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</li> <li id="toc-IEEE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEEE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>IEEE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEEE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Network elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upstream_bandwidth_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upstream_bandwidth_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Upstream bandwidth allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upstream_bandwidth_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TDM-PON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TDM-PON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>TDM-PON</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TDM-PON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DOCSIS_Provisioning_of_EPON_(DPoE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DOCSIS_Provisioning_of_EPON_(DPoE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DOCSIS_Provisioning_of_EPON_(DPoE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_frequency_over_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_frequency_over_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Radio frequency over glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_frequency_over_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WDM-PON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WDM-PON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>WDM-PON</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WDM-PON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TWDM-PON" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TWDM-PON"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>TWDM-PON</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TWDM-PON-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-Reach_Optical_Access_Networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-Reach_Optical_Access_Networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Long-Reach Optical Access Networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-Reach_Optical_Access_Networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enabling_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enabling_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enabling technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enabling_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_to_the_premises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_to_the_premises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fiber to the premises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_to_the_premises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_optical_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_optical_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Passive optical components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_optical_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiv_optik_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99" title="Passiv optik şəbəkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Passiv optik şəbəkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Пасивна оптична мрежа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пасивна оптична мрежа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PON" title="PON – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PON" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasivn%C3%AD_optick%C3%A1_s%C3%AD%C5%A5" title="Pasivní optická síť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pasivní optická síť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_Optical_Network" title="Passive Optical Network – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Passive Optical Network" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiivne_optiline_v%C3%B5rk" title="Passiivne optiline võrk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Passiivne optiline võrk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_%C3%B3ptica_pasiva" title="Red óptica pasiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red óptica pasiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84" title="شبکه نوری نافعال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه نوری نافعال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Passive optical network" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%8F%99_%EA%B4%91%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EB%A7%9D" title="수동 광통신망 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수동 광통신망" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_ottica_passiva" title="Rete ottica passiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rete ottica passiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%ABvais_optiskais_t%C4%ABkls" title="Pasīvais optiskais tīkls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pasīvais optiskais tīkls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passz%C3%ADv_optikai_h%C3%A1l%C3%B3zat" title="Passzív optikai hálózat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Passzív optikai hálózat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Passive optical network" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%8B%95%E5%85%89%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="受動光ネットワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="受動光ネットワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasywna_sie%C4%87_optyczna" title="Pasywna sieć optyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pasywna sieć optyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PON" title="PON – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PON" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F" title="เครือข่ายเชิงแสงแบบพาสซีฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครือข่ายเชิงแสงแบบพาสซีฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PON" title="PON – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PON" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PON" title="PON – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PON" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Technology used to provide broadband to the end consumer via fiber</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Passive+optical+network%22">"Passive optical network"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Passive+optical+network%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Passive+optical+network%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Passive+optical+network%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Passive+optical+network%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Passive+optical+network%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg/300px-SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg/450px-SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg/600px-SC-APC_fiber_optic_cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A fiber optic cable assembly with <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">SC APC</a> connectors, as commonly used to link <a href="/wiki/Optical_network_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical network terminal">optical network terminals</a> to passive optical networks</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>passive optical network</b> (<b>PON</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic">fiber-optic</a> telecommunications network that uses only <i>unpowered</i> devices to carry signals, as opposed to electronic equipment. In practice, PONs are typically used for the <i><a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a></i> between <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> (ISP) and their customers. In this use, a PON has a point-to-multipoint topology in which an ISP uses a single device to serve many end-user sites using a system such as <a href="/wiki/10G-PON" title="10G-PON">10G-PON</a> or <a href="/wiki/GPON" title="GPON">GPON</a>. In this one-to-many topology, a single fiber serving many sites branches into multiple fibers through a passive <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_splitter" title="Fiber-optic splitter">splitter</a>, and those fibers can each serve multiple sites through further splitters. The light from the ISP is divided through the splitters to reach all the customer sites, and light from the customer sites is combined into the single fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fiber ISPs prefer this system.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_characteristics">Components and characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components and characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PON_vs_AON.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PON_vs_AON.png/310px-PON_vs_AON.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PON_vs_AON.png/465px-PON_vs_AON.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PON_vs_AON.png/620px-PON_vs_AON.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Downstream traffic in active (top) vs. passive optical network</figcaption></figure> <p>A passive optical network consists of an <a href="/wiki/Optical_line_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical line terminal">optical line terminal</a> (OLT) at the service provider's central office (hub), passive (non-power-consuming) optical splitters, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Optical_Network_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Network Unit">optical network units</a> (ONUs) or <a href="/wiki/Optical_network_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical network terminal">optical network terminals</a> (ONTs), which are near end users.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be amplifiers between the OLT and the ONUs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several fibers from an OLT can be carried in a single cable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A PON reduces the amount of fiber and central office equipment required compared with <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(network_topology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-to-point (network topology)">point-to-point</a> architectures with dedicated connections for every user. A passive optical network is a form of fiber-optic <a href="/wiki/Access_network" title="Access network">access network</a>. Bandwidth is shared among users of a PON.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most cases, <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(networking)" title="Downstream (networking)">downstream</a> signals are broadcast to all premises sharing multiple fibers. <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a> can prevent <a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">eavesdropping</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">Upstream</a> signals are combined using a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple access">multiple access</a> protocol, usually <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Standards"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passive optical networks were first proposed by <a href="/wiki/British_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecommunications">British Telecommunications</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two major standard groups, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) and the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Standardization_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication Standardization Sector">Telecommunication Standardization Sector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU-T), develop standards along with a number of other industry organizations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cable_Telecommunications_Engineers" title="Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers">Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers</a> (SCTE) also specified <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_over_glass" title="Radio frequency over glass">radio frequency over glass</a> for carrying signals over a passive optical network. <a href="/wiki/CableLabs" title="CableLabs">CableLabs</a> has developed coherent PON (CPON) that runs at 100 Gbps symmetrically<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supports split ratios of up to 1:512. Coherent means it only needs a single wavelength of light to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FSAN_and_ITU">FSAN and ITU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: FSAN and ITU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1995, work on <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber to the home">fiber to the home</a> architectures was done by the Full Service Access Network (FSAN) working group, formed by major telecommunications service providers and system vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) did further work, and standardized on two generations of PON. The older ITU-T <a href="/wiki/G.983" title="G.983">G.983</a> standard was based on <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM), and has therefore been referred to as APON (ATM PON). Further improvements to the original APON standard – as well as the gradual falling out of favor of ATM as a protocol – led to the full, final version of ITU-T G.983 being referred to more often as <i>broadband</i> PON, or BPON. A typical APON/BPON provides 622 megabits per second (Mbit/s) (<a href="/wiki/OC-12" class="mw-redirect" title="OC-12">OC-12</a>) of downstream bandwidth and 155 Mbit/s (<a href="/wiki/OC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="OC-3">OC-3</a>) of upstream traffic, although the standard accommodates higher rates. </p><p>The ITU-T <a href="/wiki/G.984" class="mw-redirect" title="G.984">G.984</a> <i>Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks</i> (GPON, G-PON) standard, first defined in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-dot1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dot1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represented an increase, compared to BPON, in both the total bandwidth and bandwidth efficiency through the use of larger, variable-length packets. Again, the standards permit several choices of bit rate, but the industry has converged on 2.488 gigabits per second (Gbit/s) of downstream bandwidth, and 1.244 Gbit/s of upstream bandwidth. GPON Encapsulation Method (GEM) allows very efficient packaging of user traffic with frame segmentation. </p><p>By mid-2008, <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a> had installed over <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005800000000000000♠"></span>800<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> lines</span>. <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Telecom_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Telecom Company">Saudi Telecom Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etisalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Etisalat">Etisalat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a> were in advanced trials in Britain, India, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and the US, respectively. GPON networks have now been deployed in numerous networks across the globe, and the trends indicate higher growth in GPON than other PON technologies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/G.987" class="mw-redirect" title="G.987">G.987</a> defined <a href="/wiki/10G-PON" title="10G-PON">10G-PON</a> in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 10 Gbit/s downstream and 2.5 Gbit/s upstream – framing is "G-PON like" and designed to coexist with GPON devices on the same network.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XGS-PON is a related technology that can deliver upstream and downstream (symmetrical) speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s (gigabits per second), first approved in 2016 as G.9807.1.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asymmetrical 50G-PON was approved by the ITU in September 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and symmetrical 50G-PON was approved in September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first trial of 50G-PON took place in 2024 in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 100G-PON and 200G-PON have been demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first demonstration of 100G-PON in a live network was done in Australia in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developed in 2009 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_Manufacturing_Business&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cable Manufacturing Business (page does not exist)">Cable Manufacturing Business</a> to meet <a href="/wiki/SIPRNet" title="SIPRNet">SIPRNet</a> requirements of the <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>, secure passive optical network (SPON) integrates gigabit passive optical network (GPON) technology and <a href="/wiki/Protective_distribution_system" title="Protective distribution system">protective distribution system</a> (PDS).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes to the <a href="/wiki/NSTISSI_7003" class="mw-redirect" title="NSTISSI 7003">NSTISSI 7003</a> requirements for PDS and the mandate by the US federal government for GREEN technologies allowed for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US federal government</a> consideration of the two technologies as an alternative to active Ethernet and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> devices. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_information_officer" title="Chief information officer">chief information officer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">United States Department of the Army</a> issued a directive to adopt the technology by fiscal year 2013. It is marketed to the US military by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Telos_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos (company)">Telos Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPON used in <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber to the x</a> deployments may face vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">Denial-of-service attack</a> via optical signal injections, unresolved based on current commercially available technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE">IEEE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IEEE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/10G-EPON" title="10G-EPON">10G-EPON</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_in_the_first_mile#Passive_optical_network" title="Ethernet in the first mile">Ethernet in the first mile § Passive_optical_network</a></div> <p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> PON (EPON or GEPON) standard 802.3ah-2004 was ratified as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_in_the_first_mile" title="Ethernet in the first mile">Ethernet in the first mile</a> project of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a>. EPON is a "short haul" network using Ethernet packets, fiber optic cables, and single protocol layer.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPON also uses standard 802.3 Ethernet frames with symmetric 1 gigabit per second upstream and downstream rates. EPON is applicable for data-centric networks, as well as full-service voice, data and video networks. <a href="/wiki/10G-EPON" title="10G-EPON">10 Gbit/s EPON</a> or 10G-EPON was ratified as an amendment IEEE 802.3av to IEEE 802.3. 10G-EPON supports 10/1 Gbit/s. The downstream <a href="/wiki/Wavelength_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavelength plan">wavelength plan</a> support simultaneous operation of 10 Gbit/s on one wavelength and 1 Gbit/s on a separate wavelength for the operation of IEEE 802.3av and IEEE 802.3ah on the same PON concurrently. The upstream channel can support simultaneous operation of IEEE 802.3av and 1 Gbit/s 802.3ah simultaneously on a single shared (1310 nm) channel. </p><p>In 2014, there were over 40 million installed EPON ports, making it the most widely deployed PON technology globally. EPON is also the foundation for cable operators' business services as part of the DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) specifications. </p><p>10G EPON is fully compatible with other Ethernet standards and requires no conversion or encapsulation to connect to Ethernet-based networks on either the upstream or downstream end. This technology connects seamlessly with any type of IP-based or packetized communications, and, thanks to the ubiquity of Ethernet installations in homes, workplaces, and elsewhere, EPON is generally very inexpensive to implement.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Network_elements">Network elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Network elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A PON takes advantage of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">wavelength-division multiplexing</a> (WDM), using one wavelength for downstream traffic and another for upstream traffic on a single mode fiber (ITU-T <a href="/wiki/G.652" title="G.652">G.652</a>). BPON, EPON, GEPON, and <a href="/wiki/GPON" title="GPON">GPON</a> have the same basic wavelength plan and use the 1490 nanometer (nm) wavelength for downstream traffic and 1310 nm wavelength for upstream traffic. 1550 nm is reserved for optional overlay services, typically RF (analog) video. </p><p>As with bit rate, the standards describe several <a href="/wiki/Optical_power_budget" title="Optical power budget">optical power budgets</a>, most common is 28 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> of loss budget for both BPON and GPON, but products have been announced using less expensive optics as well. 28 dB corresponds to about 20 km with a 32-way split. <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">Forward error correction</a> (FEC) may provide for another 2–3 dB of loss budget on GPON systems. As optics improve, the 28 dB budget will likely increase. Although both the GPON and EPON protocols permit large split ratios (up to 128 subscribers for GPON,<sup id="cite_ref-broadbandlibrary.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadbandlibrary.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to 32,768 for EPON), in practice most PONs are deployed with a split ratio of 1:64,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1:32<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or smaller. XGS-PON networks support split ratios of up to 1:128<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 50G-PON supports split ratios of at least 1:256 depending on the OLT.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Splitters may be cascaded, such as in areas with a low population density and thus a low number of subscribers in a given area.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_Kaufmann_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_Kaufmann-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also be done to facilitate reducing the number of subscribers in a PON in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_Kaufmann_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_Kaufmann-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, PONs can have a tree network topology.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, remote OLTs with capacity for only a few users can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-tibitcom.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tibitcom.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Splitters can be made with either planar lightwave circuit (PLC) or fused biconical taper (FBT) technologies: PLC creates optical waveguides in a flat substrate made of silica to split light, and FBT fuses optical fibers together to create a splitter.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A PON consists of a central office node, called an optical line terminal (OLT), one or more user nodes, called optical network units (ONUs) or optical network terminals (ONTs), and the fibers and splitters between them, called the <a href="/wiki/Access_network#Optical_distribution_network" title="Access network">optical distribution network</a> (ODN). "ONT" is an ITU-T term to describe a single-tenant ONU. In multiple-tenant units, the ONU may be bridged to a customer premises device within the individual dwelling unit using technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair, <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> (a high-speed <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> standard that can operate over any existing home wiring - <a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">power lines</a>, phone lines and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_coax" title="Ethernet over coax">coaxial cables</a>) or <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a>. An ONU is a device that terminates the PON and presents customer service interfaces to the user. Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet data, or video. </p><p>An OLT provides the interface between a PON and a service provider's <a href="/wiki/Core_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Core network">core network</a>. These typically include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> traffic over <a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">Fast Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a>;</li> <li>Standard <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">TDM</a> interfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">SDH/SONET</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a> <a href="/wiki/User%E2%80%93network_interface" title="User–network interface">UNI</a> at 155–622 Mbit/s.</li></ul> <p>The ONT or ONU terminates the PON and presents the native service interfaces to the user. These services can include voice (<a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">plain old telephone service</a> (POTS) or voice over IP (<a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a>)), data (typically <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> or <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.35" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.35">V.35</a>), <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> (TTL, ECL, RS530, etc.) Often the ONU functions are separated into two parts: </p> <ul><li>The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface—such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, or multiservice Ethernet—toward the user;</li> <li>Network termination equipment (NTE), which receives the converged interface and outputs native service interfaces to the user, such as Ethernet and POTS.</li></ul> <p>A PON is a shared network, in that the OLT sends a single stream of downstream traffic that is seen by all ONUs. Each ONU reads the content of only those packets that are addressed to it. Encryption is used to prevent eavesdropping on downstream traffic. </p><p>An OLT can have several ports, and each port can drive a single PON network with split ratios or splitting factors of around 1:32 or 1:64, meaning that for each port on the OLT, up to 32 or 64 ONUs at customer sites can be connected.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several PON standards can co-exist on the same ODN (optical distribution network) by using different wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Upstream_bandwidth_allocation">Upstream bandwidth allocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Upstream bandwidth allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream bandwidth to the ONUs. Because the optical distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONU upstream transmissions could collide if they were transmitted at random times. ONUs can lie at varying distances from the OLT, meaning that the transmission delay from each ONU is unique. The OLT measures delay and sets a register in each ONU via PLOAM (physical layer operations, administrations and maintenance) messages to equalize its delay with respect to all of the other ONUs on the PON. </p><p>Once the delay of all ONUs has been set, the OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual ONUs. A grant is permission to use a defined interval of time for upstream transmission. The grant map is dynamically re-calculated every few milliseconds. The map allocates bandwidth to all ONUs, such that each ONU receives timely bandwidth for its service needs. </p><p>Some services – <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a>, for example – require essentially constant upstream bandwidth, and the OLT may provide a fixed bandwidth allocation to each such service that has been provisioned. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_1" title="Digital Signal 1">DS1</a> and some classes of data service may also require constant upstream bit rate. But much data traffic, such as browsing web sites, is bursty and highly variable. Through <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_bandwidth_allocation" title="Dynamic bandwidth allocation">dynamic bandwidth allocation</a> (DBA), a PON can be oversubscribed for upstream traffic, according to the <a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic engineering (telecommunications)">traffic engineering</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_multiplexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical multiplexing">statistical multiplexing</a>. (Downstream traffic can also be oversubscribed, in the same way that any LAN can be oversubscribed. The only special feature in the PON architecture for downstream oversubscription is the fact that the ONU must be able to accept completely arbitrary downstream time slots, both in time and in size.) </p><p>In GPON there are two forms of DBA, status-reporting (SR) and non-status reporting (NSR). </p><p>In NSR DBA, the OLT continuously allocates a small amount of extra bandwidth to each ONU. If the ONU has no traffic to send, it transmits idle frames during its excess allocation. If the OLT observes that a given ONU is not sending idle frames, it increases the bandwidth allocation to that ONU. Once the ONU's burst has been transferred, the OLT observes a large number of idle frames from the given ONU, and reduces its allocation accordingly. NSR DBA has the advantage that it imposes no requirements on the ONU, and the disadvantage that there is no way for the OLT to know how best to assign bandwidth across several ONUs that need more. </p><p>In SR DBA, the OLT polls ONUs for their backlogs. A given ONU may have several so-called transmission containers (T-CONTs), each with its own priority or traffic class. The ONU reports each T-CONT separately to the OLT. The report message contains a logarithmic measure of the backlog in the T-CONT queue. By knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Service_level_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Service level agreement">service level agreement</a> for each T-CONT across the entire PON, as well as the size of each T-CONT's backlog, the OLT can optimize allocation of the spare bandwidth on the PON. </p><p>EPON systems use a DBA mechanism equivalent to GPON's SR DBA solution. The OLT polls ONUs for their queue status and grants bandwidth using the MPCP GATE message, while ONUs report their status using the MPCP REPORT message. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TDM-PON">TDM-PON</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: TDM-PON"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>APON</b>/<b>BPON</b>, <b>EPON</b> and <b>GPON</b> have been widely deployed. In November 2014, EPON had approximately 40 million deployed ports and ranks first in deployments.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, GPON had a smaller market share, but is anticipated to reach $10.5 billion US dollars by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For TDM-PON, a passive optical splitter is used in the optical distribution network. In the upstream direction, each ONU (optical network units) or ONT (optical network terminal) burst transmits for an assigned time-slot (multiplexed in the time domain). In this way, the OLT is receiving signals from only one ONU or ONT at any point in time. In the downstream direction, the OLT (usually) continuously transmits (or may burst transmit). ONUs or ONTs see their own data through the address labels embedded in the signal. <a href="/wiki/XGS-PON" class="mw-redirect" title="XGS-PON">XGS-PON</a> is popular among fiber ISPs in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DOCSIS_Provisioning_of_EPON_(DPoE)"><span id="DOCSIS_Provisioning_of_EPON_.28DPoE.29"></span>DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (<a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a>) Provisioning of Ethernet Passive Optical Network, or DPoE, is a set of <a href="/wiki/CableLabs" title="CableLabs">CableLabs</a> specifications that implement the DOCSIS service layer interface on existing Ethernet PON (EPON, GEPON or 10G-EPON) <a href="/wiki/Media_access_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media access control">media access control</a> (MAC) and <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> (PHY) standards. In short it implements the DOCSIS Operations Administration Maintenance and Provisioning (OAMP) functionality on existing EPON equipment. It makes the EPON OLT look and act like a DOCSIS <a href="/wiki/Cable_Modem_Termination_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable Modem Termination System">Cable Modem Termination Systems</a> (CMTS) platform (which is called a DPoE System in DPoE terminology). In addition to offering the same IP service capabilities as a CMTS, DPoE supports Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) 9 and 14 services for the delivery of Ethernet services for business customers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> <a href="/wiki/Xfinity" title="Xfinity">Xfinity</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charter_Communications" title="Charter Communications">Charter</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(brand)" title="Spectrum (brand)">Spectrum</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use 10G-EPON with DPoE in newly-deployed areas, including new construction and rural expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_frequency_over_glass">Radio frequency over glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radio frequency over glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_over_glass" title="Radio frequency over glass">Radio frequency over glass</a> (RFoG) is a type of passive optical network that transports RF signals that were formerly transported over copper (principally over a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> cable) over PON. In the forward direction RFoG is either a stand-alone P2MP system or an optical overlay for existing PON such as GEPON/EPON. The overlay for RFoG is based on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)—the passive combination of wavelengths on a single strand of glass. Reverse RF support is provided by transporting the upstream or return RF onto a separate wavelength from the PON return wavelength. The Society of Cable and Telecommunications Engineers (SCTE) Interface Practices Subcommittee (IPS) Work Group 5, is currently working on IPS 910 RF over Glass. RFoG offers backwards compatibility with existing RF modulation technology, but offers no additional bandwidth for RF based services. Although not yet completed, the RFoG standard is actually a collection of standardized options which are not compatible with each other (they cannot be mixed on the same PON). Some of the standards may interoperate with other PONs, others may not. It offers a means to support RF technologies in locations where only fiber is available or where copper is not permitted or feasible. This technology is targeted towards Cable TV operators and their existing HFC networks, but is also used by <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Communications" title="Frontier Communications">Frontier Communications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziply_Fiber" title="Ziply Fiber">Ziply Fiber</a> to deliver pay TV services over fiber despite these companies never having owned or deployed a HFC network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WDM-PON">WDM-PON</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: WDM-PON"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wavelength-Division Multiplexing PON (WDM-PON) is a non-standard type of passive optical networking that is being developed by some companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The multiple wavelengths of a WDM-PON can be used to separate Optical Network Units (ONUs) into several virtual PONs co-existing on the same physical infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-tibitcom.com_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tibitcom.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively the wavelengths can be used collectively through statistical multiplexing to provide efficient wavelength utilization and lower delays experienced by the ONUs. </p><p>There is no common standard for WDM-PON nor any unanimously agreed upon definition of the term. By some definitions WDM-PON is a dedicated wavelength for each ONU. Other more liberal definitions suggest the use of more than one wavelength in any one direction on a PON is WDM-PON. It is difficult to point to an un-biased list of WDM-PON vendors when there is no such unanimous definition. PONs provide higher bandwidth than traditional copper based access networks. WDM-PON has better privacy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and better scalability because of each ONU only receives its own wavelength. </p><p><b>Advantages</b>: The MAC layer is simplified because the P2P connections between OLT and ONUs are realized in wavelength domain, so no P2MP media access control is needed. In WDM-PON each wavelength can run at a different speed and protocol so there is an easy pay-as-you-grow upgrade. </p><p><b>Challenges</b>: High cost of initial set-up, the cost of the WDM components. Temperature control is another challenge because of how wavelengths tend to drift with environmental temperatures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TWDM-PON">TWDM-PON</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: TWDM-PON"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Time- and wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON) is a primary solution for the next-generation passive optical network stage 2 (<a href="/wiki/NG-PON2" title="NG-PON2">NG-PON2</a>) by the full service access network (FSAN) in April 2012. TWDM-PON coexists with commercially deployed Gigabit PON (G-PON) and 10 Gigabit PON (XG-PON) systems. While G-PON, <a href="/wiki/XG-PON" class="mw-redirect" title="XG-PON">XG-PON</a>, and XGS-PON only support one wavelength per direction, NG-PON supports 4 or 8 wavelengths per direction, and 10 Gbps per wavelength for up to 80 Gbps of downstream and upstream bandwidth.<sup id="cite_ref-broadbandlibrary.com_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broadbandlibrary.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-Reach_Optical_Access_Networks">Long-Reach Optical Access Networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Long-Reach Optical Access Networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the Long-Reach Optical Access Network (LROAN) is to replace the optical/electrical/optical conversion that takes place at the local exchange with a continuous optical path that extends from the customer to the core of the network. Work by Davey and Payne at BT showed that significant cost savings could be made by reducing the electronic equipment and real-estate required at the local exchange or wire center.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proof of concept demonstrator showed that it was possible to serve 1024 users at 10 Gbit/s with 100 km reach.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This technology has sometimes been termed Long-Reach PON, however, many argue that the term PON is no longer applicable as, in most instances, only the distribution remains passive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enabling_technologies">Enabling technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Enabling technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the topology of PON, the transmission modes for downstream (that is, from OLT to ONU) and upstream (that is, from ONU to OLT) are different. For the downstream transmission, the OLT broadcasts optical signal to all the ONUs in continuous mode (CM), that is, the downstream channel always has optical data signal. However, in the upstream channel, ONUs can not transmit optical data signal in CM. Use of CM would result in all of the signals transmitted from the ONUs converging (with attenuation) into one fiber by the power splitter (serving as power coupler), and overlapping. To solve this problem, burst mode (BM) transmission is adopted for upstream channel. The given ONU only transmits optical packet when it is allocated a time slot and it needs to transmit, and all the ONUs share the upstream channel in the time-division multiplexing (TDM) mode. </p><p>The phases of the BM optical packets received by the OLT are different from packet to packet, since the ONUs are not synchronized to transmit optical packet in the same phase, and the distance between OLT and given ONU are random. Since the distance between the OLT and ONUs are not uniform, the optical packets received by the OLT may have different amplitudes. In order to compensate the phase variation and amplitude variation in a short time (for example within 40 ns for GPON<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_clock_and_data_recovery" title="Burst mode clock and data recovery">burst mode clock and data recovery</a> (BM-CDR) and burst mode amplifier (for example burst mode TIA) need to be employed, respectively. </p><p>Furthermore, the BM transmission mode requires the transmitter to work in burst mode. Such a burst mode transmitter is able to turn on and off in short time. The above three kinds of circuitries in PON are quite different from their counterparts in the point-to-point <a href="/wiki/Continuous_transmission_mode" title="Continuous transmission mode">continuous mode</a> optical communication link. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_to_the_premises">Fiber to the premises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fiber to the premises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">Fiber to the x</a></div> <p>Passive optical networks do not use electrically powered components to split the signal. Instead, the signal is distributed using <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitters</a>. Each splitter typically splits the signal from a single fiber into 16, 32, or up to 256 fibers, depending on the manufacturer, and several splitters can be aggregated in a single cabinet. A beam splitter cannot provide any switching or buffering capabilities and does not use any power supply; the resulting connection is called a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link#Point-to-multipoint" title="Telecommunications link">point-to-multipoint link</a>. For such a connection, the optical network terminals on the customer's end must perform some special functions which would not otherwise be required. For example, due to the absence of switching, each signal leaving the central office must be <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting (computing)">broadcast</a> to all users served by that splitter (including to those for whom the signal is not intended). It is therefore up to the optical network terminal to filter out any signals intended for other customers. </p><p>In addition, since splitters have no buffering, each individual optical network terminal must be coordinated in a <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a> scheme to prevent signals sent by customers from colliding with each other. Two types of multiplexing are possible for achieving this: <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">wavelength-division multiplexing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplexing</a>. With wavelength-division multiplexing, each customer transmits their signal using a unique wavelength. With time-division multiplexing (TDM), the customers "take turns" transmitting information. TDM equipment has been on the market longest. Because there is no single definition of "WDM-PON" equipment, various vendors claim to have released the 'first' WDM-PON equipment, but there is no consensus on which product was the 'first' WDM-PON product to market. </p><p>Passive optical networks have both advantages and disadvantages over active networks. They avoid the complexities involved in keeping electronic equipment operating outdoors. They also allow for <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> broadcasts, which can simplify the delivery of <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog television</a>. However, because each signal must be pushed out to <i>everyone</i> served by the splitter (rather than to just a single switching device), the central office must be equipped with a particularly powerful piece of transmitting equipment called an <a href="/wiki/Optical_line_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical line terminal">optical line terminal</a> (OLT). In addition, because each customer's optical network terminal must transmit all the way to the central office (rather than to just the nearest switching device), reach extenders would be needed to achieve the distance from central office that is possible with <a href="/wiki/Outside_plant" title="Outside plant">outside plant</a> based active optical networks. </p><p>Optical distribution networks can also be designed in a <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(network_topology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point-to-point (network topology)">point-to-point</a> "homerun" topology where splitters and/or active networking are all located at the central office, allowing users to be patched into whichever network is required from the <a href="/wiki/Optical_distribution_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical distribution frame">optical distribution frame</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passive_optical_components">Passive optical components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Passive optical components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drivers behind the modern passive optical network are high reliability, low cost, and passive functionality. </p><p>Single-mode, passive optical components include branching devices such as Wavelength-Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexers (WDMs), isolators, circulators, and filters. These components are used in interoffice, loop feeder, <a href="/wiki/Fiber_in_the_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber in the loop">Fiber In The Loop</a> (FITL), <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable</a> (HFC), <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_optical_networking" title="Synchronous optical networking">Synchronous Optical Network</a> (SONET), and <a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">Synchronous Digital Hierarchy</a> (SDH) systems; and other telecommunications networks employing optical communications systems that utilize Optical Fiber Amplifiers (OFAs) and <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing#Dense_WDM" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexer</a> (DWDM) systems. Proposed requirements for these components were published in 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The broad variety of passive optical components applications include multichannel transmission, distribution, optical taps for monitoring, pump combiners for fiber amplifiers, bit-rate limiters, optical connects, route diversity, polarization diversity, interferometers, and coherent communication. </p><p>WDMs are optical components in which power is split or combined based on the wavelength composition of the optical signal. <i><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing#Dense_WDM" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexers</a> (DWDMs)</i> are optical components that split power over at least four wavelengths. <i>Wavelength insensitive couplers</i> are passive optical components in which power is split or combined independently of the wavelength composition of the optical signal. A given component may combine and divide optical signals simultaneously, as in bidirectional (duplex) transmission over a single fiber. Passive optical components are data format transparent, combining and dividing optical power in some predetermined ratio (<i>coupling ratio</i>) regardless of the information content of the signals. WDMs can be thought of as <i>wavelength</i> splitters and combiners. Wavelength insensitive couplers can be thought of as <i>power</i> splitters and combiners. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">optical <i>isolator</i></a> is a two-port passive component that allows light (in a given wavelength range) to pass through with low attenuation in one direction, while isolating (providing a high attenuation for) light propagating in the reverse direction. Isolators are used as both integral and in-line components in laser diode modules and optical amplifiers, and to reduce noise caused by multi-path reflection in high-bitrate and analog transmission systems. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Optical_circulator" title="Optical circulator">optical <i>circulator</i></a> operates in a similar way to an optical isolator, except that the reverse propagating lightwave is directed to a third port for output, instead of being lost. An optical circulator can be used for bidirectional transmission, as a type of branching component that distributes (and isolates) optical power among fibers, based on the direction of the lightwave propagation. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic filter">fiber optic <i>filter</i></a> is a component with two or more ports that provides wavelength sensitive loss, isolation and/or return loss. Fiber optic filters are in-line, wavelength selective, components that allow a specific range of wavelengths to pass through (or reflect) with low attenuation for classification of filter types. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10G-PON" title="10G-PON">10G-PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Speed_PON" title="Higher Speed PON">Higher Speed PON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_guaranteed_polling" title="Bandwidth guaranteed polling">Bandwidth guaranteed polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">fiber to the x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPON" title="GPON">GPON</a>, (gigabit-capable passive optical network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleaved_polling_with_adaptive_cycle_time" title="Interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time">Interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NG-PON2" title="NG-PON2">NG-PON2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newwavedv.com/markets/telecommunications/what-is-epon/">"What is EPON"</a>. <i>New Wave Design & Verification</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Wave+Design+%26+Verification&rft.atitle=What+is+EPON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewwavedv.com%2Fmarkets%2Ftelecommunications%2Fwhat-is-epon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74180-1"><bdi>978-0-470-74180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadband+Access%3A+Wireline+and+Wireless+-+Alternatives+for+Internet+Services&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-470-74180-1&rft.aulast=Gorshe&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+Arvind&rft.au=Starr%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Galli%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgrtAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpon%2Bedfa%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitayama2014" class="citation book cs1">Kitayama, Ken-Ichi (10 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhcmAwAAQBAJ&dq=pon+network+star+fiber+cable&pg=PA27"><i>Optical Code Division Multiple Access: A Practical Perspective</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITU&rft.atitle=ITU-T+Recommendation+database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2FITU-T%2Frecommendations%2Frec.aspx%3Frec%3D15160%26lang%3Den%23%3A~%3Atext%3D9804.3%2520describes%2520a%252050-Gigabit%2Cs%2520in%2520the%2520downstream%2520direction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telecomreview.com/articles/reports-and-coverage/7013-the-rise-of-50g-pon-delivering-enhanced-fiber-performance">"The Rise of 50G-PON: Delivering Enhanced Fiber Performance"</a>. 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+50G-PON%3A+Delivering+Enhanced+Fiber+Performance&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telecomreview.com%2Farticles%2Freports-and-coverage%2F7013-the-rise-of-50g-pon-delivering-enhanced-fiber-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-G.9804.3-202302-I!Amd1">"G.9804.3"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.9804.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-G.9804.3-202302-I%21Amd1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techblog.comsoc.org/2024/03/19/turk-telekom-and-zte-trial-50g-pon-in-turkey/">"Türk Telekom and ZTE trial 50G PON, but commercial deployment is not imminent – Technology Blog"</a>. <i>techblog.comsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techblog.comsoc.org&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk+Telekom+and+ZTE+trial+50G+PON%2C+but+commercial+deployment+is+not+imminent+%E2%80%93+Technology+Blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechblog.comsoc.org%2F2024%2F03%2F19%2Fturk-telekom-and-zte-trial-50g-pon-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXingZhangChenFeng2023" class="citation book cs1">Xing, Zhenping; Zhang, Kuo; Chen, Xi; Feng, Qiguang; Zheng, Keshuang; Zhao, Yijia; Dong, Zhen; Zhou, Ji; Gui, Tao; Ye, Zhicheng; Li, Liangchuan (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10117057">"First Real-time Demonstration of 200G TFDMA Coherent PON using Ultra-simple ONUs"</a>. <i>Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC) 2023</i>. pp. Th4C.4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOFC.2023.Th4C.4">10.1364/OFC.2023.Th4C.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-957171-18-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-957171-18-0"><bdi>978-1-957171-18-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Real-time+Demonstration+of+200G+TFDMA+Coherent+PON+using+Ultra-simple+ONUs&rft.btitle=Optical+Fiber+Communication+Conference+%28OFC%29+2023&rft.pages=Th4C.4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOFC.2023.Th4C.4&rft.isbn=978-1-957171-18-0&rft.aulast=Xing&rft.aufirst=Zhenping&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Kuo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xi&rft.au=Feng%2C+Qiguang&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Keshuang&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yijia&rft.au=Dong%2C+Zhen&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Ji&rft.au=Gui%2C+Tao&rft.au=Ye%2C+Zhicheng&rft.au=Li%2C+Liangchuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F10117057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7936868">"First demonstration of symmetric 100G-PON in O-band with 10G-class optical devices enabled by dispersion-supported equalization"</a>. March 2017. pp. 1–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+demonstration+of+symmetric+100G-PON+in+O-band+with+10G-class+optical+devices+enabled+by+dispersion-supported+equalization&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7936868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lightwaveonline.com/broadband/article/55031015/nokia-nokia-debuts-first-100g-pon-fiber-broadband-technology-in-us">"Nokia debuts 100G PON fiber broadband technology in U.S."</a> 17 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia+debuts+100G+PON+fiber+broadband+technology+in+U.S.&rft.date=2022-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lightwaveonline.com%2Fbroadband%2Farticle%2F55031015%2Fnokia-nokia-debuts-first-100g-pon-fiber-broadband-technology-in-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cablinginstall.com/standards/article/14278793/nokia-unveils-100g-pon-for-fiber-broadband-in-us">"Nokia unveils 100G PON for fiber broadband in U.S."</a> 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia+unveils+100G+PON+for+fiber+broadband+in+U.S.&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cablinginstall.com%2Fstandards%2Farticle%2F14278793%2Fnokia-unveils-100g-pon-for-fiber-broadband-in-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2024" class="citation web cs1">King, Julia (2024-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fierce-network.com/broadband/nokias-pon-demo-down-under-next-step-100g">"Nokia's PON demo down under is 'next step' to 100G"</a>. <i>www.fierce-network.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fierce-network.com&rft.atitle=Nokia%27s+PON+demo+down+under+is+%27next+step%27+to+100G&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fierce-network.com%2Fbroadband%2Fnokias-pon-demo-down-under-next-step-100g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US9490929">"Method and apparatus for protecting fiber optic distribution systems"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Method+and+apparatus+for+protecting+fiber+optic+distribution+systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS9490929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telos.com/secure-networks/optical-lan/secure-pon/">"Secure Passive Optical Network Solutions from Telos Corporation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armored+SPON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armoredshield.com%2Farmored-spon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005020408/http://www.envistacom.com/press-release/BICSI-Press-Release.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.envistacom.com/press-release/BICSI-Press-Release.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Wiley & Sons. 12 May 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74180-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-74180-1"><bdi>978-0-470-74180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadband+Access%3A+Wireline+and+Wireless+-+Alternatives+for+Internet+Services&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-470-74180-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgrtAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpon%2Bsplit%2Bratio%2B1%3A64%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSO5CVBuhKEC&dq=pon+split+ratio+1:64&pg=PA155"><i>Passive Optical Networks: Principles and Practice</i></a>. Elsevier. 10 October 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055345-0"><bdi>978-0-08-055345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passive+Optical+Networks%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055345-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSO5CVBuhKEC%26dq%3Dpon%2Bsplit%2Bratio%2B1%3A64%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broadbandlibrary.com/10-gbps-symmetrical-with-xgs-pon/#:~:text=XGS%2DPON%20supports%20up%20to,and%201%3A16%20split%20ratios">"10 GBPS Symmetrical with XGS-PON |"</a>. 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+GBPS+Symmetrical+with+XGS-PON+%26%23124%3B&rft.date=2019-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbroadbandlibrary.com%2F10-gbps-symmetrical-with-xgs-pon%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DXGS%252DPON%2520supports%2520up%2520to%2Cand%25201%253A16%2520split%2520ratios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=s&id=T-REC-G.9804.1-201911-I!!PDF-E&type=items">https://www.itu.int/rec/dologin_pub.asp?lang=s&id=T-REC-G.9804.1-201911-I!!PDF-E&type=items</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2Sz8xZnXiUC&dq=pon+cascade+splitter&pg=PA20"><i>Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. 13 March 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-15606-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-15606-3"><bdi>978-1-118-15606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gigabit-capable+Passive+Optical+Networks&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.isbn=978-1-118-15606-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2Sz8xZnXiUC%26dq%3Dpon%2Bcascade%2Bsplitter%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_Kaufmann-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_Kaufmann_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_Kaufmann_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tqcBAAAQBAJ&dq=pon+cascade+splitter&pg=PA162"><i>FTTX Networks: Technology Implementation and Operation</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. 18 November 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800458-6"><bdi>978-0-12-800458-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FTTX+Networks%3A+Technology+Implementation+and+Operation&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800458-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tqcBAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpon%2Bcascade%2Bsplitter%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSO5CVBuhKEC&dq=pon+cascade+splitter&pg=PA268"><i>Passive Optical Networks: Principles and Practice</i></a>. 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(August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx2437YtXfkC&dq=pon+cascade+splitter&pg=PA26"><i>Broadband Optical Access Networks and Fiber-to-the-Home: Systems Technologies and Deployment Strategies</i></a>. 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(August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://carrier.huawei.com/~/media/cnbgv2/download/products/networks/ma5800-en.pdf">https://carrier.huawei.com/~/media/cnbgv2/download/products/networks/ma5800-en.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/14085/1/14085.pdf">"A 10-Gb/S 1024-Way-Split 100-km Long-Reach Optical-Access Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Lightwave Technology</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 685–693. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JLwT...25..685S">2007JLwT...25..685S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJLT.2006.889667">10.1109/JLT.2006.889667</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10509242">10509242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Lightwave+Technology&rft.atitle=A+10-Gb%2FS+1024-Way-Split+100-km+Long-Reach+Optical-Access+Network&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=685-693&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10509242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJLT.2006.889667&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JLwT...25..685S&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Darren+P.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F14085%2F1%2F14085.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rec. G.984, Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON), ITU-T, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-1209">"Generic Requirements for Passive Optical Components"</a>. <i>GR-1209, Issue 4</i>. <a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a>. September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GR-1209%2C+Issue+4&rft.atitle=Generic+Requirements+for+Passive+Optical+Components&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net%2Fsite-cgi%2Fido%2Fdocs.cgi%3FID%3DSEARCH%26DOCUMENT%3DGR-1209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?DOCUMENT=gr-1221&KEYWORDS=&TITLE=&ID=206856650SEARCH">"Generic Reliability Assurance Requirements for Passive Optical Components"</a>. <i>GR-1221, Issue 3</i>. <a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a>. September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GR-1221%2C+Issue+3&rft.atitle=Generic+Reliability+Assurance+Requirements+for+Passive+Optical+Components&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net%2Fsite-cgi%2Fido%2Fdocs.cgi%3FDOCUMENT%3Dgr-1221%26KEYWORDS%3D%26TITLE%3D%26ID%3D206856650SEARCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fowiki.com/b/gpon-gepon-comprehensive-comparison/">GPON vs GEPON Comprehensive Comparison</a></li> <li>Lam, Cedric F., (2007) "Passive Optical Networks: Principles and Practice.<i> San Diego, California.: Elsevier.</i></li> <li>Kramer, Glen, <i>Ethernet Passive Optical Networks</i>, McGraw-Hill Communications Engineering, 2005.</li> <li>Monnard, R., Zirngibl, M.m Doerr, C.R., Joyner, C.H. & Stulz, L.W. (1997).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=643302&userType=inst">Demonstration of a 12,155 Mb/s WDM PON Under Outside Plant Temperature Conditions</a>. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 9(12), 1655–1657.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cable360.net/ct/sections/features/31025.html">Blake, Victor R. Chasing Verizon FiOS, Communications Technology, August 2008</a></li> <li>McGarry, M., Reisslein, M., Maier M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mre.faculty.asu.edu/WDM_EPON06.pdf">WDM Ethernet Passive Optical Networks</a>. IEEE Optical Communications. (February 2006), S18-S25.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Hood_and_Elmar_Trojer2012" class="citation book cs1">Dave Hood and Elmar Trojer (2012). <i>Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-15558-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-15558-5"><bdi>978-1-118-15558-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gigabit-capable+Passive+Optical+Networks&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-15558-5&rft.au=Dave+Hood+and+Elmar+Trojer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APassive+optical+network" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_optical_network&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Passive_optical_network" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Passive optical network">Passive optical network</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-to-the-home0.htm">How Fiber-to-the-home Broadband Works</a>, including an explanation of Active Optical Networks (AON), at Howstuffworks.com.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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