impacts on European consumers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_WTO_decision">2008 WTO decision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2008 WTO decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2004, the EU requested WTO consultations, claiming that the United States should remove its retaliatory measures since the EU had removed the measures found to be WTO-inconsistent in the original case.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the EU initiated new WTO dispute settlement proceedings against the US and Canada, and a March 2008 panel report cited fault with all three parties (EU, United States, and Canada) on various substantive and procedural matters.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2008, the WTO Appellate Body issued a mixed ruling that allows continued imposition of trade sanctions on the EU by the United States and Canada, but also allowed the EU to continue its import ban.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2008, the EU filed a new WTO challenge following the announcement by the USTR that it was seeking comment on possible modification of the list of EU products subject to increased tariffs, and in January 2009 the USTR announced changes to the list of EU products subject to increased tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2009, the United States and the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> signed a memorandum of understanding, which established a new EU duty-free import quota for grain-fed, high quality beef (HQB) as part of a compromise solution.<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in December 2016, the US took steps to reinstate retaliatory tariffs given continued concerns about EU market access,<sup id="cite_ref-CRS_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in August 2019 they agreed to establish an initial duty-free <a href="/wiki/Tariff-rate_quota" title="Tariff-rate quota">tariff-rate quota</a> of 18,500 tonnes annually, growing in phases over seven years to 35,000 tonnes (valued at approximately US$420 million) of the EU 45,000 tonnes quota of non-hormone treated beef.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_upon_EU_policy">Effects upon EU policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects upon EU policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The EU often applies the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a> very stringently in regards to food safety. The precautionary principle means that in a case of scientific uncertainty, the government may take appropriate measures proportionate to the potential risk (EC Regulation 178/2002). In 1996, the EU banned imported beef from the US and continued to do so after the 2003 Mad Cow scare. A more sophisticated risk assessment found there to be insufficient risk to ban certain hormones, but continued to ban others.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labeling of meat was another option, however warnings were also insufficient because of the criteria specified in the SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary agreement). This agreement allows members to use scientifically based measures to protect public health. Most specifically the Equivalence provision in Article 4 which states the following: "an importing country must accept an SPS measure which differs from its own as equivalent if the exporting country’s measure provides the same level of health or environmental protection."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, although the EU is a strong proponent of labels and banning meat that contains growth hormones, requiring the US to do the same would have violated this agreement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_upon_US_public_opinion">Effects upon US public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects upon US public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One effect of the dispute in the US was to awaken the public's interest in the issue. This interest was not wholly unsympathetic to the EU. In 1989, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Federation_of_America" title="Consumer Federation of America">Consumer Federation of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> both pressed for an adoption of a ban within the US similar to that within the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US consumers appear to be less concerned with the use of synthetic chemicals in food production. Because of current policy, in which all beef is allowed whether produced with hormones or <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">genetically modified</a>, US consumers rely on their own judgment when buying goods. However, in a study done in 2002, 85% of respondents wanted mandatory labeling on beef produced with growth hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_food" title="Organic food">Organic food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Genetically modified food controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JECFA" class="mw-redirect" title="JECFA">JECFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_settlement_in_the_WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispute settlement in the WTO">Dispute settlement in the WTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Monsanto" title="The World According to Monsanto">The World According to Monsanto</a> -</i> a documentary about Monsanto's corporate practices</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the time of the EU ban (1989), all animal growth-promoting hormones allowed in the US were <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a> (steroids and analogues that target the same receptor) as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>, the specific peptide hormone produced in the brain. In 1993, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved the use of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_somatotropin" title="Bovine somatotropin">bovine somatotropin</a>, which is a true growth hormone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ProductSafetyInformation/ucm055435.htm">"FDA page on BST"</a>. FDA.gov. 13 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+page+on+BST&rft.pub=FDA.gov&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FAnimalVeterinary%2FSafetyHealth%2FProductSafetyInformation%2Fucm055435.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Renée. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R40449.html">"The U.S.-EU Beef Hormone Dispute"</a>. <i>Federation of American Scientists</i>. Congressional Research Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+U.S.-EU+Beef+Hormone+Dispute&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.everycrsreport.com%2Freports%2FR40449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colgan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colgan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colgan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Colgan2005" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Colgan (2005). <i>The Promise And Peril of International Trade</i>. Broadview Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-680-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-680-4"><bdi>1-55111-680-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+And+Peril+of+International+Trade&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55111-680-4&rft.au=Jeff+Colgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Van_Oudenaren2000" class="citation book cs1">John Van Oudenaren (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitingeuropeeur00vano"><i>Uniting Europe: European Integration and the Post-Cold War World</i></a></span>. 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Glenn; Hewitt, S. Armstrong; McEvoy, John D. G.; Currie, J. Wesley; Cannavan, Andrew; Blanchflower, W. John; Elliot, Christopher T. (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652039809374658">"Zeranol is formed from<i>Fusarium spp.</i>toxins in cattle<i>in vivo</i>"</a>. <i>Food Additives and Contaminants</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 393–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02652039809374658">10.1080/02652039809374658</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-203X">0265-203X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Additives+and+Contaminants&rft.atitle=Zeranol+is+formed+fromFusarium+spp.toxins+in+cattlein+vivo&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-400&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02652039809374658&rft.issn=0265-203X&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=D.+Glenn&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+S.+Armstrong&rft.au=McEvoy%2C+John+D.+G.&rft.au=Currie%2C+J.+Wesley&rft.au=Cannavan%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Blanchflower%2C+W.+John&rft.au=Elliot%2C+Christopher+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F02652039809374658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCC_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_A._KerrJill_E._Hobbs2005" class="citation book cs1">William A. 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href="https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2019/august/united-states-and-european-union">"United States and European Union Sign Breakthrough Agreement on U.S. Beef Access to EU"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a>. 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+and+European+Union+Sign+Breakthrough+Agreement+on+U.S.+Beef+Access+to+EU&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+States+Trade+Representative&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fustr.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fpolicy-offices%2Fpress-office%2Fpress-releases%2F2019%2Faugust%2Funited-states-and-european-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_5010">"The European Union and the United States sign an agreement on imports of hormone-free beef"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">EU Commission Spokesperson's Service</a>. 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+and+the+United+States+sign+an+agreement+on+imports+of+hormone-free+beef&rft.pub=EU+Commission+Spokesperson%27s+Service&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fdetail%2Fen%2FIP_19_5010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Haegen2003" class="citation cs2">Van der Haegen, Tony (23–25 October 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702190714/http://www.eurunion.org/eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2285&Itemid=152"><i>EU view of precautionary principle in food safety</i></a>, New 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Journal of Agriculture and Applied Economics. < <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4051/is_200204/ai_n9037322/">http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4051/is_200204/ai_n9037322/</a>> Apr 2002.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Press Conference by professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Epstein_(physician)" title="Samuel Epstein (physician)">Samuel S. Epstein</a> M.D. 1999-05-31</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Trade_Organization2000" class="citation book cs1">World Trade Organization (2000). <i>Dispute Settlement Reports 1998</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78895-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78895-1"><bdi>0-521-78895-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispute+Settlement+Reports+1998&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78895-1&rft.au=World+Trade+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith,_H.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Galbraith, H. (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2FNRR200246">"Hormones in international meat production: biological, sociological and consumer issues"</a>. <i>Nutrition Research Reviews</i>. <b>15</b> (2). 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Ellin Doyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507015411/http://www.beef.org/documents/hormone_implants.doc">"Human Safety of Hormone Implants Used to Promote Growth in Cattle"</a>. National Cattlemen's Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beef.org/documents/hormone_implants.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Microsoft Word)</span> on 7 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Safety+of+Hormone+Implants+Used+to+Promote+Growth+in+Cattle&rft.pub=National+Cattlemen%27s+Foundation&rft.au=M.+Ellin+Doyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beef.org%2Fdocuments%2Fhormone_implants.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._KastnerR._K._Pawsey2001" class="citation journal cs1">J. J. Kastner & R. K. Pawsey (29 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040521163213/http://foodsafetynetwork.ca/course/videos/fsinttrade/wto.pdf">"Harmonising sanitary measures and resolving trade disputes through the WTO–SPS framework. Part I: a case study of the US–EU hormone-treated beef dispute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Food Control</i>. <b>13</b>. Elsevier Science Ltd.: 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0956-7135%2801%2900023-8">10.1016/S0956-7135(01)00023-8</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsafetynetwork.ca/course/videos/fsinttrade/wto.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Control&rft.atitle=Harmonising+sanitary+measures+and+resolving+trade+disputes+through+the+WTO%E2%80%93SPS+framework.+Part+I%3A+a+case+study+of+the+US%E2%80%93EU+hormone-treated+beef+dispute&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2001-11-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0956-7135%2801%2900023-8&rft.au=J.+J.+Kastner&rft.au=R.+K.+Pawsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodsafetynetwork.ca%2Fcourse%2Fvideos%2Ffsinttrade%2Fwto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_JoslingDonna_RobertsAyesha_Hassan2000" class="citation web cs1">Tim Josling; Donna Roberts & Ayesha Hassan (12 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611022525/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/11379/HORMrev.pdf">"The Beef-Hormone Dispute and its Implications for Trade Policy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/11379/HORMrev.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beef-Hormone+Dispute+and+its+Implications+for+Trade+Policy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2000-04-12&rft.au=Tim+Josling&rft.au=Donna+Roberts&rft.au=Ayesha+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiis-db.stanford.edu%2Fpubs%2F11379%2FHORMrev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace_Skogstad2001" class="citation journal cs1">Grace Skogstad (September 2001). "The WTO and Food Safety Regulatory Policy Innovation in the European Union". <i>Journal of Common Market Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 485–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-5965.00300">10.1111/1468-5965.00300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Common+Market+Studies&rft.atitle=The+WTO+and+Food+Safety+Regulatory+Policy+Innovation+in+the+European+Union&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=485-505&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-5965.00300&rft.au=Grace+Skogstad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_L._Davis2003" class="citation book cs1">Christina L. Davis (2003). "Battles over Beef: The Beef Hormone Dispute". <i>Food Fights Over Free Trade: How International Institutions Promote Agricultural Trade Liberalization</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 321–337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11505-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11505-2"><bdi>0-691-11505-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Battles+over+Beef%3A+The+Beef+Hormone+Dispute&rft.btitle=Food+Fights+Over+Free+Trade%3A+How+International+Institutions+Promote+Agricultural+Trade+Liberalization&rft.pages=321-337&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-691-11505-2&rft.au=Christina+L.+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_JostlingDonna_Roberts2001" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Jostling & Donna Roberts (2001). "The Beef Hormone Dispute Between The United States and the EU". In Gerald C. Nelson (ed.). <i>Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: Economics and Politics</i>. Academic Press. pp. 291–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-515422-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-515422-4"><bdi>0-12-515422-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beef+Hormone+Dispute+Between+The+United+States+and+the+EU&rft.btitle=Genetically+Modified+Organisms+in+Agriculture%3A+Economics+and+Politics&rft.pages=291-294&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-12-515422-4&rft.au=Timothy+Jostling&rft.au=Donna+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_A_KerrJill_E_Hobbs2002" class="citation journal cs1">William A Kerr & Jill E Hobbs (February 2002). "The North American-European Union Dispute Over Beef Produced Using Growth Hormones: A Major Test for the New International Trade Regime". <i>The World Economy</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 283–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9701.00431">10.1111/1467-9701.00431</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154707486">154707486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Economy&rft.atitle=The+North+American-European+Union+Dispute+Over+Beef+Produced+Using+Growth+Hormones%3A+A+Major+Test+for+the+New+International+Trade+Regime&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-296&rft.date=2002-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9701.00431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154707486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=William+A+Kerr&rft.au=Jill+E+Hobbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Balter1999" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Balter (28 May 1999). "Scientific cross-claims fly in continuing beef war". <i>Science</i>. <b>284</b> (5419): 1453–1455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5419.1453">10.1126/science.284.5419.1453</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10383320">10383320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5519384">5519384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Scientific+cross-claims+fly+in+continuing+beef+war.&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5419&rft.pages=1453-1455&rft.date=1999-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5519384%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10383320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5419.1453&rft.au=Michael+Balter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WTO_resources">WTO resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: WTO resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds26_e.htm">"DS26: European Communities — Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DS26%3A+European+Communities+%E2%80%94+Measures+Concerning+Meat+and+Meat+Products+%28Hormones%29&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fcases_e%2Fds26_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds48_e.htm">"DS48: European Communities — Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (Canada)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DS48%3A+European+Communities+%E2%80%94+Measures+Concerning+Meat+and+Meat+Products+%28Hormones%29+%28Canada%29&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fcases_e%2Fds48_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds320_e.htm">"DS320: United States — Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC — Hormones Dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DS320%3A+United+States+%E2%80%94+Continued+Suspension+of+Obligations+in+the+EC+%E2%80%94+Hormones+Dispute&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fcases_e%2Fds320_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds321_e.htm">"DS321: Canada — Continued Suspension of Obligations in the EC — Hormones Dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DS321%3A+Canada+%E2%80%94+Continued+Suspension+of+Obligations+in+the+EC+%E2%80%94+Hormones+Dispute&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fdispu_e%2Fcases_e%2Fds321_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_Government_resources">US Government resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: US Government resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129204303/http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/policy/hormone.html">"THE US-EU Hormone Issue"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a>. 18 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.usda.gov./itp/policy/hormone.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+US-EU+Hormone+Issue&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture+Foreign+Agricultural+Service&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov.%2Fitp%2Fpolicy%2Fhormone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU_resources">EU resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beef_hormone_controversy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: EU resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306004833/http://ec.europa.eu./external_relations/us/summit_05_00/hormone_case_summary.htm">"The "hormone" case: Background and history"</a>. <i>The 2000 Queluz EU-US Summit, 2000-05-31</i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_External_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner for External Relations">Commissioner for External Relations</a>. 24 May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu./external_relations/us/summit_05_00/hormone_case_summary.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+2000+Queluz+EU-US+Summit%2C+2000-05-31&rft.atitle=The+%22hormone%22+case%3A+Background+and+history&rft.date=2000-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu.%2Fexternal_relations%2Fus%2Fsummit_05_00%2Fhormone_case_summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeef+hormone+controversy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beef_and_veal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beef" title="Template:Beef"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beef" title="Template talk:Beef"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beef"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beef_and_veal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">veal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_beef" title="Argentine beef">Argentine beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow%E2%80%93calf_operation" title="Cow–calf operation">Cow–calf operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_cattle" title="Feeder cattle">Feeder cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_beef" title="Kobe beef">Kobe beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_beef" title="Organic beef">Organic beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorno_Steer" title="Osorno Steer">Osorno Steer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cut_of_beef" title="Cut of beef">Cuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_steak" title="Baseball steak">Baseball steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_steak" title="Blade steak">Blade steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisket" title="Brisket">Brisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateaubriand_(dish)" title="Chateaubriand (dish)">Chateaubriand steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_steak" title="Chuck steak">Chuck steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajita" title="Fajita">Fajita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filet_mignon" title="Filet mignon">Filet mignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medallion_(food)" title="Medallion (food)">Filet medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flank_steak" title="Flank steak">Flank steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_steak" title="Flap steak">Flap steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanger_steak" title="Hanger steak">Hanger steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_plate" title="Beef plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picanha" title="Picanha">Picanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_steak" title="Ranch steak">Ranch steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructured_steak" title="Restructured steak">Restructured steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_eye_steak" title="Rib eye steak">Rib eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_steak" title="Rib steak">Rib steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_steak" title="Round steak">Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_steak" title="Rump steak">Rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_loin" title="Short loin">Short loin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_ribs" title="Short ribs">Short ribs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_tender" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder tender">Shoulder tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirloin_steak" title="Sirloin steak">Sirloin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_sirloin" title="Top sirloin">Top sirloin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirt_steak" title="Skirt steak">Skirt steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_rib_roast" title="Standing rib roast">Standing rib roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_steak" title="Strip steak">Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_shank" title="Beef shank">Shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bone_steak" title="T-bone steak">T-bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_tenderloin" title="Beef tenderloin">Tenderloin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-tip" title="Tri-tip">Tri-tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_trotters" title="Cow's trotters">Trotters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_aging" title="Beef aging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresaola" title="Bresaola">Bresaola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabeza" title="Cabeza">Cabeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Rindswurst" title="Frankfurter Rindswurst">Frankfurter Rindswurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_beef" title="Ground beef">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal-style_smoked_meat" title="Montreal-style smoked meat">Montreal smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastrami" title="Pastrami">Pastrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_extract" title="Meat extract">Meat extract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_brain" title="Beef brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart#Food" title="Heart">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_tongue" title="Beef tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon_as_food" title="Tendon as food">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripas" title="Tripas">Tripas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">Tripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Testicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beefsteak" title="Beefsteak">Beefsteak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">List of steak dishes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbacua" title="Balbacua">Balbacua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_veau" title="Blanquette de veau">Blanquette de veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_olives" title="Beef olives">Beef olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_bourguignon" title="Beef bourguignon">Beef bourguignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_bun" title="Beef bun">Beef bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Manhattan" title="Beef Manhattan">Beef Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_noodle_soup" title="Beef noodle soup">Beef noodle soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_on_weck" title="Beef on weck">Beef on weck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Stroganoff" title="Beef Stroganoff">Beef Stroganoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistek" title="Bistek">Bistek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_beef" title="Boiled beef">Boiled beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruscitti" title="Bruscitti">Bruscitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">Bulgogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulalo" title="Bulalo">Bulalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachopo_(dish)" title="Cachopo (dish)">Cachopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf%27s_liver_and_bacon" title="Calf's liver and bacon">Calf's liver and bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cansi" title="Cansi">Cansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chateaubriand_(dish)" title="Chateaubriand (dish)">Chateaubriand (dish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesesteak" title="Cheesesteak">Cheesesteak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken-fried_steak" title="Chicken-fried steak">Chicken-fried steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_bleu_(dish)" title="Cordon bleu (dish)">Cordon bleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daube" title="Daube">Daube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendeng" title="Dendeng">Dendeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feu_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feu (food)">Feu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_dip" title="French dip">French dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_beef" title="Ginger beef">Ginger beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galbi" title="Galbi">Galbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gored_gored" title="Gored gored">Gored gored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_rice" title="Hayashi rice">Hayashi rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_steak" title="Hamburg steak">Hamburg steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gyi_palacsinta" title="Hortobágyi palacsinta">Hortobágyi palacsinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iga_penyet" title="Iga penyet">Iga penyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_beef" title="Italian beef">Italian beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellied_veal" title="Jellied veal">Jellied veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalio" title="Kalio">Kalio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91eva_%C5%A1nicla" title="Karađorđeva šnicla">Karađorđeva šnicla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">Kare-kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitfo" title="Kitfo">Kitfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_broil" title="London broil">London broil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechado" title="Mechado">Mechado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_beef" title="Mongolian beef">Mongolian beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobiani" title="Neobiani">Neobiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilaga" title="Nilaga">Nilagang baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossobuco" title="Ossobuco">Ossobuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pares_(food)" title="Pares (food)">Pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho" title="Pho">Pho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_roast" title="Pot roast">Pot roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozharsky_cutlet" title="Pozharsky cutlet">Pozharsky cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puchero" title="Puchero">Puchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%27tcha" title="P'tcha">P'tcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragout_fin" title="Ragout fin">Ragout fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawon" title="Rawon">Rawon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">Rendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">Roast beef</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef_sandwich" title="Roast beef sandwich">Roast beef sandwich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa_vieja" title="Ropa vieja">Ropa vieja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_steak" title="Salisbury steak">Salisbury steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltimbocca" title="Saltimbocca">Saltimbocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selat_solo" title="Selat solo">Selat solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_cha_beef" title="Sha cha beef">Sha cha beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_rong_hai" title="Suea rong hai">Suea rong hai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooter%27s_sandwich" title="Shooter's sandwich">Shooter's sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_Number_Five" title="Soup Number Five">Soup Number Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">Steak and kidney pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_Diane" title="Steak Diane">Steak Diane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_eggs" title="Steak and eggs">Steak and eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_oyster_pie" title="Steak and oyster pie">Steak and oyster pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_au_poivre" title="Steak au poivre">Steak au poivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_(Filipino_cuisine)" title="Tapa (Filipino cuisine)">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafelspitz" title="Tafelspitz">Tafelspitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiyula_itum" title="Tiyula itum">Tiyula itum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongseng" title="Tongseng">Tongseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal_Milanese" title="Veal Milanese">Veal Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal_Orloff" title="Veal Orloff">Veal Orloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal_Oscar" title="Veal Oscar">Veal Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello_tonnato" title="Vitello tonnato">Vitello tonnato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallenbergare" title="Wallenbergare">Wallenbergare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related meats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_ring" title="Beef ring">Beef ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcass_grade" title="Carcass grade">Carcass grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkcutter" title="Darkcutter">Darkcutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_on_the_bone" title="Meat on the bone">Meat on the bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ractopamine#Regulations_of_ractopamine_around_the_world" title="Ractopamine">Ractopamine - Beef</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_beef_imports" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US beef imports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Japan" title="United States beef imports in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_Taiwan" title="United States beef imports in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_beef_imports_in_South_Korea" title="United States beef imports in South Korea">South Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/2008_US_beef_protest_in_South_Korea" title="2008 US beef protest in South Korea">2008 US beef protest in South Korea</a>)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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