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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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id="toc-Miscellaneous_further_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_further_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Miscellaneous further sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_further_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارولد اکتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هارولد اکتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="هارولد اكتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارولد اكتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Acton" title="Harold Acton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harold Acton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гарольд Актон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарольд Актон" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British writer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Harold Acton</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Acton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Byron (left) with Harold Acton at Oxford around 1922"><img alt="Robert Byron (left) with Harold Acton at Oxford around 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harold_Acton.jpg/220px-Harold_Acton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harold_Acton.jpg/330px-Harold_Acton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Harold_Acton.jpg/440px-Harold_Acton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_(travel_writer)" title="Robert Byron (travel writer)">Robert Byron</a> (left) with Harold Acton at Oxford around 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1904-07-05</span>)</span>5 July 1904<br /><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra" title="Villa La Pietra">Villa La Pietra</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">27 February 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-02-27)</span> (aged 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra" title="Villa La Pietra">Villa La Pietra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">poet, historical writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English, Italian, French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="nowrap"><i>The Last of the Medici</i> (1930, 1932) <br /> <i>Modern Chinese Poetry</i> (with S.-H. Ch'en, 1936) <br /> <i>Peonies and Ponies</i> (1941, 1983) <br /> <i>Memoirs of an Aesthete</i> (1948) <br /> <i>The [Last] Bourbons of Naples</i> (1956, 1961) <br /> <i>Ferdinando Galiani</i> (1960) <br /> <i>Florence</i> (with M. Huerlimann, 1960) <br /> <i>Nancy Mitford</i> (1975) <br /> <i>The Peach Blossom Fan</i> (with S.-H. Ch'en, 1976)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> (1965) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> (1974)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">John Dalberg-Acton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Harold Mario Mitchell Acton</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> (5 July 1904 – 27 February 1994) was a British writer, scholar, and <a href="/wiki/Aesthete" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthete">aesthete</a> who was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Bright_young_things" title="Bright young things">Bright Young Things</a>. He wrote fiction, biography, history and autobiography. During his stay in China, he studied the Chinese language, traditional drama, and poetry, some of which he translated. </p><p>He was born near <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, to a prominent Anglo-Italian family. At <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, he was a founding member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eton_Arts_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eton Arts Society (page does not exist)">Eton Arts Society</a> before going up to <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> to read <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_politics_and_economics" title="Philosophy, politics and economics">Modern Greats</a> at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>. He co-founded the avant garde magazine <i>The Oxford Broom</i> and mixed with many intellectual and literary figures of the age, including <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>, who based the character of Anthony Blanche in <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited">Brideshead Revisited</a></i> partly on him. Between the wars, Acton lived in Paris, London, and Florence, proving most successful as a historian, his <i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a></i> being a 3-volume study of the Medicis and the Bourbons. </p><p>After serving as an <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> liaison officer in the Mediterranean, he returned to Florence, restoring his childhood home, <a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra" title="Villa La Pietra">Villa La Pietra</a>, to its earlier glory. Acton was knighted in 1974 and died in Florence, leaving La Pietra to <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG/220px-Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG/330px-Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG/440px-Villa_la_pietra_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra" title="Villa La Pietra">Villa La Pietra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Acton was born to a prominent Anglo-Italian-American family of <a href="/wiki/Acton_baronets#Acton_baronets,_of_Aldenham_(1644)" title="Acton baronets">baronets</a>, later raised to the peerage as <a href="/wiki/Baron_Acton" title="Baron Acton">Barons Acton of Aldenham</a> at Villa La Pietra, his parents' house one mile outside the walls of Florence, Italy. He claimed that his great-great-grandfather was Commodore <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Acton,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet">Sir John Acton</a>, 6th Baronet (1736–1811), who married his niece, Mary Anne Acton, and who was prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand IV</a> and grandfather of the Catholic historian <a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Lord Acton</a>. This relationship has been disproven; Harold Acton in fact descends from Sir John Acton's brother, General Joseph Edward Acton (1737–1830).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these brothers served in Italy, and are from the <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> family of Actons. </p><p>His father was the successful art collector and dealer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Acton" title="Arthur Acton">Arthur Acton</a> (1873–1953), the illegitimate son of Eugene Arthur Roger Acton (1836–1895), counsellor to the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Hortense Lenore Mitchell (1871–1962), was the heiress of <a href="/wiki/John_J._Mitchell_(banker)" title="John J. Mitchell (banker)">John J. Mitchell</a>, a president of the Illinois Trust and Savings Bank, an appointed member of the Federal Advisory Council,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and a trustee of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a> (1908–1909).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Arthur Acton met Hortense in Chicago while helping to design the Italianate features of the bank's new building in 1896, and the Mitchell fortune allowed Arthur Acton to buy the remarkable <a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Pietra" title="Villa La Pietra">Villa La Pietra</a> on the hills of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, where Harold Acton lived for much of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only modern furniture in the villa was in the nurseries, and that was disposed of when the children got older (Harold's younger brother <a href="/wiki/William_Acton_(painter)" title="William Acton (painter)">William Acton</a> was born in 1906).<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_Church_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ_Church-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg/220px-Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg/330px-Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg/440px-Villa_la_pietra_DPA_6300078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sala del Crocifisso, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.nga.gov/permalink/01NGA_INST/1p5jkvq/alma991226233804896">Villa La Pietra</a>, Florence, photo by Foto Reali, Foto Reali Archive, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nga.gov/research/library/imagecollections.html">Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_education">Career and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His early schooling was at Miss Penrose's private school in Florence. In 1913, his parents sent him to <a href="/wiki/Wixenford_School" title="Wixenford School">Wixenford Preparatory School</a> near Reading in southern England,<sup id="cite_ref-WaughGallagher83_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaughGallagher83-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> was a fellow-pupil. By 1916 submarine attacks on shipping had made the journey to England unsafe and so Harold and his brother were sent in September to Chateau de Lancy, an international school near Geneva. In the autumn of 1917, he went to a 'crammers' at Ashlawn in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to be prepared for <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, which he entered on 1 May 1918. Among his contemporaries at Eton were <a href="/wiki/Eric_Blair" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Blair">Eric Blair</a> (the writer <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_(travel_writer)" title="Robert Byron (travel writer)">Robert Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Howard_(poet)" title="Brian Howard (poet)">Brian Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Messel" title="Oliver Messel">Oliver Messel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Powell" title="Anthony Powell">Anthony Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vincent_Yorke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Vincent Yorke">Henry Yorke</a> (the novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Green" title="Henry Green">Henry Green</a>). In his final years at school, Acton became a founding member of the Eton Arts Society, and eleven of his poems appeared in <i>The Eton Candle</i>, edited by his friend Brian Howard.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford_years">Oxford years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oxford years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In October 1923, Acton went up to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> to read Modern Greats at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>. It was from the balcony of his rooms in Meadow Buildings that he declaimed passages from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> through a megaphone (an episode recounted in <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited">Brideshead Revisited</a>,</i> through the character Anthony Blanche). While at Oxford, he co-founded the avant garde magazine <i>The Oxford Broom</i>, and published his first book of poems, <i>Aquarium</i> (1923). Acton was regarded as a leading figure of his day and would often receive more attention in memoirs of the period than men who were much more successful in later life; for example, the Welsh playwright <a href="/wiki/Emlyn_Williams" title="Emlyn Williams">Emlyn Williams</a> described this encounter with Acton in his autobiography <i>George</i> (1961):<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Bowing with the courtesy of another age and clime, he spoke, an English flawlessly italianated [sic]. 'I do most dreadfully beg your pardons this inclement night – though I have been resident a year, I find it too idiotically difficult to find my way about, I have been round <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tower" title="Tom Tower">Tom</a> like a tee-toe-tum, too too madd-ening – where <i>does</i> our dear Dean hang out?' He thanked me profusely, raised the bowler with a dazzling smile, and propelled himself Deanward, an Oriental diplomat off to leave a jewelled <a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">carte de visite</a>. 'Jesus,' said Evvers, 'what's that?' 'He's <i>the</i> Oxford aesthete,' I informed him, 'a Victorian, his rooms in Meadow are in lemon yellow and he stands on his balcony and reads his poems through a megaphone to people passing, and he belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Hypocrites%27_Club" title="Hypocrites' Club">Hypocrites' Club</a> with <a href="/wiki/Brian_Howard_(poet)" title="Brian Howard (poet)">Brian Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_(travel_writer)" title="Robert Byron (travel writer)">Robert Byron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> and all that set, they call themselves the Post-War Generation and wear Hearts on their lapels as opposed to the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a> lot who called themselves Souls. They're supposed to eat new-born babies cooked in wine.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 260f">: 260<i>f</i> </span></sup></p></blockquote><p> Williams also described Acton's review of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i> in the Oxford student newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(newspaper)" title="Cherwell (newspaper)">Cherwell</a></i>: "a charming boy's book, we would suggest a cheap edition to fit comfortably into the pocket of a school blazer"; and summarised Acton's modernist approach to literature: "But if one finds the words, my dears, there is beauty in a black-pudding."<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 314">: 314 </span></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg/220px-Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg/330px-Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg/440px-Railway_Club_at_Oxford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Railway Club at Oxford, conceived by John Sutro, dominated by Harold Acton. Left to right, back: Henry Yorke, Roy Harrod, Henry Weymouth, David Plunket Greene, Harry Stavordale, Brian Howard. Middle row: Michael Rosse, John Sutro, Hugh Lygon, Harold Acton, Bryan Guinness, Patrick Balfour, Mark Ogilvie-Grant, Johnny Drury-Lowe; front: porters.</figcaption></figure> <p>At Oxford Acton dominated the Railway Club, which included: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vincent_Yorke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Vincent Yorke">Henry Yorke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Harrod" title="Roy Harrod">Roy Harrod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thynne,_6th_Marquess_of_Bath" title="Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath">Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Plunket_Greene" title="David Plunket Greene">David Plunket Greene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Henry_Charles_James_Fox-Strangways,_7th_Earl_of_Ilchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester">Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Howard_(poet)" title="Brian Howard (poet)">Brian Howard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parsons,_6th_Earl_of_Rosse" title="Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse">Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sutro" title="John Sutro">John Sutro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lygon" title="Hugh Lygon">Hugh Lygon</a>, Harold Acton, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Guinness,_2nd_Baron_Moyne" title="Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne">Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Balfour,_3rd_Baron_Kinross" title="Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross">Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ogilvie-Grant" title="Mark Ogilvie-Grant">Mark Ogilvie-Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Drury-Lowe" title="John Drury-Lowe">John Drury-Lowe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Waugh">Influence on Waugh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Influence on Waugh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> populated his novels with composite characters based upon individuals he knew. Acton is reputed to have inspired, at least in part, the character of "<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blanche" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Blanche">Anthony Blanche</a>" in Waugh's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited" title="Brideshead Revisited">Brideshead Revisited</a></i> (1945). In a letter to Lord Baldwin, Waugh wrote, "There is an aesthetic bugger who sometimes turns up in my novels under various names – that was 2/3 Brian [Howard] and 1/3 Harold Acton. People think it was all Harold, who is a much sweeter and saner man [than Howard]."<sup id="cite_ref-WaughArmory80_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaughArmory80-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 505">: 505 </span></sup> Waugh also wrote, "The characters in my novels often wrongly identified with Harold Acton were to a great extent drawn from <a href="/wiki/Brian_Howard_(poet)" title="Brian Howard (poet)">Brian Howard</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_strike_and_after">General strike and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General strike and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1926 Acton acted as a <i>special constable</i> during the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">general strike</a>, apolitical as he was, and took his degree. In October he took an apartment in Paris, at 29 Quai de Bourbon, and had his portrait painted by Pavel Tchelitcheff.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving between Paris and London in the next few years, Acton sought to find his voice as a writer. In 1927 he began work on a novel, and a third book of poems, <i>Five Saints and an Appendix</i>, came out early the following year. This was followed by a prose fable, <i>Cornelian</i>, in March. In July Acton acted as Best Man at the wedding of Evelyn Waugh to the Honourable Evelyn Gardner. Waugh's <i>Decline and Fall</i> bore a dedication to Acton 'in Homage and Affection', but when Acton's own novel – disastrously entitled <i>Humdrum</i> – appeared in October 1928, it was slated in comparison with <i>Decline and Fall</i> by critics such as Cyril Connolly. </p><p>In the later 1920s Harold frequented the London salon of <a href="/wiki/Maud_Cunard" title="Maud Cunard">Lady Cunard</a>, where at various times he encountered <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Duveen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Duveen">Joseph Duveen</a> and the Irish novelist <a href="/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)" title="George Moore (novelist)">George Moore</a>. On visits to Florence he cemented his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Norman_Douglas" title="Norman Douglas">Norman Douglas</a>, who wrote an introduction to Acton's translation of a lubricious 18th-century memoir of Giangastone de' Medici, <i>The Last of the Medici</i>, privately printed in Florence in 1930 as part of the Lungarno Series. A fourth collection of poems, <i>This Chaos</i>, was published in Paris by Acton's friend Nancy Cunard, though the Giangastone translation pointed in a more promising direction. History was indeed to prove far more congenial to Acton than poetry. His <i>The Last Medici</i> (not to be confused with the earlier book of similar title) was published by Faber in 1932, the first of a series of distinguished contributions to Italian historical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Gumbel96_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gumbel96-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One close observer, Alan Pryce-Jones, felt that life in Florence weighed upon Acton with its triviality, for, like his father, he was a hard worker and a careful scholar. The East was an escape.<sup id="cite_ref-PryceJones94_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PryceJones94-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took up residence in Peking, as Beijing was then known, which he found congenial. He studied Chinese language, traditional drama, and poetry. Between his arrival in 1932 and 1939 he published respected translations of <i><a href="/wiki/Peach_Blossom_Fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peach Blossom Fan">Peach Blossom Fan</a></i> and <i>Modern Chinese Poetry</i> (1936), both in collaboration with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%27en_Shih-hsiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ch'en Shih-hsiang (page does not exist)">Ch'en Shih-hsiang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E4%B8%96%E9%A9%A4_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" class="extiw" title="zh:陳世驤 (文學家)">zh</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Famous Chinese Plays</i> (1937) in collaboration with L.C. Arlington. His novel <i>Peonies and Ponies</i> (1941) is a sharp portrait of expatriate life. He translated <i>Glue and Lacquer</i> (1941), selected from the 17th century writer <a href="/wiki/Feng_Menglong" title="Feng Menglong">Feng Menglong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrious_Words_to_Instruct_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrious Words to Instruct the World">Tales to Rouse the World</a></i>, with a preface by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waley" title="Arthur Waley">Arthur Waley</a>, the leading scholar-translator and member of the <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> broke out in 1937, but Acton did not leave until 1939, when he returned to England and joined the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> as a liaison officer. He served in India and what was then Ceylon, and then after the Liberation in Paris. When the war was over, he returned to Florence. La Pietra had been occupied by German soldiers, but he expeditiously restored it to its proper glory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acton's non-historical works include four volumes of poetry, three novels, two novellas, two volumes of short stories, two volumes of autobiography and a memoir of his friend <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mitford" title="Nancy Mitford">Nancy Mitford</a>, who was his exact contemporary. His historical works include <i>The Last Medici</i>, a study of the later Medici Grand Dukes, and two large volumes on the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> in the 18th and earlier 19th century, which together may be said to constitute his <i>magnum opus</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acton was made a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in 1965 and <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Institute in Florence, an important centre for Anglo-Florentine cultural life since 1917, renamed its collections the Harold Acton Library.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acton was Catholic;<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce06_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce06-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151f">: 151<i>f</i> </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Kubiak_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubiak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his cultural and historical commitment to the Church remained unchanged throughout his life. Acton's name was first on a petition submitted to Rome in 1971 by British cultural élite, requesting that the traditional Latin rite of the Mass not be abrogated in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce06_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce06-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 359">: 359 </span></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Kubiak_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubiak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, the heiress Hortense Lenore Mitchell, a dominating personality in his life who lived on until the age of 90, did not make life easy for him but he still remained the devoted and admiring son.<sup id="cite_ref-PryceJones94_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PryceJones94-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acton was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Bright_Young_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright Young Things">Bright Young Things</a> in 1920s London.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg/220px-Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg/330px-Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg/440px-Cimitero_Evangelico_Agli_Allori_-_grave_-_Harold_Acton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Cimitero Evangelico Agli Allori</figcaption></figure> <p>After Acton's death, in reply to a magazine article that speculated both about the probable suicide of Acton's brother and about Acton's homosexuality, author <a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">A. N. Wilson</a> remarked, "To call him homosexual would be to misunderstand the whole essence of his being" and that "He was more asexual than anything else".<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article, by American writer <a href="/wiki/David_Plante" title="David Plante">David Plante</a>, described Acton's time at Oxford as a "virile aesthete-dandy," but noted that while in China during the 1930s Acton's predilection for boys led to a classified government document describing him as a "scandalous debauchee," and prevented the possibility of his serving in the intelligence services there, when war broke out. Plante also described the young men whom Acton welcomed to La Pietra, including Alexander Zielcke, a German photographer and artist who was Acton's lover for the last twenty-five years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Acton died he left Villa La Pietra to <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyu.edu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyu.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In leaving his family's property and collection to New York University, Acton expressed his desire that the estate be used as a meeting place for students, faculty, and guests who might study, teach, write and do research, and as a centre for international programs.<sup id="cite_ref-nyu.edu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyu.edu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his death, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing confirmed the existence of a half-sister born out of wedlock, whose heirs have gone to court to challenge Acton's $500 million bequest to <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acton was buried beside his parents and brother in the Catholic section of the <a href="/wiki/Cimitero_Evangelico_degli_Allori" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimitero Evangelico degli Allori">Cimitero Evangelico degli Allori</a> in the southern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galluzzo" title="Galluzzo">Galluzzo</a> (Italy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Aquarium</i>, London, Duckworth, 1923</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174003"><i>An Indian Ass</i></a>, London, Duckworth, 1925.</li> <li><i>Five Saints and an Appendix</i>, London, Holden, 1927.</li> <li><i>Cornelian</i>, London, The Westminster Press, 1928.</li> <li><i>Humdrum</i>, London, The Westminster Press, 1928.</li> <li><i>The Last of the Medici</i>, Florence, G. Orioli, 1930.</li> <li><i>This Chaos</i>, Paris, Hours Press, 1930.</li> <li><i>The Last Medici</i>, London, Faber & Faner, 1932.</li> <li><i>Modern Chinese Poetry</i> (with Ch'en Shih-Hsiang), Duckworth, 1936.</li> <li><i>Famous Chinese Plays</i> (with L.C. Arlington), Peiping, Henri Vetch, 1937.</li> <li><i>Glue and Lacquer: Four Cautionary Tales</i> (with Lee Yi-Hsieh), London, The Golden Cockerel Press, 1941.</li> <li><i>Peonies and Ponies</i>, London, Chatto & Windus, 1941; rpr. Hong Kong; New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.</li> <li><i>Memoirs of an Aesthete</i>, London, Methuen, 1948; reprinted London, Methuen, 1970.</li> <li><i>Prince Isidore. A novel</i>, London, Methuen, 1950.</li> <li><i>The Bourbons of Naples (1734–1825)</i>, London, Methuen, 1956.</li> <li><i>Ferdinando Galiani</i>, Rome, Edizioni di Storia e di Letteratura, 1960.</li> <li><i>Florence</i> (with Martin Huerlimann), London, Thames & Hudson, 1960.</li> <li><i>The Last Bourbons of Naples (1825–1861)</i>, London, Methuen, 1961.</li> <li><i>Old Lamps for New</i>, London, Methuen, 1965.</li> <li><i>More Memoirs of an Aesthete</i>, London, Methuen, 1970.</li> <li><i>Tit for Tat</i>, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1972.</li> <li><i>Tuscan Villas</i>, London, Thames & Hudson, 1973; reprinted as <i>The Villas of Tuscany</i>, London, Thames & Hudson, 1984.</li> <li><i>Nancy Mitford: a Memoir</i>, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1975.</li> <li><i>The Peach Blossom Fan</i> (with Ch'en Shih-Hsiang), Berkeley, University of California Press, 1976.</li> <li><i>The Pazzi Conspiracy: The plot Against the Medici</i>, London, Thames & Hudson, 1979.</li> <li><i>The Soul's Gymnasium</i>, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1982.</li> <li><i>Three Extraordinary Ambassadors</i>, London, Thames & Hudson, 1984.</li> <li><i>Florence: a Travellers' Companion</i> (introduction; texts ed <a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Edward Chaney</a>), London, Constable, 1986.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 1999, 106th edition, ed. Charles Mosley, vol. 1, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armorial Families: A Directory of Gentlemen of Coat Armour, A. C. Fox-Davies, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1910, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurizio Cuomo, et al., 2015, "Genealogy of the Acton family, including the Lyon-Dalberg-Actons, and the Actons of Aldenham [lower center of image]," at <i>Il portale informativo di Castellammare di Stabia: Storia, Personaggi Illustri</i> [The information portal of Castellammare di Stabia: History, Famous People], see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.liberoricercatore.it/Storia/personaggiillustri/Genealogy-of-the-Acton-family.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221094211/http://www.liberoricercatore.it/Storia/personaggiillustri/Genealogy-of-the-Acton-family.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ARTIC, 1908, "Catalog of the Twenty-First Annual Exhibition of Oil Paintings and Sculpture by American Artists, October 20 to November 29, 1908," p. iii, Chicago, IL, US:The Art Institute of Chicago, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.artic.edu/sites/default/files/libraries/pubs/1908/AIC1908PandS21stAn_comb.pdf">[2]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Green, 2008 [1977], <i>Children of the Sun: A Narrative of "decadence" in England After 1918</i>, pp. 1–8, 94–117, 220, 393–395, 425f, Mount Jackson, VA, US: Axios Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1604190019" title="Special:BookSources/1604190019">1604190019</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1604190019">[3]</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Children-Sun-Narrative-Decadence-England/dp/009461430X">[4]</a>, <u><i>or</i></u> Martin Green, 1977, <i>ibid.</i>, pp. 118–125,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2015)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> London, LND, GBN: Constable, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/009461430X" title="Special:BookSources/009461430X">009461430X</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/childrenofsunnar0000gree">[5]</a>, both accessed 11 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlotte Eagar, 2011, "The house of secrets and lies," <i>The Sunday Times</i> (magazine, online), 3 July 2011, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529141416/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/Magazine/Features/article655793.ece">[6]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015. Subtitle: "The art dealer Arthur Acton's love affair with an Italian beauty led to an illegitimate child, two exhumed bodies and a long-running, vicious feud."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christ_Church-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christ_Church_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/fallen-alumni/private-william-hamilton-mitchell-acton">"Private William Hamilton Mitchell Acton"</a>. <i>Christ Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christ+Church&rft.atitle=Private+William+Hamilton+Mitchell+Acton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chch.ox.ac.uk%2Ffallen-alumni%2Fprivate-william-hamilton-mitchell-acton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaughGallagher83-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaughGallagher83_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a>, 1983, <i>The Essays, Articles and Reviews of Evelyn Waugh,</i> Donat Gallagher, Ed., London, LND, GBN: Methuen Limited, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413503704" title="Special:BookSources/0413503704">0413503704</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlEeAQAAIAAJ">[7]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015. <i>"Page numbers given inline."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2007" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Marie-Jaqueline (6 April 2007). <i>Brian Howard: Portrait of Failure</i>. Green Candy Press. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931160506" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931160506"><bdi>978-1931160506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brian+Howard%3A+Portrait+of+Failure&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Green+Candy+Press&rft.date=2007-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1931160506&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Marie-Jaqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1965" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Emlyn (1965) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papyrocentricperformativity.wordpress.com/words-on-waughs-world/wafted-onto-the-antimacassars/"><i>George: An Early Autobiography</i></a>. London, LND, GBN: New English Library (Four Square)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2015</span>. <q><i>Page numbers given inline.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%3A+An+Early+Autobiography&rft.place=London%2C+LND%2C+GBN&rft.pub=New+English+Library+%28Four+Square%29&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Emlyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapyrocentricperformativity.wordpress.com%2Fwords-on-waughs-world%2Fwafted-onto-the-antimacassars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancaster-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2005" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Marie-Jaqueline (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IVRYLb2wcAC&pg=PA122"><i>Brian Howard: Portrait of a Failure</i></a>. Timewell Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857252118" title="Special:BookSources/9781857252118"><bdi>9781857252118</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brian+Howard%3A+Portrait+of+a+Failure&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Timewell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781857252118&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Marie-Jaqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IVRYLb2wcAC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaughArmory80-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaughArmory80_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh1980" class="citation book cs1">Waugh, Evelyn (1980). Mark Amory (ed.). <i>The Letters of Evelyn Waugh</i>. London, LND, GBN: Orion-<a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857992458" title="Special:BookSources/1857992458"><bdi>1857992458</bdi></a>. <q><i>Page numbers given inline.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Evelyn+Waugh&rft.place=London%2C+LND%2C+GBN&rft.pub=Orion-Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1857992458&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougill1998" class="citation book cs1">Dougill, John (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordinenglishl00doug"><i>Oxford in English Literature</i></a></span>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordinenglishl00doug/page/319">319</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472107844" title="Special:BookSources/0472107844"><bdi>0472107844</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>wrongly identified with Harold Acton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+in+English+Literature&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0472107844&rft.aulast=Dougill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordinenglishl00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Acton, <i>Memoirs of an Aesthete</i>, 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gumbel96-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gumbel96_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Gumbel, 1996, "Shadow of the Last Aesthete," <i>The Independent</i> (online), 14 April 1996, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/shadow-of-the-last-aesthete-1304745.html">[8]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015. [Subtitle: "In his Tuscan palazzo, Sir Harold Acton created what he hoped would be an enduring idyll. Two years after his death, the dream has turned sour."]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PryceJones94-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PryceJones94_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PryceJones94_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Pryce-Jones, 1994, "Obituary: Sir Harold Acton," <i>The Independent</i> (online), 28 February 1994, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sir-harold-acton-1397017.html">[9]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Jamieson, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Birch" title="Cyril Birch">Cyril Birch</a> & Yuen Ren Chao, 1974, "Shih-Hsiang Chen, Oriental Languages, Berkeley (1912–1971), Professor of Chinese and Comparative Literature," at <i>University of California, In memoriam, 1974</i> (online), pp. 20–22, Berkeley CA, US: Academic Senate, Berkeley Division, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb6h4nb3q7&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00007&toc.depth=1&toc.id=">p. 5</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/01/obituaries/sir-harold-acton-is-dead-at-89-prototypic-esthete-of-the-1920-s.html">Sir Harold Acton Is Dead At 89; Prototypic Esthete Of The 1920s</a> John Darnton, New York Times 1 March 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crown Office, 1974, "State Intelligence, Honours and Awards… Harold Mario Mitchell Acton, Esquire, C.B.E.," <i>London Gazette</i> (online, 21 February 1974), Issue 46214, p. 2311, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/46214/page/2311">[10]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishinstitute.it/en/library/harold-acton-library#archive">"Harold Acton Library"</a>. <i>British Institute of Florence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Institute+of+Florence&rft.atitle=Harold+Acton+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishinstitute.it%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fharold-acton-library%23archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce06-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce06_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce06_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Pearce, 2006, "Literary Converts: Spiritual Inspiration in an Age of Unbelief," San Francisco, CA, US: Ignatius Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1586171593" title="Special:BookSources/1586171593">1586171593</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1586171593">[11]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubiak-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubiak_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kubiak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx?article=1741">Memories of an Aesthete</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028135818/http://www.firstprinciplesjournal.com/articles.aspx?article=1741">Archived</a> 28 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Modern Age</i> Vol 51 Nos 3-4 (Summer-Fall 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, D.J. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brightyoungpeopl00tayl"><i>Bright Young People: The Lost Generation of London's Jazz Age</i></a></span>. New York: DFarrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374116835" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374116835"><bdi>978-0374116835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Young+People%3A+The+Lost+Generation+of+London%27s+Jazz+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=DFarrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0374116835&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrightyoungpeopl00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Gumbel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/shadow-of-the-last-aesthete-1304745.html">Shadow of the Last Aesthete</a> <i>Independent</i> 13 April 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyu.edu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyu.edu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyu.edu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lapietra.nyu.edu/about/">"About"</a>. NYU Florence, Villa La Pietra<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=NYU+Florence%2C+Villa+La+Pietra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flapietra.nyu.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaden-Guest2014" class="citation news cs1">Haden-Guest, Anthony (10 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/11/10/in-tussle-over-will-mistress-s-family-takes-a-bite-out-of-nyu.html">"In Tussle Over Will, Mistress's Family Takes a Bite Out of NYU"</a>. The Daily Beast<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Tussle+Over+Will%2C+Mistress%27s+Family+Takes+a+Bite+Out+of+NYU&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft.aulast=Haden-Guest&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F11%2F10%2Fin-tussle-over-will-mistress-s-family-takes-a-bite-out-of-nyu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Acton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substantial_secondary_sources">Substantial secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Substantial secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Martin Green, 2008 [1977], <i>Children of the Sun: A Narrative of "Decadence" in England After 1918</i>, Mount Jackson, VA, US: Axios Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1604190019" title="Special:BookSources/1604190019">1604190019</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1604190019">[12]</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Children-Sun-Narrative-Decadence-England/dp/009461430X">[13]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015. <small>[A book in which Acton features very prominently. For his relationship to villa La Pietra, see pp. 1–8, 94–117, 220, 393–395, and 425<i>f</i>. For his early education, see pp. 11, 79, 103, and 115<i>f</i>. For his time at Eton, see pp. 98<i>f</i>, 127–182, and 256. For his time at Oxford, see pp. 2<i>ff</i>, 11, 20, 82, 117, 155, 163–195, 201, 227, 305, and 464. For his experiences in World War II, see pp. 333–355, and 367. For his parents Arthur and Hortense, see pp. 6, 102–114, 338, and 385<i>f</i>.]</small></li> <li>Charlotte Eagar, 2011, "The house of secrets and lies," <i>The Sunday Times</i> (magazine, online), 3 July 2011, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529141416/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/Magazine/Features/article655793.ece">[14]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015. Subtitle: "The art dealer Arthur Acton's love affair with an Italian beauty led to an illegitimate child, two exhumed bodies and a long-running, vicious feud."</li> <li>Alan Pryce-Jones, 1994, "Obituary: Sir Harold Acton," <i>The Independent</i> (online), 28 February 1994, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sir-harold-acton-1397017.html">[15]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015.</li> <li>D. J. Taylor, 2007, <i>Bright Young People: The Lost Generation of London's Jazz Age,</i> New York, NY, US: Macmillan-FSG, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374116830" title="Special:BookSources/0374116830">0374116830</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0374116830">[16]</a>, accessed 11 July 2015. [See pp. 21–31, 68, 74–77, 83–88, 127, 140ff, 150, 163–166, 171–179, 189–205, 216–218, 231, 257, 279–288, 311–315.]</li> <li>Luca Baratta, (2020), «Evoking the Atmosphere of a Vanished Society»: la Firenze fantasmatica di Sir Harold Acton in The Soul's Gymnasium (1982)', Mediazioni. Rivista online di Studi Interdisciplinari su Lingue e Culture, 27, pp. A139-A165.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_resources">Archival resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Archival resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.acton">Harold Acton Papers, 1904–1994</a> (3.83 linear feet) are housed at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivegrid.org/web/jsp/a.jsp?id=1243&fileloc=78430520&archive=New+York+Public+Library&datatype=master">Harold Acton Correspondence with Ruth Page and Thomas H. Fisher, 1948–1952</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807211626/http://archivegrid.org/web/jsp/a.jsp?id=1243&fileloc=78430520&archive=New+York+Public+Library&datatype=master">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> are housed at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corsair.themorgan.org/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=192880">Harold Mario Mitchell Acton Autograph Letter Signed: Florence, to Herbert Cahoon, 1961 June 18</a> (1 item (4 pages)) is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Pierpont_Morgan_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierpont Morgan Library">Pierpont Morgan Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.mcdouall">Robin McDouall Papers, circa 1933–1980</a> (0.21 linear ft.) are housed at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_further_sources">Miscellaneous further sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous further sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Edward Chaney</a>, "Sir Harold Acton", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Chaney" title="Edward Chaney">Edward Chaney</a> and Neil Ritchie, <i>Oxford, China and Italy: Writings in Honour of Sir Harold Acton</i>, Florence-London, 1984.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Thi%C3%A9baud" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Marie Thiébaud">fr:Jean-Marie Thiébaud</a>, "Une famille bisontine d'origine anglaise : les Acton", <i>Procès-verbaux et Mémoires de l'Académie de Besançon et de Franche-Comté, Besançon</i>, 1987.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hollis_(politician)" title="Christopher Hollis (politician)">Christopher Hollis</a>, <i>Oxford in the Twenties</i> (1976).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Acton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/50313">Works by Harold Acton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://forgottenchicago.com/features/banks/">[17]</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2008678296/">[18]</a>, images of the 1896 Chicago ITSB building, whose Italianate design included contributions from Acton's father.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040228124814/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/acton_h.html">Harold Acton at the Gay/Bi/Lesbian Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papyrocentricperformativity.wordpress.com/words-on-waughs-world/wafted-onto-the-antimacassars/">Wafted onto the Antimacassars</a> – memories of Acton at Oxford by <a href="/wiki/Emlyn_Williams" title="Emlyn Williams">Emlyn Williams</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.acton" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.acton">Harold Acton Papers</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64016314">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716588/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgH9hy3q8fyMBttPTHcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120424401">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50037013">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12012573q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12012573q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001102440">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Acton, Harold"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV017277">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36069852">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030820004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1554673">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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