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id="toc-Cascadia_subduction_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cascadia_subduction_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cascadia subduction zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cascadia_subduction_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Famous eruptions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_eruptions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famous eruptions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famous_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1914–1917_eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914–1917_eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1914–1917 eruptions of Lassen Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914–1917_eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2350_BP_(400_BC)_eruption_of_the_Mount_Meager_massif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2350_BP_(400_BC)_eruption_of_the_Mount_Meager_massif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>2350 BP (400 BC) eruption of the Mount Meager massif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2350_BP_(400_BC)_eruption_of_the_Mount_Meager_massif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7700_BP_(5783_BC)_eruption_of_Mount_Mazama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7700_BP_(5783_BC)_eruption_of_Mount_Mazama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>7700 BP (5783 BC) eruption of Mount Mazama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7700_BP_(5783_BC)_eruption_of_Mount_Mazama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13100_BP_(11,150_BC)_eruptions_of_Glacier_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13100_BP_(11,150_BC)_eruptions_of_Glacier_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>13100 BP (11,150 BC) eruptions of Glacier Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13100_BP_(11,150_BC)_eruptions_of_Glacier_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Other eruptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silverthrone_Caldera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silverthrone_Caldera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Silverthrone Caldera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silverthrone_Caldera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Garibaldi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Garibaldi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Mount Garibaldi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Garibaldi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Baker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Baker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Mount Baker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Baker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacier_Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacier_Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.4</span> <span>Glacier Peak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacier_Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Rainier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Rainier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.5</span> <span>Mount Rainier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Rainier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Adams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Adams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.6</span> <span>Mount Adams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Adams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Hood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Hood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.7</span> <span>Mount Hood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Hood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newberry_Volcano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newberry_Volcano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.8</span> <span>Newberry Volcano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newberry_Volcano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine_Lake_Volcano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_Lake_Volcano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.9</span> <span>Medicine Lake Volcano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_Lake_Volcano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Shasta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Shasta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.10</span> <span>Mount Shasta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Shasta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eruptions_in_the_Cascade_Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eruptions_in_the_Cascade_Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Eruptions in the Cascade Range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eruptions_in_the_Cascade_Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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/ <span class="geo">46.1912000; -122.1944000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chain of stratovolcanoes in western North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the volcanic arc. For the mountain range, see <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Cascades Volcanoes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG/272px-Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG/408px-Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG/544px-Mount_Rainier_7437.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> from the northeast</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_Volcanic_Arc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cascade_Volcanic_Arc.jpg/272px-Cascade_Volcanic_Arc.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cascade_Volcanic_Arc.jpg/408px-Cascade_Volcanic_Arc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Cascade_Volcanic_Arc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cascade Volcanoes</b> (also known as the <b>Cascade Volcanic Arc</b> or the <b>Cascade Arc</b>) are a number of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> in western <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, extending from southwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> through <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, a distance of well over 700 miles (1,100 km). The arc formed due to <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a>. Although taking its name from the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>, this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one, and the Cascade Volcanoes extend north into the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a>, past the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> which is the northward limit of the Cascade Range proper. </p><p>Some of the major cities along the length of the arc include <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and the population in the region exceeds 10 million. All could be potentially affected by volcanic activity and great subduction-zone <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> along the arc. Because the population of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> is rapidly increasing, the Cascade volcanoes are some of the most dangerous, due to their eruptive history and potential for future eruptions, and because they are underlain by weak, hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks that are susceptible to failure. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a> identified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Volcanology_and_Chemistry_of_the_Earth%27s_Interior" title="International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior">International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior</a> (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study, due to the danger it poses to <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a>. Many large, long-runout landslides originating on Cascade volcanoes have engulfed valleys tens of kilometers from their sources, and some of the areas affected now support large populations. </p><p>The Cascade Volcanoes are part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a>, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The Cascade Volcanoes have erupted several times in recorded history. Two most recent were <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> in 1914 to 1921 and a <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980</a>. It is also the site of Canada's most recent major eruption, in 410BCE at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cascade Arc includes nearly 20 major volcanoes, among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>, along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as <a href="/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya">tuyas</a>. Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago; however, most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old, and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old. Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in elevation, and the two highest, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a>, exceed <span style="white-space:nowrap">14,000 feet (4,300 m)</span>. By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_Volcano" title="Medicine Lake Volcano">Medicine Lake Volcano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Volcano" title="Newberry Volcano">Newberry Volcano</a>, which are about 145 and 108 cubic miles (600 and 450 km<sup>3</sup>) respectively. <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a> is the only Cascade volcano that is made exclusively of <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a>. The history of the cascade volcanoes can be separated into three major chapters which are discussed below. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg/220px-Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg/330px-Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg/440px-Lassen-Peak-Large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devastated_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Devastated Area">Devastated Area</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cinder_Cone_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinder Cone (California)">Cinder Cone</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Cascades_period">West Cascades period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: West Cascades period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The time between 37 million and 17 million years ago is known as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cascades" title="Western Cascades">West Cascades</a> period, this era is characterized as being when the volcanoes in this region were exceptionally active.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the arc was situated a little farther west than it is today. One volcano that was active during this time was the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aix" title="Mount Aix">Mount Aix</a> Volcanic Complex, which erupted more than 100 km<sup>3</sup> (24 cu mi) of tephra and pyroclastic debris over the span of just three eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lavas representing the earliest stage in the development of the Cascade Volcanic Arc mostly crop out south of the North Cascades proper, where uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> has been less, and a thicker blanket of Cascade Arc <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a> has been preserved. In the North Cascades, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a> have not yet identified with any certainty any volcanic rocks as old as 35 million years, but remnants of the ancient arc's internal <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_and_igneous_plumbing_systems" title="Volcanic and igneous plumbing systems">plumbing system</a> persist in the form of plutons, which are the crystallized <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chambers</a> that once fed the early Cascade volcanoes. The greatest mass of exposed Cascade Arc plumbing is the <a href="/wiki/Chilliwack_batholith" title="Chilliwack batholith">Chilliwack batholith</a>, which makes up much of the northern part of <a href="/wiki/North_Cascades_National_Park" title="North Cascades National Park">North Cascades National Park</a> and adjacent parts of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> beyond. Individual plutons range in age from about 35 million years old to 2.5 million years old. The older rocks invaded by all this magma were affected by the heat. Around the plutons of the <a href="/wiki/Batholith" title="Batholith">batholith</a>, the older rocks recrystallized. This contact metamorphism produced a fine mesh of interlocking crystals in the old rocks, generally strengthening them and making them more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Where the recrystallization was intense, the rocks took on a new appearance dark, dense and hard. Many rugged peaks in the North Cascades owe their prominence to this baking. The rocks holding up many such North Cascade giants, as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shuksan" title="Mount Shuksan">Mount Shuksan</a>, Mount Redoubt, Mount Challenger, and Mount Hozomeen, are all partly recrystallized by plutons of the nearby and underlying Chilliwack batholith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widespread_dormancy_period">Widespread dormancy period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Widespread dormancy period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The West Cascades period came to an end 17 million years ago when the Columbia River <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a> began erupting in eastern Washington and Oregon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a reason unknown to scientists the initiation of the flood basalts seemingly caused a significant dip in volcanic activity in the cascade chain lasting for over 8 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the volcanoes were stripped down to their cores by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> because they were not active enough to rebuild. This low point lasted from 17 to 9 million years ago and came to end when the Columbia flood basalts waned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Cascades_period">High Cascades period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: High Cascades period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As production of the Columbia River flood basalts slowed 9 million years ago the Cascade volcanoes became active again.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcanic arc also drifted farther east to its present location. When the Columbia basalts stopped entirely 6 million years ago the Cascades of central Oregon spectacularly flared up. This flare up lasted between 6.25 and 5.45 million years ago and is known as the Deschutes Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this 800,000 year span approximately 400 km<sup>3</sup> to 675 km<sup>3</sup> of pyroclastic material was expelled in 78 distinct eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been hypothesized that a heightened flux of basalt, possibly induced by tectonic slab-rollback, was focused beneath the volcanic arc and into the shallow crust by minor amounts of crustal extension. This extension allowed for the high flux of basalt to be stored at shallow levels beneath a new arc locus within fertile crust, resulting in the silica-rich volcanism we see in the Deschutes Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this pulse of activity the cascades retreated to the levels of activity we are more familiar with today. </p><p>For the remaining 5 or so million years the ancestors of many of the modern day Cascade volcanoes were built. Around half a million years ago a generation of older volcanoes died and many of the stratovolcanoes that we see today began their growth such as Glacier Peak and Mt. Shasta (600,000 years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mt. Rainier and Mt. Hood (500,000 years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mt. Adams (450,000 years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mt. Mazama (420,000 years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_arc">Modern arc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern arc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The volcanoes of the Cascade Arc share some general characteristics, but each has its own unique geological traits and history. <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> in California, which last erupted in 1917, is the southernmost historically active volcano in the arc, while the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a> in British Columbia, which erupted about 2,350 years ago, is generally considered the northernmost member of the arc. A few isolated volcanic centers northwest of the Mount Meager massif such as the <a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a>, which is a circular 20 km (12 mi) wide, deeply dissected <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> <a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">complex</a>, may also be the product of Cascadia subduction because the <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> can also be found at these volcanoes as they are elsewhere along the subduction zone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At issue are the current estimates of plate configuration and rate of <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a>, but based on the chemistry of these volcanoes, they are also subduction related and therefore part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cascade Volcanic Arc appears to be segmented; the central portion of the arc is the most active and the northern end least active. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belt" title="Garibaldi Volcanic Belt">Garibaldi Volcanic Belt</a> is the northern extension of the Cascade Arc. Volcanoes within the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">volcanic belt</a> are mostly <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a> along with the rest of the arc, but also include <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>, and small isolated <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> masses. The eruption styles within the belt range from <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive</a> to <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive</a>, with compositions from <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> to rhyolite. Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations, many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> composition, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, and changing <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> configurations. Four volcanoes within the belt appear related to <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismic activity</a> since 1975, including: Mount Meager massif, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Mount Cayley</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Volcanic_Belt" title="Pemberton Volcanic Belt">Pemberton Volcanic Belt</a> is an eroded <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">volcanic belt</a> north of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, which appears to have formed during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> before fracturing of the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Plate. The <a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a> is the only volcano within the belt that appears related to seismic activity since 1975. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Garibaldi_(50997016501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mount_Garibaldi_%2850997016501%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Garibaldi_%2850997016501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mount_Garibaldi_%2850997016501%29.jpg/330px-Mount_Garibaldi_%2850997016501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mount_Garibaldi_%2850997016501%29.jpg/440px-Mount_Garibaldi_%2850997016501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a> as seen from the south</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mount Meager massif is the most unstable volcanic massif in Canada. It has dumped <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> several meters deep into the <a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Valley" title="Pemberton Valley">Pemberton Valley</a> at least three times during the past 7,300 years. Recent drilling into the Pemberton Valley bed encountered remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flow</a> that had traveled 50 km (31 mi) from the volcano shortly before it last erupted 2,350 years ago. About 1,000,000,000 cubic metres (0.24 cu mi) of rock and sand extended over the width of the valley. Two previous debris flows, about 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> at least 32 km (20 mi) from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a> near <a href="/wiki/Meager_Creek" title="Meager Creek">Meager Creek</a>. The possibility of the Mount Meager massif covering stable sections of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2,400 years. There is no sign of volcanic activity with these events. However, scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas any time without warning. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Cayley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mount_Cayley.jpg/220px-Mount_Cayley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mount_Cayley.jpg/330px-Mount_Cayley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Mount_Cayley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Mount Cayley</a> as seen from its southeast slopes</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> has had large debris avalanches, and has also produced enormous <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a> due to the large amount of glacial ice present. Its lahars have reached all the way to <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. Around 5,000 years ago, a large chunk of the volcano slid away and that debris avalanche helped to produce the massive <a href="/wiki/Osceola_Mudflow" title="Osceola Mudflow">Osceola Mudflow</a>, which went all the way to the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> and south Seattle. This massive avalanche of rock and ice took out the top 1,600 feet (490 m) of Rainier, bringing its height down to around 14,100 feet (4,300 m). About 530 to 550 years ago, the <a href="/wiki/Electron_Mudflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron Mudflow">Electron Mudflow</a> occurred, although this was not as large-scale as the Osceola Mudflow. </p><p>While the Cascade volcanic arc (a <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> term) includes volcanoes such as the Mount Meager massif and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a>, which lie north of the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographic</a> term) is considered to have its northern boundary at the Fraser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_eruptions">Largest eruptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Largest eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg/209px-Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg/314px-Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg/418px-Dusty_Creek_drainage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Overview of Dusty Creek drainage, to the left pyroclastic deposits from Gamma Ridge can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg/167px-Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg/251px-Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg/334px-Kulshan_intracaldera_ignimbrite_deposit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ignimbrite deposited by the Lake Tapps eruption that formed the Kulshan caldera.</figcaption></figure> <p>The table below lists some of the greatest eruptions to have occurred in the Cascade chain. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Volcano </th> <th>Eruption Name </th> <th>Age </th> <th>VEI </th> <th>Volume of Magma (km<sup>3</sup>) </th> <th>Volume of Tephra (km<sup>3</sup>) </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lassen Volcanic Center </td> <td>Rockland Tephra </td> <td>610,000 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>130 </td> <td>326.7 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mount Baker Volcanic Field </td> <td>Lake Tapps Tephra </td> <td>1,149,000 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>124 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Crater Lake </td> <td>Mazama Ash </td> <td>5783 BC </td> <td>7 </td> <td>61 </td> <td>176 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gamma Ridge </td> <td>Gamma Ridge Caldera Formation </td> <td>1,242,000 </td> <td>6-7 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medicine Lake </td> <td>Antelope Well Tuff </td> <td>171,000 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Newberry </td> <td>Olema Ash </td> <td>80,000 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>14-22 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tepee Draw Tuff </td> <td>230,000 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mount St. Helens </td> <td>Layer Yn </td> <td>1860 BC </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>15.3 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png/330px-Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png/495px-Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png/660px-Cascade_eruptions_during_the_last_4000_years.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Major Cascade volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">myths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> concerning the Cascade volcanoes. According to some of these tales, Mounts <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)" title="Mount Jefferson (Oregon)">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Shasta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> were used as refuge from a great <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>. Other stories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_the_Gods_(geologic_event)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge of the Gods (geologic event)">Bridge of the Gods</a> tale, had various High Cascades such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Hood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Adams</a>, act as god-like chiefs who made <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> by throwing fire and stone at each other. <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">St. Helens</a> with its pre-1980 graceful appearance, was regaled as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded. Among the many stories concerning Mount Baker, one tells that the volcano was formerly married to Mount Rainier and lived in that vicinity. Then, because of a marital dispute, she picked herself up and marched north to her present position. Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks, the most well known to non-natives being Tahoma, the <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Mount Cayley</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Tusk" title="The Black Tusk">The Black Tusk</a> are known to the <a href="/wiki/Squamish_people" title="Squamish people">Squamish people</a> who live nearby as "the Landing Place of the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot springs</a> in the Canadian side of the arc, were originally used and revered by <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people. The springs located on <a href="/wiki/Meager_Creek" title="Meager Creek">Meager Creek</a> are called <i>Teiq</i><sup id="cite_ref-SA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the language of the <a href="/wiki/St%27at%27imc" class="mw-redirect" title="St'at'imc">Lillooet people</a> and were the farthest up the <a href="/wiki/Lillooet_River" title="Lillooet River">Lillooet River</a>. The spirit-beings/wizards known as "the Transformers" reached them during their journey into the <a href="/wiki/Lillooet_Country" title="Lillooet Country">Lillooet Country</a>, and were a "training" place for young First Nations men to acquire power and knowledge. In this area, also, was found the blackstone chief's head pipe that is famous of Lillooet artifacts; found buried in <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, one supposes from the 2350 BP eruption of the Mount Meager massif. </p><p>Legends associated with the great volcanoes are many, as well as with other peaks and geographical features of the arc, including its many hot springs and waterfalls and rock towers and other formations. Stories of Tahoma – today Mount Rainier and the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a> – allude to great, hidden grottos with sleeping giants, apparitions and other marvels in the volcanoes of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a> in California has long been well known for its associations with everything from <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemurians</a> to aliens to elves and, as everywhere in the arc, <a href="/wiki/Sasquatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasquatch">Sasquatch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png/220px-Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png/330px-Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png/440px-Cascadia_earthquake_sources.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Cascadia earthquake sources</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1792 British navigator <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">George Vancouver</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> and started to give English names to the high mountains he saw. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> was named for Vancouver's third lieutenant, the graceful <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> for a famous diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a> was named in honor of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>) and the tallest Cascade, Mount Rainier, is the namesake of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rainier_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1741)" title="Peter Rainier (Royal Navy officer, born 1741)">Peter Rainier</a>. Vancouver's expedition did not, however, name the arc these peaks belonged to. As marine trade in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a> and Puget Sound proceeded in the 1790s and beyond, the summits of Rainier and Baker became familiar to captains and crews (mostly British and American). </p><p>With the exception of the 1915 eruption of remote <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>, the arc was quiet for more than a century. Then, on May 18, 1980, the dramatic eruption of little-known <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> shattered the quiet and brought the world's attention to the arc. <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologists</a> were also concerned that the St. Helens eruption was a sign that long-dormant Cascade volcanoes might become active once more, as in the period from 1800 to 1857 when a total of eight erupted. None have erupted since St. Helens, but precautions are being taken nevertheless, such as the Mount Rainier Volcano <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">Lahar</a> Warning System in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cascadia_subduction_zone">Cascadia subduction zone</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cascadia subduction zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png/220px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png/330px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png/440px-Cascadia_subduction_zone_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Area of the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a>, including Cascade volcanoes (red triangles)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a></div> <p>The Cascade Volcanoes were formed by the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Fuca Plate">Juan de Fuca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer Plate">Explorer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gorda_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorda Plate">Gorda Plate</a> (remnants of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Farallon_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farallon Plate">Farallon Plate</a>) under the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia subduction zone</a>. This is a 680-mile (1,090 km) long <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a>, running 50 miles (80 km) off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> from <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">northern California</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. The plates move at a relative rate of over 0.4 inches (10 mm) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone. </p><p>Because of the very large fault area, the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes, magnitude 9.0 or greater, if rupture occurred over its whole area. When the "locked" zone stores up energy for an earthquake, the "transition" zone, although somewhat plastic, can rupture. Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km (37 mi) downdip from the deformation front. Farther downdip, there is a transition from fully locked to <a href="/wiki/Aseismic_creep" title="Aseismic creep">aseismic sliding</a>. </p><p>Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trench</a> present along the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cascadia_subduction_zone" title="Cascadia subduction zone">Cascadia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terranes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary wedge</a> have been uplifted to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains. A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers (<a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a>) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench. However, in common with most other subduction zones, the outer margin is slowly being compressed, similar to a giant <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>. When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals, the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> such as the M<sub>w</sub>  8.7–9.2 <a href="/wiki/1700_Cascadia_earthquake" title="1700 Cascadia earthquake">Cascadia earthquake of 1700</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_eruptions">Famous eruptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Famous eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg/220px-MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg/330px-MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg/440px-MSH82_st_helens_plume_from_harrys_ridge_05-19-82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2925" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>3,000-foot (910 m) steam plume from <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> on May 19, 1982</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> was one of the most closely studied volcanic eruptions in the arc and one of the best studied ever. It was a <a href="/wiki/Plinian_eruption" title="Plinian eruption">plinian</a> style eruption with a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a> 5 and was the most significant to occur in the lower 48 U.S. states in recorded history. An <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> at 8:32 a.m. on May 18, 1980, caused the entire weakened north face to slide away. An ash column rose 15 miles into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> and deposited ash in 11 U.S. states. The eruption killed 57 people and thousands of animals and caused more than a billion U.S. dollars in damage. Over 1.3 km<sup>3</sup> of tephra was ejected during this eruption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914–1917_eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak"><span id="1914.E2.80.931917_eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak"></span>1914–1917 eruptions of Lassen Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1914–1917 eruptions of Lassen Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a></div> <p>On May 22, 1915, an explosive eruption at Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and rained <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> as far away as 200 miles (320 km) to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A huge column of volcanic ash and gas rose more than 30,000 feet (9,100 m) into the air and was visible from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_California" title="Eureka, California">Eureka, California</a>, 150 miles (240 km) to the west. A <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flow</a> swept down the side of the volcano, devastating a 3-square-mile (7.8 km<sup>2</sup>) area. This explosion was the most powerful in a 1914–1917 series of eruptions at Lassen Peak.<sup id="cite_ref-Eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eruptions_of_Lassen_Peak-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2350_BP_(400_BC)_eruption_of_the_Mount_Meager_massif"><span id="2350_BP_.28400_BC.29_eruption_of_the_Mount_Meager_massif"></span>2350 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> (400 BC) eruption of the Mount Meager massif</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2350 BP (400 BC) eruption of the Mount Meager massif"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a> produced the most recent major eruption in Canada, sending <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> as far away as <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruption sent an <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">ash column</a> approximately 20 km (12 mi) high into the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This activity produced a diverse sequence of volcanic deposits, well exposed in the <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">bluffs</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Lillooet_River" title="Lillooet River">Lillooet River</a>, which is defined as the <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Creek_Formation" title="Pebble Creek Formation">Pebble Creek Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SE_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruption was episodic, occurring from a vent on the north-east side of <a href="/wiki/Plinth_Peak" title="Plinth Peak">Plinth Peak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unusual, thick apron of welded <a href="/wiki/Vitrophyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitrophyric">vitrophyric</a> <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> may represent the explosive collapse of an early <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava dome</a>, depositing ash several meters (a dozen or so feet) in thickness near the vent area.<sup id="cite_ref-SE_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volume of magma erupted in this event is equal to 2 km<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7700_BP_(5783_BC)_eruption_of_Mount_Mazama"><span id="7700_BP_.285783_BC.29_eruption_of_Mount_Mazama"></span>7700 BP (5783 BC) eruption of Mount Mazama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 7700 BP (5783 BC) eruption of Mount Mazama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crater_Lake_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Crater_Lake_2.jpg/280px-Crater_Lake_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Crater_Lake_2.jpg/420px-Crater_Lake_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Crater_Lake_2.jpg/560px-Crater_Lake_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The caldera of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mazama" title="Mount Mazama">Mount Mazama</a>, filled by <a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake" title="Crater Lake">Crater Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mazama" title="Mount Mazama">Mount Mazama</a></div> <p>The 7,700 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Mazama" title="Mount Mazama">Mount Mazama</a> was a large catastrophic eruption in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. It began with a large <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> that erupted from a single vent. The eruption was so great that most of Mount Mazama collapsed to form a <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> and subsequent smaller eruptions occurred as water began to fill in the caldera to form <a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake" title="Crater Lake">Crater Lake</a>. Volcanic ash from the eruption was carried across most of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> as well as parts of western Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13100_BP_(11,150_BC)_eruptions_of_Glacier_Peak"><span id="13100_BP_.2811.2C150_BC.29_eruptions_of_Glacier_Peak"></span>13100 BP (11,150 BC) eruptions of Glacier Peak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 13100 BP (11,150 BC) eruptions of Glacier Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 13,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a> generated an unusually strong sequence of eruptions depositing <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> as far away as <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These eruptions were some of the largest to occur in Washington state in the last 15,000 years, with one of them being a staggering 5 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Eruption Sequence ~13,000 Years Ago </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dense-rock_equivalent" title="Dense-rock equivalent">DRE Volume</a> </th> <th>Bulk Deposit Volume </th> <th>Plume Height </th></tr> <tr> <td>Layer B </td> <td>2.1 km<sup>3</sup> (0.50 cu mi) </td> <td>6.5 km<sup>3</sup> (1.6 cu mi) </td> <td>31 km (19 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Layer M </td> <td>0.4 km<sup>3</sup> (0.096 cu mi) </td> <td>1.1 km<sup>3</sup> (0.26 cu mi) </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td>Layer G </td> <td>1.9 km<sup>3</sup> (0.46 cu mi) </td> <td>6.0 km<sup>3</sup> (1.4 cu mi) </td> <td>32 km (20 mi) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_eruptions">Other eruptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silverthrone_Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Silverthrone Caldera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a>'s eruptions in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ranges" title="Pacific Ranges">Pacific Range</a> occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Last Glacial Period</a> and was episodically <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active</a> during both <a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Volcanic_Belt" title="Pemberton Volcanic Belt">Pemberton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Volcanic_Belt" title="Garibaldi Volcanic Belt">Garibaldi Volcanic Belt</a> stages of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanism</a>. The caldera is one of the largest of the few calderas in western Canada, measuring about 30 kilometres (19 mi) long (north-south) and 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide (east-west).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last eruption from Mount Silverthrone ran up against ice in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernaud_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernaud Creek (page does not exist)">Chernaud Creek</a>. The lava was <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dammed</a> by the ice and made a cliff with a waterfall up against it. The most recent activity was 1000 years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mount Garibaldi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ranges" title="Pacific Ranges">Pacific Range</a> was last active about 10,700 to 9,300 years ago from a <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cone</a> called <a href="/wiki/Opal_Cone" title="Opal Cone">Opal Cone</a>. It produced a 15 km (9.3 mi) long broad <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava flow</a> with prominent wrinkled ridges. The lava flow is unusually long for a silicic lava flow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Baker">Mount Baker</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mount Baker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Baker_22181.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mount_Baker_22181.JPG/400px-Mount_Baker_22181.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mount_Baker_22181.JPG/600px-Mount_Baker_22181.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mount_Baker_22181.JPG/800px-Mount_Baker_22181.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5447" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Panorama from the northwest of Mount Baker and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Buttes" title="Black Buttes">Black Buttes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a> erupted for the first time in several thousand years. <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">Fumarole</a> activity remains in <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Crater" title="Sherman Crater">Sherman Crater</a>, just south of the volcano's summit, became more intense in 1975 and is still energetic. However, an eruption is not expected in the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glacier_Peak">Glacier Peak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Glacier Peak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a> last erupted about 200–300 years ago and has erupted about six times in the past 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Rainier">Mount Rainier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mount Rainier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> last erupted between 1824 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and in 1894 as well. Mount Rainier has created at least four eruptions and many <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a> in the past 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Adams">Mount Adams</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mount Adams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a> was last active about 1,000 years ago and has created few eruptions during the past several thousand years, resulting in several major <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">lava flows</a>, the most notable being the A. G. Aiken Lava Bed, the Muddy Fork Lava Flows, and the Takh Takh Lava Flow. One of the most recent flows issued from South Butte created the 4.5-mile (7.2 km) long by 0.5-mile (0.80 km) wide A.G. Aiken Lava Bed. Thermal anomalies (<a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hot spots</a>) and gas emissions (including hydrogen sulfide) have occurred especially on the summit plateau since the Great Slide of 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Hood">Mount Hood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mount Hood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a> was last active about 200 years ago, creating <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>, and a well-known <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava dome</a> close to its peak called Crater Rock. Between 1856 and 1865, a sequence of steam explosions took place at Mount Hood.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newberry_Volcano">Newberry Volcano</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Newberry Volcano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A great deal of volcanic activity has occurred at <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Volcano" title="Newberry Volcano">Newberry Volcano</a>, which was last active about 1,300 years ago. It has one of the largest collections of <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava flows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">fissures</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicine_Lake_Volcano">Medicine Lake Volcano</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medicine Lake Volcano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_Volcano" title="Medicine Lake Volcano">Medicine Lake Volcano</a> has erupted about eight times in the past 4,000 years and was last active about 1,000 years ago when <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacite</a> erupted at <a href="/wiki/Little_Glass_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Glass Mountain">Glass Mountain</a> and associated vents near the <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>'s eastern rim.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mount_Shasta">Mount Shasta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mount Shasta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a> last erupted around 1250<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been the most active volcano in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> for about 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous claims of a 1786 eruption have been discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-SAS_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAS-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eruptions_in_the_Cascade_Range">Eruptions in the Cascade Range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eruptions in the Cascade Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eleven of the thirteen volcanoes in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> have erupted at least once in the past 4,000 years, and seven have done so in just the past 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cascade volcanoes have had more than 100 eruptions over the past few thousand years, many of them <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain Cascade volcanoes can be <a href="/wiki/Dormant_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormant volcano">dormant</a> for hundreds or thousands of years between eruptions, and therefore the great risk caused by volcanic activity in the regions is not always readily apparent. </p><p>When Cascade volcanoes do erupt, <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows, and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> can devastate areas more than 10 miles (16 km) away; and huge <a href="/wiki/Mudflow" title="Mudflow">mudflows</a> of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>, can inundate <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> more than 50 miles (80 km) downstream. Falling ash from explosive eruptions can disrupt human activities hundreds of miles downwind, and drifting clouds of fine ash can cause severe damage to <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> even thousands of miles away. </p><p>All of the known historical eruptions have occurred in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. The three most recent were <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> from 1914 to 1921, a <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980</a>, and a minor eruption of Mount St. Helens from 2004 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, volcanoes in southern British Columbia, central and southern Oregon are currently dormant. The regions lacking new eruptions keep in touch to positions of fracture zones that offset the <a href="/wiki/Gorda_Ridge" title="Gorda Ridge">Gorda Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer_Ridge" title="Explorer Ridge">Explorer Ridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridge" title="Juan de Fuca Ridge">Juan de Fuca Ridge</a>. The volcanoes with historical eruptions include: <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a>. </p><p>Renewed volcanic activity in the Cascade Arc, such as the <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a>, has offered a great deal of evidence about the structure of the Cascade Arc. One effect of the 1980 eruption was a greater knowledge of the influence of landslides and volcanic development in the evolution of volcanic terrain. A vast piece on the north side of Mount St. Helens dropped and formed a jumbled landslide environment several kilometers away from the volcano. Pyroclastic flows and lahars moved across the countryside. Parallel episodes have also happened at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a> and other Cascade volcanoes in prehistoric times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_volcanoes">List of volcanoes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: List of volcanoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Cascade_volcanoes" title="List of Cascade volcanoes">List of Cascade volcanoes</a></div> <p>Washington has a majority of the very highest volcanoes, with 4 of the top 6 overall, although Oregon does hold a majority of the next highest peaks. Even though Mount Rainier is the tallest, Mount Shasta in California is the largest by volume, followed by Washington's Mount Adams. Below is a list of the highest Cascade volcanoes: </p> <table class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td rowspan="2">Name</td> <td colspan="2">Elevation</td> <td rowspan="2">State/Province</td> <td>Location</td> <td rowspan="2">Last eruption </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"> <td>feet</td> <td>  meters  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinates">Coordinates</a> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,411 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,392</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=46.8528857_N_121.7603744_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°51′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°45′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.8528857°N 121.7603744°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.8528857; -121.7603744</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>November to December 1894 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,162 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,317</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=41.409196033_N_122.194888358_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°24′33″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°11′42″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.409196033°N 122.194888358°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.409196033; -122.194888358</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>About 1250 AD </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,280 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,740</td> <td>Washington</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=46.202411792_N_121.490894694_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°12′09″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°29′27″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.202411792°N 121.490894694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.202411792; -121.490894694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>About 950 AD </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,239 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,426 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=45.373514489_N_121.695918558_W_type:mountain_region:US-OR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°22′25″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°41′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.373514489°N 121.695918558°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.373514489; -121.695918558</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>1865 to 1866 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,781 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,286</td> <td>Washington</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=48.7773426_N_121.8132008_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°46′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°48′48″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.7773426°N 121.8132008°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.7773426; -121.8132008</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td>September to November 1880 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,541 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,213 </td> <td>Washington</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=48.112513950_N_121.113804642_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°06′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°06′50″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.112513950°N 121.113804642°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.112513950; -121.113804642</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>1700 ± 100 years </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)" title="Mount Jefferson (Oregon)">Mount Jefferson</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,497 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,199 </td> <td>Oregon</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=44.674300600_N_121.799573611_W_type:mountain_region:US-OR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°40′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°47′58″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.674300600°N 121.799573611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.674300600; -121.799573611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>About 950 AD<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,457 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,187 </td> <td>California</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=40.4881731_N_121.5050078_W_type:mountain_region:US-CA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°29′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°30′18″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.4881731°N 121.5050078°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.4881731; -121.5050078</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>1914 to 1917 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_Sister" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sister">South Sister (Three Sisters)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,358 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,157 </td> <td>Oregon</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=44.1034490_N_121.7692058_W_type:mountain_region:US-OR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°06′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°46′09″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.1034490°N 121.7692058°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.1034490; -121.7692058</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>50 BC </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_Sister" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sister">North Sister (Three Sisters)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,085 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,074 </td> <td>Oregon</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=44.1662273_N_121.7725431_W_region:US-OR_type:mountain_source:gnis_elevation:3074&title=North+Sister"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°09′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°46′21″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.1662273°N 121.7725431°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.1662273; -121.7725431</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">North Sister</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>100,000 yrs ago </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(Oregon)" title="Three Sisters (Oregon)">Middle Sister (Three Sisters)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,047 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,062 </td> <td>Oregon</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=44.1481718_N_121.7839312_W_region:US-OR_type:mountain_source:gnis_elevation:3062&title=Middle+Sister"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°08′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°47′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.1481718°N 121.7839312°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.1481718; -121.7839312</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Middle Sister</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>14,000 yrs ago </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_McLoughlin" title="Mount McLoughlin">Mount McLoughlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,495 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,894 </td> <td>Oregon</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=42_26_40_N_122_18_56_W_type:mountain_region:US-OR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°26′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°18′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.44444°N 122.31556°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.44444; -122.31556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>About 30,000 years ago </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,396 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,864 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=51_26_00_N_126_18_00_W_type:mountain_region:Can-BC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°26′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°18′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.43333°N 126.30000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.43333; -126.30000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>About 100,000 years ago </td></tr> <tr class="vcard" style="text-align:right;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,363 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,549</td> <td>Washington</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cascade_Volcanoes&params=46.1912000_N_122.1944000_W_type:mountain_region:US-WA_scale:100000_source:gnis"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°11′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°11′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.1912000°N 122.1944000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.1912000; -122.1944000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> <td>2004 to 2008 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/45px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/60px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_States" title="List of volcanoes in the United States">List of volcanoes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanology_of_Western_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanology of Western Canada">Volcanology of Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada" title="List of volcanoes in Canada">List of volcanoes in Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Geology of the Pacific Northwest">Geology of the Pacific Northwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cascade_Arc" title="Canadian Cascade Arc">Canadian Cascade Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbanke_Sound_Group" title="Milbanke Sound Group">Milbanke Sound Group</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320180">"Meager"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Meager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D320180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsupress.wsu.edu/product/the-restless-northwest/">"The Restless Northwest | WSU Press | Washington State University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Restless+Northwest+%7C+WSU+Press+%7C+Washington+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwsupress.wsu.edu%2Fproduct%2Fthe-restless-northwest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, John (1994-05-24). "Magmatic Evolution and Eruptive History of the Granitic Bumping Lake Pluton, Washington: Source of the Bumping River and Cash Prairie Tuffs". 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Eruption of the Mount Meager Volcanic Complex</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417163234/http://www.eos.ubc.ca/~krussell/epapers/bv_hrs99.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). Retrieved on 2007-07-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SD-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SD_21-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs165-97/">Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades</a> Retrieved on 2007-10-03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodKienle,_Jürgen1990" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (1990). <i>Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X"><bdi>0-521-43811-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+North+America%3A+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-43811-X&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Kienle%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=323010&vtab=Eruptions">"Shasta: Eruptive History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Shasta%3A+Eruptive+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D323010%26amp%3Bvtab%3DEruptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAS-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAS_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/californias-mount-shasta-loses-a-historical-eruption/">California's Mount Shasta Loses a Historical Eruption</a> Retrieved on 2021-07-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/MSH/Eruption04/framework.html">Mount St. Helens, Washington Eruption 2004 to Current</a> Retrieved on 2007-10-06.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen L. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr/page/454"><i>Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes (3rd ed.)</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Press_Publishing_Company" title="Mountain Press Publishing Company">Mountain Press Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firemountainsofw00harr/page/454">454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87842-220-3"><bdi>978-0-87842-220-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+Mountains+of+the+West%3A+The+Cascade+and+Mono+Lake+Volcanoes+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Mountain+Press+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87842-220-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffiremountainsofw00harr%2Fpage%2F454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodJürgen_Kienle1990" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Charles A.; Jürgen Kienle, eds. (1990). <i>Volcanoes of North America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43811-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43811-7"><bdi>978-0-521-43811-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+North+America&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43811-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skimountaineer.com/CascadeSki/CascadeIntro.html">Skiing the Cascade Volcanoes – Introduction to the Cascade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1980" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen L. (1980). <i>Fire & Ice: The Cascade Volcanoes</i>. Seattle, WA: <a href="/wiki/The_Mountaineers_(club)" title="The Mountaineers (club)">The Mountaineers</a> and Pacific Search Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-009-2"><bdi>978-0-89886-009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+%26+Ice%3A+The+Cascade+Volcanoes&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+and+Pacific+Search+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-009-2&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACascade+Volcanoes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cascade Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Columbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silverthrone_Caldera" title="Silverthrone Caldera">Silverthrone Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Glacier_Complex" title="Franklin Glacier Complex">Franklin Glacier Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Meager_massif" title="Mount Meager massif">Mount Meager massif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cayley" title="Mount Cayley">Mount Cayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Garibaldi" title="Mount Garibaldi">Mount Garibaldi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Rainier"><img alt="Mount Rainier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg/120px-Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg/180px-Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg/240px-Mount_Rainier_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Washington</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker" title="Mount Baker">Mount Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Crater" title="Sherman Crater">Sherman Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Buttes" title="Black Buttes">Black Buttes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schriebers_Meadow_Cone" title="Schriebers Meadow Cone">Schriebers Meadow Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulshan_caldera" title="Kulshan caldera">Kulshan caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_caldera" title="Hannegan caldera">Hannegan caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_Peak" title="Hannegan Peak">Hannegan Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mountain" title="Ruth Mountain">Ruth Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icy_Peak" title="Icy Peak">Icy Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Washington)" title="Mount Terror (Washington)">Mount Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Peak" title="Glacier Peak">Glacier Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Chuck_Cinder_Cone" title="White Chuck Cinder Cone">White Chuck Cinder Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishpan_Gap" title="Dishpan Gap">Dishpan Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hinman" title="Mount Hinman">Mount Hinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Daniel" title="Mount Daniel">Mount Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Rock_(Washington)" title="Cathedral Rock (Washington)">Cathedral Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Si" title="Mount Si">Mount Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Tahoma_Peak" title="Little Tahoma Peak">Little Tahoma Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Mountain" title="Burroughs Mountain">Burroughs Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshee_Peak" title="Banshee Peak">Banshee Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Chimneys" title="Cowlitz Chimneys">Cowlitz Chimneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Desolate" title="Old Desolate">Old Desolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_Island_Mountain" title="Goat Island Mountain">Goat Island Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wow" title="Mount Wow">Mount Wow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifes_Peaks" title="Fifes Peaks">Fifes Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aix" title="Mount Aix">Mount Aix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_Rocks" title="Goat Rocks">Goat Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Peak_(Washington)" title="Gilbert Peak (Washington)">Gilbert Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Snowy_Mountain" title="Old Snowy Mountain">Old Snowy Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives_Peak" title="Ives Peak">Ives Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieton_Peak" title="Tieton Peak">Tieton Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_Butte" title="Spiral Butte">Spiral Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Heaven" title="Indian Heaven">Indian Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Butte_(Washington)" title="Lone Butte (Washington)">Lone Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawtooth_Mountain" title="Sawtooth Mountain">Sawtooth Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemei_Rock" title="Lemei Rock">Lemei Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lava_Bed" title="Big Lava Bed">Big Lava Bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Mountain-Trout_Creek_Hill" title="Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill">Marble Mountain-Trout Creek Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Crater" title="West Crater">West Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_Creek_Hill" title="Trout Creek Hill">Trout Creek Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_Mountain" title="Tumtum Mountain">Tumtum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Ground_Lake_State_Park" title="Battle Ground Lake State Park">Battle Ground Lake State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Rock_State_Park" title="Beacon Rock State Park">Beacon Rock State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_(Skamania_County,_Washington)" title="Table Mountain (Skamania County, Washington)">Table Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenleaf_Peak" title="Greenleaf Peak">Greenleaf Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Mountain_(Washington)" title="Wind Mountain (Washington)">Wind Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oregon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boring_Lava_Field" title="Boring Lava Field">Boring Lava Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sylvania" title="Mount Sylvania">Mount Sylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Rock_Island" title="Elk Rock Island">Elk Rock Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Clackamas_County,_Oregon)" title="Mount Scott (Clackamas County, Oregon)">Mount Scott (Clackamas County)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willamette_National_Cemetery" title="Willamette National Cemetery">Willamette National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor_(Oregon)" title="Mount Tabor (Oregon)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster_Rock_State_Park" title="Rooster Rock State Park">Rooster Rock State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch_Mountain_(Multnomah_County,_Oregon)" title="Larch Mountain (Multnomah County, Oregon)">Larch Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Ax" title="Battle Ax">Battle Ax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olallie_Butte" title="Olallie Butte">Olallie Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Oregon)" title="Mount Jefferson (Oregon)">Mount Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Peak_(Oregon)" title="Snow Peak (Oregon)">Snow Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Mountain_(Oregon)" title="Crescent Mountain (Oregon)">Crescent Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Mountain_(Oregon)" title="Iron Mountain (Oregon)">Iron Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumalo_Volcanic_Center" title="Tumalo Volcanic Center">Tumalo Volcanic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(Oregon)" title="Three Sisters (Oregon)">Three Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Multnomah" title="Mount Multnomah">Mount Multnomah</a> (unvalidated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Top" title="Broken Top">Broken Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Butte" title="Ball Butte">Ball Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumalo_Mountain" title="Tumalo Mountain">Tumalo Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bachelor" title="Mount Bachelor">Mount Bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_Volcano" title="Newberry Volcano">Newberry Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Peak_(Oregon)" title="Diamond Peak (Oregon)">Diamond Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bailey_(Oregon)" title="Mount Bailey (Oregon)">Mount Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlock_Mountain" title="Howlock Mountain">Howlock Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Thielsen" title="Mount Thielsen">Mount Thielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Mazama" title="Mount Mazama">Mount Mazama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crater_Lake" title="Crater Lake">Crater Lake</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Klamath_County,_Oregon)" title="Mount Scott (Klamath County, Oregon)">Mount Scott (Klamath County)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizard_Island" title="Wizard Island">Wizard Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Ship_(island)" title="Phantom Ship (island)">Phantom Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Peak" title="Hillman Peak">Hillman Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applegate_Peak" title="Applegate Peak">Applegate Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustler_Peak" title="Rustler Peak">Rustler Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Butte" title="Pelican Butte">Pelican Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_McLoughlin" title="Mount McLoughlin">Mount McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Mountain_(Klamath_County,_Oregon)" title="Brown Mountain (Klamath County, Oregon)">Brown Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Butte" title="Aspen Butte">Aspen Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Lakes_Wilderness" title="Mountain Lakes Wilderness">Mountain Lakes Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxy_Ann_Peak" title="Roxy Ann Peak">Roxy Ann Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldy_(Jackson_County,_Oregon)" title="Baldy (Jackson County, Oregon)">Baldy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_Peak_(Oregon)" title="Grizzly Peak (Oregon)">Grizzly Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_Rock_(Oregon)" title="Pilot Rock (Oregon)">Pilot Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamsay_Mountain" title="Yamsay Mountain">Yamsay Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gearhart_Mountain" title="Gearhart Mountain">Gearhart Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yainax_Butte" title="Yainax Butte">Yainax Butte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shasta" title="Mount Shasta">Mount Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shastina" title="Shastina">Shastina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Butte_(Siskiyou_County,_California)" title="Black Butte (Siskiyou County, California)">Black Butte (California)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Mountain_(California)" title="Rainbow Mountain (California)">Rainbow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_Volcano" title="Medicine Lake Volcano">Medicine Lake Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schonchin_Butte" title="Schonchin Butte">Schonchin Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Beds_National_Monument" title="Lava Beds National Monument">Lava Beds National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Plateau" title="Modoc Plateau">Modoc Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushy_Butte" title="Brushy Butte">Brushy Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cave" title="Big Cave">Big Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burney_Mountain" title="Burney Mountain">Burney Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magee_Peak" title="Magee Peak">Magee Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Mountain_(Shasta_County,_California)" title="Snow Mountain (Shasta County, California)">Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latour_Butte" title="Latour Butte">Latour Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tehama" title="Mount Tehama">Mount Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumpass_Mountain" title="Bumpass Mountain">Bumpass Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dittmar_Volcano" title="Dittmar Volcano">Dittmar Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Maidu" title="Mount Maidu">Mount Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Yana" title="Mount Yana">Mount Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goosenest" title="Goosenest">Goosenest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&oldid=1261258008">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cascade_Volcanoes&oldid=1261258008</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Category:Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cascade_Range" title="Category:Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_British_Columbia" title="Category:Volcanoes of British Columbia">Volcanoes of British Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Volcanoes of Washington (state)">Volcanoes of Washington (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Oregon" 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