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class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_(PRP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bongbong_Marcos_(Independent)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bongbong_Marcos_(Independent)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Bongbong Marcos (Independent) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bongbong_Marcos_(Independent)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodrigo_Duterte_(PDP–Laban)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodrigo_Duterte_(PDP–Laban)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodrigo_Duterte_(PDP–Laban)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alan_Peter_Cayetano_(Independent)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alan_Peter_Cayetano_(Independent)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Alan Peter Cayetano (Independent) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alan_Peter_Cayetano_(Independent)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grace_Poe_(Independent)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grace_Poe_(Independent)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Grace Poe (Independent) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grace_Poe_(Independent)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Francis_Escudero_(Independent)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francis_Escudero_(Independent)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Francis Escudero (Independent) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francis_Escudero_(Independent)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mar_Roxas_(Liberal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mar_Roxas_(Liberal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Mar Roxas (Liberal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mar_Roxas_(Liberal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leni_Robredo_(Liberal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leni_Robredo_(Liberal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Leni Robredo (Liberal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leni_Robredo_(Liberal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standalone_vice_presidential_candidate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standalone_vice_presidential_candidate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Standalone vice presidential candidate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standalone_vice_presidential_candidate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antonio_Trillanes_(Independent)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antonio_Trillanes_(Independent)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Antonio Trillanes (Independent) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antonio_Trillanes_(Independent)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Debates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Debates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Presidential debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidential_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidential_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vice presidential debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidential_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Opinion polling </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opinion polling subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 For president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_vice_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_vice_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 For vice president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_vice_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Start_of_campaign_period_for_national_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_campaign_period_for_national_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Start of campaign period for national positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_campaign_period_for_national_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Start_of_campaign_period_for_local_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_campaign_period_for_local_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Start of campaign period for local positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_campaign_period_for_local_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miting_de_avance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miting_de_avance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Miting de avance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miting_de_avance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_president_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_president_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 For president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_president_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 By region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_vice_president_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_vice_president_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 For vice president </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_vice_president_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_region_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 By region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Electoral protest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_per_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_per_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Results per province </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_per_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Close_provinces_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_provinces_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Close provinces and cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_provinces_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landslides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landslides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Landslides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landslides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_tallies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_tallies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Unofficial tallies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_tallies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voter_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Voter demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" > 16 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piniliay_sa_Pagka-Presidente_2016_(Pilipinas)" title="Piniliay sa Pagka-Presidente 2016 (Pilipinas) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Piniliay sa Pagka-Presidente 2016 (Pilipinas)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentschaftswahl_auf_den_Philippinen_2016" title="Präsidentschaftswahl auf den Philippinen 2016 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsidentschaftswahl auf den Philippinen 2016" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_presidenciales_de_Filipinas_de_2016" title="Elecciones presidenciales de Filipinas de 2016 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones presidenciales de Filipinas de 2016" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_pr%C3%A9sidentielle_philippine_de_2016" title="Élection présidentielle philippine de 2016 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection présidentielle philippine de 2016" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_Presiden_Filipina_2016" title="Pemilihan umum Presiden Filipina 2016 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan umum Presiden Filipina 2016" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_nelle_Filippine_del_2016" title="Elezioni presidenziali nelle Filippine del 2016 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni presidenziali nelle Filippine del 2016" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_raya_Presiden_Filipina_2016" title="Pilihan raya Presiden Filipina 2016 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pilihan raya Presiden Filipina 2016" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="2016年フィリピン大統領選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2016年フィリピン大統領選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%B5es_presidenciais_nas_Filipinas_em_2010" title="Eleições presidenciais nas Filipinas em 2010 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleições presidenciais nas Filipinas em 2010" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2016 Philippine presidential election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinien_presidentinvaali_2016" title="Filippiinien presidentinvaali 2016 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinien presidentinvaali 2016" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentvalet_i_Filippinerna_2016" title="Presidentvalet i Filippinerna 2016 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Presidentvalet i Filippinerna 2016" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halalang_pampanguluhan_sa_Pilipinas,_2016" title="Halalang pampanguluhan sa Pilipinas, 2016 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halalang pampanguluhan sa Pilipinas, 2016" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Filipinler_Cumhurba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_Se%C3%A7imleri" title="2016 Filipinler Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="2016 Filipinler Cumhurbaşkanlığı Seçimleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC16%E5%B1%86%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="第16屆菲律賓總統選舉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第16屆菲律賓總統選舉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="2016年菲律賓總統選舉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="2016年菲律賓總統選舉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1247979735">.mw-parser-output .ib-election{line-height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-data{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-label{width:5em;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-subheader{line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ib-election .infobox-header{font-weight:normal}@media(max-width:640px){body.skin--responsive:not(.skin-monobook):not(.skin-timeless) .mw-parser-output .ib-election .notpageimage.noresize img{height:80px!important;width:auto!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:290px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">2016 Philippine presidential election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class="">May 9, 2016</td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">80.69% <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6.35%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #ffd700;"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rodrigo Duterte 2013.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg/120px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg/180px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg/240px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="755" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #f0e68c;"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benigno S. Aquino III greets Corazon Malanyaon (cropped 2).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/120px-Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/180px-Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/240px-Benigno_S._Aquino_III_greets_Corazon_Malanyaon_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="358" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Running mate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">16,601,997 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">9,978,175 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">39.01% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">23.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #0070C0"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grace Poe-Llamanzares portrait.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg/120px-Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg/180px-Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Grace_Poe-Llamanzares_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="333" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FE4D00;"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -40px; left: -75px; width: 275px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:VP_Binay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="VP Binay.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/VP_Binay.jpg/275px-VP_Binay.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/VP_Binay.jpg/413px-VP_Binay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/VP_Binay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="640" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Running mate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">9,100,991 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">5,416,140 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">21.39% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">12.73% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Race_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Presidential_Race_2016.png/290px-Presidential_Race_2016.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Presidential_Race_2016.png/435px-Presidential_Race_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Presidential_Race_2016.png/580px-Presidential_Race_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><div>Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;">President before election <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;">Elected President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1247979735"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1152813436"><div style="background-color:#ddd; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold">2016 Philippine vice presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class="">May 9, 2016</td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #f0e68c;"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="14th Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png/120px-14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png/180px-14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png/240px-14th_Vice_President_of_the_Philippines_Leni_Robredo.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="431" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #EB312D"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Labong_Lodge_No._59_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Labong Lodge No. 59 (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="470" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">14,418,817 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">14,155,344 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">35.11% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">34.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FFD700"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_(18th_Congress_PH).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rep. Alan Peter Cayetano (18th Congress PH).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_%2818th_Congress_PH%29.jpg/120px-Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_%2818th_Congress_PH%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_%2818th_Congress_PH%29.jpg/180px-Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_%2818th_Congress_PH%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_%2818th_Congress_PH%29.jpg/240px-Rep._Alan_Peter_Cayetano_%2818th_Congress_PH%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="350" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #0070C0"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 120px; height: 150px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chiz.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chiz.jpg/120px-Chiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chiz.jpg/180px-Chiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chiz.jpg/240px-Chiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2090" /></a></div></div> </div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">5,903,379 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4,931,962 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">14.38% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">12.01% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><a href="/wiki/File:Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png/290px-Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="452" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png/435px-Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png/580px-Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><div>Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;">Vice President before election <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;">Elected Vice President <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The 2016 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on Monday, May 9, 2016, as part of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016 general election</a>. This was the 16th direct presidential election in the Philippines since <a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1935</a> and the fifth <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sextennial" class="extiw" title="wikt:sextennial">sextennial</a> presidential election since <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a>. Incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> was ineligible for re-election, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Philippine Constitution</a>. Incumbent vice president <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> was eligible for re-election but chose to run for the presidency instead. Therefore, this election determined the 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a> and the 14th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a>. The position of president and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a> are elected separately, thus the two winning candidates could come from different political parties. <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> was elected President of the Philippines with 38.5% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> met in late May to canvass the results and issued an official result with Duterte and <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> emerging as the winners of the presidential and vice presidential races, respectively. They were proclaimed on May 30 in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Philippines)">House of Representatives</a>. On the other hand, Robredo narrowly won the vice presidential election over <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, son of former President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. Bongbong Marcos filed an electoral protest through the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Presidential Electoral Tribunal">Presidential Electoral Tribunal</a>, but was later dismissed in 2021. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_system">Electoral system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Electoral system">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine presidential election">Philippine presidential election</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>, the election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. The <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a> is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency. The vice presidential election is a separate election, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing on the noon of June 30, 2016, and ending on the same day six years later.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010 Philippine presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013 Philippine Senate election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benigno_%22Noynoy%22_S._Aquino_III_(cropped_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Benigno_%22Noynoy%22_S._Aquino_III_%28cropped_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, the outgoing president, whose term expired on June 30, 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png/220px-2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png/330px-2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png/440px-2010PhilippineVPElectionResults.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Map of the results of the 2010 vice presidential election.</figcaption></figure> Senator <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> of the Liberal Party, who ran on an anti-corruption platform, won the 2010 election with 42.08% of the votes defeating <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, a former president who was deposed in 2001 after scandals of massive corruption, and several others. Meanwhile, Estrada's running mate, <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino-Lakas_ng_Bayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan">Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan</a> (PDP–Laban), defeated Aquino's running mate, Senator <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> and several others, in the vice presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-June_9-4">[4]</a> Roxas eventually accused Binay of electoral fraud in the Presidential Electoral Tribunal, citing that some of his votes were recorded as <a href="/wiki/Null_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Null vote">null votes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bordadora2-5">[5]</a> Both Binay and Roxas were subsequently appointed by Aquino to his cabinet, with Binay heading the <a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Coordinating_Council" title="Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council">Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and Roxas first being given the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)" title="Department of Transportation (Philippines)">Transportation and Communications</a> portfolio, then finally named as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of the Interior and Local Government">Secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a>, after the ban of appointing losing candidates expired a year after Aquino took office on June 30, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As of 2014, the tribunal had still not yet acted upon the preliminary motions of both parties and on Binay's counter-protest; the suit is expected to still not have been resolved by the time President Aquino's term expires.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> For the midterm <a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013 Senate election</a>, Aquino and Roxas formed the <a href="/wiki/Team_PNoy" title="Team PNoy">Team PNoy</a> coalition;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Estrada's PMP and Binay's PDP–Laban forged an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">United Nationalist Alliance</a> (UNA).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Team PNoy won nine Senate seats against UNA's three.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Movie and Television Review and Classification Board</a> chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>, daughter of defeated 2004 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Poe_Jr." title="Fernando Poe Jr.">Fernando Poe Jr.</a> topped the senatorial election.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In March 2014, PDP–Laban withdrew from UNA, a week after Binay resigned as party chairman, due "to differences with its leaders". Party president <a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel III">Aquilino Pimentel III</a> had a public quarrel with Binay over <a href="/wiki/Migz_Zubiri" title="Migz Zubiri">Migz Zubiri</a>'s inclusion in UNA's 2013 senatorial slate, whom Pimentel had accused of cheating in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2007 Philippine Senate election">2007 Senate election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In Pulse Asia survey released in April 2014, the first opinion poll for the presidential election, it showed Binay leading aspiring candidates, with 40% of those surveyed with Grace Poe a far second at 15%.<a href="#cite_note-Pulse_Asia_March_2014-14">[14]</a> Several other stalwarts of UNA, such as senators <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jinggoy_Estrada" title="Jinggoy Estrada">Jinggoy Estrada</a>, who had manifested his intention to run as Binay's running mate, and others such as Senator <a href="/wiki/Bong_Revilla" title="Bong Revilla">Bong Revilla</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas–CMD</a>, who was planning to run for president, were detained due to their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel_scam" title="Pork barrel scam">pork barrel scam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> No personalities linked with the Liberal Party involved in the scam were investigated. These actions by the government, which it said was part of its anti-corruption drive, were cited by UNA as "political persecution".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In July 2014, Renato Bondal, a defeated mayoral candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Makati_local_elections" title="2013 Makati local elections">2013 Makati mayoral election</a>, filed plunder cases against Makati mayor <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay_Jr." title="Jejomar Binay Jr.">Jejomar Binay, Jr.</a> and his father, the vice president, to the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a>. By the next month, a subcommittee of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_Blue_Ribbon_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Senate Blue Ribbon Committee">Blue Ribbon Committee</a> composed solely of Pimentel, along with <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> members <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Trillanes IV">Antonio Trillanes IV</a>, began Senate hearings against Binay on his alleged corruption while serving as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, beginning with the alleged overpriced annex building of the Makati City Hall.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It was followed by hearings on alleged corruption on deals supplying Makati senior citizens with birthday cakes,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> an agricultural estate in <a href="/wiki/Rosario,_Batangas" title="Rosario, Batangas">Rosario, Batangas</a> that Binay allegedly owns,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the allegedly overpriced <a href="/wiki/Makati_Science_High_School" title="Makati Science High School">Makati Science High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and the relocation of Makati residents to <a href="/wiki/Calauan,_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Calauan, Laguna">Calauan, Laguna</a> in a community without basic necessities.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_(2014)_a0001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_%282014%29_a0001.JPG/220px-PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_%282014%29_a0001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_%282014%29_a0001.JPG/330px-PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_%282014%29_a0001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_%282014%29_a0001.JPG/440px-PH-MM-makati-j.p._rizal_street-city_hall_-_pasig_river_view_%282014%29_a0001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Makati City Hall (taller building to the right) as viewed from the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>; the allegedly overpriced annex is the building to the left.</figcaption></figure> Binay had consistently denied any wrongdoing,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and from owning the Rosario estate,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> but had never appeared at the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> UNA Secretary General JV Bautista branded the investigations as part of the "Operation Plan Stop Nognog", insinuating on Binay's dark skin, with Roxas, Cayetano and Trillanes allegedly behind it to prevent Binay from becoming president. He accused billionaire businessman Salvador Zamora as its financier.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In May 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a> ordered the 242 bank accounts belonging to Binay to be frozen for six months, when it granted the petition of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Money_Laundering_Council_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Money Laundering Council (Philippines)">Anti-Money Laundering Council</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a>. Binay's camp had alleged certain people from the Liberal Party to be behind the freeze order,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> a charge President Aquino, in a <a href="/wiki/Bombo_Radyo_Philippines" title="Bombo Radyo Philippines">Bombo Radyo</a> interview, himself denied.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By late May 2015, the subcommittee report recommending the filing of a plunder (corruption worth more than 50 million pesos) complaint against Binay was signed by all three subcommittee members and Grace Poe.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> By early June, ten senators had already signed the subcommittee report, making it official and available to be debated upon in the Senate floor.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A Pulse Asia presidential survey taken at the time the hearings were done showed Grace Poe overtaking Binay, with her getting 30% of the respondents, over Binay's 22%.<a href="#cite_note-Pulse_June2-31">[31]</a> A month later, Binay sued Cayetano, Trillanes and several others for 200 million pesos in damages at the Makati Regional Trial Court for "well-organized and orchestrated effort" to damage his reputation and worsen his chances of becoming president.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Meanwhile, Aquino held several meetings with Roxas, Poe and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> on who should be the standard bearer of the Liberal Party. While none of them had announced their preferences at that time, Aquino was expected to announce his preferred candidate after his final State of the Nation Address late in July. Congressional heads Franklin Drilon and Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. denied that Liberal Party members had been dissatisfied with Aquino's indecision, saying that the party was still united.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> On early July, Binay launched his party, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">United Nationalist Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Flores-2015-34">[34]</a> Later that month, Aquino endorsed Roxas for president, which the latter accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-2015a-35">[35]</a> In August, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> mayor who had been a subject of a strong online following urging him to run, announced his intention to retire from politics after his mayoral term ends in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Poe announced her intention to seek the presidency by mid-September,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> followed by Escudero's announcing that he'll be her running mate a day later.<a href="#cite_note-Ager-2015a-38">[38]</a> Several days later, Cayetano announced his vice presidential candidacy, preferring to be Duterte's running mate. On October 3. Trillanes formally announced his vice presidential campaign as an independent, supporting Poe's presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Days later, <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a>, the representative from Camarines Sur and widow of former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of the Interior and Local Government">Secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Robredo" title="Jesse Robredo">Jesse Robredo</a> who died in a <a href="/wiki/2012_Philippine_Piper_Seneca_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Philippine Piper Seneca crash">plane crash</a> in 2012, accepted the offer of the Liberal Party to be Roxas' running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-2015a-40">[40]</a> Also on that day, Senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> announced his candidacy as vice president.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2015a-41">[41]</a> A week later, after being nominated by UNA, Senator <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a> announced that he would be Binay's running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Mallari-2015a-42">[42]</a> A day later, on the launch of her new book, Senator <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> announced her presidential candidacy;<a href="#cite_note-Bartolome-2015a-43">[43]</a> a couple of days later, she announced that Marcos would be her running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Hegina-2015a-44">[44]</a> At the final day of the filing of candidacies, Duterte did not show up; instead, the PDP–Laban nominated Martin Diño, chairman of the Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption.<a href="#cite_note-GMA_News-2015b-45">[45]</a> At the end of the day, more than a hundred people registered as presidential candidates, after a 5-day long filing period. These include current OFW Family Club representative <a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres" title="Roy Señeres">Roy Señeres</a> running under the <a href="/wiki/Partido_ng_Manggagawa_at_Magsasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka">Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka</a>, former representative from Iloilo Augusto Syjuco, who is running as an independent, and Engineer Juanita Mendoza Trocenio under the Partido Bagong Maharlika (PBM). For the vice presidency, nineteen people manifested their intention to run, including former assemblyman from Ifugao <a href="/wiki/Zosimo_Jesus_Paredes_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zosimo Jesus Paredes II">Zosimo Jesus Paredes II</a>, who is also running under the Partido Bagong Maharlika. AC Nielsen Philippines showed on its monitoring report between Jan 1 and Nov 30 that presidential candidate Binay spent 595 million pesos for campaign advertisements on television (before the campaign period). Vice presidential candidate Cayetano led the spenders in the race, spending 398 million pesos worth of TV advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Binay, denied the claim.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> An article from The <a href="/wiki/Manila_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Times">Manila Times</a> reported also that the administration's bet, Mar Roxas, led the list of the biggest ad spenders in the country with 774 million peso in television advertisement expenses from January to December, in a survey also conducted by AC Nielsen.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Candidates">Candidates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Candidates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election</a></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>, the President and Vice President are elected separately. An initial list of eight presidential candidates were uploaded on the certified candidates list in the commission's database on January 21, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Candidates-49">[49]</a> But only trimmed down to five, due to the declaration by the commission en banc of Dante Valencia as a nuisance candidate and the withdrawal of certificates of candidacies of Romel Mendoza and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres" title="Roy Señeres">Roy Señeres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This is the final and certified list of candidates for the elections to be included in the ballots:<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Although Señeres withdrew his candidacy and later died, his name was still included on the printed ballots. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:center;"> <th colspan="4">Presidential candidate </th> <th colspan="4">Vice presidential candidate </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:10%">Campaign </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Candidate name and party </th> <th style="width:10%">Position </th> <th colspan="3">Candidate name and party </th> <th style="width:10%">Position </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FE4D00;"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jejomar_Binay_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jejomar_Binay_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Jejomar_Binay_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jejomar_Binay_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Jejomar_Binay_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jejomar_Binay_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Jejomar_Binay_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="316" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a> </td> <th style="background:#FE4D00;"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gringo_Honasan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gringo_Honasan.jpg/80px-Gringo_Honasan.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gringo_Honasan.jpg/120px-Gringo_Honasan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gringo_Honasan.jpg/160px-Gringo_Honasan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="599" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a> UNA </td> <td>Senator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Binay_for_President_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Binay_for_President_2016.png/130px-Binay_for_President_2016.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Binay_for_President_2016.png/195px-Binay_for_President_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Binay_for_President_2016.png/260px-Binay_for_President_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="361" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jejomar Binay 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#F08080;"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Senator_Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="333" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">PRP</a> </td> <td>Senator </td> <th style="background:#F08080"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Labong_Lodge_No._59_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg/171px-Labong_Lodge_No._59_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="470" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> Independent<a href="#cite_note-fn1-61">[a]</a> </td> <td>Senator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg/130px-Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg/195px-Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg/260px-Si_Miriam_Ang_Sagot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="646" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ffd700"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg/80px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg/120px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg/160px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="755" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Davao_City" title="Mayor of Davao City">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> </td> <th style="background:#ffd700"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Senator_Alan_Peter_S._Cayetano_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="292" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> Independent<a href="#cite_note-fn1-61">[a]</a> </td> <td>Senator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png/130px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png/195px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png/260px-Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="240" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#0070C0"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_%28cropped%29.jpg/160px-Stores_Asia_Expo_2018_with_Guest_of_Honor_Sen._Grace_Poe_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="359" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>Senator </td> <th style="background:#0070C0"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chiz.jpg/90px-Chiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chiz.jpg/135px-Chiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chiz.jpg/180px-Chiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2090" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> Independent </td> <td>Senator </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png/130px-2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png/195px-2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png/260px-2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="565" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Grace Poe 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0e68c;"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg/79px-Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg/119px-Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg/159px-Mar_Roxas_082014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="428" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of the Interior and Local Government">secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a> </td> <th style="background:#f0e68c;"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg/80px-VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg/120px-VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg/160px-VP_Leni_Meeting_with_Pres_Duterte_Cropped_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1344" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td>House representative from <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Camarines Sur's 3rd congressional district">Camarines Sur's 3rd district</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png/130px-Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png/195px-Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png/260px-Mar_Roxas_Campaign_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="320" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Mar Roxas 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">None </td> <th style="background:#C00000"> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg/80px-Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg/120px-Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg/160px-Antonio_F._Trillanes_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4417" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a> Independent<a href="#cite_note-fn1-61">[a]</a> </td> <td>Senator </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_61-2">c</a> Cayetano, Marcos and Trillanes are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>, but failed to get that party's nomination; instead, all of them ran as independents. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jejomar_Binay_(UNA)">Jejomar Binay (UNA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jejomar Binay (UNA)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jejomar Binay 2016 presidential campaign">Jejomar Binay 2016 presidential campaign</a></div> When questioned by the media at the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Palace" title="Coconut Palace">Coconut Palace</a> in September 2011, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a>) confirmed his plans of running as president.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> By May 2014, Binay began his search for a running mate. As his potential running mate Senator <a href="/wiki/Jinggoy_Estrada" title="Jinggoy Estrada">Jinggoy Estrada</a> was in jail due to his implication in the <a href="/wiki/Priority_Development_Assistance_Fund_scam" class="mw-redirect" title="Priority Development Assistance Fund scam">PDAF scam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Macaraig2-63">[62]</a> Binay's offers were declined by <a href="/wiki/JV_Ejercito" title="JV Ejercito">JV Ejercito</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manny_Villar" title="Manny Villar">Manny Villar</a> (via wife <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Villar" title="Cynthia Villar">Cynthia Villar</a>),<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vilma_Santos" title="Vilma Santos">Vilma Santos</a> (via husband <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Recto" title="Ralph Recto">Ralph Recto</a>),<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a><a href="#cite_note-duterte_may232-69">[68]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Binay's daughter Abigail, also the Representative from Makati, said that Binay would accept anyone as his running mate except for <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a>, and that she preferred <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>, however Sen. <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> was the most preferred by UNA officials to be his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> On June 12, Independence Day, speech in <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, President Aquino said that he could only offer Binay the conduct of a clean and honest election, but not an outright endorsement.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> On June 22, Binay resigned from the Aquino cabinet, both as presidential adviser on <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Filipino Workers">Overseas Filipino Workers</a>' concerns and as chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council, but did not say why.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Two days later, Binay addressed the public from his Coconut Palace office, branding the current administration as "manhid at palpak" (insensitive and bumbling), but did not mention Aquino by name.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> His running mate was confirmed to be <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gringo_Honasan_(UNA)">Gringo Honasan (UNA)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gringo Honasan (UNA)">edit</a>]</div> Senator <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">United Nationalist Alliance</a>) denied that he was going to be <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a>'s running mate in September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> By the next month, however, he said that his team-up with Binay was possible.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> On October 12, 2015, Honasan announced that he will be running with Binay as the latter's vice president.<a href="#cite_note-Mallari-2015b-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_(PRP)">Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Miriam Defensor Santiago (PRP)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign">Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign</a></div> In a press conference on July 2, 2014, Senator <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">People's Reform Party</a>) revealed that she was suffering from stage 4 <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> and she might run as president for the third time if it goes into remission.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Called "the Iron Lady of Asia" and a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Award" title="Ramon Magsaysay Award">Ramon Magsaysay Award</a>, she was the widely expected winner of the <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992 election</a>, but lost after an inexplicably unscheduled <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a> during the counting of votes. She then ran for a Senate seat <a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">in 1995 and won</a>. She became one of the most popular senators since then, owing to her broad media visibility as well as to the high number of laws and bills she authored, a record that stands up to this day. She once again ran for president <a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">in 1998, but lost</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black propaganda</a> against her during the campaign. By November 2014, Santiago, in a tweet, announced that "In the 2016 presidential elections, when I am rid of my lung cancer, I intend to claim the presidency I won in 1992." In a letter to the Senate, Santiago said that more than 90% of the cancer cells have regressed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Santiago announced her candidacy for president in the launch of her book "Stupid is Forever" on October 13, 2015. She ran under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">People's Reform Party</a>, the same party in which she ran under during her 1992 and 1998 presidential campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-Bartolome-2015b-80">[79]</a> Days later, Santiago announced that Senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> would be her vice presidential running mate, a decision that largely earned criticism from progressives as Marcos is the son of the former president and dictator <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>. Her platform stood on the effective and efficient upholding and implementation of national and state-recognized international laws, enhancement of the agriculture industry with a focus on irrigation and farm-to-market roads, enhancing all seaports and airports in the country, creating at least one major government project in all provinces and all regions in the Philippines, building and highlighting the country's diplomatic affairs in the international level while skyrocketing the country's defense capabilities, and eradicating graft and corruption, which she believes to be the cause of poverty and inefficiency in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Hegina-2015b-81">[80]</a> Presidential candidate Rodrigo Duterte gave in an interview in November 2015 his comments on his fellow candidates' qualities, stating that "[i]f you want extraordinary competence and integrity, vote for Miriam."<a href="#cite_note-no_gasoline2-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bongbong_Marcos_(Independent)">Bongbong Marcos (Independent)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bongbong Marcos (Independent)">edit</a>]</div> Asked on a November 2012 interview at <a href="/wiki/DZBB-AM" title="DZBB-AM">DZBB</a> on his plans to run in 2016, Senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>) said "never say never."<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> By March 2015, in another interview, this time at <a href="/wiki/DZMM" title="DZMM">DZMM</a>, he said that he "will thoroughly study everything."<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In August 2015, after reports surfaced of him being <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a>'s running mate, Marcos clarified on an interview at the <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News_Channel" title="ABS-CBN News Channel">ABS-CBN News Channel</a> that he is still undecided on what position to run for, but he would certainly not be defending his Senate seat.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> On October 5, 2015, Senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> announced his candidacy for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016 election</a>, and would support the candidacy of <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> if he ever does run.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-2015b-86">[85]</a> Days later, Duterte declined Cayetano's and Marcos' offers to be their presidential running mate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodrigo_Duterte_(PDP–Laban)">Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign">Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign</a></div> Early in 2015, <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> made hints to the media of his intent to run for the presidency come 2016, with a widely praised promise of abolishing Congress altogether in favor of a Parliament should he win.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Earlier, in February 2014, Duterte was reportedly enjoying the support of several <a href="/wiki/Netizen" title="Netizen">netizens</a> lauding his performance as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>, especially in maintaining peace and order in the city, but he was quick to shrug off calls for him to run for president, saying he was not qualified for a higher public office.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> A year later, Duterte said in a <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> federalism forum that he'll only run for president "if (it is) to save the republic." Duterte cited the need of about 10 to 15 billion pesos for a campaign war chest as what was keeping him from running.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Days later, however, Duterte "re-entered" <a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a>; he maintained he never left the party, and only had to stand under a local party banner (Hugpong) in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013 local election</a> in order to ensure his victory.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> PDP–Laban president <a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel III">Aquilino Pimentel III</a> later said that Duterte was among his party's options for a presidential candidate for 2016, noting that the party's position on <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> coincides with Duterte's advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> A few days after reports came out saying incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> (a presidential aspirant) was eyeing Duterte as his possible running mate, Duterte issued a statement saying he was not interested in running for a national post.<a href="#cite_note-duterte_may232-69">[68]</a> In September 2014, Duterte already declined presidential aspirant and incumbent senator <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor-Santiago" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam Defensor-Santiago">Miriam Defensor-Santiago</a>'s offer to be her running mate, saying that instead of picking him as the senator's running mate, she could ask former defense secretary <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Teodoro,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gilberto Teodoro, Jr.">Gilberto Teodoro, Jr.</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> However, in October 2015, Santiago chose <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> as her running mate.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Later, during the June 21, 2015 airing of his weekly program in a local channel (Gikan Sa Masa, Para Sa Masa), Duterte stated that he was considering suggestions from his friends and supporters to run for president. He also added that he will stop expressing non-interest in starting a presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> On September 7, 2015, in a press conference held at Davao City, Duterte officially declared he will not be running for president in 2016 and apologized to all of his supporters on the decision. He additionally stated that he might retire from politics after his term as mayor of Davao City ends in 2016 and <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">his daughter</a> runs for the office. Other factors he states of his possible retirement included age, health concerns and his family's objections.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Mixed reactions erupted in social media hours after the declaration and several supporters still continued to petition online, urging the mayor to revert his decision.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> On September 26, 2015, a large number of supporters gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Quirino_Grandstand" title="Quirino Grandstand">Quirino Grandstand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a>, Manila to urge Duterte to officially run for the presidency in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Despite being an undeclared candidate, <a href="/wiki/Pulse_Asia" title="Pulse Asia">Pulse Asia</a> Research Director Ana Tabunda still considered Duterte "a serious contender" as he was already ranked 4th in a presidential survey done by Pulse Asia from late August to early September, as well as in a <a href="/wiki/Social_Weather_Stations" title="Social Weather Stations">Social Weather Stations</a> survey.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Duterte's long-time political rival and critic, former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Philippine_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Nograles" title="Prospero Nograles">Prospero Nograles</a>, also expressed his support for Duterte if ever the latter decided to run for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On September 29, incumbent Senator <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> declared his intention to run for the 2016 vice presidential post in a press event held in Davao City and considered Duterte his first choice as running mate for the presidential post; this eventually led to a meeting between the two parties.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> A day after meeting with Cayetano, Duterte met with another incumbent senator, <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, who also went to Davao City to personally talk to Duterte. Marcos was reportedly considering running for the vice presidential post as well; Marcos had not yet made any formal proclamation at that time. As with the Cayetano meeting, Duterte still declared that he was not running for president.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> On October 13, 2015, in a press conference held at a local hotel in Davao City, Duterte finalized his decision not to run for the presidency, with daughter <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara</a>'s objection being pointed out as one of the main contributors.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> On October 15, 2015, Duterte, through a representative, filed his candidacy for Mayor of Davao City at the local elections office.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> A day later, Duterte's daughter Sara, posted on her <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> account a photo of her candidacy as mayor of Davao City, while hinting that her father would seek a higher post and withdraw his mayoral re-election bid.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> However, it was not received by the commission in Davao City.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Duterte's possibility of substitution until December 10 was opened after <a href="/wiki/Martin_Di%C3%B1o" title="Martin Diño">Martin Diño</a>, father of celebrity <a href="/wiki/Liza_Di%C3%B1o" title="Liza Diño">Liza Diño</a>, chairman of Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption, and former <a href="/wiki/Barangay_captain" title="Barangay captain">barangay captain</a> of Brgy. San Antonio, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, filed his candidacy for president on the last minute. Diño is a member of <a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a>, the same party advocating the federalism system where Duterte belongs.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Diño clarified that there was a "clerical error" on his submitted candidacy (running for <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a> mayor, instead of president). On their general meeting held in Pasay on October 26, members of PDP–Laban had expressed their support to Diño in his presidential bid.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On October 21, Duterte told <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>' News.PH interview that there was still a chance he would change his mind. The decision, however, would have to be made by the PDP–Laban.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> On October 27, PDP–Laban confirmed that Duterte will substitute as the party's presidential bet if Diño withdraws or is disqualified by the Commission of Elections.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Two days later, Diño withdrew his presidential bid and named Duterte as his substitute because of a possibility that Diño might be declared as a nuisance candidate by the commission.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> On November 21, in a gathering held in his alma mater <a href="/wiki/San_Beda_College" class="mw-redirect" title="San Beda College">San Beda College</a>, Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and also finally accepted <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a>'s offer to be his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Duterte said he was disappointed over the decision made by the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Senate Electoral Tribunal">Senate Electoral Tribunal</a> regarding <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>'s citizenship as well as the current administration's handling of the '<a href="/wiki/2015_Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport_bullet_planting_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal">laglag-bala</a>' issue.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Duterte further stated that he will file his candidacy immediately after he reached out to his party.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> However, the legality of Duterte's substitution for Diño was questioned by some electoral lawyers because of an error made in Diño's certificate of candidacy that made him a <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a> mayoral bet despite being a resident of <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. Duterte topped all other candidates, including former front-runner <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>, in a survey published November 25, 2015, and held by Pulse Asia.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Poe said that the survey was 'inconclusive' and 'not reflective' and claimed it was made by Duterte's camp.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The day after, Duterte filed his certificate of candidacy at the commission main office in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and withdrew his bid for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Davao_City" title="Mayor of Davao City">Mayor of Davao City</a> (for which he was substituted by his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara</a>).<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alan_Peter_Cayetano_(Independent)">Alan Peter Cayetano (Independent)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alan Peter Cayetano (Independent)">edit</a>]</div> In a March 2013 interview with the <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News_Channel" title="ABS-CBN News Channel">ABS-CBN News Channel</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>), said that "I want to be president of this country."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In September 2015, after several surveys saw him trailing in the presidential race, said that he is withdrawing from the presidential election, and would instead focus for the vice presidency, preferably as the running mate of either <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>. A few days later in a Davao City meeting, Cayetano announced that he will seek candidacy for running as vice president. Cayetano, who he is the member of <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>, did not mention his presidential running-mate as the Nacionalistas will meet in a few days, for their decision.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> On October 1, Duterte said that if he would ever run for president, he would prefer Cayetano to be his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Days later, Duterte declined the offer to be Cayetano and <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>' offers to be their presidential running mate.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> However, during a phone interview with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a> In November 2015, Cayetano confirmed Duterte as his running mate if ever the latter confirms his candidacy for presidency.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grace_Poe_(Independent)">Grace Poe (Independent)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grace Poe (Independent)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Grace Poe 2016 presidential campaign">Grace Poe 2016 presidential campaign</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>'s surprising first-place finish in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013 Senate election</a> as an independent made her a likely contender for the presidency but she dismissed any plans of running in April 2014, saying she was not considering "anything higher at this point" and even declaring that Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago was the most qualified to run as president.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> On <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Benigno_Aquino_III#.C2.A0United_States_and_.C2.A0Canada_.28May_6_to_9.2C_2015.29" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Benigno Aquino III">President Aquino's state visit to Canada in May 2015</a>, the president disclosed that he had met with Poe prior to the trip, although he didn't say what the meeting was for.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> A couple of days later, Poe confirmed that she did meet with Aquino. Poe said that they "discussed his intention to choose a candidate who, first and foremost, has the trust of the nation, and, secondly, has the potential to win in the election, in order to sustain the reforms especially against corruption and the pro-poor programs of the government." Poe expected more meetings with Aquino in June.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> On June 2, UNA interim president <a href="/wiki/Toby_Tiangco" title="Toby Tiangco">Toby Tiangco</a>, responding to calls for Jejomar Binay to "come clean" on his corruption allegations, said in a press conference that Poe is not qualified to run either for president or vice president after citing her certificate of candidacy in the 2013 Senate election, which stated that she is a resident for six years and six months; adding three years for the 2016 election, nine years and six months or six months short mandated by the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Two days later, before a Senate session, Poe said that she wrote "six years and six months" because it was in April 2006 that her home in the United States was sold. Poe, who had been a resident of the United States for 13 years, returned to the Philippines after her father <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Poe,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Poe, Jr.">Fernando Poe, Jr.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Poe,_Jr._presidential_campaign,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Poe, Jr. presidential campaign, 2004">presidential candidate in the 2004 elections</a>, died in December 2004. She said that she had proof that she has been living in the Philippines since February 2005. She said, that despite being a congressman for Navotas, Tiangco lives elsewhere, and that her decision on whether to run in 2016 is "50%" sure. Poe also observed that the attacks from UNA only began after she signed the Senate Blue Ribbon subcommittee report recommending plunder and graft cases against Binay.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On September 16, at a gathering at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, Poe announced her intention to seek the presidency, saying that "no one person or group has a monopoly on a straight path advocacy" of President Aquino, a shot against the Aquino party's nominee Roxas, who was advocating for continuation of the "Daang Matuwid" (straight path) advocacy of Aquino; while also hitting the Administration programs. This resulted in the Palace questioning their Daang Matuwid advocacy contrary to their speeches.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> On December 1, the commission's second division had formally disqualified Poe from running as president in the 2016 elections and cancelled her filed Certificate of Candidacy for not failing to meet with citizenship and residency requirements. The division voted 3–0 in favor of the petition filed by Attorney Estrella Elamparo to disqualify Poe. The decision stated that Poe had failed to comply with the 10-year residency requirement, mandatory for a presidential candidate.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> On December 23, 2015, the commission en banc disqualified Poe from running as president in the 2016 elections for failing to meet the 10-year residency requirement.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Poe said she would appeal the disqualification to the Supreme Court. On December 28, 2015, the Supreme Court issued two <a href="/wiki/Temporary_restraining_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary restraining order">temporary restraining orders</a> against the decision of the commission en banc.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On March 8, 2016, voting 9–6, the Supreme Court voted to affirm Poe's <a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">natural-born status</a> and 10-year residency.<a href="#cite_note-naturally2-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-truly2-136">[135]</a> On April 9, 2016, the Supreme Court declared their ruling as final and executory.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Francis_Escudero_(Independent)">Francis Escudero (Independent)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Francis Escudero (Independent)">edit</a>]</div> Senator <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (independent) said in a March 2012 <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a> interview that "Let me be honest, candid, yet factual about it. I would be very interested in seeking a higher office in 2016 for the simple reason that I'm halfway through my last term."<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> By May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> told reporters that she would not run against Escudero.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> On September 17 at the <a href="/wiki/Club_Filipino" title="Club Filipino">Club Filipino</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a>, Escudero announced his vice presidential bid, becoming Poe's running mate.<a href="#cite_note-Ager-2015b-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mar_Roxas_(Liberal)">Mar Roxas (Liberal)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mar Roxas (Liberal)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Mar Roxas 2016 presidential campaign">Mar Roxas 2016 presidential campaign</a></div> Senate President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Drilon" title="Franklin Drilon">Franklin Drilon</a>, when describing the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>'s plans for Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>' in 2016, told the media in January 2013 that "so far as the LP is concerned, [and] in so far as I am concerned, we believe that he is best qualified for 2016."<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Two years later, Drilon told <a href="/wiki/DZIQ" title="DZIQ">DZIQ</a> AM radio that Roxas had expressed his interest internally within the party.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Several Liberal Party stalwarts had by then expressed that Roxas should declare his intentions at that time,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> with some such as Budget Secretary <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Abad" title="Florencio Abad">Florencio Abad</a> suggesting that Roxas may slide down to run for the vice presidency again.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Aquino had a series of meetings between Roxas, Grace Poe and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> from prior to Aquino's state visit to Canada in May, until days before his final <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">State of the Nation Address</a> in July, including a July dinner with all three of them at the Bahay Pangarap, Aquino's official residence at the <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> complex. While Roxas was seen as Aquino's choice to succeed him, another question was who would be Roxas' running mate, as Poe had earlier said that she'd rather run with Escudero as her running mate.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> On July 31, 2015, at an event dubbed as "A Gathering of Friends", Roxas formally accepted the Liberal Party's nomination after he was officially endorsed by President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> in the presence of their political allies at the <a href="/wiki/Club_Filipino" title="Club Filipino">Club Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a>, where Roxas had announced his decision to withdraw from the 2010 presidential election and give way to Aquino's presidential bid. Aquino also announced his candidacy there on September 9, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-2015c-146">[145]</a> On the same day, Roxas formally launched his campaign website. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leni_Robredo_(Liberal)">Leni Robredo (Liberal)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leni Robredo (Liberal)">edit</a>]</div> In August 2015, Representative <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>'s third district (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>), said that talk of plans of her running in 2016 is "too soon", and that she'd only run if she's "indispensable".<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> After the initial objections of her daughters, Robredo decided to run for vice president, accepting the offers of President Aquino and <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> She officially announced her candidacy for the office on October 5, 2015, at the Club Filipino.<a href="#cite_note-Cruz-2015b-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standalone_vice_presidential_candidate">Standalone vice presidential candidate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standalone vice presidential candidate">edit</a>]</div> One vice presidential candidate did not have a running mate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antonio_Trillanes_(Independent)">Antonio Trillanes (Independent)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Antonio Trillanes (Independent)">edit</a>]</div> In the news program <a href="/wiki/Bandila" title="Bandila">Bandila</a>'s May 30, 2014, segment where a guest is asked to answer only "yes" or "no," Senator <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Trillanes IV">Antonio Trillanes IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>) was asked if he would run for vice president in 2016 and responded by saying "Let's just say yes, I will run. As for what position, I will abide by the Nacionalista Party."<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> By August 2015, Trillanes revealed his plans of running as an independent vice presidential candidate, saying that the Nacionalistas would not endorse a candidate if more than one of them ran for the vice presidency. Trillanes' own group, <a href="/wiki/Magdalo_para_sa_Pilipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalo para sa Pilipino">Magdalo</a>, backed his vice presidential bid.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In a general assembly of MAGDALO coalition members, Trillanes announced that he will run for vice president as an Independent, but will support the presidential bid of Senator <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Trillanes questioned the presidential bid of Rodrigo Duterte, saying that if Duterte wins, his presidency will be a disaster to the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates">Debates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Debates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/PiliPinas_Debates_2016" title="PiliPinas Debates 2016">PiliPinas Debates 2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harapan_ng_Bise" title="Harapan ng Bise">Harapan ng Bise</a></div> The Commission on Elections confirmed that they will organize three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate. This was the first time that the commission organized debates since the <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992 presidential election</a>. The debates were dubbed as <a href="/wiki/PiliPinas_Debates_2016" title="PiliPinas Debates 2016">PiliPinas Debates 2016</a> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> The Philippines Chooses).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> A separate debate, <a href="/wiki/Harapan_ng_Bise" title="Harapan ng Bise">Harapan ng Bise</a> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> Face-off of the Vice [Presidents]), was organized and hosted by <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a>. Not all vice presidential candidates attended.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <table class="wikitable" width="75%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Legend </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> P  Participated  A  Absent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_debates">Presidential debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Presidential debates">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Organizers </th> <th>Media partners </th> <th>Location </th> <th style="width:5em;">Binay </th> <th style="width:5em;">Defensor Santiago </th> <th style="width:5em;">Duterte </th> <th style="width:5em;">Poe </th> <th style="width:5em;">Roxas </th></tr> <tr> <td>February 21, 2016 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">COMELEC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Capitol_University" title="Capitol University">Capitol University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 20, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV5 (Philippines)">TV5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Star">Philippine Star</a> and <a href="/wiki/BusinessWorld" title="BusinessWorld">BusinessWorld</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Cebu" title="University of the Philippines Cebu">University of the Philippines Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#ff9090; color:black; text-align:center;">A </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 24, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bulletin" title="Manila Bulletin">Manila Bulletin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pangasinan" title="University of Pangasinan">University of Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagupan" title="Dagupan">Dagupan</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidential_debates">Vice presidential debates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vice presidential debates">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Organizers </th> <th>Media partners </th> <th>Location </th> <th style="width:5em;">Cayetano </th> <th style="width:5em;">Escudero </th> <th style="width:5em;">Honasan </th> <th style="width:5em;">Marcos </th> <th style="width:5em;">Robredo </th> <th style="width:5em;">Trillanes </th></tr> <tr> <td>April 10, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">COMELEC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Mirror">Business Mirror</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 17, 2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Broadcasting_Center" title="ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center">ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#ff9090; color:black; text-align:center;">A </td> <td style="background-color:#ff9090; color:black; text-align:center;">A </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td> <td style="background-color:#99ff99; color:black; text-align:center;">P </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polling">Opinion polling</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Opinion polling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine presidential election</a></div> Opinion polling in Philippines is conducted by <a href="/wiki/Social_Weather_Stations" title="Social Weather Stations">Social Weather Stations</a> (SWS), <a href="/wiki/Pulse_Asia" title="Pulse Asia">Pulse Asia</a> and other third-party pollsters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_president">For president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: For president">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_vice_president">For vice president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: For vice president">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png/220px-Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png/330px-Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png/440px-Vote-rich_provinces_in_the_2016_Philippine_elections.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Provinces that have more than one million voters for this election. Together, along with <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, this comprises more than half of the registered voters for this election. Candidates usually personally campaign in these locales in order to reduce costs.</figcaption></figure> While the campaign period as set by law started on February 9, 2016, candidates had earlier started campaigning as early as late 2015, as the courts have struck the ban on premature campaigning as unconstitutional. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues">Issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> The continuation of outgoing president <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>'s policies is seen to be the main theme for this election. Former Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> promises the continuation of the "Daang Matuwid" ("straight path") anti-corruption drive by the last president, which is appealing among the elites. Roxas's base was mostly middle-class Filipinos. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a>'s policies is seen to be opposite of Aquino's, such as the former's opposition to the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Basic Law">Bangsamoro Basic Law</a>, and on how to approach <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> concerning the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">territorial disputes in the South China Sea</a>, while presenting himself as a man of the people, and fighting out allegations of corruption while serving as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, the country's financial hub. Senator <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>'s campaign is seen to be an alternative to Roxas and <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>; her image as untarnished by corruption is liked by the elite, while she sends messages that are pro-poor. Duterte is banking on a law and order platform, which includes the proposals concerning <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">federalism in the Philippines</a>. Senator <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a>, who almost won the presidency <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">in 1992</a>, insists that she has recovered from cancer.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_campaign_period_for_national_positions">Start of campaign period for national positions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Start of campaign period for national positions">edit</a>]</div> Proclamation rallies were held by all five presidential tickets at the start of campaigning on February 9. The <a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a> ticket started their campaign at a slum in <a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a>, to "be with the Filipino poor". <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> started campaigning at <a href="/wiki/Tondo,_Manila" title="Tondo, Manila">Tondo, Manila</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roxas_City" title="Roxas City">Roxas City</a>, the hometown of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>, was the host of the Roxas and <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> tandem's proclamation rally. <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> had their proclamation rally at <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda" title="Plaza Miranda">Plaza Miranda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo, Manila</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> held their proclamation rally at her running mate's <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>' hometown of <a href="/wiki/Batac,_Ilocos_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Batac, Ilocos Norte">Batac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a> kicked off his campaign at <a href="/wiki/General_Santos" title="General Santos">General Santos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/PiliPinas_Debates_2016_%E2%80%93_Mindanao_leg" title="PiliPinas Debates 2016 – Mindanao leg">first presidential debate since 1992</a> on February 21 in <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a> hosted by <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA Network</a>, the candidates commented that they were not given enough time to express their views.<a href="#cite_note-roxastime-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-commercialfree-160">[159]</a> The Binay campaign lamented that the question on political dynasties was asked on him at a round where supposedly issues about <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> were the topics.<a href="#cite_note-inappropriate-161">[160]</a> Several weeks later, on March 8, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the commission to disqualify Poe, thereby allowing her to run.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/PiliPinas_Debates_2016_%E2%80%93_Mindanao_leg" title="PiliPinas Debates 2016 – Mindanao leg">Visayas leg of the presidential debate</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> hosted by <a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV5 (Philippines)">TV5</a>, the respective campaigns were generally more receptive of the conduct of the debate. The debate proper though was delayed due to a misunderstanding of the rules: Binay was informed by debate moderator <a href="/wiki/Luchi_Cruz-Valdez" class="mw-redirect" title="Luchi Cruz-Valdez">Luchi Cruz-Valdez</a> that bringing of notes was allowed, but the commission ruled it out when the Roxas camp objected to it.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_campaign_period_for_local_positions">Start of campaign period for local positions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Start of campaign period for local positions">edit</a>]</div> Candidates started gaining endorsements from local politicians when campaigning for local positions started just right before <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. Poe got the endorsement of Manila Mayor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> over Binay, who was Estrada's running mate in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-164">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/One_Cebu" title="One Cebu">One Cebu</a> abandoned their original support for Binay to Duterte, vowing to deliver one million votes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Binay also lost the support of the Remullas of <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> of which Cavite Governor <a href="/wiki/Jonvic_Remulla" title="Jonvic Remulla">Jonvic</a> is his spokesperson, to Duterte.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> On an April 17 campaign rally, Duterte said on an Australian rape victim that "Was I mad because she was raped? Yes, that's one of the reasons. But she really was beautiful. The mayor should have been first."<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> This was met by condemnation both from his opponents,<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> and other sectors of society, including the Australian ambassador to Manila.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Duterte apologized for the incident, blamed his "gutter language", but did not apologize for his remarks.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The third leg of the presidential debate was held in <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a> on April 24. When asked about the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea dispute</a>, Duterte said he will abide the decision of the arbitral tribunal in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_v._China" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines v. China">Philippines v. China</a> case, and if tribunal rules in favor of the Philippines and China refuses to honor the decision, he will ride a <a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">jetski</a> to the disputed islands to plant a Philippine flag.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> On April 26, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a> claims that Duterte has a bank account worth <a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">₱</a>211 million that wasn't declared in his statement of assets, liabilities and net worth. On the same day, Duterte denied the existence of the bank accounts, which were supposedly in a <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Bank of the Philippine Islands">Bank of the Philippine Islands</a> (BPI) branch in <a href="/wiki/Julia_Vargas_Avenue" title="Julia Vargas Avenue">Julia Vargas Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>, and was jointly held with his daughter <a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> A day later, Duterte acknowledged the existence of the bank account at the BPI branch in Julia Vargas, but it had "only thousands" in funds. Duterte later challenged Trillanes to execute an affidavit stating how he got the information, and he'd promise to open the account.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> On May 2, Trillanes and Duterte's lawyer met at the BPI Julia Vargas branch. Duterte's lawyer brought with him a <a href="/wiki/Special_power_of_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="Special power of attorney">special power of attorney</a> requesting BPI to certify the existence of Duterte's account.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> In the end, no bank records were released, as the bank asked for more time to accede to the request. Trillanes expressed disappointment, as the special power of attorney invoked on whether the bank account asked for the current balance of the account, not the transaction history that he wanted.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> A week before the election, an anti-Duterte advertisement began appearing on television; it was already on rotation in radio stations. Paid for by Trillanes, the commercial features children reacting to Duterte's controversial remarks. The video shows several children remarking Duterte's controversial remarks and acts, including his cursing of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and the comments about the rape-slay on the Australian missionary.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-ad01-177">[176]</a> It was widely disapproved at social media.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation" title="ABS-CBN Corporation">ABS-CBN</a> defended their decision to air the ad, saying that "We are duty-bound to air a legitimate ad." A similar ad also aired on <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA Network</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> said that the ad had been rejected by other TV networks, but was "blindly approved" by ABS-CBN's ethics committee.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> He also accused President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> and two other rivals such as <a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> and <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation" title="ABS-CBN Corporation">ABS-CBN</a> of making the ad.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a> court later disallowed the commercial to be aired, saying that "These advertisements do manifestly oppose a candidate and thus the court cannot allow minor children to be used in such black propaganda."<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> A few days before the election, Roxas called for Poe to back out, in order to defeat Duterte. Poe rebuffed Roxas' offer, saying that she would never withdraw from the presidential race.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Meanwhile, President Aquino also called on Poe, Binay and Santiago to unite against Duterte. A Binay spokesperson retorted that instead of the president calling for unity against a specific candidate, Aquino should've just insured of clean elections.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miting_de_avance">Miting de avance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Miting de avance">edit</a>]</div> A tradition of Philippine politics, the "miting de avance" is the final political rally before the election itself. For the Duterte campaign, the miting de avance was held at <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>; however, his campaign pointed to the Liberal Party of sabotaging the rally, as <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoes</a> dug up holes in the park. The administrators of the park countered that they were only removing the asphalt from the Burnham green of the park.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Two days before the election, all mitings de avance were held in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. The Santiago campaign held their "youth supporters rally" at West Triangle, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>. The Roxas campaign held theirs at the <a href="/wiki/Quezon_Memorial_Circle" title="Quezon Memorial Circle">Quezon Memorial Circle</a> in the same city, while the Binay campaign held it at the corner of <a href="/wiki/Kalayaan_Avenue" title="Kalayaan Avenue">Kalayaan Avenue</a> and Lawton Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>. Grace Poe held her miting de avance at <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda" title="Plaza Miranda">Plaza Miranda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. The Duterte campaign pushed through with their rally at Rizal Park.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election</a></div> Congress canvassed the results in record time of three days. <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> Mayor Rodrigo Duterte and Representative from <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a> Leni Robredo were proclaimed president and vice president on May 30, in front of a joint session, at the Batasang Pambansa Complex. Duterte notably skipped his proclamation, as he has consistently skipped his prior proclamations.<a href="#cite_note-Alberto-Masakayan-2016-186">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_president_2">For president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: For president">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png/220px-2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png/330px-2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png/440px-2016_Philippine_presidential_election_provincial_results.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>As above, but showing the percentages of the winning candidate per province and city. Note that to avoid confusion with Roxas, the color used for Duterte here is red, which was his campaign color.</figcaption></figure> All candidates except for Poe and Santiago carried their respective hometowns. Duterte carried the majority of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mega_Manila" title="Mega Manila">Mega Manila</a>" (except Makati where Binay won) and the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano-speaking provinces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, except Negros Oriental. Roxas carried the <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Ilonggo</a>-speaking provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a> speaking provinces, Negros Oriental, his running mate's province of Camarines Sur and neighboring Albay in Bicol, and <a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a>. Poe carried most of the <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a>, except Ilocos Norte, including her father's home province of <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>. Binay carried his parents' home region of <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> and his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>, where he served as mayor for several decades. Santiago didn't win in any province. <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#ffd700"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a></td><td style="text-align:right">16,601,997</td><td style="text-align:right">39.02</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#f0e68c"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">9,978,175</td><td style="text-align:right">23.45</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0070C0"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a></td><td>Independent</td><td style="text-align:right">9,100,991</td><td style="text-align:right">21.39</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FE4D00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">United Nationalist Alliance</a></td><td style="text-align:right">5,416,140</td><td style="text-align:right">12.73</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F08080"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">People's Reform Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">1,455,532</td><td style="text-align:right">3.42</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="3">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">42,552,835</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="5" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>42,552,835</td><td>94.61</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes<a href="#cite_note-187">[a]</a></th><td>2,426,316</td><td>5.39</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>44,979,151</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>55,739,911</td><td>80.69</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/16th_congress/resolutions/joint%20public%20session%20res%20both%20houses%20no.1.pdf">Congress</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Includes 25,779 votes for <a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres" title="Roy Señeres">Roy Señeres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partido_ng_Manggagawa_at_Magsasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka">Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka</a>) who withdrew and died after the ballots were printed. </li> </ol></div></div> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Rodrigo Duterte</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ffd700; width:39.01%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39.01%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mar Roxas</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#f0e68c; width:23.45%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">23.45%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Grace Poe</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#0070C0; width:21.39%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21.39%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Jejomar Binay</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FE4D00; width:12.73%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">12.73%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Miriam Defensor Santiago</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#F08080; width:3.42%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.42%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_region">By region</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: By region">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:92%; line-height:20px;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Roxas</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Poe</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Binay</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Santiago</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffd700;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f0e68c;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#0070C0;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#FE4D00;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#F08080;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">I</a> </td> <td>621,827 </td> <td>25.77 </td> <td>309,634 </td> <td>12.83 </td> <td style="background-color:#0070C0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">834,439 </td> <td style="background-color:#0070C0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">34.57 </td> <td>449,792 </td> <td>18.64 </td> <td>197,791 </td> <td>8.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR</a> </td> <td>134,049 </td> <td>18.67 </td> <td>131,937 </td> <td>18.38 </td> <td style="background-color:#0070C0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">201,508 </td> <td style="background-color:#0070C0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">28.07 </td> <td>169,902 </td> <td>23.66 </td> <td>80,597 </td> <td>11.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">II</a> </td> <td>264,952 </td> <td>17.72 </td> <td>182,310 </td> <td>12.20 </td> <td>321,002 </td> <td>21.47 </td> <td style="background-color:#FE4D00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">683,344 </td> <td style="background-color:#FE4D00; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">45.71 </td> <td>43,253 </td> <td>2.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">III</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,642,663 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">34.05 </td> <td>798,567 </td> <td>16.58 </td> <td>1,481,482 </td> <td>30.75 </td> <td>701,092 </td> <td>14.55 </td> <td>193,618 </td> <td>4.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">2,127,273 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">44.08 </td> <td>693,593 </td> <td>14.37 </td> <td>997,869 </td> <td>20.68 </td> <td>672,903 </td> <td>13.94 </td> <td>333,913 </td> <td>6.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">IV-A</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,950,145 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">33.92 </td> <td>963,444 </td> <td>16.76 </td> <td>1,584,113 </td> <td>27.55 </td> <td>996,108 </td> <td>17.33 </td> <td>255,656 </td> <td>4.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">IV-B</a> </td> <td>262,157 </td> <td>21.59 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">428,323 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">35.27 </td> <td>343,985 </td> <td>28.33 </td> <td>161,779 </td> <td>13.32 </td> <td>18,103 </td> <td>1.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">V</a> </td> <td>347,729 </td> <td>14.13 </td> <td>889,441 </td> <td>36.16 </td> <td style="background-color:#0070C0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">893,291 </td> <td style="background-color:#0070C0; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">36.32 </td> <td>284,142 </td> <td>11.55 </td> <td>45,202 </td> <td>1.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">VI</a> </td> <td>289,547 </td> <td>14.14 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,224,577 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> 59.83 </td> <td>318,125 </td> <td>15.54 </td> <td>132,308 </td> <td>6.46 </td> <td>82,290 </td> <td>4.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">NIR</a> </td> <td>434,035 </td> <td>23.53 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">934,177 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">50.66 </td> <td>341,289 </td> <td>18.51 </td> <td>94,857 </td> <td>5.14 </td> <td>39,558 </td> <td>2.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">VII</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,473,936 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">51.70 </td> <td>824,439 </td> <td>28.92 </td> <td>334,523 </td> <td>11.74 </td> <td>175,283 </td> <td>6.15 </td> <td>42,375 </td> <td>1.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">VIII</a> </td> <td>613,304 </td> <td>29.52 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">627,755 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">30.22 </td> <td>421,932 </td> <td>20.30 </td> <td>383,008 </td> <td>18.44 </td> <td>31,484 </td> <td>1.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">IX</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">538,351 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">39.73 </td> <td>383,538 </td> <td>28.30 </td> <td>321,805 </td> <td>23.75 </td> <td>97,356 </td> <td>7.18 </td> <td>14,126 </td> <td>1.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">X</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,080,357 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">54.97 </td> <td>514,496 </td> <td>26.18 </td> <td>248,838 </td> <td>12.66 </td> <td>107,568 </td> <td>5.47 </td> <td>14,182 </td> <td>0.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">XI</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,840,031 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">89.47 </td> <td>118,145 </td> <td>5.74 </td> <td>67,421 </td> <td>3.28 </td> <td>24,960 </td> <td>1.21 </td> <td>5,959 </td> <td>0.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">XII</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,062,828 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">66.83 </td> <td>272,844 </td> <td>17.16 </td> <td>145,671 </td> <td>9.16 </td> <td>98,973 </td> <td>6.22 </td> <td>10,146 </td> <td>0.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">XIII</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">679,542 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">55.51 </td> <td>357,266 </td> <td>29.19 </td> <td>140,936 </td> <td>11.51 </td> <td>40,053 </td> <td>3.27 </td> <td>6,299 </td> <td>0.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">ARMM</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">920,743 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">65.72 </td> <td>272,389 </td> <td>19.44 </td> <td>75,180 </td> <td>5.37 </td> <td>129,574 </td> <td>9.25 </td> <td>3,080 </td> <td>0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">318,528 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">71.03 </td> <td>51,300 </td> <td>11.44 </td> <td>27,382 </td> <td>6.15 </td> <td>13,138 </td> <td>2.93 </td> <td>37,900 </td> <td>8.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">16,601,997 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">39.02 </td> <td>9,978,175 </td> <td>23.45 </td> <td>9,100,991 </td> <td>21.39 </td> <td>5,416,140 </td> <td>12.73 </td> <td>1,455,532 </td> <td>3.42 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_vice_president_2">For vice president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: For vice president">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png/220px-Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png/330px-Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png/440px-Provincial_Breakdown_of_VP_Race_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Provincial and city breakdown of the vice presidential election.</figcaption></figure>Robredo carried the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a>, Escudero's home province, Roxas' stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negros_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros (Philippines)">Negros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a>, the entire <a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a> region, majority of provinces in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a>, majority of <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a> region, majority of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Quezon province">Quezon province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a> less Cebu City, almost half of <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a>, and President Aquino's home province of <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>. Marcos won the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Solid_North" title="Solid North">Solid North</a>", the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="National Capital Region">National Capital Region</a> (except Taguig, where Cayetano won), his mother's home province of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, and all provinces of <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a>. Cayetano won in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, and in Duterte's home region in the <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png/220px-2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png/330px-2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png/440px-2016_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_provincial_results.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>As above, but showing the percentages of the winning candidate per province and city. Note that to avoid confusion with Robredo, the color used for Cayetano here is red. To further avoid confusion with Cayetano, green is used for Marcos.</figcaption></figure> Robredo's winning margin of 0.61% is the closest margin since <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lopez" title="Fernando Lopez">Fernando Lopez</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965 vice presidential election</a>. Marcos subsequently protested the results, which was unanimously struck down by the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Presidential Electoral Tribunal">Presidential Electoral Tribunal</a> on February 16, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Candidate</th><th scope="col">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#f0e68c"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">14,418,817</td><td style="text-align:right">35.11</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F08080"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[a]</a></td><td>Independent<a href="#cite_note-npind-190">[b]</a></td><td style="text-align:right">14,155,344</td><td style="text-align:right">34.47</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#ffd700"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[c]</a></td><td>Independent<a href="#cite_note-npind-190">[b]</a></td><td style="text-align:right">5,903,379</td><td style="text-align:right">14.38</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0070C0"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[d]</a></td><td>Independent</td><td style="text-align:right">4,931,962</td><td style="text-align:right">12.01</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DC143C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[e]</a></td><td>Independent<a href="#cite_note-npind-190">[b]</a></td><td style="text-align:right">868,501</td><td style="text-align:right">2.11</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FE4D00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">United Nationalist Alliance</a></td><td style="text-align:right">788,881</td><td style="text-align:right">1.92</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="3">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">41,066,884</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="5" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>41,066,884</td><td>91.30</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>3,912,267</td><td>8.70</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>44,979,151</td><td>100.00</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>55,739,911</td><td>80.69</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/16th_congress/resolutions/joint%20public%20session%20res%20both%20houses%20no.1.pdf">Congress</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Running mate of <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">People's Reform Party</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-npind-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npind_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npind_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npind_190-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> member running as an independent </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Running mate of <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Running mate of <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> (independent) </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Supporting <a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> (independent) </li> </ol></div></div> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Popular vote</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Leni Robredo</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#f0e68c; width:35.11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">35.11%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bongbong Marcos</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#F08080; width:34.47%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">34.47%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Alan Peter Cayetano</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ffd700; width:14.38%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.38%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Francis Escudero</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#0070C0; width:12.01%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">12.01%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#808080; width:4.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.03%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_region_2">By region</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: By region">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:right; font-size:92%; line-height:20px;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Region</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Robredo</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Marcos</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Cayetano</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Escudero</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Trillanes</a> </th> <th width="110" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Honasan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#f0e68c;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#F08080;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffd700;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#0070C0;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#DCDCDC;"> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#FE4D00;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">I</a> </td> <td>302,456 </td> <td>12.68 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">1,786,073 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">74.87 </td> <td>64,841 </td> <td>2.72 </td> <td>172,688 </td> <td>7.24 </td> <td>37,061 </td> <td>1.55 </td> <td>22,460 </td> <td>0.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR</a> </td> <td>121,248 </td> <td>17.25 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">459,041 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">65.30 </td> <td>26,971 </td> <td>3.84 </td> <td>68,644 </td> <td>9.76 </td> <td>18,058 </td> <td>2.57 </td> <td>9,040 </td> <td>1.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">II</a> </td> <td>192,197 </td> <td>13.23 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">1,077,068 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">74.16 </td> <td>37,297 </td> <td>2.57 </td> <td>97,301 </td> <td>6.70 </td> <td>20,229 </td> <td>1.39 </td> <td>28,314 </td> <td>1.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">III</a> </td> <td>1,334,701 </td> <td>28.30 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">2,137,891 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">45.32 </td> <td>353,234 </td> <td>7.49 </td> <td>717,625 </td> <td>15.21 </td> <td>98,591 </td> <td>2.09 </td> <td>74,972 </td> <td>1.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR</a> </td> <td>1,365,458 </td> <td>28.46 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">2,186,414 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">45.58 </td> <td>613,071 </td> <td>12.78 </td> <td>508,965 </td> <td>10.61 </td> <td>52,602 </td> <td>1.10 </td> <td>70,554 </td> <td>1.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">IV-A</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,979,971 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">35.11 </td> <td>1,868,303 </td> <td>33.13 </td> <td>527,866 </td> <td>9.36 </td> <td>1,015,964 </td> <td>18.02 </td> <td>120,750 </td> <td>2.14 </td> <td>126,582 </td> <td>2.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">IV-B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">507,218 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">43.84 </td> <td>269,237 </td> <td>23.27 </td> <td>85,334 </td> <td>7.38 </td> <td>213,635 </td> <td>18.47 </td> <td>46,502 </td> <td>4.02 </td> <td>34,996 </td> <td>3.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,517,082 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">63.88 </td> <td>190,265 </td> <td>8.01 </td> <td>82,246 </td> <td>3.46 </td> <td>503,188 </td> <td>21.19 </td> <td>47,332 </td> <td>1.99 </td> <td>34,962 </td> <td>1.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">VI</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,288,265 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">65.22 </td> <td>275,784 </td> <td>13.96 </td> <td>109,779 </td> <td>5.56 </td> <td>184,950 </td> <td>9.36 </td> <td>81,916 </td> <td>4.15 </td> <td>34,517 </td> <td>1.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">NIR</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">989,485 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">56.93 </td> <td>228,578 </td> <td>13.15 </td> <td>201,803 </td> <td>11.61 </td> <td>209,408 </td> <td>12.05 </td> <td>80,683 </td> <td>4.64 </td> <td>28,181 </td> <td>1.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">VII</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">1,124,006 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">41.25 </td> <td>396,393 </td> <td>14.55 </td> <td>840,644 </td> <td>30.85 </td> <td>258,658 </td> <td>9.49 </td> <td>46,205 </td> <td>1.70 </td> <td>58,998 </td> <td>2.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">VIII</a> </td> <td>693,460 </td> <td>35.64 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">759,647 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">39.05 </td> <td>184,718 </td> <td>9.49 </td> <td>240,935 </td> <td>12.38 </td> <td>28,295 </td> <td>1.45 </td> <td>38,441 </td> <td>1.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">IX</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">484,550 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">38.68 </td> <td>327,568 </td> <td>26.15 </td> <td>223,790 </td> <td>17.86 </td> <td>141,419 </td> <td>11.29 </td> <td>40,603 </td> <td>3.24 </td> <td>34,899 </td> <td>2.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">X</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">713,900 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">38.57 </td> <td>444,270 </td> <td>24.00 </td> <td>443,760 </td> <td>23.97 </td> <td>167,148 </td> <td>9.03 </td> <td>34,435 </td> <td>1.86 </td> <td>47,547 </td> <td>2.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">XI</a> </td> <td>245,303 </td> <td>14.12 </td> <td>487,090 </td> <td>28.05 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">891,457 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffd700; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">51.33 </td> <td>76,723 </td> <td>4.42 </td> <td>14,562 </td> <td>0.84 </td> <td>21,624 </td> <td>1.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">XII</a> </td> <td>484,565 </td> <td>30.69 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">531,714 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">33.68 </td> <td>374,520 </td> <td>23.72 </td> <td>106,309 </td> <td>6.73 </td> <td>45,286 </td> <td>2.87 </td> <td>36,491 </td> <td>2.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">XIII</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">461,858 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">39.94 </td> <td>239,287 </td> <td>20.69 </td> <td>307,624 </td> <td>26.60 </td> <td>111,460 </td> <td>9.64 </td> <td>16,431 </td> <td>1.42 </td> <td>19,805 </td> <td>1.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">ARMM</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">566,455 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">44.28 </td> <td>331,762 </td> <td>25.94 </td> <td>180,667 </td> <td>14.12 </td> <td>107,501 </td> <td>8.40 </td> <td>33,987 </td> <td>2.66 </td> <td>58,742 </td> <td>4.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee</a> </td> <td>92,639 </td> <td>20.71 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">188,959 </td> <td style="background:#F08080;">42.24 </td> <td>137,699 </td> <td>30.78 </td> <td>19,689 </td> <td>4.40 </td> <td>4,973 </td> <td>1.11 </td> <td>3,385 </td> <td>0.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">14,418,817 </td> <td style="background-color:#f0e68c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;">35.11 </td> <td>14,155,344 </td> <td>34.47 </td> <td>5,903,379 </td> <td>14.38 </td> <td>4,931,962 </td> <td>12.01 </td> <td>868,501 </td> <td>2.11 </td> <td>788,881 </td> <td>1.92 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_protest">Electoral protest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Electoral protest">edit</a>]</div> On the evening of May 10, <a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> took first place on the unofficial vote count led by the Parish Pastoral Council on Responsible Voting (PPCRV), and <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> suspected that the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> manipulated the vice presidential votes in favor of Robredo.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> Marcos soon ordered the Commission on Elections to stop the unofficial count by the PPCRV, and he stated that no one has been aware that his lead on the unofficial vote count fell down.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> Marcos then filed an election protest to the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Presidential Electoral Tribunal">Presidential Electoral Tribunal</a> on June 29, 2016, the eve of the oath-taking of the newly elected officials. Marcos wanted a recount in 27 provinces and cities, in 36,000 precincts. Marcos sought for the explanation of supposed 3 million <a href="/wiki/Undervotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Undervotes">undervotes</a> which were allegedly "unaccounted for", which the Robredo camp said that is "normal".<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> Robredo filed a counter-protest, which the tribunal rejected in September 2017. The tribunal also denied Marcos' first cause of action to nullify the result of the vice presidential election, because even if it is nullified, the tribunal ruled that it doesn't mean that he won.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> On April 2, 2018, the manual recount of votes cast in <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a>, the results of the election which were contested by former senator <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, started.<a href="#cite_note-Punay-2018-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Canlas-2018-199">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calayag-200">[193]</a> The recount was originally scheduled for February but was postponed to March 19, and then moved again to April 2.<a href="#cite_note-Canlas-2018-199">[192]</a> The first day was plagued with issues of some ballots from <a href="/wiki/Bato,_Camarines_Sur" title="Bato, Camarines Sur">Bato, Camarines Sur</a> being drenched wet causing these to be intelligible, and missing audit cards. The Robredo camp said that these may have been damaged from previous floods and typhoons, and that the tribunal can go over to the ballot images, and reprint the audit logs from the records of the commission, while Marcos' lawyers said that it was recently doused over.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> Caguioa along with Senior Associate Justice Antonio Carpio were the only dissenters in a new resolution by the court ordering the parties to comment on the results of a recount of votes from Camarines Sur, Iloilo, and Negros Oriental. In October 2019, a resolution by the Supreme Court sitting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal confirmed that Vice President Leni Robredo's lead over former senator Bongbong Marcos increased by 15,000 votes after it conducted a recount in three provinces chosen by Marcos.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> SC Associate Justice Benjamin Caguioa questioned the PET why it has not dismissed former senator Bongbong Marcos's election protest against Vice President Leni Robredo despite its "clear and unmistakable lack of basis."<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> "Undoubtedly, protestant failed to make out his case. Why not apply Rule 65 now?" Caguioa said in a 7-page dissenting opinion. Rule 65 of the 2010 PET Rules allows a Protestant to choose not more than three provinces that "best exemplify" the fraud that he alleges happened in an election. Once ballots there are examined, the tribunal may dismiss the case if it is convinced that the Protestant will "most probably fail to make out his case." Marcos filed an inhibition (recusal) plea earlier against Associate Justice Benjamin Caguioa. However, the Supreme Court junked the plea, issuing a "stern warning" against the former senator that any unfounded and inappropriate accusation will be dealt with in the future with more severity.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> The Supreme Court sitting as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal also earlier upheld the 25-percent shading threshold, a main contention of Marcos's camp in their electoral protest.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> On February 16, 2021, the PET unanimously dismissed Bongbong Marcos' electoral protest against Vice President Leni Robredo.<a href="#cite_note-PETdismissalSCMP-206">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-PETdismissal-207">[200]</a> Media reports cited the reasons for the dismissal<a href="#cite_note-PETdecisionABSCBN-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-TetchTorresTupasPETDecision-209">[202]</a> as: "failure to allege specific acts showing electoral fraud"; "allegations (which) were bare, laden with generic & repetitious allegations, no critical information as to time, place and manner of irregularities,” and "the absence of substantial recovery of votes in the 3 pilot provinces Marcos had chosen where Robredo actually gained additional votes with 1,510,718 against Marcos’ 204,512."<a href="#cite_note-PETdecisionABSCBN-208">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-TetchTorresTupasPETDecision-209">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_per_province">Results per province</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Results per province">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_NLE_Turnout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2016_NLE_Turnout.png/220px-2016_NLE_Turnout.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2016_NLE_Turnout.png/330px-2016_NLE_Turnout.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/2016_NLE_Turnout.png/440px-2016_NLE_Turnout.png 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Turnout per province</figcaption></figure> Each province and city that is independent of a province and is a legislative district by itself sends its certificates of canvass to Congress. Each diplomatic post, local absentee voters and detainee voters also send their respective certificates of canvass. From there, the results are tallied in a joint session of Congress. Notably, most candidates won in their home regions, provinces or cities. Duterte (Davao Region), Roxas (Western Visayas), Binay (Makati) Robredo (Camarines Sur), Marcos (Ilocos Region), Cayetano (Taguig) and Escudero (Sorsogon) won in their respective strongholds. Roxas, Santiago, Cayetano and Robredo were also helped by votes from their respective running mates' strongholds (Camarines Sur, Ilocos Region, Davao Region and Western Visayas, respectively). Binay, Poe, Duterte and Marcos were also helped from votes from which their families originated (Cagayan Valley, Pangasinan, Cebu and Leyte, respectively). Duterte was particularly helped by his big winning margins in Mindanao, where he polled more than 60% of the vote in some places. For the presidential election, the following candidates won in these places: <ul><li>Duterte: Most of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biliran" title="Biliran">Biliran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a> (except Quezon), <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li> <li>Roxas, <a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island_Region" title="Negros Island Region">Negros Island Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a> (except Oriental Mindoro and Marinduque), <a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agusan_del_Sur" title="Agusan del Sur">Agusan del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate" title="Masbate">Masbate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misamis_Occidental" title="Misamis Occidental">Misamis Occidental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a></li> <li>Poe: <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a> (except Ilocos Norte), <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan" title="Pangasinan">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marinduque" title="Marinduque">Marinduque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catanduanes" title="Catanduanes">Catanduanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a></li> <li>Binay: <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> (except Batanes and Nueva Vizcaya), <a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apayao" title="Apayao">Apayao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></li> <li>Santiago: Although Santiago didn't win a province, her largest shares of the vote came from Baguio, Benguet, Ilocos Norte and Iloilo.</li></ul> For the vice presidential election, the following candidates won in these places: <ul><li>Robredo, <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a> (except Sorsogon), <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, Mandaue, Biliran and Leyte), <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a> (except Cagayan de Oro and Iligan). <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a> (except Zamboanga del Sur), <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> (except Sulu). <a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a> (except for Dinagat Islands and Surigao del Sur)</li> <li>Marcos: The "<a href="/wiki/Solid_North" title="Solid North">Solid North</a>" part of Luzon (except Batanes), <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> (except Tarlac), <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> (except Taguig), <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinagat_Islands" title="Dinagat Islands">Dinagat Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>.</li> <li>Cayetano: <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaue" title="Mandaue">Mandaue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iligan" title="Iligan">Iligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur" title="Surigao del Sur">Surigao del Sur</a></li> <li>Escudero: <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a>'s winning streak of being the presidential <a href="/wiki/Bellwether#Philippines" title="Bellwether">bellwether</a> that started in <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a> ended in this election, when Roxas won there, but Duterte won the national count. It was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>, which now has the longest winning streak, starting in <a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Philippine presidential election">1981</a>. <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4">Percentage of the vote won by each candidate per province and city. </td> <td width="150px">Municipal level breakdown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Duterte_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Duterte_Percentages.png/150px-Duterte_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Duterte_Percentages.png/225px-Duterte_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Duterte_Percentages.png/300px-Duterte_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="3111" /></a> Duterte </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roxas_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Roxas_Percentages.png/150px-Roxas_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Roxas_Percentages.png/225px-Roxas_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Roxas_Percentages.png/300px-Roxas_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="3111" /></a> Roxas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Poe_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Poe_Percentages.png/150px-Poe_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Poe_Percentages.png/225px-Poe_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Poe_Percentages.png/300px-Poe_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="3111" /></a> Poe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Binay_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Binay_Percentages.png/150px-Binay_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Binay_Percentages.png/225px-Binay_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Binay_Percentages.png/300px-Binay_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="3111" /></a> Binay </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png/150px-Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png/225px-Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png/300px-Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="4026" /></a> Municipal breakdown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robredo_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Robredo_Percentages.png/150px-Robredo_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Robredo_Percentages.png/225px-Robredo_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Robredo_Percentages.png/300px-Robredo_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3120" /></a> Robredo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marcos_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcos_Percentages.png/150px-Marcos_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcos_Percentages.png/225px-Marcos_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcos_Percentages.png/300px-Marcos_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3120" /></a> Marcos </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cayetano_Percentages1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cayetano_Percentages1.png/150px-Cayetano_Percentages1.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cayetano_Percentages1.png/225px-Cayetano_Percentages1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cayetano_Percentages1.png/300px-Cayetano_Percentages1.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3120" /></a> Cayetano </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Escudero_Percentages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudero_Percentages.png/150px-Escudero_Percentages.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudero_Percentages.png/225px-Escudero_Percentages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Escudero_Percentages.png/300px-Escudero_Percentages.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3120" /></a> Escudero </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png/150px-Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png/225px-Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png/300px-Vice_Presidential_Municipal_Breakdown.png 2x" data-file-width="2485" data-file-height="4082" /></a> Municipal breakdown </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close_provinces_and_cities">Close provinces and cities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Close provinces and cities">edit</a>]</div> Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay" title="Albay">Albay</a>: 0.03% (Roxas win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a>: 0.06% (Poe win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a>: 0.10% (Roxas win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao" title="Ifugao">Ifugao</a>: 0.20% (Poe win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>: 0.21% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>: 0.34% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a>: 0.88% (Poe win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>: 1.05% (Poe win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a>: 1.27% (Poe win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a>: 1.46% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>: 1.50% (Roxas win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a>: 2.15% (Poe win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirino" title="Quirino">Quirino</a>: 2.52% (Binay win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Samar" title="Eastern Samar">Eastern Samar</a>: 3.46% (Roxas win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samar_(province)" title="Samar (province)">Samar</a>: 3.68% (Roxas win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>: 3.7% (Roxas win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Province" title="Mountain Province">Mountain Province</a>: 4.86% (Poe win)</li></ul> Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Sur" title="Surigao del Sur">Surigao del Sur</a>: 0.01% (Cayetano wins by 16 votes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Occidental" title="Davao Occidental">Davao Occidental</a>: 0.45% (Cayetano win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Norte" title="Lanao del Norte">Lanao del Norte</a>: 0.52% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>: 1.05% (Cayetano win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>: 1.24% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>: 1.38% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a>: 1.68% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a>: 2.26% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>: 2.39% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Cotabato" title="South Cotabato">South Cotabato</a>: 2.51% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>: 2.95% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>: 4.07% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>: 4.99% (Robredo win)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landslides">Landslides</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Landslides">edit</a>]</div> Margin of victory is more than 50% for the presidential election: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>: 95.18% (Duterte wins in his home city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Norte" title="Davao del Norte">Davao del Norte</a>: 89.35% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_del_Sur" title="Davao del Sur">Davao del Sur</a>: 87.28% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Occidental" title="Davao Occidental">Davao Occidental</a>: 80.73% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_Oriental" title="Davao Oriental">Davao Oriental</a>: 73.86% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanao_del_Sur" title="Lanao del Sur">Lanao del Sur</a>: 68.31% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiz" title="Capiz">Capiz</a>: 66.97% (Roxas wins in his home province)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>: 66.45% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>: 62.26% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compostela_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Compostela Valley">Compostela Valley</a>: 59.73% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_voter" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee voter">Absentee voters</a>: 59.59% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iligan" title="Iligan">Iligan</a>: 57.56% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani" title="Sarangani">Sarangani</a>: 54.64% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukidnon" title="Bukidnon">Bukidnon</a>: 53.93% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a>: 52.70% (Duterte win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a>: 50.73% (Roxas win)</li></ul> Margin of victory is more than 50% for the vice presidential election: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Norte" title="Ilocos Norte">Ilocos Norte</a>: 95.62% (Marcos wins in his home province)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Sur" title="Ilocos Sur">Ilocos Sur</a>: 88.89% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abra_(province)" title="Abra (province)">Abra</a>: 84.92% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a>: 84.57% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>: 80.26% (Robredo wins in her home province)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apayao" title="Apayao">Apayao</a>: 79.45% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin" title="Camiguin">Camiguin</a>: 69.68% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiz" title="Capiz">Capiz</a>: 69.68% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagayan (province)">Cagayan</a>: 67.60% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a>: 61.96% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guimaras" title="Guimaras">Guimaras</a>: 58.57% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloilo" title="Iloilo">Iloilo</a>: 57.25% (Robredo win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(province)" title="Kalinga (province)">Kalinga</a>: 56.63% (Marcos win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>: 52.39% (Cayetano win)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a>: 51.20% (Marcos win)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unofficial_tallies">Unofficial tallies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Unofficial tallies">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the canvassing by Congress, other groups such as the media and non-governmental organizations may issue their own separate tallies. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2016 Philippine presidential election, COMELEC transparency server </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="width: 15em">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th style="width: 9em">Votes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td> <th style="background:#ffd700; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">PDP–Laban</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,970,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a> </td> <th style="background:#f0e68c; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,700,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a> </td> <th style="background:#0070C0; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,935,733 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a> </td> <th style="background:#FE4D00; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,318,249 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a> </td> <th style="background:#F08080; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">PRP</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,424,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres" title="Roy Señeres">Roy Señeres</a> </td> <th style="background:#00039f; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Partido_ng_Manggagawa_at_Magsasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka">PMM</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,161 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"> <td colspan="3">Turnout </td> <td>43,716,817 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"> <td colspan="3">Registered voters </td> <td>55,739,911 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"> <td colspan="3">Clustered precincts reporting </td> <td>90,635 of 94,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">As of May 18, 2016, 7:45 PM <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time" title="Philippine Standard Time">Philippine Standard Time</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2016 Philippine vice presidential election, COMELEC transparency server </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="width: 15em">Candidate </th> <th colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th style="width: 9em">Votes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a> </td> <th style="background:#f0e68c; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,023,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> </td> <th style="background:#F08080; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,803,966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> </td> <th style="background:#ffd700; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,679,102 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> </td> <th style="background:#0070C0; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,812,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a> </td> <th style="background:#DCDCDC; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">844,157 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a> </td> <th style="background:#FE4D00; width:3px;"> </th> <td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">760,409 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"> <td colspan="3">Turnout </td> <td>43,716,817 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"> <td colspan="3">Registered voters </td> <td>55,739,911 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"> <td colspan="3">Clustered precincts reporting </td> <td>90,635 of 94,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">As of May 18, 2016, 7:45 PM Philippine Standard Time<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voter_demographics">Voter demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Voter demographics">edit</a>]</div> These were the results of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Weather_Stations" title="Social Weather Stations">Social Weather Stations</a>' <a href="/wiki/Exit_poll" title="Exit poll">exit poll</a>:<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50%">Demographic subgroup</th> <th width="10%">Duterte</th> <th width="10%">Roxas</th> <th width="10%">Poe</th> <th width="10%">Binay</th> <th width="10%">Defensor Santiago </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Socio-economic class </th></tr> <tr> <td>Class ABC (<a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>)</td> <td>45.9%</td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>16.4%</td> <td>11.8%</td> <td>6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class D (<a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>)</td> <td>39.6%</td> <td>22.7%</td> <td>20.6%</td> <td>13.9%</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class E (<a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a>)</td> <td>35.3%</td> <td>28.6%</td> <td>19%</td> <td>15%</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Educational attainment </th></tr> <tr> <td>College graduate</td> <td>49.2%</td> <td>19.8%</td> <td>13.4%</td> <td>10%</td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some high school</td> <td>33.8%</td> <td>25.7%</td> <td>22.1%</td> <td>16.1%</td> <td>1.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> According to Mahar Mangahas, the president of SWS, voters who belonged to a higher social class, was more educated, younger, Muslim, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, from urban areas, and men tended to support Duterte. Duterte had less support from Catholics, from rural voters, and from women.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a> political science professor Julio Teehankee described it as the middle class' emergence of a "counter-elite challenging the old elite," with Duterte voters being seen as "who are taxed the most and financing Daang Matuwid. They are working hard for their families and the country and yet they are the ones who suffer from lack of public service, land and air traffic. Breakdown of peace and order corruption, <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino_International_Airport_bullet_planting_scandal" title="Ninoy Aquino International Airport bullet planting scandal">laglag-bala</a>. The poor have their <a href="/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer" title="Conditional cash transfer">conditional cash transfer</a> fund. 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style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EEEEEE; color::#888; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the Philippines">vice president</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Summary</a></li> <li>Debates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_PiliPinas_Debates" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 PiliPinas Debates">PiliPinas Debates 2016</a> <ul><li>Legs: <a href="/wiki/2016_PiliPinas_Debates_%E2%80%93_Mindanao_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 PiliPinas Debates – Mindanao leg">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_PiliPinas_Debates_%E2%80%93_Visayas_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 PiliPinas Debates – Visayas leg">Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_PiliPinas_Debates_%E2%80%93_Metro_Manila_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 PiliPinas Debates – Metro Manila leg">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_PiliPinas_Debate_%E2%80%93_Luzon_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 PiliPinas Debate – Luzon leg">Luzon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harapan_ng_Bise" title="Harapan ng Bise">Harapan ng Bise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Congressional canvass</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Presidential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jejomar Binay 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago">Miriam Defensor Santiago</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Reform_Party" title="People's Reform Party">PRP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Defensor_Santiago_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Miriam Defensor Santiago 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDP-Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-Laban">PDP-Laban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe" title="Grace Poe">Grace Poe</a>, Independent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Poe_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Grace Poe 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas" title="Mar Roxas">Mar Roxas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Roxas_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Mar Roxas 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Withdrew : <a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres" title="Roy Señeres">Roy Señeres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partido_ng_Manggagawa_at_Magsasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka">PMM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Se%C3%B1eres_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Señeres 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_candidates_in_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="List of candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election">Vice presidential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a>, Independent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a>, Independent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, Independent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Robredo" title="Leni Robredo">Leni Robredo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trillanes" title="Antonio Trillanes">Antonio Trillanes</a>, Independent</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EEEEEE; color::#888; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2016 Philippine Senate election">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="Candidates in the 2016 Philippine Senate election">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine Senate election">Opinion polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_elected_in_the_2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="List of senators elected in the 2016 Philippine Senate election">Senators elected</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalitions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coalitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koalisyon_ng_Daang_Matuwid" title="Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid">Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Grace_Poe_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Grace Poe presidential campaign">Partido Galing at Puso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retiring_and_term-limited_incumbents_in_the_2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Retiring and term-limited incumbents in the 2016 Philippine House of Representatives election">Retiring and term-limited incumbents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_representatives_elected_in_the_2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_election" title="List of representatives elected in the 2016 Philippine House of Representatives election">Representatives elected</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Per region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ilocos_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Ilocos Region">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Cagayan_Valley" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Cagayan Valley">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Central_Luzon" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Central Luzon">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Calabarzon" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Calabarzon">IV–A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Mimaropa" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Mimaropa">IV–B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Bicol_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Bicol Region">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Western_Visayas" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Western Visayas">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Central_Visayas" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Central Visayas">VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Eastern_Visayas" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Eastern Visayas">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Zamboanga Peninsula">IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Northern_Mindanao" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Northern Mindanao">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Davao_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Davao Region">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Soccsksargen" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Soccsksargen">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Caraga" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Caraga">XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_the_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">ARMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Cordillera_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Metro_Manila" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Metro Manila">NCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Negros_Island_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections in Negros Island Region">NIR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party-list</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_election_(party-list)" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives election (party-list)">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_nominees_in_the_2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Party-list nominees in the 2016 Philippine House of Representatives election">Nominees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EEEEEE; color::#888; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_local_elections" title="2016 Philippine local elections">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2016 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">ARMM elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections" title="2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Batangas_local_elections" title="2016 Batangas local elections">Batangas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Batangas_City_local_elections" title="2016 Batangas City local elections">Batangas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Lipa_local_elections" title="2016 Lipa local elections">Lipa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bulacan_local_elections" title="2016 Bulacan local elections">Bulacan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Meycauayan_local_elections" title="2016 Meycauayan local elections">Meycauayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cavite_local_elections" title="2016 Cavite local elections">Cavite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bacoor_local_elections" title="2016 Bacoor local elections">Bacoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Laguna_local_elections" title="2016 Laguna local elections">Laguna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bi%C3%B1an_local_elections" title="2016 Biñan local elections">Biñan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cabuyao_local_elections" title="2016 Cabuyao local elections">Cabuyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Majayjay_local_elections" title="2016 Majayjay local elections">Majayjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Pedro_local_elections" title="2016 San Pedro local elections">San Pedro</a></li> <li>Santa Rosa</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quezon_local_elections" title="2016 Quezon local elections">Quezon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Marinduque_local_elections" title="2016 Marinduque local elections">Marinduque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pampanga_local_elections" title="2016 Pampanga local elections">Pampanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Rizal_local_elections" title="2016 Rizal local elections">Rizal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Antipolo_local_elections" title="2016 Antipolo local elections">Antipolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tarlac_local_elections" title="2016 Tarlac local elections">Tarlac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tarlac_City_local_elections" title="2016 Tarlac City local elections">Tarlac City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Zambales_local_elections" title="2016 Zambales local elections">Zambales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Olongapo_local_elections" title="2016 Olongapo local elections">Olongapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Subic_local_elections" title="2016 Subic local elections">Subic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Iba_local_elections" title="2016 Iba local elections">Iba</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Caloocan_local_elections" title="2016 Caloocan local elections">Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Las_Pi%C3%B1as_local_elections" title="2016 Las Piñas local elections">Las Piñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Makati_local_elections" title="2016 Makati local elections">Makati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Malabon_local_elections" title="2016 Malabon local elections">Malabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mandaluyong_local_elections" title="2016 Mandaluyong local elections">Mandaluyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Manila_local_elections" title="2016 Manila local elections">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Marikina_local_elections" title="2016 Marikina local elections">Marikina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Muntinlupa_local_elections" title="2016 Muntinlupa local elections">Muntinlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Navotas_local_elections" title="2016 Navotas local elections">Navotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Para%C3%B1aque_local_elections" title="2016 Parañaque local elections">Parañaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pasay_local_elections" title="2016 Pasay local elections">Pasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pasig_local_elections" title="2016 Pasig local elections">Pasig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pateros_local_elections" title="2016 Pateros local elections">Pateros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quezon_City_local_elections" title="2016 Quezon City local elections">Quezon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Juan_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 San Juan local elections">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Taguig_local_elections" title="2016 Taguig local elections">Taguig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Valenzuela_local_elections" title="2016 Valenzuela local elections">Valenzuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bacolod_local_elections" title="2016 Bacolod local elections">Bacolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bohol_local_elections" title="2016 Bohol local elections">Bohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tagbilaran_local_elections" title="2016 Tagbilaran local elections">Tagbilaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cebu_local_elections" title="2016 Cebu local elections">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Cebu_City_local_elections" title="2016 Cebu City local elections">Cebu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ormoc_local_elections" title="2016 Ormoc local elections">Ormoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Tacloban_local_elections" title="2016 Tacloban local elections">Tacloban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Siquijor_local_elections" title="2016 Siquijor local elections">Siquijor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Davao_Occidental_local_elections" title="2016 Davao Occidental local elections">Davao Occidental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Iligan_local_elections" title="2016 Iligan local elections">Iligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Lanao_del_Sur_local_elections" title="2016 Lanao del Sur local elections">Lanao del Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Zamboanga_City_local_elections" title="2016 Zamboanga City local elections">Zamboanga City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#EEEEEE; color::#888; text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_v._Poe" title="David v. Poe">David v. Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_data_breach" title="Commission on Elections data breach">Commission on Elections data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_Timeline_of_the_Philippine_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 Timeline of the Philippine general election (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquino%E2%80%93Binay_Campaign,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquino–Binay Campaign, 2010">Aquino–Binay Campaign, 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Basic Law">Bangsamoro Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davao_death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Davao death squads">Davao death squads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasapano_clash" title="Mamasapano clash">Mamasapano clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_presidential_elections" title="Template:Philippine presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:Philippine presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">Presidential elections in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1941 Philippine presidential election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1949 Philippine presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1953 Philippine presidential election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1957 Philippine presidential election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1961 Philippine presidential election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1935</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1946</li> <li>1949</li> <li>1953</li> <li>1957</li> <li>1961</li> <li>1965</li> <li>1969</li> <li>1981</li> <li>1986</li> <li>1992</li> <li>1998</li> <li>2004</li> <li>2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Candidates in the 2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canvassing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1935</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1946</li> <li>1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1953_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1953 Philippine presidential election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1957_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1957 Philippine presidential election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1961 Philippine presidential election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1965 Philippine presidential election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_canvass_for_the_1981_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Batasang Pambansa canvass for the 1981 Philippine presidential election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_canvass_for_the_1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Batasang Pambansa canvass for the 1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 2016 Philippine presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_canvass_for_the_2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Congressional canvass for the 2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1935</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1946</li> <li>1949</li> <li>1953</li> <li>1957</li> <li>1961</li> <li>1965</li> <li>1969</li> <li>1981</li> <li>1986</li> <li>1992</li> <li>1998</li> <li>2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2016 Philippine presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indirect elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines#1899" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1943 Philippine presidential election">1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a> (March 1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Philippine_Supreme_Council_elections" title="1897 Philippine Supreme Council elections">Biak-na-Bato conference</a> (November 1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_Garci_scandal" title="Hello Garci scandal">Hello Garci scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_presidential_election_results_by_province" title="List of Philippine presidential election results by province">Provincial results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_tickets" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by tickets">Election tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of Philippine presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Philippines&#124;alt=Philippines_Elections_and_referendums_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_elections" title="Template:Philippine elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_elections" title="Template talk:Philippine elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Philippines&#124;alt=Philippines_Elections_and_referendums_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">referendums</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1919 Philippine legislative election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1922 Philippine legislative election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1925 Philippine legislative election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1928 Philippine legislative election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_general_election" title="1935 Philippine general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election" title="1949 Philippine general election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_general_election" title="1953 Philippine general election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_general_election" title="1957 Philippine general election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_general_election" title="1961 Philippine general election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election" title="1965 Philippine general election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election" title="1969 Philippine general election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_general_election" title="2001 Philippine general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_general_election" title="2004 Philippine general election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_general_election" title="2007 Philippine general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election" title="2010 Philippine general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1941 Philippine presidential election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1949 Philippine presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1953 Philippine presidential election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1957 Philippine presidential election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1961 Philippine presidential election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1916 Philippine Senate elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1919 Philippine Senate elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1922 Philippine Senate elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1925 Philippine Senate elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1928 Philippine Senate elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1931 Philippine Senate elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1934 Philippine Senate elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1941 Philippine Senate election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1946 Philippine Senate election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1947 Philippine Senate election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1949 Philippine Senate election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1951 Philippine Senate election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1953 Philippine Senate election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1955 Philippine Senate election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1957 Philippine Senate election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1959 Philippine Senate election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1961 Philippine Senate election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1963 Philippine Senate election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1965 Philippine Senate election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1967 Philippine Senate election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1969 Philippine Senate election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1971 Philippine Senate election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1987 Philippine Senate election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1992 Philippine Senate election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1998 Philippine Senate election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2001 Philippine Senate election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2004 Philippine Senate election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2007 Philippine Senate election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2010 Philippine Senate election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2016 Philippine Senate election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2019 Philippine Senate election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2025 Philippine Senate election">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1919 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1925 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1931 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1934 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1935 Philippine legislative election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1938 Philippine legislative election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1941 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1949 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1953 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1957 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1961 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1965 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1969 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1987 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1995 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2001 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2007 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(Philippines)" title="Constitutional convention (Philippines)">Constitutional conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1895_Philippine_municipal_elections" title="1895 Philippine municipal elections">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Philippine_local_elections" title="1905 Philippine local elections">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_local_elections" title="1937 Philippine local elections">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_local_elections" title="1980 Philippine local elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Philippine_local_elections" title="1988 Philippine local elections">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_local_elections" title="2013 Philippine local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_local_elections" title="2016 Philippine local elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_local_elections" title="2019 Philippine local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_local_elections" title="2022 Philippine local elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_local_elections" title="2025 Philippine local elections">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1982 Philippine barangay elections">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1989 Philippine barangay elections">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1994 Philippine barangay elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1997 Philippine barangay elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2002 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2010 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1599_Philippines_sovereignty_referendums" title="1599 Philippines sovereignty referendums">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1935 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1939 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscites" title="1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1947 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1967 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Philippine constitutional referendum">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1981 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1981 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1984 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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