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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_and_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Founding and rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Struggle for power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sima's_ascendancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sima's_ascendancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sima's ascendancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sima's_ascendancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Armaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_and_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_and_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Failure and destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_and_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Iron_Guard_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iron_Guard_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The Iron Guard and gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Iron_Guard_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legionary_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legionary_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Legionary architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legionary_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Public commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Guard_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Guard_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Iron Guard in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Guard_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Guard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="الحرس الحديدي (رومانيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرس الحديدي (رومانيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex%C3%B3n_de_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1nxel" title="Lexón de San Miguel Arcánxel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lexón de San Miguel Arcánxel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir_Qvardiya" title="Dəmir Qvardiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmir Qvardiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih-%C5%ABi-t%C5%ABi" title="Thih-ūi-tūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih-ūi-tūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Жалезная гвардыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезная гвардыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Желязна гвардия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязна гвардия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A0rdia_de_Ferro" title="Guàrdia de Ferro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guàrdia de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_garda" title="Železná garda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železná garda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerngarden" title="Jerngarden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jerngarden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiserne_Garde" title="Eiserne Garde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eiserne Garde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Σιδηρά Φρουρά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιδηρά Φρουρά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_de_Hierro_(Rumania)" title="Guardia de Hierro (Rumania) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guardia de Hierro (Rumania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legiana_movado_(Rumanio)" title="Legiana movado (Rumanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Legiana movado (Rumanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdinazko_Guardia" title="Burdinazko Guardia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdinazko Guardia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گارد آهنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گارد آهنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garde_de_fer" title="Garde de fer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Garde de fer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_de_Ferro" title="Garda de Ferro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Garda de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EC%9C%84%EB%8C%80" title="철위대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철위대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5_%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Երկաթե գվարդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթե գվարդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero-guardio" title="Fero-guardio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fero-guardio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Legiuner" title="Gerakan Legiuner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Legiuner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_di_Ferro" title="Guardia di Ferro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guardia di Ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התנועה הלגיונרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התנועה הלגיונרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რკინის გვარდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინის გვარდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohors_ferrica" title="Cohors ferrica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cohors ferrica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs_Gvarde" title="Dzelzs Gvarde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs Gvarde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_de_fier" title="Garda de fier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Garda de fier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasg%C3%A1rda" title="Vasgárda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vasgárda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Железна гарда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железна гарда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legiunea_Arhanghelului_Mihail" title="Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Legiunea Arhanghelului Mihail" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzeren_Garde" title="IJzeren Garde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzeren Garde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E8%A1%9B%E5%9B%A3" title="鉄衛団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄衛団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerngarden" title="Jerngarden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jerngarden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazna_Gwardia" title="Żelazna Gwardia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazna Gwardia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda_de_Ferro" title="Guarda de Ferro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_Legionar%C4%83" title="Mișcarea Legionară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișcarea Legionară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Железная гвардия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железная гвардия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron Guard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_garda" title="Železná garda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železná garda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezna_garda" title="Železna garda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železna garda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гвоздена гарда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвоздена гарда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezna_garda" title="Željezna garda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željezna garda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautakaarti" title="Rautakaarti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rautakaarti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rngardet" title="Järngardet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järngardet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ผู้พิทักษ์เหล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้พิทักษ์เหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir_Muhaf%C4%B1zlar" title="Demir Muhafızlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir Muhafızlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Залізна Гвардія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізна Гвардія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A0rdia_de_Fero" title="Guàrdia de Fero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guàrdia de Fero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%9B%A2" title="铁卫团 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁卫团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%9E%E5%9C%98" title="鐵衞團 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵衞團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E5%9B%A2" title="铁卫团 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铁卫团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iron Guard (disambiguation)">Iron Guard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Iron Guard</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><i>Garda de Fier</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Guard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iron_Guard.png/125px-Iron_Guard.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iron_Guard.png/188px-Iron_Guard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iron_Guard.png/250px-Iron_Guard.png 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a> (disputed)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foundation</th><td class="infobox-data">24 June 1927<span class="noprint">; 97 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">24 June 1927</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">March 1930 – 1990's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_National_Christian_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_National_Christian_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_National_Christian_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_National_Christian_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_National_Christian_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_National_Christian_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Green House, <a href="/wiki/Bucure%C8%99tii_Noi" title="Bucureștii Noi">Bucureștii Noi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Picture_of_the_Green_House_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picture_of_the_Green_House-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ideology">Legionarism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zelinka_2009_p._42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelinka_2009_p._42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payne_2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Historia_2018-Tăpălagă_2020-Iordachi_200–Roberts_Glăjar_2022-Teodorescu_2022_pp._65–80_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia_2018-Tăpălagă_2020-Iordachi_200–Roberts_Glăjar_2022-Teodorescu_2022_pp._65–80-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism#Pogroms" title="Christian terrorism">Christian terrorism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tinichigiu2004-Ioanid2004-Volovici1991-yv2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tinichigiu2004-Ioanid2004-Volovici1991-yv2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable attacks</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_G._Duca#Assassination" title="Ion G. Duca">Killing of I. Gh. Duca</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Assassination of Armand Călinescu">Killing of Armand Călinescu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">1941 Rebellion and Pogrom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">272,000 (late 1937 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-Săndulescu,_p._267_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Săndulescu,_p._267-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ABN_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ABN_logo.svg/16px-ABN_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ABN_logo.svg/24px-ABN_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ABN_logo.svg/32px-ABN_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_Bloc_of_Nations" title="Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations">ABN</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">WLFD</a> (post-war)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg/16px-National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg/24px-National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg/32px-National_Christian_Party_swastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg/16px-Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg/24px-Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg/32px-Crusade_of_Romanianism_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="447" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">...<span class="nowrap"> </span><i>and others incl.</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bologlyph-fudo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bologlyph-fudo.svg/20px-Bologlyph-fudo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bologlyph-fudo.svg/40px-Bologlyph-fudo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/League_Against_Usury" title="League Against Usury">League Against Usury</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_(Goga).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_%28Goga%29.svg/16px-Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_%28Goga%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_%28Goga%29.svg/24px-Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_%28Goga%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_%28Goga%29.svg/32px-Logo_of_the_National_Agrarian_Party_%28Goga%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="732" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg/16px-I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg/24px-I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg/32px-I_Ching_tetragram_4_horizontals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="303" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">National Socialist Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C8%9Ainta_(Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%C8%9Ainta_%28Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc%29.svg/16px-%C8%9Ainta_%28Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%C8%9Ainta_%28Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc%29.svg/24px-%C8%9Ainta_%28Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%C8%9Ainta_%28Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc%29.svg/32px-%C8%9Ainta_%28Frontul_Rom%C3%A2nesc%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg/16px-National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg/24px-National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg/32px-National_Renaissance_Front_logo_and_badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="376" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Anti-communist resistance</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deletant_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deletant-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(9% were former Iron Guardists)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flag</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_(Iron_Guard).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_%28Iron_Guard%29.svg/175px-Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_%28Iron_Guard%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_%28Iron_Guard%29.svg/263px-Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_%28Iron_Guard%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_%28Iron_Guard%29.svg/350px-Flag_of_the_Legionary_Movement_or_Legion_of_the_Archangel_Michael_%28Iron_Guard%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>Succeeded by</b><br />various separate émigré groups after 1943<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></i> (unofficial)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #2E8B57; border-bottom:2px solid #2E8B57; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Everything for the Country</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Totul pentru Țară</div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-Gr%C4%83nicerul" title="Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul">Gheorghe Cantacuzino</a><sup id="cite_ref-noteCantacuzino_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteCantacuzino-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Clime" title="Gheorghe Clime">Gheorghe Clime</a><sup id="cite_ref-noteClime_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteClime-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Horia Sima<sup id="cite_ref-noteSima_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteSima-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10 December 1934<span class="noprint">; 90 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1934-12-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Registered</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20 March 1935<span class="noprint">; 89 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935-03-20</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Banned</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><strong class="error">Error: All values must be integers</strong> <small><a href="/wiki/Template:End_date_and_age" title="Template:End date and age">(help)</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Gruparea Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</i><sup id="cite_ref-noteCodreanu_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noteCodreanu-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rdv1157_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rdv1157-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_Str%C4%83mo%C8%99esc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pământul Strămoșesc (page does not exist)">Pământul Strămoșesc</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_Str%C4%83mo%C8%99esc" class="extiw" title="ro:Pământul Strămoșesc">ro</a>]</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul" title="Cuvântul">Cuvântul: Ziar al Mișcării Legionare</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C4%83%C8%9Bia_de_Cruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frăția de Cruce (page does not exist)">Frăția de Cruce</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%83%C8%9Biile_de_Cruce" class="extiw" title="ro:Frățiile de Cruce">ro</a>]</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Paramilitary wing</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Iron Guard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Labour wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Legionarism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanophile" title="Germanophile">Germanophilia</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;">Far-right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Christianity</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">Fascist International Congress</a> (observer)<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_G_page_105_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_G_page_105-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2E8B57; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 113 (4%)</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #DDDDDD; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Chamber of Deputies</a> (1937)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">66 / 387 (17%)</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; background-color: #DDDDDD; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div><sup id="cite_ref-Nohlen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohlen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Election symbol</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg/125px-Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg/188px-Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg/250px-Totul_Pentru_%C8%9Aara_election_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #2E8B57;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Elections</a></li></ul></div><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-noteCantacuzino-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteCantacuzino_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1934–1937)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noteClime-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteClime_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1937–1938)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noteSima-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteSima_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1938–1941)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noteCodreanu-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-noteCodreanu_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1931–1932)</span> </li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Fascism in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various Romanian fascist symbols"><img alt="Various Romanian fascist symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/120px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/180px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/240px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">MNFIR</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">Fascio</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">LANC</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">MNF</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Action (page does not exist)">Romanian Action</a> (1924)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Guard</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen Bloc (page does not exist)">Citizen Bloc</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">PNSR</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_death_squads" title="Iron Guard death squads">Iron Guard death squads</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">FR</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">PNC</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">PPGR</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">CML</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">FRN</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Youth_Labour" title="Romanian Youth Labour">MTR</a> (1942)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Bonfert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Bonfert (page does not exist)">Bonfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-Gr%C4%83nicerul" title="Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul">Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigore_For%C8%9Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigore Forțu (page does not exist)">Forțu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_A._L%C4%83z%C4%83reanu-L%C4%83zuric%C4%83" title="Gheorghe A. Lăzăreanu-Lăzurică">Lăzurică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Stelescu" title="Mihai Stelescu">Stelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Tătărescu (page does not exist)">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Panaitescu_Vifor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Panaitescu Vifor (page does not exist)">Vifor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodicals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul" title="Cuvântul">Cuvântul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Noastr%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Noastră (page does not exist)">Țara Noastră</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church_and_the_Iron_Guard" title="Relationship between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard">The Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_of_Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba_and_Vasile_Marin" title="Funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin">Moța–Marin funerals</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilava_massacre" title="Jilava massacre">Jilava massacre</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom</a> (1941)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Template:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Template talk:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Iron Guard</b> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Garda de Fier</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> militant <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">religious fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> founded in 1927 by <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> as the <b>Legion of the Archangel Michael</b> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail</i></span>) or the <b>Legionary Movement</b> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Mișcarea Legionară</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Payne1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was strongly <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">anti-democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-semitic</a>. It differed from other European far-right movements of the period due to its spiritual basis, as the Iron Guard was deeply imbued with <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a>. </p><p>In March 1930, Codreanu formed the Iron Guard as a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> branch of the Legion, which in 1935 changed its official name to the "<b>Totul pentru Țară</b>" party—literally, "Everything for the Country". It existed into the early part of <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War">the Second World War</a>, during which time it came to power. Members were called Legionnaires or, outside of the movement, "<b>Greenshirts</b>" because of the predominantly green uniforms they wore.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> came to power in September 1940, he brought the Iron Guard into the government, creating the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>. In January 1941, following the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' rebellion</a>, Antonescu used the army to suppress the movement, destroying the organization; its commander, <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a>, along with other leaders, escaped to Germany. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Legion of the <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Legiunea Arhangelul Mihail</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Archangel Michael Legion') was founded by <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> on 24 June 1927 and led by him until his assassination in 1938. Despite various changes of the (intermittently banned) organization's name, members of the movement were widely referred to as "legionnaires" (sometimes "legionaries"; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">legionarii</i>) and the organization as the "Legion" or the "Legionary Movement". </p><p>In March 1930, Codreanu formed the "Iron Guard" (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Garda de Fier</i>) as a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> political branch of the Legion; this name eventually came to refer to the Legion itself.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From June 1935 onwards, the organization used the name "Totul pentru Țară", literally meaning "Everything for the Country", in electoral contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_rise">Founding and rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding and rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu left the number two position (under <a href="/wiki/A.C._Cuza" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Cuza">A.C. Cuza</a>) in the Romanian political party known as the <a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a> (<i>Liga Apărării Național Creștine</i>, LANC), and founded the Legion of the Archangel Michael.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Legion differed from other fascist movements in that it had its mass base among the peasantry and students, rather than amongst military veterans. However, the legionnaires shared the general fascist "respect for the war veterans". Romania had a very large <i>intelligentsia</i> relative to the general population with 2.0 university students per one thousand of the population compared to 1.7 per one thousand of the population in far wealthier Germany, while Bucharest had more lawyers in the 1930s than did the much larger city of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Romanian universities were producing far more graduates than the number of available jobs and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Romania" title="Great Depression in Romania">Great Depression in Romania</a> had further drastically limited the opportunities for employment by the <i>intelligentsia</i>, who turned to the Iron Guard out of frustration.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Orthodox Romanians, having obtained a university degree, which they expected to be their ticket to the middle class, were enraged to find that the jobs they were hoping for did not exist, and came to embrace the Legion's message that it was the Jews who were blocking them from finding the middle-class employment they wanted. </p><p>Beyond that, Romania had traditionally been dominated by a <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">Francophile</a> elite, who preferred to speak French over Romanian in private and who claimed that their policies were leading Romania to the West with the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a>, in particular, maintaining that their economic policies were going to industrialize Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national Great Depression seemed to show the literal bankruptcy of these policies and many of the younger Romanian <i>intelligentsia</i>, especially university students, were attracted by the Iron Guard's glorification of "Romanian genius" and its leaders who boasted that they were proud to speak Romanian.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian-born Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ancel" title="Jean Ancel">Jean Ancel</a> wrote that from the mid-19th century onward, that Romanian <i>intelligentsia</i> had a "schizophrenic attitude towards the West and its values".<sup id="cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania had been a strongly Francophile country starting in 1859 when the <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a> came into being, giving Romania effective independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (an event largely made possible by French diplomacy which pressured the Ottomans on behalf of the Romanians), and from that time onward, most of the Romanian <i>intelligentsia</i> professed themselves believers in French ideas about the universal appeal of democracy, freedom and human rights, while at the same time holding <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> views about Romania's Jewish minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their antisemitism, most of the Romanian <i>intelligentsia</i> believed that France was not only Romania's "Latin sister", but also a "big Latin sister" that would guide its "little Latin sister" Romania along the correct path. Ancel wrote that Codreanu was the first significant Romanian to reject not only the prevailing Francophilia of the <i>intelligentsia</i>, but also the entire framework of universal democratic values, which Codreanu claimed were "Jewish inventions" designed to destroy Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the traditional idea that Romania would follow the path of its "Latin sister" France, Codreanu promoted a xenophobic, exclusive ultra-nationalism, where Romania would follow its own path and rejected the French ideas about universal values and human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a marked departure from the traditional ideas held by the elite about making Romania into the modernized and Westernized "France of Eastern Europe", the Legion demanded a return to the traditional Eastern Orthodox values of the past and glorified Romania's peasant culture and folk customs as the living embodiment of "Romanian genius."<sup id="cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaders of the Iron Guard often wore traditional peasant costumes with crucifixes and bags of Romanian soil around their necks to emphasise their commitment to authentic Romanian folk values, in marked contrast to Romania's Francophile elite who preferred to dress in the style of the latest fashions of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that many members of Romania's elite were often corrupt and that very little of the vast sums of money generated by Romania's oil found its way into the pockets of ordinary people, further enhanced the appeal of the Legion who denounced the entire elite as irredeemably corrupt. </p><p>With Codreanu as a charismatic leader, the Legion was known for skillful propaganda, including a very capable use of spectacle. Utilizing marches, religious processions, patriotic and partisan hymns and anthems, along with volunteer work and charitable campaigns in rural areas, in support of anti-communism, the League presented itself as an alternative to corrupt parties. Initially, the Iron Guard hoped to encompass any political faction, regardless of its position on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, that wished to combat the rise of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a>. </p><p>The Iron Guard was purposely anti-Semitic, promoting the idea that "Rabbinical aggression against the Christian world"—which manifested through <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">civil war in Spain</a>"—were undermining society.<sup id="cite_ref-Volovici,_p._98_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volovici,_p._98-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vaida-Voevod_cabinet" title="Second Vaida-Voevod cabinet">Vaida-Voevod government</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (April 2019)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron_Guard" title="Talk:Iron Guard">discuss</a></i>]</sup> outlawed the Iron Guard in January 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-veiga191_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veiga191-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 December 1933, the Romanian Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ion_Duca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Duca">Ion Duca</a> banned the Iron Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinRubin201530_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinRubin201530-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief period of arrests, beatings, torture and even killings (18 members of the Legionary Movement were killed by the police force), Iron Guard members retaliated on 29 December 1933, by assassinating Duca on the platform of <a href="/wiki/Sinaia" title="Sinaia">Sinaia</a> railway station.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrnea1995298_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrnea1995298-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_power">Struggle for power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Struggle for power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg/170px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg/255px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>, the founder of the Iron Guard</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937 parliamentary elections</a> the Legion came in third with 15.5% of the vote, behind the National Liberal and the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasant Parties</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a> strongly opposed the Legion's political aims and successfully kept them out of government until he himself was forced to abdicate in 1940. During this period, the Legion was generally on the receiving end of persecution. On 10 February 1938, the king dissolved the government and initiated a royal dictatorship. </p><p>Codreanu advised the Legion to accept the new regime. However, Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a> did not trust Codreanu and ordered him arrested on 16 April. Realizing that the government was looking for an excuse to have him executed, Codreanu ordered the Legion's acting commander, <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a>, to take no action unless there was evidence that he was in immediate danger. However, Sima, who was known for his violent streak, launched a wave of terrorist activity in autumn. Codreanu got wind of this and ordered the violence to end.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The order came too late. On the night of 29–30 November 1938, Codreanu and several other legionnaires were strangled to death by their <a href="/wiki/Jandarmeria_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandarmeria Română">Gendarmerie</a> escort, purportedly during an attempt to escape from prison. It is generally agreed that there was no such escape attempt, and that Codreanu and the others were killed on the king's orders, probably in reaction to the 24 November 1938 murder by legionnaires of a relative (some sources say a "friend") of Călinescu. In the aftermath of Carol's decision to crush the Iron Guard, many members of the Legion fled into exile in Germany, where they received both material and financial support from the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Foreign Political Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_pages_676-683_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_pages_676-683-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of the interwar period, Romania was in the French sphere of influence, and in 1926 Romania signed a treaty of alliance with France. Following the <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> in March 1936, Carol started to move away from the traditional alliance with France as the fear grew within Romania that the French would do nothing in the event of German aggression in Eastern Europe, but Carol's regime was still regarded as essentially pro-French. From the German viewpoint, the Iron Guard was regarded as far preferable to King Carol. The royal dictatorship lasted just over one year. On 7 March 1939, a new government was formed with Călinescu as prime minister; on 21 September 1939, he, in turn was assassinated by legionnaires avenging Codreanu. Călinescu favored a foreign policy where Romania would maintain a pro-Allied neutrality in World War II, and as such, the SS had a hand in organizing Călinescu's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_pages_676-683_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_pages_676-683-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further rounds of mutual carnage ensued, with the government massacring over 300 Legionnaires nationwide in reprisal.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg/300px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg/450px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg/600px-Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu_archive_Legionary_Movement_Romanian_Christian_Nationalists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> and Iron Guard members in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the conflict with the king, an internal battle for power ensued in the wake of Codreanu's death. Waves of repression almost eliminated the Legion's original leadership by 1939, promoting second-rank members to the forefront. According to a secret report filed by the Hungarian political secretary in Bucharest in late 1940, three main factions existed: the group gathered around Sima, a dynamic local leader from the Banat, which was the most pragmatic and least Orthodox in its orientation; the group composed of Codreanu's father, Ion Zelea Codreanu, and his brothers (who despised Sima); and the Moța-Marin group, which wanted to strengthen the movement's religious character. </p><p>After a long period of confusion, Sima, representing the Legion's less radical wing, overcame all competition and assumed leadership, being recognised as such on 6 September 1940 by the Legionary Forum, a body created at his initiative. On 28 September the elder Codreanu stormed the Legion headquarters in Bucharest (the Green House) in an unsuccessful attempt to install himself as leader.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima was close to SS <i>Volksgruppenführer</i> Andreas Schmidt, a <i>volksdeutsch</i> (ethnic German) from Romania, and through him become close to Schmidt's father-in-law, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Gottlob Berger</a> who headed the SS Main Office in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_pp._676_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_pp._676-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British historian Rebecca Haynes has argued that financial and organizational support from the SS was an important factor in Sima's rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_pp._676_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_pp._676-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sima's_ascendancy"><span id="Sima.27s_ascendancy"></span>Sima's ascendancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sima's ascendancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom</a></div> <p>In the first months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Romania was officially neutral. However the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of 23 August 1939, initially a secret document, stipulated, among other things, Soviet interest in <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on 1 September, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">joined by the Soviet Union</a> on 17 September, Romania granted refuge to members of Poland's <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">fleeing government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">military</a>. Even after the assassination of Călinescu on 21 September, King Carol tried to maintain neutrality, but the later French surrender to Germany and the British retreat from Europe rendered them unable to fulfil their assurances to Romania. A lean toward the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> was probably inevitable. </p><p>This political alignment was obviously favourable to the surviving legionnaires, and became even more so after France fell in May 1940. <a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a> and several other legionnaires who had taken refuge in Germany began slipping back into Romania. A month after the fall of France, Carol restructured his regime's single party, the <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a>, into the more overtly totalitarian "Party of the Nation," and invited a number of legionnaires to take part in the restructured government. On 4 July, Sima and two other leading legionnaires joined the government of <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a>. However, they resigned after only a month due to mounting pressure for Carol to abdicate.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a>, which forced Romania to cede much of northern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> to Hungary, angered Romanians of all political shades and all but destroyed Carol politically. Despite this, a legionnaire coup on 3 September failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1927_Romanian_general_election" title="1927 Romanian general election">1927</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1931_Romanian_general_election" title="1931 Romanian general election">1931 elections</a> the movement stood for the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Romania)">Chamber of Deputies</a> as Legion of the Archangel Michael. In <a href="/wiki/1932_Romanian_general_election" title="1932 Romanian general election">1932</a> it stood as the Codreanu Group, winning five of the 387 seats. It did not compete in the <a href="/wiki/1928_Romanian_general_election" title="1928 Romanian general election">1928 election</a> and was banned in <a href="/wiki/1933_Romanian_general_election" title="1933 Romanian general election">1933</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937 election</a> it stood as Everything for the Country Party, winning 66 of the 387 seats. At the <a href="/wiki/1939_Romanian_general_election" title="1939 Romanian general election">1939 election</a>, all opposition parties were banned. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" width="80%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election</th> <th>Votes</th> <th>Percentage</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Romania">Assembly</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Romania" title="Senate of Romania">Senate</a></th> <th>Position</th> <th>Aftermath </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1927_Romanian_general_election" title="1927 Romanian general election">1927</a> </th> <td>10,761 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> 8th </span> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">PNL</a> government (1927–1928) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1928_Romanian_general_election" title="1928 Romanian general election">1928</a> </th> <td rowspan="2;" colspan="2;" style="text-align: center;"><i>did not compete</i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 110</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2">– </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">PNȚ</a> government (1928–1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">PND</a> minority government (1931) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1931_Romanian_general_election" title="1931 Romanian general election">1931</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">30,783 </td> <td rowspan="2">1.1% </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> 12th </span> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">PND</a> minority government (1931–1932) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">PNȚ</a> government (1932) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1932_Romanian_general_election" title="1932 Romanian general election">1932</a> </th> <td>70,674 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> 9th </span> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition to <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">PNȚ</a> government (1932–1933) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1933_Romanian_general_election" title="1933 Romanian general election">1933</a> </th> <td colspan="2;" style="text-align: center;"><i>party banned</i> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 108</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">PNL</a> government (1933–1937) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937</a> </th> <td>478,378 </td> <td>15.8% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">66 / 387</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 113</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CD7F32; color:black;"> 3rd </span><br />(as TpȚ) </td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Supporting <a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">PNC</a> minority government (1937–1938) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="6;" style="text-align: center;"><i>parliament suspended</i> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/Miron_Cristea" class="mw-redirect" title="Miron Cristea">Miron Cristea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">monarchist</a> government (1938–1939) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/1939_Romanian_general_election" title="1939 Romanian general election">1939</a> </th> <td colspan="2;" style="text-align: center;"><i>party banned</i> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 258</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 88</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #2E8B57; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Extra-parliamentary opposition to <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">FRN</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">monarchist</a> government (1939–1940) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="6;" style="text-align: center;"><i>parliament suspended</i> </th> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">LAM government (1940–1941) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_power">In power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More or less out of desperation, <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">King Carol II</a> named General (later Marshal) <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> as prime minister, partly because of the general's close ties with the Legion. Unknown to Carol, however, Antonescu had secretly reached an agreement with other political figures to force out the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid popular outrage at the Second Vienna Award, Carol's position became untenable, and he was forced to abdicate in favour of his son <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael of Romania">Michael</a>, who quickly confirmed Antonescu's dictatorial powers and granted him the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> (leader) of Romania. </p><p>Although Antonescu was an archnationalist and authoritarian, his first preference was to form a government of national unity, in which all parties would have accepted him as dictator. However, with the exception of the Legion, the other parties at least wanted to maintain the appearance of parliamentary rule. The Legion, in contrast, fully supported Antonescu's vision of an ultranationalist and authoritarian regime. With this in mind, Antonescu formed an alliance with the Legion on 15 September. As part of the deal, Romania was proclaimed a "<a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>," with the Legion as the country's only legal party. Antonescu became the Legion's honorary leader. Sima became deputy premier, and four other legionnaires joined Sima in the cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iron Guard was the only Fascist movement outside Germany and Italy to <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">come to power</a> without foreign assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once in power, from 14 September 1940 until 21 January 1941, the Legion ratcheted up the level of already harsh anti-Semitic legislation and pursued, with impunity, a campaign of pogroms and political assassinations. On 27 November 1940 more than 60 former dignitaries or officials were executed in <a href="/wiki/Jilava" title="Jilava">Jilava</a> prison while awaiting trial. The following day, historian and former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a> and economic theorist <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Madgearu" title="Virgil Madgearu">Virgil Madgearu</a> were assassinated; assassination attempts were made on former prime ministers and Carol supporters <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Argetoianu" title="Constantin Argetoianu">Constantin Argetoianu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C8%9B%C4%83_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Guță Tătărescu">Guță Tătărescu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a>, but they were freed from the hands of the Legionary police and put under military protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armaments">Armaments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a paramilitary force, the Iron Guard had no shortage of firearms while in power. At the start of 1941, in Bucharest alone, the Legionnaires had 5,000 guns (rifles, revolvers and machine guns) as well as numerous hand grenades.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in their small arms was the <a href="/wiki/MP_18" title="MP 18">MP28/II</a> <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine-gun</a> supplied by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler's</a> <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Legion also possessed a small, mostly symbolic armored force of four vehicles: two police armored cars and two <a href="/wiki/Renault_UE_Chenillette" title="Renault UE Chenillette">Renault UE Chenillettes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Malaxa" title="Nicolae Malaxa">Malaxa</a> factory.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Malaxa factory had been licence-producing these French armored vehicles since mid-1939,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aside from the two such machines, the factory also supplied the Legion with machine guns and rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For transport, the Legion possessed almost 200 trucks in Bucharest alone.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_and_destruction">Failure and destruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Failure and destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom</a></div> <p>Once in power, Sima and Antonescu quarreled bitterly. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, Antonescu intended to create a situation analogous to that of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">regime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, in which the Legion would be subordinated to the state. He demanded that Sima cede overall leadership of the Legion to him, but Sima refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sima demanded that the government follow the 'legionary spirit', and all major offices be held by legionaries. Other groups were to be dissolved. Economic policy, said Sima, should be coordinated closely with Germany. Antonescu rejected Sima's demands and was alarmed by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_death_squads" title="Iron Guard death squads">Iron Guard's death squads</a>. He decided to bide his time until he had a chance to destroy the Legion once and for all. On 14 January 1941, after securing approval in person from Hitler, and with support of the Romanian army and other political leaders, Antonescu moved in. The Guard started a last-ditch coup attempt but in a three-day civil war, Antonescu won decisively with support from the Romanian and German armies.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the run-up to the coup attempt, different factions of the German government backed different sides in Romania with the SS supporting the Iron Guard while the military and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office"><i>Auswärtiges Amt</i></a> supported General Antonescu. Baron <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bolschwing" title="Otto von Bolschwing">Otto von Bolschwing</a> of the SS who was stationed at the German embassy in Bucharest played a major role in smuggling arms for the Iron Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Payne_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the crisis, members of the Iron Guard instigated a deadly pogrom in Bucharest. Particularly gruesome was the murder of dozens of Jewish civilians in the Bucharest slaughterhouse. The perpetrators hanged the Jews from meat hooks, then mutilated and killed them in a vicious parody of kosher slaughtering practices.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American ambassador to Romania Franklin Mott Gunther who toured the meat-packing plant where the Jews were slaughtered with the placards reading "Kosher meat" on them reported back to Washington: "Sixty Jewish corpses were discovered on the hooks used for carcasses. They were all skinned....and the quantity of blood about was evidence that they had been skinned alive".<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunther wrote he was especially shocked that one of the Jewish victims hanging on the meat hooks was a 5-year-old girl.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima and other legionnaires were helped by the Germans to escape to Germany. </p><p>During the rebellion and pogrom, the Iron Guard killed 125 Jews, while 30 soldiers died in the confrontation with the rebels. Following it, the Iron Guard movement was banned and 9,000 of its members were imprisoned. On 22 June 1941, the Iron Guards imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a> since January by the Antonescu regime were released from prison and organized and armed by the police as part of the preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași pogrom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it came to killing Jews, the Antonescu regime and the Iron Guard were capable of finding common ground despite the failed coup in January 1941; Antonescu was as virulently anti-Semitic as the Guard. When the pogrom began in Iași on 27 June 1941, the Iron Guards armed with crow-bars and knives played a prominent role in leading the mobs that slaughtered Jews on the streets of Iași in one of the bloodiest pogroms ever in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1944 and 1947 Romania had a coalition government in which the Communists played a leading, but not yet dominant role. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Behr_(journalist)" title="Edward Behr (journalist)">Edward Behr</a> claimed that in early 1947, a secret agreement was signed by the leaders of the exiled Iron Guard in displaced persons (DP) camps in Germany and Austria and the Romanian Communist Party, under which all of the Legionnaires in the DP camps, except for those accused of the murder of Communists, could return home to Romania; in exchange, Legionnaires would work as thugs to terrorize the anti-communist opposition as part of a plan for the ultimate communist takeover of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_111_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_page_111-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behr further claimed that in the months after the "non-aggression pact" between the Communists and the Legion, thousands of Legionnaires returned to Romania, where they played a prominent role working for the Interior Ministry in breaking opposition to the emerging socialist government.<sup id="cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_111_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behr,_Edward_page_111-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several leading Legionnaires and their associates, including Horia Sima, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Papanace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Papanace (page does not exist)">Constantin Papanace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilie_G%C3%A2rnea%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Ilie Gârneață">Ilie Gârneață</a>, among others, continued to live in exile and organize politically long after the Second World War. Under Sima's leadership and with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> funding, Legionnaires were covertly parachuted into Romania in 1949, with the goal of overthrowing the communist government. Related anti-communist resistance groups also received funding from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkRonald_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkRonald-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s, groups of exiled Legionnaires had formed a network of political, cultural, and "religious" organizations in Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Canada, the United States, and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these organizations, they continued to publish Legionary, anti-communist, or ultra-nationalist literature; they also forged connections with other ultra-nationalist or fascist movements and attempted to recruit new members.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With funding from supporters, a monument was erected to Ion Moța and Vasile Marin in <a href="/wiki/Majadahonda" title="Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a>, Spain in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkRonald_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkRonald-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron_Guard" title="Talk:Iron Guard">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(April 2021)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg/220px-CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg/330px-CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg/440px-CorneliuZeleaCodreanuEnSello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1940 stamp bearing the symbol of the Iron Guard over a white cross that stood for one of its humanitarian ventures.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> writes in his study of fascism, "The Legion was arguably the most unusual mass movement of interwar Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-payne_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was distinguished among other contemporaneous European fascist movements with respect to its understanding of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, which was indelibly tied to <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. According to Ioanid Radu, the Legion "willingly inserted strong elements of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> into its political ideology to the point of becoming one of the rare modern European political movements with a religious ideological structure." </p><p>The movement's leader, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, was a religious nationalist who aimed at a spiritual resurrection for the nation, writing the movement was a "spiritual school...[which] strikes to transform and revolutionise the Romanian soul."<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-payne_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Codreanu's philosophy, human life was a sinful, violent political war, which would ultimately be transcended by the spiritual nation. In this schema, the Legionnaire might have to perform actions beyond the simple will to fight, suppressing the preservation instinct for the sake of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like many other fascist movements, the Legion called for a revolutionary "new man", though this was not defined in physical terms, as with the Nazis, but was aimed at recreating and purifying oneself to bring the whole nation closer to God. </p><p>One of the qualities of this new man was selflessness. Codreanu wrote "When a politician enters a party the first question that he puts is 'what can I gain from this?...when a legionary enters the Legion he says 'For myself I want nothing'".<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Legion lacked a well-developed and consistent economic policy, though it generally promoted the idea of a communal or national economy, rejecting <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as overly <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement considered its main enemies to be the present political leadership and the Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members wore dark green uniforms, which symbolized renewal, and accounted for them being occasionally referenced as "Greenshirts" (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Cămășile verzi</i></span>). Like fascist counterparts in Italy, Spain, and Germany, legionnaires greeted each other using the <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a>. </p><p>The main symbol of the Iron Guard was a triple <a href="/wiki/Cross" title="Cross">cross</a> (a variant of the triple parted and fretted one), standing for prison bars (as a badge of <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>: <b>U+2A69 ⩩ </b>) and sometimes referred to as the "Archangel Michael Cross" (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Crucea Arhanghelului Mihail</i></span>). </p><p>The Legion developed a cult of martyrdom and self-sacrifice, best exemplified by the action group, <i>Echipa morții</i>, or "Death Squad". Codreanu claimed the name was chosen because members were ready to accept death while campaigning for the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A chapter of the Legion was called a <i>cuib</i>, or "nest," and was arranged around the virtues of discipline, work, silence, education, mutual aid, and honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Iron_Guard_and_gender">The Iron Guard and gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Iron Guard and gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron_Guard#The_Iron_Guard_and_gender?" title="Talk:Iron Guard">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to a 1933 police report, 8% of the Iron Guard's members were women, while a police report from 1938 placed the figure at 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason for the overwhelming male membership of the Iron Guard was that a disproportionate number of legionnaires were university students and very few women went to university in Romania during the inter-war period.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucur_pages_57_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucur_pages_57-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Romanian language, plurals are attached to most nouns that have either a masculine or feminine form.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words in English that are gender-neutral, such as "youth" or "member", are used in Romanian to refer either to Romanian men or Romanian women, young men or young women, and male members or female members.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iron Guard almost always used the masculine plural forms in their writings and speeches, which may perhaps suggest that they had a male audience in mind, although in Romanian, like most languages, the masculine plural is also used for mixed-gender groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iron Guard explained that the problem of poverty in Romania was due to the Jews' ongoing colonization of Romania, which prevented Christian Romanians from getting ahead economically.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucur_pages_57_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucur_pages_57-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solution to this perceived problem was to drive the Jews out of Romania, which the Iron Guard claimed would finally allow Eastern Orthodox Romanians to rise to the middle class. The Iron Guard claimed that this Jewish colonization was due to most Romanian men lacking the masculine courage to protect their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iron Guard argued that Romanian men had been "emasculated" and were suffering from "sterility", which one Iron Guard, Alexandru Cantacuzino, called the "plague of the present" in a 1937 essay.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the term Cantacuzino used was the masculine <i>sterilitate</i> rather than the feminine <i>stearpă</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (April 2017)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron_Guard" title="Talk:Iron Guard">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The Iron Guards constantly spoke in viscerally sexualized rhetoric of the need to create a "new man" whose virility and strength would liberate Romanian men from their emasculation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Garda de Fier</i> is also used by a small nationalist group active in the post-<a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">communist</a> Romania. </p><p>There are several contemporary far-right organizations in Romania, such as <a href="/wiki/Everything_For_the_Country_Party" title="Everything For the Country Party">Totul pentru țară</a> (<i>Everything for the country</i>), which existed until it was banned in 2015, and <a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a> (<i>The New Right</i>), the latter considering itself heir to the Iron Guard's political philosophy, including <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Codreanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Corneliu Codreanu">Corneliu Codreanu</a>; however, the group uses the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a>, which is not associated with legionarism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legionary_architecture">Legionary architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legionary architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through their summer work camps, the Legionnaires performed volunteer work involving the construction and reparation of roads, bridges, churches and schools in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable construction of the Iron Guard is the "Green House" (<i>Casa Verde</i>). Built in the Romanian architectural style, this building on the outskirts of 1930s Bucharest served as the Legion's headquarters and home to Codreanu.<sup id="cite_ref-Julius_Evola_2015,_p._71_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julius_Evola_2015,_p._71-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Picture_of_the_Green_House_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Picture_of_the_Green_House-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention of these camps was to cultivate athleticism, discipline, sense of community and elimination of certain societal divisions. Horia Sima stated that the camps "destroyed class prejudice" by bringing together those from different classes. The attendees were not allowed to leave the camp except for emergencies and in their free time were to read literature. Following completion of camp time a diploma was received.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_commemoration">Public commemoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg/220px-RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg/330px-RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg/440px-RO_HD_Deva_Monumentul_luptatorilor_anticomunisti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The "Monument of the anti-Communist fighters" in Deva, commemorating a member of the Iron Guard (Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mircea_Eliade_(2474950873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mircea_Eliade_%282474950873%29.jpg/220px-Mircea_Eliade_%282474950873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mircea_Eliade_%282474950873%29.jpg/330px-Mircea_Eliade_%282474950873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mircea_Eliade_%282474950873%29.jpg/440px-Mircea_Eliade_%282474950873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A bust of Mircea Eliade</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iron Guard is currently commemorated in Romania and elsewhere through permanent public displays (monuments and street names) as well as public distinctions (such as posthumous honorary citizenship) dedicated to some of its members. A few such examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>, the leader of the Iron Guard, has a roadside cross a few miles from <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Buftea" title="Buftea">Buftea</a>. It was built on the spot where he was executed in 1938. The site serves as a current destination for <a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">neo-Legionaries</a>, who regularly gather there to commemorate Codreanu. Occasionally, members of right-wing extremist parties from outside Romania (such as Germany, Sweden and Italy) also attend these ceremonies. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel_National_Institute_for_Studying_the_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania">Elie Wiesel Institute</a> notified the Romanian general prosecutor about the monument, claiming that two symbols displayed at the site – the logo of the Iron Guard and a photograph of Codreanu – were illegal. The prosecutor decided that the memorial did not violate the law, because Codreanu had not been convicted for crimes against peace or crimes against humanity, and because the symbols displayed are not propaganda. Finally, the prosecutor referred to a legal exception which stated that the public use of such symbols is allowed if it serves an educational, academic or artistic purpose. However, the prosecutor also established that the flagpole and fence did not have a construction permit, so they were removed. The cross itself was left in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Gyr" title="Radu Gyr">Radu Gyr</a> was a commander and ideologue of the Iron Guard who was convicted of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. The Wiesel Institute requested the renaming of Radu Gyr Street in <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a>. As of December 2017, the street had not been renamed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriu_Gafencu" title="Valeriu Gafencu">Valeriu Gafencu</a> was a Legionary who was active during the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a>. He is now an honorary citizen of the town of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Ocna" title="Târgu Ocna">Târgu Ocna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu</a> was one of the main leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romanian anti-communist resistance movement</a>, but prior to that he was a member of the Iron Guard. He now has a monument in his memory in <a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a>, plus a foundation that bears his name. The neo-Legionary "Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu" Foundation is active in promoting the memory of the Iron Guard, such as when it organized a symposium dedicated to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gogu_Puiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gogu Puiu (page does not exist)">Gogu Puiu</a>, a prominent Iron Guard leader, in January 2016. A motion-picture about Ogoranu's life, <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Fighter_as_a_Young_Man" title="Portrait of the Fighter as a Young Man">Portrait of the Fighter as a Young Man</a></i>, was produced in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Ion Moța</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Marin" title="Vasile Marin">Vasile Marin</a> were two Legionaries who were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on 13 January 1937 while fighting on <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s side. At <a href="/wiki/Majadahonda" title="Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a>, the site of their deaths, a monument was built in their honor.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Mihail Manoilescu</a> was an economist and politician, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_National_Bank_of_Romania" title="Governor of the National Bank of Romania">Governor of the National Bank of Romania</a> between June and November 1931. In 1937, he joined the Iron Guard when he ran as a senator on the list of the <i>Totul pentru Țară</i>, an organization established by the Iron Guard. He succeeded in becoming senator following the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">election</a>. His views corresponded to a large extent with the ideology of the Iron Guard. In 1948, he was detained at the <a href="/wiki/Sighet_Prison" title="Sighet Prison">Sighet Prison</a> where he died in 1950. He never faced trial, and thus he was never convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 April 2016, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a> issued a set of commemorative coins in the honor of three former bank governors. Manoilescu, who led the bank for several months in 1931, was among them. Manoilescu's inclusion drew strong protests from the Wiesel Institute, on the grounds of Manoilescu's advocacy of Fascist ideology and antisemitism before World War II. In spite of the criticism, the Bank did not withdraw the coin.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> was perhaps the most well-known person to have been a member of the Iron Guard. As with Manoilescu, his membership was the result of his joining the <i>Totul pentru Țară</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliade is currently honored by various means, ranging from stamps to busts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Guard_in_other_countries">Iron Guard in other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iron Guard in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The defunct American <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Workers Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front</a> took influence from Corneliu Zelia Codreanu for their ideology. The group's leader <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Matthew Heimbach</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> convert to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>) was photographed wearing a T-shirt promoting Codreanu and the Iron Guard's Archangel Michael's Cross symbol in the aftermath of the deadly <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Archangel Michael's Cross was among the symbols emblazoned on the firearms used by Brenton Tarrant during the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Payton S. Gendron during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Buffalo_shooting" title="2022 Buffalo shooting">2022 Buffalo shooting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lombardi_2022_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lombardi_2022-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a 2018 interview with <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a> blogger Ayla Stewart, the Canadian <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Faith_Goldy" title="Faith Goldy">Faith Goldy</a> recommended Codreanu's book <i>For My Legionaries</i>—which explicitly called for the extermination of the Jews—calling it "very, very, very, very spot on, given a lot of what the movement is talking about right now";<sup id="cite_ref-PressProgress_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PressProgress-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she later said she no longer endorsed the book.<sup id="cite_ref-PressProgress_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PressProgress-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iron Guard symbol was also spotted at <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Research and Education Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Market,_Tennessee" title="New Market, Tennessee">New Market, Tennessee</a> when the building was burned deliberately.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Trifa" title="Valerian Trifa">Valerian Trifa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Iron Guard synthesized <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox christianity</a> with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">revolutionary nationalism</a> and were heavily inspired by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clark_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clark-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Romanian Iron Guard espoused anti-capitalist, anti-banking and anti-bourgeois rhetoric, combined with anti-communism and a <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">religious form of anti-Semitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2004268–269_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2004268–269-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iron Guard saw both capitalism and communism as being Jewish creations that served to divide the nation, and accused Jews of being "the enemies of the Christian nation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2004270_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2004270-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Iron Guard developed their own brand of ultranationalism that took on many unique, transcendental religious elements. This so-called “thanatic nationalist” doctrine was expressed through political funerals featuring the cult of the dead, soteriological tropes and martyrological themes of Orthodox Christian inspiration. The Legionnaires developed a redemptive political theology that was underpinned by the idea of "self-sacrificial patriotism" and called for the development of the Fascist “<i><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascism" title="New Man (utopian concept)">new man</a></i>” who "purified" himself to bring his nation closer to God.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-veiga_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veiga-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Members of the first "Death Squad" were: Ion Dumitrescu-Borșa (a Christian Orthodox priest), Sterie Ciumetti, Petre Țocu, Tache Savin, Traian Clime, Iosif Bozântan, Nicolae Constantinescu</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (2015-06-05). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/221">221</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/228">228</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=221-228&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In March 1930, Codreanu formed the "Iron Guard" as an armed wing of the Legion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Picture_of_the_Green_House-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Picture_of_the_Green_House_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Picture_of_the_Green_House_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miscarea.org/a/?p=677">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Casa Verde' din Bucureşti construită de legionari"</a>. <i>FRUNŢI SPRE CER</i>. August 24, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129094527/http://www.miscarea.org/a/?p=677">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRUN%C5%A2I+SPRE+CER&rft.atitle=%27Casa+Verde%27+din+Bucure%C5%9Fti+construit%C4%83+de+legionari&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miscarea.org%2Fa%2F%3Fp%3D677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clark_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2012" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Roland (2012). "Nationalism and orthodoxy: Nichifor Crainic and the political culture of the extreme right in 1930s Romania". <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>40</b> (1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2011.633076">10.1080/00905992.2011.633076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153813255">153813255</a>. <q>The institute only lasted one year, but allowed Crainic to advance ideas such as anti-Masonry, anti-Semitism, and biological racism within an LANC-approved forum (Crainic, <i>Ortodoxie</i> 147).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+orthodoxy%3A+Nichifor+Crainic+and+the+political+culture+of+the+extreme+right+in+1930s+Romania&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153813255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2011.633076&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaraiani2003" class="citation journal cs1">Caraiani, Ovidiu (2003). "Identities and Rights in Romanian Political Discourse". <i>Polish Sociological Review</i> (142). Polskie Towarzystwo Socjologiczne (Polish Sociological Association): <span class="nowrap">161–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1231-1413">1231-1413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41274855">41274855</a>. <q>Nae Ionescu considered ethnicity as "the formula of today's Romanian nationalism," while for Nichifor Crainic the "biological homogeneousness," the "historical identity" and the "blood and the soil" were the defining elements of the "ethnocratic state."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Identities+and+Rights+in+Romanian+Political+Discourse&rft.issue=142&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41274855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1231-1413&rft.aulast=Caraiani&rft.aufirst=Ovidiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWedekind2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wedekind, Michael (2010). "The mathematization of the human being: anthropology and ethno-politics in Romania during the late 1930s and early 1940s". <i>New Zealand Slavonic Journal</i>. <b>44</b>. Australia and New Zealand Slavists’ Association: <span class="nowrap">27–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8683">0028-8683</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41759355">41759355</a>. <q>A prominent proponent of the concept of 'ethnic homogeneity' was the chauvinistic, xenophobic and pro-Nazi writer, politician, poet and professor of Theology Nichifor Crainic (1889–1972), author of "Orthodoxy and Ethnocracy" (<i>Ortodoxie și etnocrație</i>), published in 1938.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Slavonic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+mathematization+of+the+human+being%3A+anthropology+and+ethno-politics+in+Romania+during+the+late+1930s+and+early+1940s&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41759355%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0028-8683&rft.aulast=Wedekind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAncel2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ancel, Jean (2002). <i>History of the Holocaust – Romania</i> (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">354–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-308-157-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-308-157-8"><bdi>965-308-157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Holocaust+%E2%80%93+Romania&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=965-308-157-8&rft.aulast=Ancel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelinka_2009_p._42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelinka_2009_p._42_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZelinka2009" class="citation book cs1">Zelinka, Elisabeta (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5vjc6k.7">"Xenophobia, anti-Semitism and feminist activism in eastern Europe: a case study of Romania"</a></span>. In Huggan, Graham; Law, Ian (eds.). <i>Racism postcolonialism Europe</i>. Postcolonialism Across the Disciplines. Vol. 6. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7G5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjc6k.7">10.2307/j.ctt5vjc6k.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-562-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-562-6"><bdi>978-1-84631-562-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865564960">865564960</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305045423/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjc6k.7">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>. <q>The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xenophobia%2C+anti-Semitism+and+feminist+activism+in+eastern+Europe%3A+a+case+study+of+Romania&rft.btitle=Racism+postcolonialism+Europe&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=Postcolonialism+Across+the+Disciplines&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865564960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjc6k.7&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-562-6&rft.aulast=Zelinka&rft.aufirst=Elisabeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5vjc6k.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne_2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payne_2017_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2017" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (2017-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/02/romanias-unusually-morbid-fascist-movement-blended-nationalistic-violence-with-fanatical-christian-martyrdom.html">"Why Romania's Fascist Movement Was Unusually Morbid – Even for Fascists"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211064438/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/02/romanias-unusually-morbid-fascist-movement-blended-nationalistic-violence-with-fanatical-christian-martyrdom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>. <q><i>A Unique Death Cult</i>: How the Romanian Iron Guard blended nationalistic violence with Christian martyrdom to spread a singularly morbid fascist movement. [...] As in some other Eastern European countries, there had developed strong currents of <i>populism</i> that espoused a kind of peasant nationalism, equally opposed to liberalism, conservatism, and Marxist socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Why+Romania%27s+Fascist+Movement+Was+Unusually+Morbid+%E2%80%93+Even+for+Fascists&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2017%2F02%2Fromanias-unusually-morbid-fascist-movement-blended-nationalistic-violence-with-fanatical-christian-martyrdom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iron-Guard">"Iron Guard | Romanian organization | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 24 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627155937/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iron-Guard">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Iron+Guard+%26%23124%3B+Romanian+organization+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIron-Guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span><br />"[...] it was committed to the “Christian and racial” renovation of Romania and fed on anti-Semitism and mystical nationalism. [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, Constantin (2023). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Fascist-Faith-of-the-Legion-Archangel-Michael-in-Romania-192741/Iordachi/p/book/9781138624559">The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213090854/https://www.routledge.com/The-Fascist-Faith-of-the-Legion-Archangel-Michael-in-Romania-192741/Iordachi/p/book/9781138624559">Archived</a> 2023-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138624559" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138624559">978-1138624559</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_2018-Tăpălagă_2020-Iordachi_200–Roberts_Glăjar_2022-Teodorescu_2022_pp._65–80-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historia_2018-Tăpălagă_2020-Iordachi_200–Roberts_Glăjar_2022-Teodorescu_2022_pp._65–80_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/radacinile-intelectuale-ale-legionarismului-570000.html">"Rădăcinile intelectuale ale legionarismului"</a> [The intellectual roots of legionaryism]. <i>Historia</i> (in Romanian). 2018-08-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204093124/https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/radacinile-intelectuale-ale-legionarismului-570000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=R%C4%83d%C4%83cinile+intelectuale+ale+legionarismului&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.ro%2Fsectiune%2Fgeneral%2Fradacinile-intelectuale-ale-legionarismului-570000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTăpălagă2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tăpălagă, Dan (2020-12-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.g4media.ro/aur-si-miscarea-legionara-cat-de-valabila-este-comparatia-intre-cele-doua-partide.html">"AUR și Mișcarea Legionară. Cât de valabilă este comparația între cele două partide"</a> [AUR and the Legionary Movement. How valid is the comparison between the two parties]. <i>G4Media.ro</i> (in Romanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019100620/https://www.g4media.ro/aur-si-miscarea-legionara-cat-de-valabila-este-comparatia-intre-cele-doua-partide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G4Media.ro&rft.atitle=AUR+%C8%99i+Mi%C8%99carea+Legionar%C4%83.+C%C3%A2t+de+valabil%C4%83+este+compara%C8%9Bia+%C3%AEntre+cele+dou%C4%83+partide&rft.date=2020-12-21&rft.aulast=T%C4%83p%C4%83lag%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.g4media.ro%2Faur-si-miscarea-legionara-cat-de-valabila-este-comparatia-intre-cele-doua-partide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIordachi2006" class="citation book cs1">Iordachi, Constantin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ceup/2418">"Charisma, Religion, and Ideology: Romania's Interwar Legion of the Archangel Michael"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lampe" title="John R. Lampe">Lampe, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ceup/2396"><i>Ideologies and National Identities</i></a>. Central European University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-82-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-82-4"><bdi>978-963-9241-82-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945782879">945782879</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303193124/https://books.openedition.org/ceup/2396">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span> – via OpenEdition Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charisma%2C+Religion%2C+and+Ideology%3A+Romania%E2%80%99s+Interwar+Legion+of+the+Archangel+Michael&rft.btitle=Ideologies+and+National+Identities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945782879&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-82-4&rft.aulast=Iordachi&rft.aufirst=Constantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fceup%2F2418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGlăjar2022" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Jason; Glăjar, Sergio (2022-02-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.illiberalism.org/the-legionary-phenomenon-a-romanian-fascist-manifesto">"The Legionary Phenomenon: A Romanian Fascist Manifesto"</a>. <i>illiberalism.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331025553/https://www.illiberalism.org/the-legionary-phenomenon-a-romanian-fascist-manifesto">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=illiberalism.org&rft.atitle=The+Legionary+Phenomenon%3A+A+Romanian+Fascist+Manifesto&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Gl%C4%83jar%2C+Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.illiberalism.org%2Fthe-legionary-phenomenon-a-romanian-fascist-manifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeodorescuSultănescu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Teodorescu, Bogdan; Sultănescu, Dan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1064277">"Mişcarea Legionară, între istorie și percepții actuale. Amestec de fascism și atitudini populiste"</a> [The Legionary Movement, between history and current perceptions. Mixture of fascism and populist attitudes]. <i>Polis. Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>X</b> (3 (37)). Editura Institutul European: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1221-9762">1221-9762</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9627670651">9627670651</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213090803/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1064277">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polis.+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Mi%C5%9Fcarea+Legionar%C4%83%2C+%26%23238%3Bntre+istorie+%C8%99i+percep%C8%9Bii+actuale.+Amestec+de+fascism+%C8%99i+atitudini+populiste&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=3+%2837%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9627670651&rft.issn=1221-9762&rft.aulast=Teodorescu&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft.au=Sult%C4%83nescu%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D1064277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tinichigiu2004-Ioanid2004-Volovici1991-yv2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tinichigiu2004-Ioanid2004-Volovici1991-yv2013_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTinichigiu2004" class="citation web cs1">Tinichigiu, Paul (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222037/http://www.centropa.org/index.php?id=91&page=rdetails&rtype=bio&table=biografien">"Sami Fiul (interview)"</a>. The Central Europe Center for Research and Documentation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centropa.org/index.php?id=91&page=rdetails&rtype=bio&table=biografien">the original</a> on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sami+Fiul+%28interview%29&rft.pub=The+Central+Europe+Center+for+Research+and+Documentation&rft.date=2004-01&rft.aulast=Tinichigiu&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centropa.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D91%26page%3Drdetails%26rtype%3Dbio%26table%3Dbiografien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIoanid2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ioanid, Radu (January 2004). "The sacralised politics of the Romanian Iron Guard". <i>Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">419–</span>453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1469076042000312203">10.1080/1469076042000312203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145585057">145585057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Totalitarian+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.atitle=The+sacralised+politics+of+the+Romanian+Iron+Guard&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1469076042000312203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145585057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ioanid&rft.aufirst=Radu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Volovici1991" class="citation book cs1">Leon Volovici (1991). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalistideol00volo"><i>Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism</i></a></span>. Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalistideol00volo/page/n108">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-041024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-041024-1"><bdi>978-0-08-041024-1</bdi></a>. <q>citing N. 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Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, <i>Fascism</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, Madison, 1980. p. 116. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-08064-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-08064-1">0-299-08064-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_G_page_105-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_G_page_105_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922–1945". <i>Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898</i>, Raanan Rein, ed. p. 105. London, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nohlen-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nohlen_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Nohlen2010" class="citation book cs1">von Nohlen, Dieter (2010). <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. <span class="nowrap">1610–</span>1611. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783832956097" title="Special:BookSources/9783832956097"><bdi>9783832956097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+Europe%3A+A+data+handbook&rft.place=Baden-Baden%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1610-%3C%2Fspan%3E1611&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783832956097&rft.aulast=von+Nohlen&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payne1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/394">394</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299148706" title="Special:BookSources/9780299148706"><bdi>9780299148706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780299148706&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffascism00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For "greenshirts" see, for example, R.G. Waldeck, <i>Athene Palace</i>, University of Chicago Press eBook (2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/022608647X" title="Special:BookSources/022608647X">022608647X</a>, p. 182. Originally published 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "<a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a>" material that is now incorporated into "<a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>" as a sidebar (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.html">1938: Rumania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831225009/http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_461500758/1938_Rumania.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) and in the "<a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>" article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042802">Iron Guard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603170752/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042802">Archived</a> 2006-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_the_Holocaust_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania">International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania</a> uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdf">Final Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060129104944/http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/presentations/programs/presentations/2005-03-10/pdf/english/chapter_03.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioanid, "The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crampton,_Richard_page_115-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crampton,_Richard_page_115_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crampton, Richard <i>Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After</i>, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancel_pages_463-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancel_pages_463_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews", pp. 463–479, from <i>The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined</i> edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancel, Jean "Antonescu and the Jews" pp. 463–479 from <i>The Holocaust and History The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined</i> edited by Michael Berenbaum and Abraham Peck, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999 p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crampton, Richard <i>Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – And After</i>, London: Routledge, 1997 p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volovici,_p._98-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volovici,_p._98_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolovici1991">Volovici 1991</a>, p. 98, citing N. Crainic, <i>Ortodoxie și etnocrație</i>, pp. 162–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savu, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veiga191-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-veiga191_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veiga, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinRubin201530-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinRubin201530_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubinRubin2015">Rubin & Rubin 2015</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrnea1995298-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrnea1995298_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrnea1995">Ornea 1995</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne_56-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1996). <i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203501322" title="Special:BookSources/0203501322"><bdi>0203501322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0203501322&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes_pages_676-683-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_pages_676-683_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_pages_676-683_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaynes1993" class="citation journal cs1">Haynes, Rebecca (1993). "German Historians and the Romanian National Legionary State 1940–41". <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i>. <b>71</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">676–</span>683. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4211380">4211380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=German+Historians+and+the+Romanian+National+Legionary+State+1940%E2%80%9341&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E683&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4211380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordachi, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes_pp._676-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_pp._676_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_pp._676_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haynes, Rebecca "German Historians and the Romanian National Legionary State 1940–41" pp. 676–683 from <i>The Slavonic and East European Review</i> Volume 71, Issue # 4, October 1993 p. 681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2005" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1zoXqTR_dAC&pg=PA35"><i>Theft of a Nation: Romania Since Communism</i></a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850657163" title="Special:BookSources/9781850657163"><bdi>9781850657163</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305045504/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1zoXqTR_dAC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theft+of+a+Nation%3A+Romania+Since+Communism&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781850657163&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1zoXqTR_dAC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeletant2006" class="citation book cs1">Deletant, D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940–1944</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230502093" title="Special:BookSources/9780230502093"><bdi>9780230502093</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305045505/https://books.google.com/books?id=8taGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Forgotten+Ally%3A+Ion+Antonescu+and+his+Regime%2C+Romania+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780230502093&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8taGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Robinson Luce, Time Inc., 1941, <i>Time, Volume 37</i>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAxworthy,_Mark1991" class="citation book cs1">Axworthy, Mark (1991). <i>The Romanian Army of World War II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855321694" title="Special:BookSources/9781855321694"><bdi>9781855321694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanian+Army+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781855321694&rft.au=Axworthy%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auswärtiges Amt, H.M. Stationery Office, 1961, <i>Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945: The aftermath of Munich, Oct. 1938 – March 1939</i>, p. 1179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald L. Tarnstrom, Trogen Books, 1998, <i>Balkan Battles</i>, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Higham, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1985, <i>American Swastika</i>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Clark, Cornell University Press, 2015, <i>Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania</i>, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Hitchins, Kevin</a> (1994) <i>Rumania, 1866–1947</i> pp. 457–469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_Christopher_page_255_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Christopher <i>Blowback America's Recruitment of Nazis and its Effects on the Cold War</i>, New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988 p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005472"><i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312190740/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005472">Archived</a> 2007-03-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204204012/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,932546,00.html">"New Order," Time magazine, Feb. 10, 1941</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioanid, Radu "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi Pogrom of June 1941" pp. 119–148 from <i>Contemporary European History</i>, Volume 2, Issue # 2, July 1993 p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioanid, Radu "The Holocaust in Romania: The Iasi Pogrom of June 1941" pp. 119–148 from <i>Contemporary European History</i>, Volume 2, Issue # 2, July 1993 p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behr,_Edward_page_111-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_111_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behr,_Edward_page_111_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Behr, Edward <i>Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite</i>, New York: Villard Books, 1991 p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkRonald-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkRonald_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkRonald_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (2015). <i>Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Work+Camps%2C+Commerce%2C+and+the+Education+of+the+%27New+Man%27+in+the+Romanian+Legionary+Movement&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E943-%3C%2Fspan%3E967&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144638496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20175210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X08007140&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20175210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCodreanu1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea</a> (1936). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=US+knocks+Romania+for+%27anti-Semitic%27+coin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fus-criticizes-romania-central-bank-for-anti-semitic-coin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Junginger, Brill, 2008, <i>The Study of Religion Under the Impact of Fascism</i>, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreitas2017" class="citation web cs1">Freitas, Alessandra (2017-08-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/archive/au/entry/this-holocaust-survivor-noticed-a-detail-in-charlottesville-you-might-have-missed_a_23186618">"This Holocaust Survivor Noticed A Detail In Charlottesville You Might Have Missed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220618021201/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/au/entry/this-holocaust-survivor-noticed-a-detail-in-charlottesville-you-might-have-missed_a_23186618">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=This+Holocaust+Survivor+Noticed+A+Detail+In+Charlottesville+You+Might+Have+Missed&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.aulast=Freitas&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Farchive%2Fau%2Fentry%2Fthis-holocaust-survivor-noticed-a-detail-in-charlottesville-you-might-have-missed_a_23186618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/st-michaels-cross">"St. Michael's Cross"</a>. Anti-Defamation League. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514142826/https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/st-michaels-cross">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Michael%27s+Cross&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Freferences%2Fhate-symbols%2Fst-michaels-cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lombardi_2022-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lombardi_2022_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLombardi2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lombardi, Marco (2022-05-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itstime.it/w/lattacco-a-buffalo-e-leredita-tattica-di-tarrant-federico-borgonovo-e-marco-zaliani">"L'attacco a Buffalo e l'eredità tattica di Tarrant – Federico Borgonovo e Marco Zaliani"</a> [The attack on Buffalo and Tarrant's tactical legacy - Federico Borgonovo and Marco Zaliani]. <i>ITSTIME</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614142228/https://www.itstime.it/w/lattacco-a-buffalo-e-leredita-tattica-di-tarrant-federico-borgonovo-e-marco-zaliani">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITSTIME&rft.atitle=L%27attacco+a+Buffalo+e+l%27eredit%C3%A0+tattica+di+Tarrant+%E2%80%93+Federico+Borgonovo+e+Marco+Zaliani&rft.date=2022-05-17&rft.aulast=Lombardi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itstime.it%2Fw%2Flattacco-a-buffalo-e-leredita-tattica-di-tarrant-federico-borgonovo-e-marco-zaliani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PressProgress-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PressProgress_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PressProgress_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressprogress.ca/ex-rebel-media-host-promotes-1930s-book-by-fascist-author-advocating-the-elimination-of-jews">"Ex-Rebel Media Host Promotes 1930s Book by Fascist Author Advocating 'The Elimination of Jews'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Press Progress</i>. 2019-04-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731202913/https://pressprogress.ca/ex-rebel-media-host-promotes-1930s-book-by-fascist-author-advocating-the-elimination-of-jews">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Progress&rft.atitle=Ex-Rebel+Media+Host+Promotes+1930s+Book+by+Fascist+Author+Advocating+%27The+Elimination+of+Jews%27&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressprogress.ca%2Fex-rebel-media-host-promotes-1930s-book-by-fascist-author-advocating-the-elimination-of-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorman2019" class="citation news cs1">Dorman, Travis (April 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/tennessee/2019/04/03/christchurch-shooter-used-racist-symbol-found-at-highland-center-fire/33746678002">"White power symbol found at Highland Center fire used by Christchurch shooter"</a>. <i>Knoxville News Sentinel/USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Knoxville+News+Sentinel%2FUSA+Today&rft.atitle=White+power+symbol+found+at+Highland+Center+fire+used+by+Christchurch+shooter&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Dorman&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftennessee%2F2019%2F04%2F03%2Fchristchurch-shooter-used-racist-symbol-found-at-highland-center-fire%2F33746678002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chioveanu, Mihai. <i>Faces of Fascism</i>, by (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, 2005, Chapter 5: The Case of Romanian Fascism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-737-110-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-737-110-0">973-737-110-0</a>).</li> <li>Coogan, Kevin. <i>Dreamer of the Day: Francis Parker Yockey and the Postwar Fascist International</i> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57027-039-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57027-039-2">1-57027-039-2</a>).</li> <li>Ioanid, Radu. "The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard," <i>Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions</i>, Volume 5, Number 3 (Winter 2004), pp. 419–453.</li> <li>Ioanid, Radu. <i>The Sword of the Archangel</i>, (Columbia University Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-189-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-189-5">0-88033-189-5</a>).</li> <li>Iordachi, Constantin. "Charisma, Religion, and Ideology: Romania's Interwar Legion of the Archangel Michael", in John R. Lampe, Mark Mazower (eds.), <i>Ideologies and National Identities: The Case of Twentieth-century Southeastern Europe</i>, Central European University Press, Budapest, 2004</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2004" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2004). <i>Fascists</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521538556" title="Special:BookSources/0521538556"><bdi>0521538556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0521538556&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nagy-Talavera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera">Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M.</a> <i>The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania</i> by (<a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>, 1970).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrnea1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Zigu_Ornea" title="Zigu Ornea">Ornea, Z.</a> (1995). <i>Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească</i> [<i>The Thirties: Romanian Far Right</i>] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Fundației Culturale Române. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-73915-543-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-73915-543-4"><bdi>978-9-73915-543-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anii+treizeci.+Extrema+dreapt%C4%83+rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Funda%C8%9Biei+Culturale+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-9-73915-543-4&rft.aulast=Ornea&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> <i>Fascism: Comparison and Definition</i>, pp. 115–118 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-08060-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-08060-9">0-299-08060-9</a>).</li> <li>Ronnett, Alexander E. <i>The Legionary Movement</i> Loyola University Press, 1974; second edition published as <i>Romanian Nationalism: The Legionary Movement</i> by Romanian-American National Congress, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8294-0232-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8294-0232-2">0-8294-0232-2</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubinRubin2015" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry M.; Rubin, Judith Colp (2015). <i>Chronologies of Modern Terrorism</i>. Armonk: Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31747-465-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31747-465-4"><bdi>978-1-31747-465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologies+of+Modern+Terrorism&rft.place=Armonk&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-31747-465-4&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Judith+Colp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVolovici1991" class="citation book cs1">Volovici, Leon (1991). <i>Nationalist Ideology and Antisemitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s</i>. Oxford: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08041-024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08041-024-1"><bdi>978-0-08041-024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalist+Ideology+and+Antisemitism%3A+The+Case+of+Romanian+Intellectuals+in+the+1930s&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-08041-024-1&rft.aulast=Volovici&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber, Eugen</a>. "Romania" in <i>The European Right: A Historical Profile</i> edited by Hans Rogger and Eugen Weber (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> Press, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber, Eugen</a>. "The Men of the Archangel" in <i>International Fascism: New Thoughts and Approaches</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/George_L._Mosse" class="mw-redirect" title="George L. Mosse">George L. Mosse</a> (Sage Publications, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-9842-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-9842-2">0-8039-9842-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8039-9843-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8039-9843-0">0-8039-9843-0</a> [Pbk]).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_(book)" title="Fascism (book)">Fascism</a></i> (Oxford Readers) edited by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, Part III, A., xi. "Romania", pp. 219–222 (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289249-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289249-5">0-19-289249-5</a>).</li> <li><i>The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michael Sturdza</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mihail_R._Sturdza" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail R. Sturdza">Mihail R. Sturdza</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">American Opinion Books</a>, 1968, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88279-214-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88279-214-8">0-88279-214-8</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Heinen, Armin. <i>Die Legion "Erzengel Michael" in Rumänien</i>, (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-53101-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-53101-5">978-3-486-53101-5</a>) – one of the major historical contributions to the study of the Romanian Iron Guard.</li> <li>Totok, William. "Rechtsradikalismus und Revisionismus in Rumänien" (I–VII), in: <i>Halbjahresschrift für südosteuropäische Geschichte Literatur und Politik</i>, 13–16 (2001–2004).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSima1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima, Horia</a> (1995). <i>The History of the Legionary Movement</i>. Hampshire: The Legionary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899627-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-899627-01-4"><bdi>1-899627-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Legionary+Movement&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pub=The+Legionary+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-899627-01-4&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Horia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Keith M (2010). <i>Codreanu and the Iron Guard</i>. London: Steven Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90491-192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90491-192-0"><bdi>978-1-90491-192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codreanu+and+the+Iron+Guard&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Steven+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-90491-192-0&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Keith+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Guard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_Guard" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311145544/http://www.ushmm.org/research/scholarly-presentations/symposia/holocaust-in-romania/romania-facing-its-past">Facing the Past</a>. Information on the Holocaust in Romania, including the role of the Iron Guard, from a report commissioned and accepted by the Romanian government.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg2005" class="citation news cs1">Clogg, Richard (October 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229235213/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_100002_08/10/2005_61665">"An untold footnote to World War II"</a>. <i>Kathimerini</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_ell_100002_08/10/2005_61665">the original</a> on December 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kathimerini&rft.atitle=An+untold+footnote+to+World+War+II&rft.date=2005-10-08&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekathimerini.com%2F4dcgi%2F_w_articles_ell_100002_08%2F10%2F2005_61665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Guard" class="Z3988"></span> An aborted 1945 mission of the <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a> Iron Guardists in Greece.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish/Israeli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Slovakia)" title="German Party (Slovakia)">German Party (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentials_of_Hindutva" title="Essentials of Hindutva">Essentials of Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Romania_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_political_parties" title="Template:Romanian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_political_parties" title="Template talk:Romanian political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Romania_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania" title="List of political parties in Romania">Political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Humanist_Party" title="Social Liberal Humanist Party">Social Liberal Humanist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_of_the_Right" title="Force of the Right">Force of the Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Romania_Union" title="Save Romania Union">Save Romania Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewing_Romania%27s_European_Project" title="Renewing Romania's European Project">Renewing Romania's European Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Respect_in_Europe_for_All_Party" title="Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party">Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Romania" title="S.O.S. Romania">S.O.S. Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_of_Hungarians_in_Romania" title="Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania">Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Italians_of_Romania" title="Association of Italians of Romania">Association of Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Macedonians_of_Romania" title="Association of Macedonians of Romania">Association of Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Union_of_Banat%E2%80%93Romania" title="Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania">Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lipovan_Russians_in_Romania" title="Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania">Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Union_of_Ruthenians_of_Romania" title="Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania">Cultural Union of Ruthenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forum_of_Germans_in_Romania" title="Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania">Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Turkish_Union_of_Romania" title="Democratic Turkish Union of Romania">Democratic Turkish Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Slovaks_and_Czechs_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs of Romania">Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Turkic-Muslim_Tatars_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars of Romania">Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Jewish_Communities_in_Romania" title="Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania">Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Union_of_Romania" title="Hellenic Union of Romania">Hellenic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Albanians_of_Romania" title="League of Albanians of Romania">League of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Roma" title="Party of the Roma">Party of the Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armenians_of_Romania" title="Union of Armenians of Romania">Union of Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Croatians_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Croatians of Romania">Union of Croatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_of_Romania" title="Union of Poles of Romania">Union of Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Serbs_of_Romania" title="Union of Serbs of Romania">Union of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Ukrainians_of_Romania" title="Union of the Ukrainians of Romania">Union of the Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraparliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_National_Peasants%27_Party" title="Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party">Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Homeland" title="Alliance for the Homeland">Alliance for the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Romania)" title="Green Party (Romania)">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_People_Together" title="Nation People Together">Nation People Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRO_Romania" title="PRO Romania">PRO Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecologist_Party_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist Party of Romania">Ecologist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rebirth_Alliance" title="National Rebirth Alliance">National Rebirth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(2003)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (2003)">Romanian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Alternative" title="The Right Alternative">The Right Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Romania" title="Volt Romania">Volt Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Defunct128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">Defunct</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Union Party (Romania)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Romania)" title="National Party (Romania)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_from_Banat" title="National Union from Banat">National Union from Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Unity_Party" title="Romanian National Unity Party">Romanian National Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Romania_Party" title="United Romania Party">United Romania Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_(Romania)" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Romania)">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Independent_Faction" title="Free and Independent Faction">Free and Independent Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union%E2%80%93Br%C4%83tianu" title="Liberal Union–Brătianu">Liberal Union–Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party%E2%80%93Br%C4%83tianu" title="National Liberal Party–Brătianu">National Liberal Party–Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party%E2%80%93C%C3%A2mpeanu" title="National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu">National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party%E2%80%93T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="National Liberal Party–Tătărescu">National Liberal Party–Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radical_Party_(Romania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radical Party (Romania) (page does not exist)">Radical Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Force" title="Civic Force">Civic Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania,_1880%E2%80%931918)" title="Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative-Democratic_Party" title="Conservative-Democratic Party">Conservative-Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Constitutional Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Christian_Party" title="National Democratic Christian Party">National Democratic Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party (1918–1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Romania,_2005%E2%80%9306)" title="People's Party (Romania, 2005–06)">People's Party (2005–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_(Romania)" title="Progressive Conservative Party (Romania)">Progressive Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_%C8%9Aepe%C8%99_League" title="Vlad Țepeș League">Vlad Țepeș League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Socialist_Party" title="Banat Socialist Party">Banat Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Nepeceri%C8%99ti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Nepeceriști)">Communist Party (Nepeceriști)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Salvation_Front" title="Democratic National Salvation Front">Democratic National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Labour" title="Democratic Party of Labour">Democratic Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(Romania)" title="Labor Party (Romania)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Social_Solidarity" title="Party of Social Solidarity">Party of Social Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant_Bloc" title="Worker-Peasant Bloc">Worker-Peasant Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1927%E2%80%931948)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)">Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Social_Democratic_Party_(1990%E2%80%932001)" title="Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)">Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Democratic_Party" title="Romanian Socialist Democratic Party">Romanian Socialist Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(1992%E2%80%932015)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (1992–2015)">Romanian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_of_Bukovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Democratic Party of Bukovina (page does not exist)">Social Democratic Party of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Romania_(1910%E2%80%931918)" title="Social Democratic Party of Romania (1910–1918)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Romania" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Romania">Social Democratic Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Labour" title="Socialist Party of Labour">Socialist Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Protection_People%27s_Party" title="Social Protection People's Party">Social Protection People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Party of Romania">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Transylvania" title="Socialist Party of Transylvania">Socialist Party of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_of_Romania" title="Socialist Workers Party of Romania">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="United Socialist Party (Romania)">United Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agrarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_League_(Romania)" title="Agrarian League (Romania)">Agrarian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Union_Party" title="Agrarian Union Party">Agrarian Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Agrarian_Party_of_Romania" title="Democratic Agrarian Party of Romania">Democratic Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party_(Bukovina)" title="Democratic Peasants' Party (Bukovina)">Democratic Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Lupu" title="Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu">Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Stere" title="Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere">Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Usury" title="League Against Usury">League Against Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Alexandrescu" title="National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu">National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party%E2%80%93Lupu" title="Peasants' Party–Lupu">Peasants' Party–Lupu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughmen%27s_Front" title="Ploughmen's Front">Ploughmen's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Peasants%27_Party" title="Radical Peasants' Party">Radical Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Peasants%27_Party" title="Socialist Peasants' Party">Socialist Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Transylvanian Peasants' Party">Transylvanian Peasants' Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far-right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen Bloc (page does not exist)">Citizen Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Action (page does not exist)">Romanian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Swabian_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous Swabian Party (page does not exist)">Autonomous Swabian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratstvo_Community_of_Bulgarians_in_Romania" title="Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania">Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Union_of_Albanians_of_Romania" title="Cultural Union of Albanians of Romania">Cultural Union of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_the_Roma_of_Romania" title="Democratic Union of the Roma of Romania">Democratic Union of the Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Romania" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania">General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Group of Transylvanian Saxons">Group of Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian People's Party">Hungarian People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Union" title="Hungarian People's Union">Hungarian People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Union_(Romania)" title="Hungarian Union (Romania)">Hungarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Community_of_Romania" title="Italian Community of Romania">Italian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Democratic_Committee" title="Jewish Democratic Committee">Jewish Democratic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_People%27s_Party" title="Jewish National People's Party">Jewish National People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar_Party_(Romania)" title="Magyar Party (Romania)">Magyar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Hungarian-Szekler_Party" title="National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party">National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Council_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Council Party (page does not exist)">People's Council Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_Group" title="Swabian Group">Swabian Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Party" title="Ukrainian National Party">Ukrainian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Workers%27_Party_of_Romania" title="Ukrainian Workers' Party of Romania">Ukrainian Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Romanian_Jews" title="Union of Romanian Jews">Union of Romanian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Romania" title="Ecological Movement of Romania">Ecological Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecologist_Union_of_Romania_Party" title="Ecologist Union of Romania Party">Ecologist Union of Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Party_(Romania)" title="National Popular Party (Romania)">Union of Patriots/National Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconstruction_Party_of_Romania" title="National Reconstruction Party of Romania">National Reconstruction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Free_Change" title="Party of Free Change">Party of Free Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Young_Free_Democrats_of_Romania" title="Party of Young Free Democrats of Romania">Party of Young Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Romania,_1990)" title="Republican Party (Romania, 1990)">Republican Party (1993–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Romania,_1993)" title="Republican Party (Romania, 1993)">Republican Party (1990–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Romanian_Unity" title="Alliance for Romanian Unity">Alliance for Romanian Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_PSD%2BPC" title="Alliance PSD+PC">Alliance PSD+PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Left_Alliance" title="Centre Left Alliance">Centre Left Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_Alliance" title="Centre Right Alliance">Centre Right Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberal_Alliance" title="Christian Liberal Alliance">Christian Liberal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Group_of_the_Centre" title="Democratic Group of the Centre">Democratic Group of the Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Socialist_Parties_from_Romania" title="Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania">Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_Socialist_Unity_and_Democracy" title="Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy">Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ecologist_Party" title="Green Ecologist Party">Green Ecologist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_German_Bloc" title="Hungarian German Bloc">Hungarian German Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Truth_Alliance" title="Justice and Truth Alliance">Justice and Truth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Ecologist_Alliance" title="National Liberal Ecologist Alliance">National Liberal Ecologist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_PSD%2BPUR" title="National Union PSD+PUR">National Union PSD+PUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Romania)" title="People's Democratic Front (Romania)">People's Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Quadrilateral" title="Red Quadrilateral">Red Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Romania_Alliance" title="Right Romania Alliance">Right Romania Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Democratic_Convention" title="Romanian Democratic Convention">Romanian Democratic Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Pole_of_Romania" title="Social Democratic Pole of Romania">Social Democratic Pole of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Union (Romania)">Social Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Union" title="Social Liberal Union">Social Liberal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USR_PLUS" title="USR PLUS">USR PLUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Romania" title="Politics of Romania">Politics of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanian_nationalism124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_nationalism" title="Template:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_nationalism124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacianism" title="Dacianism">Dacianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacology" title="Dacology">Dacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">National communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protochronism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protochronism">Protochronism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/150px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/200px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_and_Cri%C8%99an" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan">Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">Moldavian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">Wallachian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Flowers_(event)" title="Bridge of Flowers (event)">Bridge of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union of Bukovina with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union of Transylvania with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_the_Great" title="Stephen the Great">Stephen the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza">Alexandru Ioan Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Party_(Romania)" title="New Generation Party (Romania)">New Generation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_Party" title="People's Movement Party">People's Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Identity_Bloc_in_Europe" title="National Identity Bloc in Europe">National Identity Bloc in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)" title="Social Democratic Party (Romania)">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Socialist_Party_(2003)" title="Romanian Socialist Party (2003)">Romanian Socialist Party (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Homeland" title="Alliance for the Homeland">Alliance for the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Village_Party" title="Romanian Village Party">Romanian Village Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.O.S._Romania" title="S.O.S. Romania">S.O.S. Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Party" title="Romanian National Party">Romanian National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Peasants%27_Party" title="Bessarabian Peasants' Party">Bessarabian Peasants' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Bukovina)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Union Party (Bukovina)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania,_1875)" title="National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)">National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party-Br%C4%83tianu" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberal Party-Brătianu">National Liberal Party-Brătianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Unity_Party" title="Romanian National Unity Party">Romanian National Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Labour" title="Socialist Party of Labour">Socialist Party of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_For_the_Country_Party" title="Everything For the Country Party">Everything For the Country Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Romania_Party" title="United Romania Party">United Romania Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Association_for_Romanian_Literature_and_the_Culture_of_the_Romanian_People" title="Transylvanian Association for Romanian Literature and the Culture of the Romanian People">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenaclul_Flac%C4%83ra" title="Cenaclul Flacăra">Cenaclul Flacăra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEntarea_Rom%C3%A2niei" title="Cîntarea României">Cîntarea României</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junimea" title="Junimea">Junimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2nt%C4%83_cucu-n_Bucovina" title="Cântă cucu-n Bucovina">Cântă cucu-n Bucovina</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dac-am_plecat,_Ardealule,_din_tine" title="Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine">Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/De%C8%99teapt%C4%83-te,_rom%C3%A2ne!" title="Deșteaptă-te, române!">Deșteaptă-te, române!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Doamne,_ocrote%C8%99te-i_pe_rom%C3%A2ni" title="Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români">Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Drum_bun" title="Drum bun">Drum bun</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hora_Unirii" title="Hora Unirii">Hora Unirii</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pe-al_nostru_steag_e_scris_Unire" title="Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire">Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pui_de_lei" title="Pui de lei">Pui de lei</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trece%C8%9Bi,_batalioane_rom%C3%A2ne,_Carpa%C8%9Bii" title="Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații">Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trei_culori" title="Trei culori">Trei culori</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bessarabia,_Romanian_land" title="Bessarabia, Romanian land">Bessarabia, Romanian land</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Mihai Eminescu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doina_(Eminescu)" title="Doina (Eminescu)">Doina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Nicolae Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Petrescu-Comnen" title="Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen">Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Vadim_Tudor" title="Corneliu Vadim Tudor">Corneliu Vadim Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_question" title="Aromanian question">Aromanian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-latinization_of_Romanian" title="Re-latinization of Romanian">Re-latinization of Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Anti-Romanian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_question" title="Bessarabian question">Bessarabian question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification of Moldova and Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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{\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-687c96c6cf-swpkm","timestamp":"20250317115627","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iron Guard","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron_Guard","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153448","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q153448","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-12T08:02:49Z","dateModified":"2025-03-09T06:05:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Iron_Guard.png","headline":"Romanian ultranationalist movement (1930\u20131941)"}</script> </body> </html>