CINXE.COM
MLA Handbook - Wikipedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>MLA Handbook - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"886d6666-7d30-4b19-b3a9-dcde3f0834e8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"MLA_Handbook","wgTitle":"MLA Handbook","wgCurRevisionId":1248719313,"wgRevisionId":1248719313,"wgArticleId":6003989,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2023","Use American English from November 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","2009 non-fiction books","Academic style guides","Style guides for American English","Modern Language Association"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"MLA_Handbook","wgRelevantArticleId":6003989, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"The_MLA_Style_Manual","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/MLA_Handbook#MLA_Style_Manual","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7749253","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1801"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg/800px-MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg/640px-MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="MLA Handbook - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLA_Handbook#MLA_Style_Manual"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLA_Handbook#MLA_Style_Manual"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-MLA_Handbook rootpage-MLA_Handbook skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=MLA+Handbook" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MLA+Handbook" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=MLA+Handbook" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MLA+Handbook" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MLA_Style_Manual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MLA_Style_Manual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>MLA Style Manual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MLA_Style_Manual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>MLA Handbook</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_de_MLA" title="Manual de MLA – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manual de MLA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دستنامه امالای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستنامه امالای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_MLA" title="מדריך הכתיבה של MLA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדריך הכתיבה של MLA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%8E_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="എംഎൽഎ ഹാൻഡ്ബുക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എംഎൽഎ ഹാൻഡ്ബുക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="MLA Handbook – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MLA Handbook" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7749253#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:MLA_Handbook" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/MLA_Handbook" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/MLA_Handbook" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&oldid=1248719313" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=MLA_Handbook&id=1248719313&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMLA_Handbook%23MLA_Style_Manual"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMLA_Handbook%23MLA_Style_Manual"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=MLA_Handbook&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7749253" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_MLA_Style_Manual&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">The MLA Style Manual</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic style guide</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">MLA Handbook <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=2021&rft.pub=%5B%5BModern+Language+Association%7CModern+Language+Association+of+America%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=xxx+%2B+367"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg/220px-MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg/330px-MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg/440px-MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>MLA Handbook</i>, 9th ed.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">xxx + 367</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603293518" title="Special:BookSources/9781603293518">9781603293518</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">LB2369 .M52 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://style.mla.org/">style<wbr />.mla<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guides</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-style: italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACS_style" title="ACS style">ACS style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIP_style" title="AIP style">AIP style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASA_style" title="ASA style">The ASA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Guide_to_Legal_Citation" title="Australian Guide to Legal Citation">Australian Guide to Legal Citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">The Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Business_Style_Handbook" title="The Business Style Handbook">The Business Style Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Style_Manual" title="California Style Manual">California Style Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Guide_to_English_Usage" title="The Cambridge Guide to English Usage">The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citing_Medicine" title="Citing Medicine">Citing Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_English_Usage" title="Garner's Modern English Usage">Garner's Modern English Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_style" title="IEEE style">IEEE style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">ISO 690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide" title="MHRA Style Guide">MHRA Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Manual_of_Style" title="Microsoft Manual of Style">Microsoft Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MLA Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Manual_of_Style_and_Usage" title="The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage">The New York Times Manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">The Oxford Guide to Style/New Hart's Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities" title="Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities">Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Scientific Style and Format (CSE style)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">Turabian: A Manual for Writers</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guide_abbreviations" title="List of style guide abbreviations">List of style guide abbreviations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Styles" title="Template:Styles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Styles" title="Template talk:Styles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Styles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Styles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>MLA Handbook</b></i> (9th ed., 2021), formerly <i>MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers</i> (1977–2009), establishes a system for documenting sources in scholarly writing. It is published by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>, which is based in the United States. According to the organization, their <b>MLA style</b> "has been widely adopted for classroom instruction and used worldwide by scholars, journal publishers, and academic and commercial presses".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>MLA Handbook</i> began as an abridged student version of <i><a href="/wiki/MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="MLA Style Manual">MLA Style Manual</a></i>. Both are academic <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> that have been widely used in the United States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for writing and documentation of research in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English studies</a> (including the English language, <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> written in English); the study of other <a href="/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language">modern languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literatures</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a>; <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>; and related disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released in April 2016, the eighth edition of <i>MLA Handbook</i> (like its previous editions) is addressed primarily to secondary-school and undergraduate college and university teachers and students.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MLA announced in April 2016 that <i>MLA Handbook</i> would henceforth be "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that the 2008 third edition of <i>MLA Style Manual</i> would be the final edition of the larger work. The announcement also stated that the organization "is in the process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>MLA Handbook</i> grew out of the initial <i>MLA Style Sheet</i> of 1951<sup id="cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Sheet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_MLA_Style_Sheet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (revised in 1970<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Manual_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_MLA_Style_Manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a 28-page "more or less official" standard.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first five editions, published between 1977 and 1999 were titled <i>MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</i>. The 2003 <b>sixth edition</b> changed the title to <i>MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers</i>. </p><p>The <b>seventh edition</b>'s main changes from the sixth edition were "no longer recogniz[ing] a default medium and instead call[ing] for listing the medium of publication [whether Print or Web or CD] in every entry in the list of works cited", recommending against listing <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URLs</a>, and preferring italics over underline.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the seventh edition included a website with the full text of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later online additions allowed for citation of <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">tweets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>eighth edition</b>'s main changes from the seventh edition are "shift[ing] our focus from a prescriptive list of formats to an overarching purpose of source documentation".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Released in spring 2016, it changes the structure of the works cited list, most directly by adding abbreviations for volumes and issues (vol. and no.), pages (p. or pp.), not abbreviating words like "editor" or "translator", using URLs in most instances (though preferring <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA</a>), and not favoring the medium of publication.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>ninth edition</b>, in 2021, provides more examples, advises more inclusive language, and advises that URLs are optional, with DOI and <a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">permalinks</a> being preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ninth edition also provides rules for <a href="/wiki/Annotated_bibliography" title="Annotated bibliography">annotated bibliographies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table below identifies the year of publication of each edition of <i>MLA Handbook</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Edition </th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>2021 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MLA_Style_Manual">MLA Style Manual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MLA Style Manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MLA+Style+Manual+and+Guide+to+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=%5B%5BModern+Language+Association%7CModern+Language+Association+of+America%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=xxiv+%26+336&rft_id=info:oclcnum/191090459"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MLAStyleManual3rdEd.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/MLAStyleManual3rdEd.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print; large print; also listed as available as <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">xxiv & 336</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-297-7">978-0-87352-297-7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191090459">191090459</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">808/.027 22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PN147 .G444 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing </i>(2nd ed., by Joseph Gibaldi)<i> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>MLA Style Manual</b></i>, formerly titled <i><b>MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing</b></i> in its second (1998) and third edition (2008), was an academic <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a> by the United States–based <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association of America</a> (MLA) first published in 1985. MLA announced in April 2015 that the publication would be discontinued: the third edition would be the last and was to be "taken out of print". The announcement also said that what began as an abridged version for students, <i>MLA Handbook</i>, was to be after that point "the authoritative source for MLA style", and that the organization was "in the process of developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars".<sup id="cite_ref-NewEditionQuestion_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewEditionQuestion-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage">Usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MLA documentation style is used in scholarship throughout the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language">modern languages</a> and literatures, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, and related disciplines. </p><p><i>MLA Style Manual</i> was one of two books on MLA documentation style published by the MLA. While <i>MLA Handbook</i> is aimed at secondary and post-secondary students and their teachers, the intended audience of <i>MLA Style Manual</i> primarily consisted of graduate students, academic scholars, professors, professional writers, and editors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <i>MLA Handbook</i> and <i>MLA Style Manual</i> were preceded by a slim booklet titled <i>MLA Style Sheet</i>, first published in 1951 <sup id="cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Sheet_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_MLA_Style_Sheet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revised in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Style Sheet</i> was allowed to go out of print after the commercial success of the <i>Handbook</i>, creating the need for the <i>Manual</i> as a companion to the <i>Handbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Manual_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_MLA_Style_Manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>MLA Style Manual</i> was scheduled to go out of print in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2017, the organization said it would be "developing additional publications to address the professional needs of scholars".<sup id="cite_ref-MLAdotorg_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLAdotorg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software" title="Comparison of reference management software">Comparison of reference management software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style">"MLA Style"</a>. Modern Language Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLA+Style&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2FMLA-Style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310034132/http://www.mla.org/style">"What is MLA Style"</a>. <i>MLA</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/style">the original</a> on March 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLA&rft.atitle=What+is+MLA+Style&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeal2016" class="citation book cs1">Feal, Rosemary G. (2016). "Foreword". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlahandbook0000unse/page/"><i>MLA Handbook</i></a>. Modern Language Association. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlahandbook0000unse/page/">vii–viii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-262-7"><bdi>978-1-60329-262-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=MLA+Handbook&rft.pages=vii-viii&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-60329-262-7&rft.aulast=Feal&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmlahandbook0000unse%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://style.mla.org/is-a-new-edition-of-the-mla-style-manual-going-to-be-published/">"Ask the MLA: Is a new edition of the MLA Style Manual going to be published?"</a>. <i>The MLA Style Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>. April 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711091035/https://style.mla.org/is-a-new-edition-of-the-mla-style-manual-going-to-be-published/">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MLA+Style+Center&rft.atitle=Ask+the+MLA%3A+Is+a+new+edition+of+the+MLA+Style+Manual+going+to+be+published%3F&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstyle.mla.org%2Fis-a-new-edition-of-the-mla-style-manual-going-to-be-published%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_MLA_Style_Sheet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Sheet_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Sheet_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The MLA Style Sheet". <i>PMLA</i>. <b>66</b> (3): 3–31. 1951. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2699076">10.2307/2699076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8129">0030-8129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2699076">2699076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170456871">170456871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=The+MLA+Style+Sheet&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-31&rft.date=1951&rft.issn=0030-8129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170456871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2699076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2699076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Scott (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/referencesources00kenn/page/779"><i>Reference Sources for Small and Medium-sized Libraries</i></a></span>. Chicago and London: American Library Association. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/referencesources00kenn/page/779">779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-3468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8389-3468-5"><bdi>978-0-8389-3468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+Sources+for+Small+and+Medium-sized+Libraries&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=779&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8389-3468-5&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freferencesources00kenn%2Fpage%2F779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_MLA_Style_Manual-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Manual_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_MLA_Style_Manual_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtertGibaldi1985" class="citation book cs1">Achtert, Walter S.; Gibaldi, Joseph (1985). <i>The MLA Style Manual</i> (First ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-136-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-136-9"><bdi>978-0-87352-136-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MLA+Style+Manual&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87352-136-9&rft.aulast=Achtert&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Gibaldi%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Kathleen (2016). "Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlahandbook0000unse/page/"><i>MLA Handbook</i></a> (8th ed.). Modern Language Association. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlahandbook0000unse/page/">ix–xiv</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-262-7"><bdi>978-1-60329-262-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=MLA+Handbook&rft.pages=ix-xiv&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-60329-262-7&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmlahandbook0000unse%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401162929/http://www.mla.org/style/handbook_faq/whatsnew_7edhandbook">"What is new in the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook?"</a>. <i>MLA</i>. February 3, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/style/handbook_faq/whatsnew_7edhandbook">the original</a> on April 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLA&rft.atitle=What+is+new+in+the+seventh+edition+of+the+MLA+Handbook%3F&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fstyle%2Fhandbook_faq%2Fwhatsnew_7edhandbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2009" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, David G. (2009). "Preface". <i>MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers</i> (7th ed.). New York: MLA. pp. xvii–xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-024-1"><bdi>978-1-60329-024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=MLA+Handbook+for+Writers+of+Research+Papers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvii-xix&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=MLA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60329-024-1&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311081837/http://www.mla.org/style/handbook_faq/cite_an_ebook">"How do I cite an e-book?"</a>. <i>MLA</i> (7th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/style/handbook_faq/cite_an_ebook">the original</a> on March 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLA&rft.atitle=How+do+I+cite+an+e-book%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fstyle%2Fhandbook_faq%2Fcite_an_ebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20131110040530/http%3A//www%2Emla%2Eorg/style/handbook_faq/cite_a_tweet">"How do I cite a tweet?"</a>. <i>MLA</i> (7th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/style/handbook_faq/cite_a_tweet">the original</a> on November 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLA&rft.atitle=How+do+I+cite+a+tweet%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fstyle%2Fhandbook_faq%2Fcite_a_tweet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style/What-s-New-in-the-Eighth-Edition">"What's New in the Eighth Edition"</a>. <i>Modern Language Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Association&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+the+Eighth+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2FMLA-Style%2FWhat-s-New-in-the-Eighth-Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1192304724"><i>MLA Handbook</i></a> (9th ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. 2021. pp. xxv–xxvi, 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-351-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-351-8"><bdi>978-1-60329-351-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1192304724">1192304724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MLA+Handbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxv-xxvi%2C+187-188&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1192304724&rft.isbn=978-1-60329-351-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1192304724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_changes_9th_edition.html">"MLA 9th Edition Changes"</a>. <i>Purdue Writing Lab</i>. Purdue University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Purdue+Writing+Lab&rft.atitle=MLA+9th+Edition+Changes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fowl.purdue.edu%2Fowl%2Fresearch_and_citation%2Fmla_style%2Fmla_formatting_and_style_guide%2Fmla_changes_9th_edition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewEditionQuestion-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewEditionQuestion_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://style.mla.org/is-a-new-edition-of-the-mla-style-manual-going-to-be-published/">"Ask the MLA: Is a new edition of the MLA Style Manual going to be published?"</a>. <i>MLA Style Center</i>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>. April 8, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711091035/https://style.mla.org/is-a-new-edition-of-the-mla-style-manual-going-to-be-published/">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLA+Style+Center&rft.atitle=Ask+the+MLA%3A+Is+a+new+edition+of+the+MLA+Style+Manual+going+to+be+published%3F&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstyle.mla.org%2Fis-a-new-edition-of-the-mla-style-manual-going-to-be-published%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibaldi1998" class="citation book cs1">Gibaldi, Joseph (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlastylemanualgu00giba/page/"><i>MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing</i></a></span> (Second ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlastylemanualgu00giba/page/">iv</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87352-699-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87352-699-6"><bdi>0-87352-699-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MLA+Style+Manual+and+Guide+to+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=iv&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87352-699-6&rft.aulast=Gibaldi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmlastylemanualgu00giba%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mlastylesheet00mode"><i>The MLA Style Sheet</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Modern Language Association of America. 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-002-7"><bdi>978-0-87352-002-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MLA+Style+Sheet&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-87352-002-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmlastylesheet00mode&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLAdotorg-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLAdotorg_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420133615/https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style/The-MLA-Style-Manual">"The MLA Style Manual"</a>. <i>Modern Language Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mla.org/MLA-Style/The-MLA-Style-Manual">the original</a> on April 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Association&rft.atitle=The+MLA+Style+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2FMLA-Style%2FThe-MLA-Style-Manual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtertGibaldi1985" class="citation cs2">Achtert, Walter S.; Gibaldi, Joseph (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlastylemanual00achtrich"><i>The MLA Style Manual</i></a>, New York: MLA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MLA+Style+Manual&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MLA&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Achtert&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Gibaldi%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmlastylemanual00achtrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModern_Language_Association2008" class="citation cs2">Modern Language Association (2008), <i>MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing</i> (3rd ed.), New York: MLA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-297-7"><bdi>978-0-87352-297-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MLA+Style+Manual+and+Guide+to+Scholarly+Publishing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=MLA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87352-297-7&rft.au=Modern+Language+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModern_Language_Association2009" class="citation cs2">Modern Language Association (2009), <i>The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers</i> (7th ed.), New York: MLA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-024-1"><bdi>978-1-60329-024-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MLA+Handbook+for+Writers+of+Research+Papers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=MLA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60329-024-1&rft.au=Modern+Language+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/style">"What Is MLA Style?"</a>, <i>Modern Language Association</i>, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Association&rft.atitle=What+Is+MLA+Style%3F&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fstyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMLA+Handbook" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://style.mla.org">The MLA Style Center</a></i> – dedicated website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irsc.libguides.com/mla">MLA Style Guide, Eighth Edition, IRSC Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/">MLA Formatting and Style Guide, Purdue OWL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mlastylemanualgu00giba">MLA Style Manual</a>, Second Edition, 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strose.edu/student-development/student-success/academic-success-center/writing-center/writing-center-resources/">Guide to academic style guides</a>, from <a href="/wiki/College_of_St._Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="College of St. Rose">College of St. Rose</a>.</li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐72jvb Cached time: 20241122142057 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.588 seconds Real time usage: 0.728 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3202/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 64643/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 4293/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 19/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 93311/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.368/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6715060/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 646.141 1 -total 32.27% 208.537 2 Template:Infobox_book 28.76% 185.806 2 Template:Infobox 27.57% 178.130 1 Template:Reflist 15.46% 99.869 1 Template:Styles 15.14% 97.830 1 Template:Sidebar 14.41% 93.091 1 Template:Short_description 14.39% 92.950 10 Template:Cite_web 12.46% 80.504 2 Template:ISBNT 9.89% 63.896 2 Template:Pagetype --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:6003989-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122142057 and revision id 1248719313. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&oldid=1248719313#MLA_Style_Manual">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&oldid=1248719313#MLA_Style_Manual</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2009_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2009 non-fiction books">2009 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_style_guides" title="Category:Academic style guides">Academic style guides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Style_guides_for_American_English" title="Category:Style guides for American English">Style guides for American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_Language_Association" title="Category:Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2023">Use mdy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use American English from November 2023">Use American English from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 02:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MLA_Handbook&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#MLA_Style_Manual" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xn2z5","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.588","walltime":"0.728","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3202,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":64643,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4293,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":93311,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 646.141 1 -total"," 32.27% 208.537 2 Template:Infobox_book"," 28.76% 185.806 2 Template:Infobox"," 27.57% 178.130 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.46% 99.869 1 Template:Styles"," 15.14% 97.830 1 Template:Sidebar"," 14.41% 93.091 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.39% 92.950 10 Template:Cite_web"," 12.46% 80.504 2 Template:ISBNT"," 9.89% 63.896 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.368","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6715060,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-72jvb","timestamp":"20241122142057","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"MLA Handbook","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MLA_Handbook#MLA_Style_Manual","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7749253","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7749253","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-07-17T19:35:11Z","dateModified":"2024-10-01T02:45:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/07\/MLA-Handbook_9ed_cover.jpg","headline":"academic style guide"}</script> </body> </html>