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Geological Society of America

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} .gsat-main-article figure { display: flex; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; margin: 2em 0em; border: 1px solid #f4f4f4; background-color: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 0.5em; } .gsat-main-article figure img { max-height: 800px; border: 1px solid #f4f4f4; } .gsat-main-article figure figcaption { padding: 1em 1em 0 1em; } .gsat-ref-list-container ol { list-style: none; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -1.5em; font-size: 0.9em; } .gsat-ref-list-container ol li { overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-bottom: 0.5em; } #sponsorsContainer h4 { margin: 2em 0em 1em 0em; } .sponsor-level { display: flex; justify-content: space-evenly; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; } .sponsor-level .sponsor-display { padding: 1em; } .sponsor-level .sponsor-display p { text-align: center; font-weight: bold; } @media screen and (max-width: 1199px) { .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink { font-size: 0.95em; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmLevel1 > .rmItem > .rmLink { font-size: 1em; padding-left: 0.25em; } .header-logo-container { width: 115px; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container { width: 40%; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container .sticker { left: 25px; top: -35px; width: 150px; height: 150px; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container .sticker .st-1 { font-size: 2.5em; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container .sticker .st-2 { font-size: 1em; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container .sticker .st-3 { font-size: 1.25em; bottom: -0.25em; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container .sticker .sticker-shift { display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: baseline; } .terminus .sticker-pad { height: 25px; } } @media screen and (min-width: 992px) { .has-secondary-col.col-on-right .col-secondary { float: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { body#MainBody.HomePage.sticky .wrapper #masterContentArea { margin-top: 10px; } } @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .footer-content .footer-nav { flex-direction: column; } .footer-content .footer-nav .footer-nav-column { flex-basis: 33%; } .footer-content .footer-nav .footer-nav-column ul { margin-right: 1em; margin-bottom: 0; } .header-top-container { height: 125px; } .header-logo-container { width: 100px; } #ctl01_ciPrimaryNavigation_NavControl_NavMenu { margin-left: 0; width: 100%; } .RadMenu.RadMenu ul.rmHorizontal { display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel { padding: 0.5em 1em; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink { font-size: 1.1em; width: 100%; padding: 0; display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink .rmToggle { float: none; margin-left: 0; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink .rmToggle .rmIcon { display: none; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink .rmToggle::before { content: "\f0d7"; font-weight: 900; font-family: "Font Awesome 6 Pro"; font-size: 1.2em; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink .rmText { padding-left: 0.5em; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink::after { content: none; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel > .rmLink:hover { background-color: #863088; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel .rmSlide { position: relative !important; top: 0px !important; width: 100% !important; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmItem.rmOneLevel .rmSlide ul { width: 100% !important; } .RadMenu.MainMenu .rmLevel1 > .rmItem > .rmLink { font-size: 1.1em; } .nav-auxiliary .navbar-toggle { border: none; text-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; background: none; background-color: #863088; margin: 0 0.5em 0 0; padding: 0.5em 1em; width: unset; height: 37px; } .nav-auxiliary .navbar-toggle.collapsed { background-color: #863088; } .nav-auxiliary .navbar-toggle.collapsed:hover { background-color: rgb(157.1751381215, 55.5430939227, 158.3569060773); } .nav-auxiliary .navbar-toggle:hover { background-color: rgb(157.1751381215, 55.5430939227, 158.3569060773); } .UtilityAuthentication .UtilityAuthenticationLink { margin-right: 2em; } #ctl01_ciUtilityNavigation_search-collapse { max-width: 100%; padding: 0.5em; } .search-container { padding: 0; } .header-search { padding: 1em 0em; } .highlights { margin-top: 0; } .happenings { padding: 0; } .choose-mbr-type-container { margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 6em; } .choose-mbr-type-container .mbr-form-buttons .mbr-form-action { padding: 0.15em 0.5em; font-size: 1.15em; } .gsat-archive-flex { flex-direction: column; } .gsat-archive-flex .gsat-af-issue-contents { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 2em; } .gsat-archive-flex .gsat-af-feature-container { width: 100%; flex-direction: column; justify-content: flex-start; flex-wrap: nowrap; } .gsat-archive-flex .gsat-af-feature { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 2em; } .terminus .sticker-pad { height: 0; } .terminus .affinity-text { border: none; padding-left: 0; } } @media screen and (max-width: 575px) { .footer-content .footer-connect { flex-direction: column; align-items: center; } .footer-content .footer-connect .join-contact { text-align: center; } .footer-content .footer-connect .site-social div { justify-content: center; } .protean-search-container .protean-search-button { font-weight: 400; margin-left: 0.15em; } .protean-search-container .protean-clear-search { font-weight: 400; margin-left: 0.15em; } .sm-center { text-align: center; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-flex-container { flex-direction: column-reverse; align-items: center; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container { top: 0; right: 0; width: 100%; position: relative; } .terminus .sticker-heading .sticker-container .sticker { position: relative; left: 0; margin-bottom: -1em; } .sponsor-level { flex-direction: column; } }</style><link href="/WebResource.axd?d=vsKpXOsoEwDUfVug9KOqSpS8LC9AU01UdeJuOV-uHO49SASNHSJW0ELsfErVAbfx52B1nohTVMaz9OroW5ctdyQhGpam_EdWinnxcozbm7jAtqLxEab4xPslr9RVgYfQ0&amp;t=638584690780000000" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" class="Telerik_stylesheet" /><link href="/WebResource.axd?d=FoY9NvPmWpWSkiDfMIH8tXM_NjTEHsPgMMoknfc7RjVFN6JWsGNBRnAOhUiUoDEiOIS8bDW5nr_FzMkFOA4ZUAycmNU5aU5O_hJFGehyKC_RW9T4Oi5Hovw-DDTHs2YQcjwGGzWuqP7LXxQRGDyFKw2&amp;t=638584690780000000" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" class="Telerik_stylesheet" /><link href="/WebResource.axd?d=QKX1AO1vX8ebWKfbb4eOTI2PNsEUrabKb2vwubis5R2CRtD8nqJSZ20AVZwl4DkJ8ciQRr_O6LiunwcovqBPrTIGWDTXryVrXjIwEFABv-8kMFr7ikomB68Z9RVNylE50&amp;t=638584690780000000" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" class="Telerik_stylesheet" /><link href="/WebResource.axd?d=_s8C6V0hVmZ50IR7zUlbBMJKo07CPARZQHRtjDDIdhXdhf_oFsIq7wEmRmCdPOT67tglAZjPbF_MJRriiDjlh8ondqyjaAHRKTZjMBM0XexZDPstLUM5167shs_NVdBmeCihO6cxx4J2nRJDpfz02Wr0PmVMfEKK9S8YKKcnfiY1&amp;t=638584690780000000" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" class="Telerik_stylesheet" /><meta property="og:title" content="Geological Society of America" /><style type="text/css"> .ctl01_TemplateBody_ContentPage1_WebPartZone1_Page1_0 { border-color:Black;border-width:1px;border-style:Solid; 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Everyone at GSA wishes you a happy holiday season and a <span class="text-nowrap">healthy new year!</span> </p> </div> <div class="hp-banner hp-banner-sm"> <p>GSA will be closed from <span class="text-nowrap">22 Dec. 2023</span><wbr>–<wbr><span class="text-nowrap">1 Jan. 2024</span>. Everyone at GSA wishes you a happy holiday season and a <span class="text-nowrap">healthy new year!</span> </p> </div> </div> --> <div class="hero-container-center optcl"> <div class="sm-photo">&nbsp;</div> <div class="call-to-action-center"> <p>Get the tools, confidence, and connections you need to advance your geoscience career.</p> <div class="call-to-action-center-links"> <a href="/GSA/Membership/join_renew/GSA/Membership/Join_Now_Membership_Options/member-type.aspx?src=hp-hero" class="btn-optcl btn-optcl-white">Join</a> <a class="text-link" href="https://excel.geosociety.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fas fa-angle-right"></span> Explore the Center for Professional Excellence</a> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="ContentRecordPageButtonPanel"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="masterContentArea" class="container"> <div role="main" class="body-container" id="ContentPanel"> <div data-label="On Behalf Of" class="pull-right"> <div ID="WTZone5_Page1" 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class="ContentItemContainer"><div id="ctl01_TemplateBody_WebPartManager1_gwpcimain_b18d515779214234a79d52a8e7062e04_cimain_b18d515779214234a79d52a8e7062e04_Panel_main"> <div class="optcl"> <div class="highlights-container"> <div class="highlights"> <ul id="actionItems" class="highlight-list"></ul> </div> </div> <div class="hp-promises"> <div class="row paddingTopBottom"> <div class="col-md-12"> <h3 class="text-center">The Geological Society of America</h3> </div> </div> <div class="paddingTopBottom sm-display-none">&nbsp;</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="promise-container"> <div class="promise-icon white"> <div class="inner-container"> <span class="fa fa-book"></span> </div> </div> <div class="promise-text"> <p><strong>Advances rigorous scientific discovery</strong> to solve Earth’s challenges by creating opportunities to share and publish research.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="promise-container"> <div class="promise-icon"> <div class="inner-container"> <span class="fa fa-lightbulb-o"></span> </div> </div> <div class="promise-text"> <p><strong>Hosts premier conferences and meetings</strong> to share cutting-edge research, discover new ideas, and discuss broad scientific issues.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="promise-container"> <div class="promise-icon white"> <div class="inner-container"> <span class="fa fa-graduation-cap"></span> </div> </div> <div class="promise-text"> <p><strong>Supports geoscience careers</strong> through research grants, education, mentoring, and professional opportunities worldwide.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="promise-container"> <div class="promise-icon"> <div class="inner-container"> <span class="fa fa-users"></span> </div> </div> <div class="promise-text"> <p><strong>Fosters diversity, inclusion, and professional ethics</strong> in every aspect of our Society in order to build a culture of integrity where geoscientists thrive.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="promise-container"> <div class="promise-icon white"> <div class="inner-container"> <span class="fa fa-handshake-o"></span> </div> </div> <div class="promise-text"> <p><strong>Provides community and networking opportunities</strong> to advance careers and build relationships across the geosciences.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="promise-container"> <div class="promise-icon"> <div class="inner-container"> <span class="fa fa-link"></span> </div> </div> <div class="promise-text"> <p><strong>Links geoscience to society</strong> through education and public policy work, and promotes the role of geoscience in addressing critical earth and environmental challenges.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="testimonial"> <p><em>“GSA has afforded me many opportunities including research funding, leadership experience, and the ability to network with outstanding professionals in my research areas.”</em></p> <div class="small testimonial-attr">—Darryl Reano, member since 2006</div> </div> <div class="cta-secondary"> <div class="cta-image">&nbsp;</div> <div class="cta-content"> <p class="lead">Continue your journey to a fulfilling geoscience career. Become a member of GSA.</p> <p>Join or renew your membership today. <a href="/GSA/Membership/join_renew/GSA/Membership/home.aspx?src=hp-mid-hero">Learn more.</a></p> <!-- <p>Renew your 2023 Membership now and save up to $15 on dues. <a href="/GSA/Membership/join_renew/GSA/Membership/home.aspx?src=hp-mid-hero">Learn more.</a></p> <p class="small">Applies to members in “high income” countries/territories.</p> --> <div class="cta-buttons"> <a href="/join" class="btn-optcl btn-optcl-white">Join</a> <a href="/renew" class="btn-optcl btn-optcl-white-2">Renew</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="WHATS" class="happenings"> <h3 class="text-center">What's Happening at the Society</h3> <div id="whatsList" class="row display-flex"></div> </div> <div class="connect-channels"> <h3 class="text-center">Stay Connected with GSA</h3> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="connected-container"> <div class="connected-icon"> <span class="fa fa-unlock"></span> </div> <div class="connected-text"> <h4><em>GSA Today</em></h4> <p><a href="/GSA/Publications/GSA_Today/GSA/GSAToday/home.aspx?src=hp-connected"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Open access science and news</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="connected-container"> <div class="connected-icon"> <span class="fa fa-newspaper-o"></span> </div> <div class="connected-text"> <h4>GSA Connection</h4> <p><a href="/GSA/News/CXN/GSA/cxn/archive.aspx?src=hp-connected"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> E-news magazine</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="connected-container"> <div class="connected-icon"> <span class="fa fa-rss"></span> </div> <div class="connected-text"> <h4><em>Speaking of Geoscience<sup>TM</sup></em></h4> <p><a href="https://speakingofgeoscience.org/" target="_blank"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> GSA's guest blog</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="connected-container"> <div class="connected-icon"> <span class="fa fa-list-alt"></span> </div> <div class="connected-text"> <h4>Job Board</h4> <p><a href="/GSA/Education_Careers/Job_Board/GSA/GSAToday/Job_Board.aspx?src=hp-connected"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Geoscience jobs and opportunities</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="connected-container"> <div class="connected-icon"> <span class="fa fa-envelope"></span> </div> <div class="connected-text"> <h4>Sign up for news</h4> <p><a href="https://gsoa.informz.net/GSOA/pages/enews_opt_in"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Get updates about GSA programs</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <div class="connected-container"> <div class="connected-icon"> <span class="fa fa-comments-o"></span> </div> <div class="connected-text"> <h4>Member Community</h4> <p><a href="https://community.geosociety.org/home?src=hp-connected"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Connect and join the conversation</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="benefit-partners"> <div class="paddingTopBottom">&nbsp;</div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="text-center"> <h3>Member Benefit Partners</h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row paddingTop"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="paddingTopBottom"> <a href="/GSA/Membership/Benefits_and_Dues/GSA/Membership/dovetail.aspx"><img class="center-block" src="/images/GSA/mbr/dovetail-logo-two-750-transparent.png" alt="Dovetail Workwear" style="width: 100%; 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max-width: 125px;"></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <a href="/GSA/Membership/Benefits_and_Dues/GSA/Membership/geologize.aspx"><img class="center-block paddingTopBottom" src="/images/gsa/mbr/geologize-logo.png" alt="Geologize" style="width: 100%; max-width: 125px;"></a> </div> </div> <div class="row paddingTop"> <div class="col-md-12"> <p class="small text-center"> <a href="/gsa/membership/benefits_and_dues/gsa/membership/benefit-partners.aspx?src=hp-benefit"><span class="fas fa-angle-right"></span> Explore partner benefits for members</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="paddingTop">&nbsp;</div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="iMIS-WebPart"> <div id="ste_container_cihomepagescripts_533803c189374805b209bb00eec3bf1e" class="ContentItemContainer"><div id="ctl01_TemplateBody_WebPartManager1_gwpcihomepagescripts_533803c189374805b209bb00eec3bf1e_cihomepagescripts_533803c189374805b209bb00eec3bf1e_Panel_homepagescripts"> <script type="text/javascript">document.body.className+=' HomePage'</script> </div></div> </div> <div class="iMIS-WebPart"> <div id="ste_container_cisanityscript_5127f7a8186346d291253f3654b44161" class="ContentItemContainer"><div id="ctl01_TemplateBody_WebPartManager1_gwpcisanityscript_5127f7a8186346d291253f3654b44161_cisanityscript_5127f7a8186346d291253f3654b44161_Panel_sanityscript"> <script src="https://rock.geosociety.org/net/data/scripts/sanity-fetch-vars.js"></script> <script> let QUERY = encodeURIComponent(`*[_type == "whats"] | order(_updatedAt desc)[0..2]`); let URL = `https://${PROJECT_ID}.apicdn.sanity.io/${sanityApiVersion}/data/query/${DATASET}?query=${QUERY}`; fetch(URL) .then((res) => res.json()) .then(({ result }) => { let whatsList = document.getElementById("whatsList"); if (result.length > 0) { result.forEach((content) => { let newWhats = document.createElement('div'); newWhats.classList.add('col-sm-4'); newWhats.innerHTML = ` <h4>${content.name}</h4> <p>${content.body}</p> <div class="paddingTop">&nbsp;</div> <p class="flex-to-bottom"> <a href="${content.ctaURL}" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="fas fa-angle-right"></span> ${content.cta} </a> </p> `; whatsList.append(newWhats); }); } }) .catch((err) => console.error(err)); // second request let QUERY2 = encodeURIComponent(`*[_type == "actionItem"] | order(_updatedAt desc)[0..2]`); let URL2 = `https://${PROJECT_ID}.apicdn.sanity.io/${sanityApiVersion}/data/query/${DATASET}?query=${QUERY2}`; fetch(URL2) .then((res) => res.json()) .then(({ result }) => { let actionItems = document.getElementById("actionItems"); if (result.length > 0) { result.forEach((content) => { let actionItem = document.createElement('li'); actionItem.innerHTML = ` <a href="${content.ctaURL}" target="_blank"> <span class="fa fa-angle-right" aria-hidden="true"></span> ${content.name} </a> `; actionItems.append(actionItem); }); } }) .catch((err) => console.error(err)); </script> </div></div> </div> </div> <div id="ctl01_TemplateBody_ContentPage1_downloadContainer" style="display:none;"> <input type="hidden" name="ctl01$TemplateBody$ContentPage1$HiddenDownloadPathField" id="ctl01_TemplateBody_ContentPage1_HiddenDownloadPathField" /><input type="submit" name="ctl01$TemplateBody$ContentPage1$downloadButton" value="Download Path" id="ctl01_TemplateBody_ContentPage1_downloadButton" style="display:none" /> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-label="Secondary Navigation" class="col-secondary cs-right d-none"> <div ID="WTZone7_Page1" class="WTZone "> <div id="ste_container_ciSecondary" class="ContentItemContainer"> <div id="ctl01_ciSecondary_SecondaryNavigationArea"> <div class="nav-secondary NotPrinted"> <nav id="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_NavWrapper" class="sub-nav" aria-labelledby="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavHead"> <div id="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavHead" class="sub-nav-head" translate="yes"> </div> <div id="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavPanel" class="sub-nav-body" translate="yes"> <div id="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavigationTree" class="RadTreeView RadTreeView_Austin" NavigateOnClick="true" PerspectiveId="a66cb8cb-9ade-4c4e-b05e-bb79336e7885" NavigationArea="0" StartingNodeOffset="1" WrapperContainerId="ctl01_masterWrapper" SubNavTitleContainerId="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavHead" data-asiIsHomeDisplayPage="True"> <input id="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavigationTree_ClientState" name="ctl01_ciSecondary_SubNavControl_SubNavigationTree_ClientState" type="hidden" /> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div></div> <div id="ste_container_ciSideContent" class="ContentItemContainer"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="ft" class="footer"> <div class="footer-content ClearFix"> <div class="container" data-label="Footer 1"> <div ID="WTZone8_Page1" class="WTZone "> <div id="ste_container_ciFooterContent1" class="ContentItemContainer"> <div id="ste_container_main" class="ContentItemContainer"><div class="optcl"> <div class="footer-nav"> <div class="footer-nav-column"> <ul> <li> <a href="/GSA/about/GSA/About/Home.aspx">About</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Membership/join_renew/GSA/Membership/home.aspx">Membership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Publications/GSA/Pubs/GSA_Publications.aspx">Publications</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Events/GSA/Events/Home.aspx">Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Education_Careers/GSA/edu-career/Home.aspx">Education &amp; Careers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Science_Policy/GSA/Policy/Home.aspx">Science Policy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-nav-column"> <ul> <li> <a href="/GSA/News/GSA/News/home.aspx">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Advertising/GSA/Advertising/home.aspx">Advertising</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Publications/Info_Services/Advertising/GSA/Advertising/rate-classies.aspx">Place a Job Ad</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://store.geosociety.org" target="_blank">Store</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/FAQs/GSA/faq/home.aspx">FAQs</a> </li> <li> <a href="/myaccount">My Profile</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-nav-column"> <ul> <li> <a href="/GSA/Education_Careers/GSA/hr/home.aspx">Jobs at GSA</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://excel.geosociety.org/" target="_blank">Center for Professional Excellence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/gsa/membership/code-of-ethics/gsa/membership/code-of-ethics.aspx">Code of Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Events/EventConductCode/GSA/Events/Conduct.aspx">Events Code of Conduct</a> </li> <li> <a href="/GSA/Privacy_Policy/GSA/privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer-connect"> <div class="join-contact"> <div> <a href="/members">Join GSA</a> </div> <div class="footer-contact"> <a href="/GSA/Contact/GSA/contact.aspx">Contact Us</a> </div> </div> <div class="site-social"> <div> <a href="https://www.geosociety.org">www.geosociety.org</a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.twitter.com/geosociety" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="social-icon fab fa-twitter"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/geosociety" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="social-icon fab fa-instagram"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/geosociety" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="social-icon fab fa-youtube"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/GSA.1888" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="social-icon fab fa-facebook"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/geological-society-of-america" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <span class="social-icon fab fa-linkedin"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://speakingofgeoscience.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="social-icon fab fa-wordpress"></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://community.geosociety.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <span class="social-icon fas fa-comments"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="ContentRecordPageButtonPanel"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-nav-copyright"> <div class="container" role="navigation"> <div class="footer-copyright" data-label="Footer 2"> <div ID="WTZone9_Page1" class="WTZone "> <div id="ste_container_ciFooterContent2" class="ContentItemContainer"> <div id="ste_container_NewContentHtml" class="ContentItemContainer"><p>© 2025 The Geological Society of America, Inc.</p></div><div class="ContentRecordPageButtonPanel"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <!--Jscript from Page.ResgisterStartupScript extention is loaded here --> <Div><script type="text/javascript">Sys.Application.add_load(function () {{ MasterPageBase_Init(); }});</script> <script>var cookieConsentProperties = new CookieConsentProperties();cookieConsentProperties.ShowLink = true;cookieConsentProperties.Message = 'This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website.';cookieConsentProperties.Allow = 'Accept Cookies';cookieConsentProperties.Deny = 'Reject Cookies';cookieConsentProperties.Link = 'Learn more';cookieConsentProperties.Href = 'https://www.geosociety.org/GSA/Privacy_Policy/GSA/privacy.aspx';cookieConsentProperties.Position = 'bottom';cookieConsentProperties.Static = false;SetUpCookieWarning(cookieConsentProperties);</script> </Div><input name="ctl01$TemplateScripts$timeoutsoonmsg" type="hidden" id="timeoutsoonmsg" value="PGgyPllvdSBhcmUgYWJvdXQgdG8gYmUgc2lnbmVkIG91dDwvaDI+DQo8cD5Zb3Ugd2lsbCBiZSBzaWduZWQgb3V0IGluIDxzdHJvbmc+W1NlY29uZHNSZW1haW5pbmddPC9zdHJvbmc+IHNlY29uZHMgZHVlIHRvIGluYWN0aXZpdHkuIFlvdXIgY2hhbmdlcyB3aWxsIG5vdCBiZSBzYXZlZC4gVG8gY29udGludWUgd29ya2luZyBvbiB0aGUgd2Vic2l0ZSwgY2xpY2sgIlN0YXkgU2lnbmVkIEluIiBiZWxvdy48L3A+" /><input name="ctl01$TemplateScripts$timeoutsoonstaysignintxt" type="hidden" id="timeoutsoonstaysignintxt" value="U3RheSBTaWduZWQgSW4=" /><input name="ctl01$TemplateScripts$timeoutsoonlogouttxt" type="hidden" id="timeoutsoonlogouttxt" value="U2lnbiBPdXQ=" /><input name="ctl01$TemplateScripts$stayLoggedInURL" type="hidden" id="stayLoggedInURL" /><input name="ctl01$TemplateScripts$logoutUrl" type="hidden" id="logoutUrl" value="aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2Vvc29jaWV0eS5vcmcvYXNpY29tbW9uL2NvbnRyb2xzL3NoYXJlZC9mb3Jtc2F1dGhlbnRpY2F0aW9uL2xvZ2luLmFzcHg/U2Vzc2lvblRpbWVvdXQ9MSZSZXR1cm5Vcmw9JTJmJTNm" /> <div id="ctl01_RadAjaxManager1SU"> <span id="ctl01_RadAjaxManager1" style="display:none;"></span> </div><div id="ctl01_WindowManager1" style="display:none;"> <div id="ctl01_GenericWindow" style="display:none;"> <div id="ctl01_GenericWindow_C" style="display:none;"> </div><input id="ctl01_GenericWindow_ClientState" name="ctl01_GenericWindow_ClientState" type="hidden" /> </div><div id="ctl01_ObjectBrowser" style="display:none;"> <div id="ctl01_ObjectBrowser_C" style="display:none;"> </div><input id="ctl01_ObjectBrowser_ClientState" name="ctl01_ObjectBrowser_ClientState" type="hidden" /> </div><div id="ctl01_ObjectBrowserDialog" style="display:none;"> <div id="ctl01_ObjectBrowserDialog_C" style="display:none;"> </div><input id="ctl01_ObjectBrowserDialog_ClientState" name="ctl01_ObjectBrowserDialog_ClientState" type="hidden" /> </div><div id="ctl01_WindowManager1_alerttemplate" style="display:none;"> <div class="rwDialogPopup radalert"> <div class="rwDialogText"> {1} </div> <div> <a onclick="$find('{0}').close(true);" class="rwPopupButton" href="javascript:void(0);"> <span class="rwOuterSpan"> <span class="rwInnerSpan">##LOC[OK]##</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div><div id="ctl01_WindowManager1_prompttemplate" style="display:none;"> <div class="rwDialogPopup radprompt"> <div class="rwDialogText"> {1} </div> <div> <script type="text/javascript"> function RadWindowprompt_detectenter(id, ev, input) { if (!ev) ev = window.event; 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var cartDiv = $get("CartItemCount"); if (cartDiv != null){ jQuery.ajax({ type: "POST", url: gWebRoot + "/WebMethodUtilities.aspx/GetCartItemCount", data: "{}", contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8", dataType: 'json', success: function(result) { if (result.d != '' && result.d != null) { gCartCount = result.d; if (gCartCount != null) { cartDiv.innerHTML = gCartCount; } } }, async: true }); } function CheckForChildren() { var contentRecordPageButtonPanelHasChildren = false; var contentRecordPageButtonPanel = jQuery('div.ContentRecordPageButtonPanel'); for (var i = 0, max = contentRecordPageButtonPanel.length; i < max; i++) { if (contentRecordPageButtonPanel[i].children.length > 0) { contentRecordPageButtonPanelHasChildren = true; break; } } if (!contentRecordPageButtonPanelHasChildren) { jQuery("Body").addClass("TemplateAreaEasyEditOn"); } } if (gIsEasyEditEnabled) CheckForChildren(); //]]> </script> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="E268651D" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ if(typeof(window['ctl01_TemplateBody_ContentPage1_contentitemdisplaybasejsmanager'])==='undefined') { window['ctl01_TemplateBody_ContentPage1_contentitemdisplaybasejsmanager']=new Asi_WebRoot_AsiCommon_ContentManagement_DownloadDocument(); 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}); //]]> </script> </form> <div id="fb-root"></div> </body> </html>

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