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agency (1979–2003) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FEMA_as_an_independent_agency_(1979–2003)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FEMA_under_Department_of_Homeland_Security_(2003–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FEMA_under_Department_of_Homeland_Security_(2003–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 FEMA under Department of Homeland Security (2003–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FEMA_under_Department_of_Homeland_Security_(2003–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cadres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cadres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-disaster_mitigation_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-disaster_mitigation_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pre-disaster mitigation programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-disaster_mitigation_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Response capabilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Response_capabilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Response capabilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Response_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Response_Coordination_Center_(NRCC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Response_Coordination_Center_(NRCC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Response_Coordination_Center_(NRCC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disaster_Medical_Assistance_Teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_Medical_Assistance_Teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Disaster Medical Assistance Teams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_Medical_Assistance_Teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_Search_and_Rescue_(US&R)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_Search_and_Rescue_(US&R)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Urban Search and Rescue (US&R) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Search_and_Rescue_(US&R)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_Emergency_Response_Support_(MERS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_Emergency_Response_Support_(MERS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_Emergency_Response_Support_(MERS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparedness_for_nuclear_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparedness_for_nuclear_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Preparedness for nuclear incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparedness_for_nuclear_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergency_Management_Institute_training_and_certifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_Management_Institute_training_and_certifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Emergency Management Institute training and certifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_Management_Institute_training_and_certifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FEMA_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FEMA_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 FEMA Corps </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-FEMA_Corps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle FEMA Corps subsection </button> <ul id="toc-FEMA_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Donations_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donations_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Donations management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donations_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Andrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Andrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Hurricane Andrew </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Andrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Florida_hurricanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Florida_hurricanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Southern Florida hurricanes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Florida_hurricanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Katrina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hurricane Katrina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Katrina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buffalo_snowstorm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffalo_snowstorm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Buffalo snowstorm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffalo_snowstorm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dumas,_Arkansas,_tornadoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dumas,_Arkansas,_tornadoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Dumas, Arkansas, tornadoes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dumas,_Arkansas,_tornadoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_wildfires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_wildfires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 California wildfires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_wildfires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Maria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Maria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Hurricane Maria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Maria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurricane_Harvey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurricane_Harvey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Hurricane Harvey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurricane_Harvey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronavirus_pandemic_(COVID-19)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronavirus_pandemic_(COVID-19)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronavirus_pandemic_(COVID-19)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalism_and_FEMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalism_and_FEMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Federalism and FEMA </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federalism_and_FEMA-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Federalism and FEMA subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Federalism_and_FEMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._v._Parish_of_Jefferson_et_al" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._v._Parish_of_Jefferson_et_al"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 U.S. v. Parish of Jefferson et al </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._v._Parish_of_Jefferson_et_al-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_FEMA_heads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_FEMA_heads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 List of FEMA heads </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_FEMA_heads-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of FEMA heads subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_FEMA_heads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Federal Emergency Management Agency</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6" title="الوكالة الفيدرالية لإدارة الطوارئ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوكالة الفيدرالية لإدارة الطوارئ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Federal_per_a_la_Gesti%C3%B3_d%27Emerg%C3%A8ncies" title="Agència Federal per a la Gestió d'Emergències – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agència Federal per a la Gestió d'Emergències" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMA" title="FEMA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FEMA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%88%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ομοσπονδιακή Υπηρεσία Διαχείρισης Καταστάσεων Έκτακτης Ανάγκης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομοσπονδιακή Υπηρεσία Διαχείρισης Καταστάσεων Έκτακτης Ανάγκης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Federal_de_Gesti%C3%B3n_de_Emergencias" title="Agencia Federal de Gestión de Emergencias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia Federal de Gestión de Emergencias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="سازمان مدیریت بحران فدرال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان مدیریت بحران فدرال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%9E%AC%EB%82%9C%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%AD" title="미국 연방재난관리청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 연방재난관리청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Manajemen_Darurat_Federal" title="Badan Manajemen Darurat Federal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Manajemen Darurat Federal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente_federale_per_la_gestione_delle_emergenze" title="Ente federale per la gestione delle emergenze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ente federale per la gestione delle emergenze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEMA" title="FEMA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="FEMA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99_%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ອົງການ ຄວບຄຸມໄພສຸກເສີນລັດຖະບານກາງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອົງການ ຄວບຄຸມໄພສຸກເສີນລັດຖະບານກາງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E4%BA%8B%E6%85%8B%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%BA%81" title="アメリカ合衆国連邦緊急事態管理庁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国連邦緊急事態管理庁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Federal Emergency Management Agency" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalna_Agencja_Zarz%C4%85dzania_Kryzysowego" title="Federalna Agencja Zarządzania Kryzysowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Federalna Agencja Zarządzania Kryzysowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_Federal_de_Gest%C3%A3o_de_Emerg%C3%AAncias" title="Agência Federal de Gestão de Emergências – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agência Federal de Gestão de Emergências" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Федеральное агентство по управлению в чрезвычайных ситуациях – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеральное агентство по управлению в чрезвычайных ситуациях" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%90%D0%A5%D0%A8)" title="Кутталлаах быһыы майгы ситуациатын салайар Федеральнай агентство (АХШ) – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кутталлаах быһыы майгы ситуациатын салайар Федеральнай агентство (АХШ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federal Emergency 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="สำนักจัดการภาวะฉุกเฉินกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สำนักจัดการภาวะฉุกเฉินกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Acil_Durum_Y%C3%B6netim_Kurumu" title="Federal Acil Durum Yönetim Kurumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federal Acil Durum Yönetim Kurumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Федеральне агентство з надзвичайних ситуацій США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеральне агентство з надзвичайних ситуацій США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%BD%B2" title="聯邦緊急事務管理署 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聯邦緊急事務管理署" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States disaster response agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"FEMA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/FEMA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="FEMA (disambiguation)">FEMA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FEMA_logo.svg/250px-FEMA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FEMA_logo.svg/375px-FEMA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/FEMA_logo.svg/500px-FEMA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="560" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1, 1979; 45 years ago (1979-04-01)<a href="#cite_note-ExecOrder-12127-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Helping people before, during and after disasters<a href="#cite_note-FEMA_Pub_1-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">22,991 (Sep 2023)<a href="#cite_note-Procedures_Relating_to_a_Lapse_in_Appropriations-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$29.5 billion (FY 2023)<a href="#cite_note-FY23_Budget-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Deanne_Criswell" title="Deanne Criswell">Deanne Criswell</a>, Administrator</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/">www.fema.gov</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503010#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS), initially created under President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive Orders</a> on April 1, 1979.<a href="#cite_note-ExecOrder-12127-1">[1]</a> The agency's primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurs must declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and formally request from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> that FEMA and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> respond to the disaster. The only exception to the state's gubernatorial declaration requirement occurs when an <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a> or disaster takes place on federal property or to a federal asset—for example, the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">bombing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building" title="Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building">Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, Oklahoma, or the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle Columbia</a> in the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">return-flight disaster</a>. While on-the-ground support of disaster recovery efforts is a major part of FEMA's charter, the agency provides state and local governments with experts in specialized fields, funding for rebuilding efforts, and relief funds for infrastructure development by directing individuals to access low-interest loans, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a>. In addition to this, FEMA provides funds for response personnel training throughout the United States as part of the agency's preparedness effort. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Federal <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">emergency management</a> in the U.S. has existed in one form or another for over 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_1930s">Prior to 1930s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prior to 1930s">edit</a>]</div> A series of devastating fires struck the port city of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, early in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/7th_United_States_Congress" title="7th United States Congress">7th U.S. Congress</a> passed a measure in 1803 that provided relief for Portsmouth merchants by extending the time they had for remitting <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> on imported goods. This is widely considered the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Between 1803 and 1930, <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a> legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster. Examples include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1835)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fire of New York (1835)">Great Fire of New York (1835)</a>. After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/John_T._Ford" title="John T. Ford">John T. Ford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Theater</a> in June 1893, the <a href="/wiki/54th_United_States_Congress" title="54th United States Congress">54th Congress</a> passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the building.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piecemeal_approach_(1930s–1960s)">Piecemeal approach (1930s–1960s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Piecemeal approach (1930s–1960s)">edit</a>]</div> After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 1929, President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> had commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The purpose of the RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster. RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Bureau of Public Roads</a> in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster. The <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1944" title="Flood Control Act of 1944">Flood Control Act of 1944</a> also gave the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> authority over flood control and irrigation projects and thus played a major role in disaster recovery from flooding.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_(1973–1979)">Department of Housing and Urban Development (1973–1979)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Department of Housing and Urban Development (1973–1979)">edit</a>]</div> Federal disaster relief and recovery was brought under the umbrella of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD), in 1973 by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1973,<a href="#cite_note-Archives-10">[10]</a> and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration was created as an organizational unit within the department. This agency would oversee disasters until its incorporation into FEMA in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Archives-10">[10]</a> Prior to implementation of Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 by E.O. 12127 and E.O. 12148, many government agencies were still involved in disaster relief; in some cases, more than 100 separate agencies might be jockeying for control and jurisdiction of a disaster.<a href="#cite_note-FEMA_History-11">[11]</a> Over the years, Congress increasingly extended the range of covered categories for assistance, and several presidential executive orders did the same. By enacting these various forms of legislative direction, Congress established a category for annual budgetary amounts of assistance to victims of various types of hazards or disasters, it specified the qualifications, and then it established or delegated the responsibilities to various federal and non-federal agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Bea-12">[12]</a> In time, this expanded array of agencies themselves underwent reorganization. One of the first such federal agencies was the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration" title="Federal Civil Defense Administration">Federal Civil Defense Administration</a>, which operated within the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</a>. Functions to administer disaster relief were then given to the President himself, who delegated to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. Subsequently, a new office of the Office of Defense Mobilization was created. Then, the new Office of Defense and Civilian Mobilization, managed by the EOP; after that, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_and_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization">Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization</a>, which renamed the former agency; then, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_Defense" title="Office of Civil Defense">Office of Civil Defense</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> (DoD); the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Education_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Education and Welfare">Department of Health, Education and Welfare</a> (HEW); the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a>; the Office of Emergency Planning (OEmP); the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency (replacing the OCD in the DoD); the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> (HUD) and the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> (GSA) (upon termination of the OEmP).<a href="#cite_note-Bea-12">[12]</a> These actions demonstrated that, during those years, the nation's domestic preparedness was addressed by several disparate legislative actions, motivated by policy and budgetary earmarking, and not by a single, unifying, comprehensive strategy to meet the nation's needs over time.<a href="#cite_note-Falkenrath-13">[13]</a> Then, in 1978 an effort was made to consolidate the several singular functions; FEMA was created to house <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a> and disaster preparedness under one roof. This was a very controversial decision.<a href="#cite_note-Bea-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FEMA_as_an_independent_agency_(1979–2003)">FEMA as an independent agency (1979–2003)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: FEMA as an independent agency (1979–2003)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"National Fire Prevention and Control Administration" redirects here.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>The FEMA <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seal</a> from 1981 to 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>The FEMA flag from 1981 to 2003 and 2022-present</figcaption></figure> FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No. 3 and was activated by President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in an Executive Order on April 1, 1979. In July, Carter signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a> shifting disaster relief efforts to the new federal-level agency. FEMA absorbed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Insurance_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Insurance Administration (page does not exist)">Federal Insurance Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fire_Administration" title="United States Fire Administration">National Fire Prevention and Control Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_Preparedness_Program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community Preparedness Program (page does not exist)">Community Preparedness Program</a>, the Federal Preparedness Agency of the General Services Administration and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration activities from HUD. FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nation's Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Department of Defense's Defense Civil Preparedness Agency. One of the disasters FEMA responded to was the dumping of toxic waste into <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls, New York</a>, in the late 1970s. FEMA also responded to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island</a> nuclear accident where the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear-generating station</a> suffered a partial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">core meltdown</a>. These disasters, while showing the agency could function properly, also uncovered some inefficiencies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1993, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Witt" title="James Lee Witt">James Lee Witt</a> as FEMA Director. In 1996, the agency was elevated to cabinet rank;<a href="#cite_note-rank-14">[14]</a> this was not continued by President George W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-cqfema-15">[15]</a> Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> also allowed the agency's resources to be turned away from civil defense to <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> preparedness.<a href="#cite_note-FEMA_History-11">[11]</a> After FEMA's creation through reorganization and executive orders, Congress continued to expand FEMA's authority by assigning responsibilities to it. Those responsibilities include dam safety under the National Dam Safety Program Act; disaster assistance under the <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stafford_Disaster_Relief_and_Emergency_Assistance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act">Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act</a>; earthquake hazards reduction under the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_Hazards_Reduction_Act_of_1977" title="Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977">Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977</a> and further expanded by Executive Order 12699, regarding safety requirements for federal buildings and Executive Order 12941, concerning the need for cost estimates to seismically retrofit federal buildings; emergency food and shelter under the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987; hazardous materials, under the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a>. In addition, FEMA received authority for counterterrorism through the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici amendment under the Weapons of Mass Destruction Act of 1996, which was a response to the recognized vulnerabilities of the U.S. after the <a href="/wiki/Sarin_gas_attack_on_the_Tokyo_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway">sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-Falkenrath-13">[13]</a> Congress funded FEMA through a combination of regular appropriations and emergency funding in response to events.<a href="#cite_note-Murry-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FEMA_under_Department_of_Homeland_Security_(2003–present)">FEMA under Department of Homeland Security (2003–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FEMA under Department of Homeland Security (2003–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg/220px-Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg/330px-Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg/440px-Appropriations_Act_of_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Appropriations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Appropriations Act">Homeland Security Appropriations Act</a> of 2004.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">attacks of September 11, 2001</a>, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act_of_2002" title="Homeland Security Act of 2002">Homeland Security Act of 2002</a>, which created the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to better coordinate among the different federal agencies that deal with law enforcement, disaster preparedness and recovery, border protection and civil defense. FEMA was absorbed into DHS effective March 1, 2003.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As a result, FEMA became part of the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate of Department of Homeland Security, employing more than 2,600 full-time employees. It became Federal Emergency Management Agency again on March 31, 2007, but remained in DHS.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> President Bush appointed <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a> as FEMA's director in January 2003. Brown warned in September 2003 that FEMA's absorption into DHS would make a mockery of FEMA's new motto, "A Nation Prepared", and would "fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions", "shatter agency morale" and "break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders". The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Brown, would be "an ineffective and uncoordinated response" to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster.<a href="#cite_note-Grunwald-2005-12-23-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005 demonstrated that the vision of further unification of functions and another reorganization could not address the problems FEMA had previously faced. The "Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina", released February 15, 2006, by the U.S. Government Printing Office, revealed that federal funding to states for "all hazards" disaster preparedness needs was not awarded unless the local agencies made the purposes for the funding a "just terrorism" function.<a href="#cite_note-SenateBP-20">[20]</a> Emergency management professionals testified that funds for preparedness for natural hazards were given less priority than preparations for counter-terrorism measures. Testimony also expressed the opinion that the mission to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a> and prepare for natural hazard disasters before they occurred had been separated from disaster preparedness functions, making the nation more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_hurricanes" title="List of United States hurricanes">known hazards, like hurricanes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SenateBP-p208-21">[21]</a> After allegations of mismanagement during Hurricane Katrina, the <a href="/wiki/National_Disaster_Medical_System" title="National Disaster Medical System">National Disaster Medical System</a> (NDMS) was transferred from the Department of Homeland Security to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_and_All-Hazards_Preparedness_Act" title="Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act">Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act</a>, signed by President George W. Bush on December 18, 2006. In fall 2008, FEMA took over coordination of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security#Ready.gov" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Ready Campaign</a>, the national public service advertising campaign in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Council" title="Ad Council">Ad Council</a>, to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies including natural and man-made disasters. The Ready Campaign and its Spanish-language version Listo asks individuals to do three things: build an emergency supply kit,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> make a family emergency plan<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and be informed about the different types of emergencies that can occur and how to respond.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The campaign messages have been promoted through television, radio, print, outdoor and web PSAs,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> as well as brochures, toll-free phone lines and the English and Spanish language websites. The <a href="/wiki/Post-Katrina_Emergency_Management_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006">Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006</a> added a Surge Capacity Force, which allows the Department of Homeland Security to supplement FEMA employees with additional personnel from various federal departments in the event the agency is overwhelmed. The Force has been activated for <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2017_California_wildfires" title="2017 California wildfires">2017 California wildfires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The Stafford Act was amended by the <a href="/wiki/Pets_Evacuation_and_Transportation_Standards_Act" title="Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act">Pets Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act</a> (PETS Act) in 2006, and the <a href="/wiki/Disaster_Recovery_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster Recovery Reform Act">Disaster Recovery Reform Act</a> (DRRA) in 2018. FEMA was put in charge of procuring medical supplies during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> According to a tweet posted on April 12, 2022, by <a href="/wiki/Deanne_Criswell" title="Deanne Criswell">Deanne Criswell</a>, the FEMA flag, used between 1981 and 2003, was reintroduced. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> During the debate of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, some called for FEMA to remain as an independent agency. Following the failed response to Hurricane Katrina, critics called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Today FEMA exists as a major agency of the Department of Homeland Security. The Administrator for Federal Emergency Management reports directly to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a>. In March 2003, FEMA joined 22 other federal agencies, programs and offices in becoming the Department of Homeland Security. The new department, headed by Secretary <a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a>, brought a coordinated approach to national security from emergencies and disasters – both natural and man-made. FEMA manages the <a href="/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program" title="National Flood Insurance Program">National Flood Insurance Program</a>. Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under direct DHS control. FEMA is also home to the National Continuity Programs Directorate (formerly the Office of National Security Coordination). ONSC was responsible for developing, exercising, and validating agency-wide <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">continuity of government</a> plans as well as overseeing and maintaining continuity readiness including the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Weather" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Weather">Mount Weather</a> Emergency Operations Center. ONSC also coordinated the continuing efforts of other Federal Executive Agencies. FEMA began administering the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Domestic_Preparedness" title="Center for Domestic Preparedness">Center for Domestic Preparedness</a> in 2007. FEMA administers the Homeland Security Grant Program (HSGP) which provides funding to state governments, local governments, Tribal governemnts, and Territorial governments along with specified Urban Areas and counties along international borders to invest in security enhancements. HSGP is broken out into three primary grant programs: State Homeland Security Grant Program (SHSP), Urban Area Security Initiative (UASI), and Operation Stonegarden (OPSG). As of 2024, the Tribal Homeland Security Grant Program (THSGP) is funded as a percentage carveout of HSGP as well. The <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_Security_Grant_Program" title="Nonprofit Security Grant Program">Nonprofit Security Grant Program</a> (NSGP) used to be funded under the HSGP as well, but Congress now funds that program separate from HSGP. NSGP provides funding for nonprofit organizations more at risk to terrorist actions and domestic violence extremeism to invest in target hardening. This includes, but is not limited to, organizations such as educational facilities, hospitals, and house of worship. In 2024, FEMA administered over $3 billion across the suite of homeland security grants. <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="#cite_note-CRS2022-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Billion-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newlines-32">[32]</a> <a href="#cite_note-JI2022-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget">Budget</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Budget">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, FEMA had an annual budget of $18 billion<a href="#cite_note-budget2018-34">[34]</a> that is used and distributed in different states according to the emergencies that occur in each one. An annual list of the use of these funds is disclosed at the end of the year on FEMA's website.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fema_regions_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="FEMA Regions map grouped by states and number"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fema_regions_map.png/700px-Fema_regions_map.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="458" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fema_regions_map.png/1050px-Fema_regions_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fema_regions_map.png/1400px-Fema_regions_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>FEMA Regions map grouped by states and number</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Regional map<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul><li>Region 1, Boston, MA – Serving CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT</li> <li>Region 2, New York, NY Serving NJ, NY, PR, USVI</li> <li>Region 3, Philadelphia, PA Serving DC, DE, MD, PA, VA, WV</li> <li>Region 4, Atlanta, GA Serving AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, TN</li> <li>Region 5, Chicago, IL Serving IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI</li> <li>Region 6, Denton, TX Serving AR, LA, NM, OK, TX</li> <li>Region 7, Kansas City, MO Serving IA, KS, MO, NE</li> <li>Region 8, Denver, CO Serving CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY</li> <li>Region 9, Oakland, CA Serving AZ, CA, HI, NV, GU, AS, CNMI, RMI, FM</li> <li>Region 10, Bothell, WA Serving AK, ID, OR, WA</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cadres">Cadres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cadres">edit</a>]</div> FEMA maintains 23 cadres of various work functions and skillsets to prepare, respond, and recover from various disasters.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul><li>Acquisitions (ACQ)</li> <li>Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)</li> <li>Civil Rights (CVR)</li> <li>Disability Integration (DI)</li> <li>Disaster Emergency Communications (DEC)</li> <li>Disaster Field Training Operations (DFTO)</li> <li>Disaster Survivor Assistance (DSA)</li> <li>Enviromental/Historic Preservation (EHP)</li> <li>External Affairs (EA)</li> <li>Field Leadership (FL)</li> <li>Financial Management (FM)</li> <li>Hazard Mitigation (HM)</li> <li>Human Resources (HR)</li> <li>Individual Assistance (IA)</li> <li>Information Technology (IT)</li> <li>Interagency Recovery Coordination (IRC)</li> <li>Logistics (LOG)</li> <li>Office of Chief Counsel, Legal Affairs (OCC)</li> <li>Operations (OPS)</li> <li>Planning (PLAN)</li> <li>Public Assistance (PA)</li> <li>Safety (SAF)</li> <li>Security (SEC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-disaster_mitigation_programs">Pre-disaster mitigation programs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-disaster mitigation programs">edit</a>]</div> FEMA's Mitigation Directorate<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> is responsible for programs that take action before a disaster, in order to identify risks and reduce injuries, loss of property, and recovery time.<a href="#cite_note-fact_sheet-42">[42]</a> The agency has major analysis programs for <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical storm">tropical storms</a>, dams, and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fact_sheet-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> FEMA works to ensure affordable flood insurance is available to homeowners in flood plains, through the <a href="/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program" title="National Flood Insurance Program">National Flood Insurance Program</a>, and also works to enforce no-build zones in known flood plains and relocate or elevate some at-risk structures.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Pre-Disaster Mitigation grants are available to acquire property for conversion to open space, retrofit existing buildings, construct <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes_in_the_United_States" title="Tornadoes in the United States">tornado and storm</a> shelters, manage vegetation for erosion and fire control, and small flood control projects.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Critics say this program is underperforming because it is starved for funding compared to disaster response and recovery, the process of applying for a buyout is unreasonably slow, and is wasting taxpayer dollars because the <a href="/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program" title="National Flood Insurance Program">National Flood Insurance Program</a> has paid to reconstruct some properties up to 18 times.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> 1% of NFIP-insured properties are responsible for more than one quarter of the money the program has paid out.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds rebuilding after a current disaster in a way that reduces the impact of a similar future disaster.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_capabilities">Response capabilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Response capabilities">edit</a>]</div> FEMA's emergency response is based on small, decentralized teams trained in such areas as the <a href="/wiki/National_Disaster_Medical_System" title="National Disaster Medical System">National Disaster Medical System</a> (NDMS), Urban Search and Rescue (USAR), Disaster Mortuary Operations Response Team (DMORT), <a href="/wiki/Disaster_medical_assistance_team" title="Disaster medical assistance team">Disaster Medical Assistance Team</a> (DMAT), and Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Response_Coordination_Center_(NRCC)">National Response Coordination Center (NRCC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: National Response Coordination Center (NRCC)">edit</a>]</div> FEMA's National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) is a multiagency center located at FEMA HQ that coordinates the overall Federal support for major disasters and emergencies, including catastrophic incidents in support of operations at the regional level. The FEMA Administrator,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> or his or her delegate, activates the NRCC in anticipation of, or in response to, an incident by activating the NRCC staff, which includes FEMA personnel, the appropriate Emergency Support Functions, and other appropriate personnel (including nongovernmental organization and private sector representatives). During the initial stages of a response, FEMA will, as part of the whole community, focus on projected, potential, or escalating critical incident activities. The NRCC coordinates with the affected region(s) and provides needed resources and policy guidance in support of incident-level operations. The NRCC staff specifically provides emergency management coordination, planning, resource deployment, and collects and disseminates incident information as it builds and maintains situational awareness—all at the national-level.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> FEMA maintains the NRCC as a functional component of the NOC for incident support operations.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> An example of NRCC activity is the coordination of emergency management activities that took place in connection with the <a href="/wiki/2013_Colorado_floods" title="2013 Colorado floods">2013 Colorado floods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_Medical_Assistance_Teams">Disaster Medical Assistance Teams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disaster Medical Assistance Teams">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_38464_-_DMAT_team_IOWA-1_assisting_a_resident_in_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>DMAT team deployed for <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> in Texas</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Disaster_Medical_Assistance_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster Medical Assistance Team">Disaster Medical Assistance Teams</a> (DMAT) provide medical care at disasters and are typically made up of doctors and paramedics. There are also National Nursing Response Teams (NNRT), National Pharmacy Response Teams (NPRT) and Veterinary Medical Assistance Teams (VMAT). Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT) provide mortuary and forensic services. National Medical Response Teams (NMRT) are equipped to decontaminate victims of chemical and biological agents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_Search_and_Rescue_(US&R)">Urban Search and Rescue (US&R)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Urban Search and Rescue (US&R)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/FEMA_Urban_Search_and_Rescue_Task_Force" title="FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force">Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces</a> perform rescue of victims from structural collapses, confined spaces, and other disasters, for example, mine collapses and earthquakes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_Emergency_Response_Support_(MERS)">Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_(animated).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_%28animated%29.gif/220px-U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_%28animated%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_%28animated%29.gif/330px-U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_%28animated%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_%28animated%29.gif/440px-U.S._presidential_mobile_phone_alert_%28animated%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Presidential mobile phone alert for national emergencies</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg/220px-Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg/330px-Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg/440px-Hurricane_Ike_Sabine_Pass_TX_FEMA_motorhome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>FEMA vehicle provides communications support after a major hurricane.</figcaption></figure> These teams provide communications support to local public safety. For instance, they may operate a truck with satellite uplink, computers, telephone, and power generation at a staging area near a disaster so that the responders can communicate with the outside world. There are also Mobile Air Transportable Telecommunications System (MATTS) assets which can be airlifted in. Also, portable cell phone towers can be erected to allow local responders to access telephone systems. The first test of the national wireless emergency system by FEMA was broadcast to an estimated 225 million electronic devices at 14:18 EDT on October 3, 2018. The text message was accompanied by a flashing warning sign and warning tone. The president may direct FEMA to broadcast such alerts only for national emergencies or if the public is in danger. The facility may not be used for personal messages from the president. Mobile phone owners can not opt out of these warnings.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparedness_for_nuclear_incidents">Preparedness for nuclear incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Preparedness for nuclear incidents">edit</a>]</div> On August 1, 2008, FEMA released "Planning Guidance for Protection and Recovery Following Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) incidents",<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> which provide an action guide in the case of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a>. This guidance is specified as action guide for Radiological Dispersal Devices (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Devices (IND) involving high levels of radiation. According to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> FEMA prepared assessments of the likely consequences of a full-scale Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear attack">nuclear attack</a> on the United States for use in planning mitigation and recovery efforts.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> FEMA also prepared plans for evacuating major U.S. cities in response to a nuclear war, dubbed <a href="/wiki/CRP-2B" title="CRP-2B">CRP-2B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fas-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Training">edit</a>]</div> FEMA offers a large number of training classes, either at its own centers, through programs at the state level, in cooperation with colleges and universities, or online. The latter are free classes available to anyone, although only those with U.S. residency or work eligibility can take the final examinations. More information is available on the FEMA website under the "Emergency Personnel" and "Training" subheadings. Other emergency response information for citizens is also available at its website. FEMA runs the Incident Workforce Academy, a two-week emergency preparedness training program for FEMA employees. The first class of the academy graduated in early 2014.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Training and Education Division within FEMA's National Integration Center directly funds training for responders and provides guidance on training-related expenditures under FEMA's grant programs. Information on designing effective training for first responders is available from the Training and Education Division. Emergency managers and other interested members of the public can take independent study courses for certification at FEMA's online <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Management_Institute" title="Emergency Management Institute">Emergency Management Institute</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergency_Management_Institute_training_and_certifications">Emergency Management Institute training and certifications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Emergency Management Institute training and certifications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Management_Institute" title="Emergency Management Institute">Emergency Management Institute</a></div> EMI offers credentials and training opportunities for United States Citizens. Note that students do not have to be employed by FEMA or be a federal employee for some of the programs. However, they do need to create a FEMA SID to take the final exams<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> EMI maintains a strategic partnership with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Community_College" title="Frederick Community College">Frederick Community College</a>. FCC has contracted with the Emergency Management Institute to provide college credit for the Independent Study Program (ISP). FCC offers eight specialized Letters of Recognition, an Undergraduate Certificate, and an Associate of Applied Science degree in Emergency Management.<a href="#cite_note-Emergency_Management-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FEMA_Corps">FEMA Corps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: FEMA Corps">edit</a>]</div> FEMA Corps, who range in age from 18 to 26 years old, is a cadre dedicated to disaster response and recovery. It is a new partnership between The Corporation for National and Community Service's <a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps" title="AmeriCorps">AmeriCorps</a> NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps) and FEMA.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The Corps, described as a "dedicated, trained, and reliable disaster workforce", works full-time for 10 months on federal disaster response, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness efforts across numerous sections. Over 150 members of the inaugural FEMA Corps class graduated in June 2013, at the Southern Region AmeriCorps NCCC campus in <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>. The Pacific Region campus in Sacramento, California and the Southern Region campus both support a FEMA Corps class annually.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Corps work on teams of 6 to 10 people and follow the traditional NCCC model of living together and traveling together. In addition to working with FEMA, Corps members must perform AmeriCorps responsibilities such as Physical Training three times a week, National Days of Service, and Individual Service Projects in communities throughout the United States. Members receive $6.10 a day for food ($15 a day when deployed to on disaster project) and a living stipend of approximately $3,500 over 10 months (Approximately $175 every two weeks). Team leaders receive a larger stipend of approximately $10,000 over the course of 10 months (Approximately $500 every two weeks). The Segal AmeriCorps education award is distributed to Corps members who successfully finish their term of service, completing 1,700 or more total hours. The amount of a full-time Segal AmeriCorps Education Award is equivalent to the maximum value of the Pell Grant for the fiscal year in which the term of national service is approved, and can therefore change between different classes.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Blue_Unit.jpg/220px-Blue_Unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Blue_Unit.jpg/330px-Blue_Unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Blue_Unit.jpg/440px-Blue_Unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>FEMA Corps Pacific Region Blue Unit</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donations_management">Donations management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Donations management">edit</a>]</div> FEMA has led a <a href="/wiki/Public-Private_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-Private Partnership">Public-Private Partnership</a> in creating a National Donations Management Program making it easier for corporations or individuals not previously engaged to make offers of free assistance to States and the Federal Government in times of disaster. The program is a partnership among FEMA, relief agencies, corporations/corporate associations and participating state governments.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government#Criticism_of_agencies" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of the United States government § Criticism of agencies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_Andrew">Hurricane Andrew</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hurricane Andrew">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Hurricane Andrew</a></div> In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> coasts with 165 mph (265 km/h) sustained winds. FEMA was widely criticized for its response to Andrew, summed up by the famous exclamation, "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?" by Kate Hale, emergency management director for <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade County, Florida</a>. FEMA and the federal government at large were accused of not responding fast enough to house, feed and sustain the approximately 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">people left homeless</a> in the affected areas. Within five days the federal government and neighboring states had dispatched 20,000 <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> and active duty troops to South Dade County to set up temporary housing. This event and FEMA's performance was reviewed by the National Academy of Public Administration in its February 1993 report "Coping With Catastrophe" which identified several basic paradigms in Emergency Management and FEMA administration that were causes of the failed response. FEMA had previously been criticized for its response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Hugo" title="Hurricane Hugo">Hurricane Hugo</a>, which hit <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in September 1989, and many of the same issues that plagued the agency during Hurricane Andrew were also evident during the response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in 2005. Additionally, upon incorporation into DHS, FEMA was legally dissolved and a new Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate was established in DHS to replace it. Following enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Katrina_Emergency_Management_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006">Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006</a> FEMA was reestablished as an entity within DHS, on March 31, 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Florida_hurricanes">Southern Florida hurricanes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Southern Florida hurricanes">edit</a>]</div> South Florida newspaper <a href="/wiki/Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-Sentinel">Sun-Sentinel</a> has an extensive list of documented criticisms of FEMA during the four hurricanes that hit the region in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-ss-overview-66">[66]</a> Some of the criticisms include: <ul><li>When <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Hurricane Frances</a> hit <a href="/wiki/South_Florida" title="South Florida">South Florida</a> on <a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> weekend (over 100 miles north of Miami-Dade County), 9,800 Miami-Dade applicants were approved by FEMA for $21 million in storm claims for new furniture; clothes; thousands of new televisions, microwaves and refrigerators; cars; dental bills; and a funeral even though the Medical Examiner recorded no deaths from Frances. A U.S. Senate committee and the inspector general of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> found that FEMA inappropriately declared Miami-Dade county a disaster area and then awarded millions, often without verifying storm damage or a need for assistance.<a href="#cite_note-ss-thunderstorm-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ss-homestead-68">[68]</a></li> <li>FEMA used hurricane aid money to pay funeral expenses for at least 203 Floridians whose deaths were not caused by the 2004 hurricanes, the state's coroners have concluded. Ten of the people whose funerals were paid for were not in Florida at the time of their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-ss-funerals-69">[69]</a></li></ul> The rising sea levels, global temperatures, and increase of flooding and severe storms has called for a change within the procedure of flood insurance. The communities that are directly impacted by these changes include coastal communities and waterfront homes. The procedural design of flood insurance is done through <a href="/wiki/FEMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FEMA">FEMA</a>’s (Federal Emergency Management Agency) <a href="/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Program" title="National Flood Insurance Program">National Flood Insurance Program</a>. Previously the Insurance Program created in 1968 was constructed around the "100-year floodplain" which is the "area that would be inundated by the <a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a>, better thought of as an area that has a one percent or greater chance of experiencing a flood in any single year",<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> and large subsidies for coastal homes, especially in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. However, in 2019, major changes were made, and the new program called Risk Rating 2.0 was introduced, which prices a house on its individual flood risk.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> It will account for the distance one's house is from a flood source, the types and frequency of flooding, and characteristics of the cost to rebuild. This new program will greatly impact states like Florida that have intense risk of hurricanes and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. Through the initial program, the homes on the coast were mostly being subsidized at the cost of the homeowners more inland, and more likely lower-income and people of color.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, as previously stated, with Risk Rating 2.0, homeowners in higher risk areas of greater flooding will be paying for that risk through insurance, and with that may come with re-evaluating the longevity of one's place on the coasts of Florida. On the other hand, with FEMA's program as a national program, we[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] see different impacts in places like New England.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> It has been indicated that states like Maine will be greatly impacted positively by the new program. The bays, inlets, and coves are proved to be good protective measures for most waterfront properties. In addition to Maine, states like Iowa and Nebraska will see impacts to their flood insurance policies. It is stated that almost 50% of Nebraskans and 40% of Iowans will see a decrease in their policies.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Overall we[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] see many different types of complications to this new set-up, such as retirees on fixed incomes, long-term mortgages, and depreciation of household value. As this program is relatively new, impacts of the program will continue to be seen in the following years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hurricane Katrina">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Katrina-14451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Katrina-14451.jpg/220px-Katrina-14451.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Katrina-14451.jpg/330px-Katrina-14451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Katrina-14451.jpg/440px-Katrina-14451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Evacuees taking shelter at the <a href="/wiki/Astrodome" title="Astrodome">Astrodome</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina</a></div> FEMA received intense criticism for its response to the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> disaster in August 2005. FEMA had pre-positioned response personnel in the Gulf Coast region. However, many could not render direct assistance and were able to report only on the dire situation along the Gulf Coast, especially from New Orleans. Within three days, a large contingent of <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_duty" title="Active duty">active duty</a> troops were deployed to the region. The enormous number of evacuees simply overwhelmed rescue personnel. The situation was compounded by flood waters in the city that hampered transportation and poor communication among the federal government, state, and local entities. FEMA was widely criticized for what is seen as a slow initial response to the disaster and an inability to effectively manage, care for, and move those who were trying to leave the city. Then-FEMA Director <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a> was criticized personally for a slow response and an apparent disconnection with the situation. Brown would eventually be relieved of command of the Katrina disaster and soon thereafter resigned. According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina:<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <ul><li>"The Secretary <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> should have designated the Principal Federal Official on Saturday, two days prior to landfall, from the roster of PFOs who had successfully completed the required training, unlike then FEMA Director Michael Brown. Considerable confusion was caused by the Secretary's PFO decisions."</li> <li>"DHS and FEMA lacked adequate trained and experienced staff for the Katrina response."</li> <li>"The readiness of FEMA's national emergency response teams was inadequate and reduced the effectiveness of the federal response."</li> <li>"Long-standing weaknesses and the magnitude of the disaster overwhelmed FEMA's ability to provide emergency shelter and temporary housing."</li> <li>"FEMA logistics and contracting systems did not support a targeted, massive, and sustained provision of commodities."</li> <li>"Before Katrina, FEMA suffered from a lack of sufficiently trained procurement professionals."</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_14850_-_Photograph_by_Win_Henderson_taken_on_09-05-2005_in_Louisiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A DMAT member assures a rescued man that the trip to the airport will be safe.</figcaption></figure> Other failings were also noted. The Committee devoted an entire section of the report to listing the actions of FEMA.<a href="#cite_note-repreport-75">[75]</a> Their conclusion was: <blockquote>For years emergency management professionals have been warning that FEMA's preparedness has eroded. Many believe this erosion is a result of the separation of the preparedness function from FEMA, the drain of long-term professional staff along with their institutional knowledge and expertise, and the inadequate readiness of FEMA's national emergency response teams. The combination of these staffing, training, and organizational structures made FEMA's inadequate performance in the face of a disaster the size of Katrina all but inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-repreport-75">[75]</a></blockquote> Pursuant to a temporary restraining order issued by Hon. <a href="/wiki/Stanwood_Duval" title="Stanwood Duval">Stanwood R. Duval</a>, United States District Court Judge, Eastern District of Louisiana as a result of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=McWaters_v._FEMA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McWaters v. FEMA (page does not exist)">McWaters v. FEMA</a> class-action, February 7, 2006, was set as the deadline for the official end of any further coverage of temporary housing costs for Katrina victims.<a href="#cite_note-Duval-2005-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duval-2006-77">[77]</a> After the February 7 deadline, Katrina victims were left to their own devices either to find permanent housing for the long term or to continue in social welfare programs set up by other organizations. There were many Katrina <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">evacuees</a> living in temporary shelters or <a href="/wiki/FEMA_trailer" title="FEMA trailer">trailer parks set up by FEMA</a> and other relief organizations in the first months after the disaster hit, but much more were still unable to find housing. In July 2007, ice that had been ordered for Katrina victims but had never been used and kept in storage facilities, at a cost of $12.5 million, was melted down.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In June 2008, a CNN investigation found that FEMA gave away about $85 million in household goods meant for Hurricane Katrina victims to 16 other states.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buffalo_snowstorm">Buffalo snowstorm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Buffalo snowstorm">edit</a>]</div> FEMA came under attack for their response to the <a href="/wiki/October_Surprise_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="October Surprise Storm">October Surprise Storm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, on October 13, 2006. As FEMA legally cannot interfere with state business unless asked, FEMA responded that as per procedure, the governor of the state of New York, <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a>, had not asked for FEMA's assistance. FEMA Headquarters had been in constant contact with State congressional offices providing them with the latest information available. Claims state that FEMA officials did not arrive until October 16, three days after the storm hit. The <a href="/wiki/Snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowstorm">snowstorm</a> damage by this time included downed power wires, downed trees, and caused structural damage to homes and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dumas,_Arkansas,_tornadoes">Dumas, Arkansas, tornadoes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dumas, Arkansas, tornadoes">edit</a>]</div> Many people of <a href="/wiki/Dumas,_Arkansas" title="Dumas, Arkansas">Dumas, Arkansas</a>, especially victims of <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a> on February 24, 2007, criticized FEMA's response in not supplying the number of new trailers they needed, and sending only a set of used trailers, lower than the needed quantity. Following the storm, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Pryor" title="Mark Pryor">Mark Pryor</a> had criticized FEMA's response to the recovery and cleanup efforts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_wildfires">California wildfires</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: California wildfires">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2007_California_wildfires" title="2007 California wildfires">2007 California wildfires</a></div> FEMA came under intense criticism when it was revealed that a press conference on the <a href="/wiki/October_2007_California_wildfires" title="October 2007 California wildfires">October 2007 California wildfires</a> was staged. Deputy Administrator <a href="/wiki/Harvey_E._Johnson_Jr." title="Harvey E. Johnson Jr.">Harvey E. Johnson</a> was answering questions from FEMA employees who were posing as reporters. Many of these questions were "softball" questions (i.e., "Are you happy with FEMA's response so far?"), intentionally asked in a way that would evoke a positive response giving the impression that FEMA was doing everything right. In this way, any scrutiny from real reporters (many of whom were given only a 15-minute notice) would have been avoided. Fox News, MSNBC, and other media outlets aired the staged press briefing live.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Real reporters were notified only 15 minutes in advance and were able to call into only a conference line, which was set to "listen-only" mode. The only people there were primarily FEMA public affairs employees.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_Maria">Hurricane Maria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hurricane Maria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Maria" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria</a></div> In September 2017, Hurricane Maria struck <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> with 175 mph (280 km/h) sustained winds. Maria was the fifth-strongest storm to ever strike the United States with stronger winds than those brought by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma</a> and similar rain brought to Houston by Hurricane Harvey.<a href="#cite_note-widener.edu-84">[84]</a> Despite FEMA's preemptive efforts in Puerto Rico, the island was still devastated beyond expectation. The agency had prepared some provisions for displaced residents before the storm struck, including: roughly 124 FEMA staff members being positioned on the island, food, water, and bedding.<a href="#cite_note-widener.edu-84">[84]</a> However, people reported the FEMA food packages were unhealthy snacks such as the confectionery <a href="/wiki/Skittles_(confectionery)" title="Skittles (confectionery)">Skittles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-skittles-85">[85]</a> FEMA was widely criticized for its response to Maria, as the island quickly fell into a humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-humanitarian_crisis-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maria_2017_-_yet_to_authorize-87">[87]</a> The island also experienced a massive loss of power as a result of flood and wind damage sustained during Maria. In the beginning of October 2017, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Todd_T._Semonite" title="Todd T. Semonite">Todd Semonite</a>, chief and commanding general of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, explained the extent of and necessity of aid for this power crisis. Semonite described some specifics of the outage to reporters, explaining that the island requires "2,700 <a href="/wiki/Watt#Megawatt" title="Watt">megawatts</a> of electricity to operate and at last count had 376 megawatts available." This translates to about 14 percent of the grid being functional.<a href="#cite_note-auto-88">[88]</a> FEMA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Brock_Long" title="Brock Long">William "Brock" Long</a> told reporters in a briefing following the storm that Puerto Rico politics had hindered the ability of the federal government to send aid. He explained that political divisions had prevented unity for leaders in this time of crisis, describing that their issue was "even worse" than the mainland United States' issue between Democrats and Republicans. Residents, in some cases, were required to fill out paperwork in English rather than Spanish with little to no hope of receiving the aid they had requested.<a href="#cite_note-auto-88">[88]</a> Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_J._Reyes" title="José J. Reyes">Jose Reyes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_National_Guard" title="Puerto Rico National Guard">Puerto Rico National Guard</a> discussed a strategy to quicken the arrival of resources via the Port of Ponce, located on the southern coast of Puerto Rico.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Reyes also attributed the delay in these services to the unprecedented series of storms that demanded attention from the agency within a short period of time. Regarding this, General Reyes told reporters " We were not even getting back on our feet after Irma, then suddenly we got hit by Maria." He also addressed the disparities between aid sent to mainland disaster-stricken areas and Puerto Rico, explaining that in areas such as Florida and Texas, who had recently struck with similar damages, transportation of resources is relatively simpler. This is because they are able to utilize infrastructure to transport aid. Transporting similar resources to Puerto Rico has proved to be more difficult, as they must travel across the ocean, either in aircraft or in ships.<a href="#cite_note-auto-88">[88]</a> Long also mentioned that Puerto Rico's international airport was not able to operate at full capacity, which posed an additional obstacle for federal aid imports. Long resigned on March 8, 2019, following criticism of his handling of Hurricane Maria and an ethical complaint over misuse of official vehicles, costing $151,000.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-Long-Resignation-90">[90]</a> Homeland Security Secretary <a href="/wiki/Kirstjen_Nielsen" title="Kirstjen Nielsen">Kirstjen Nielsen</a> said that Long would have to reimburse the government for the cost of the vehicles and staff involved in the trips, many of which were between Washington and his home in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. Nielsen submitted her own resignation as Secretary of Homeland Security less than a month later on April 7, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-neilsen-resignation-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurricane_Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hurricane Harvey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a></div> Hurricane Harvey made landfall in late August 2017 as a <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale#Category_4" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Category 4</a> Hurricane with 130 mph (215 km/h) sustained winds. The Hurricane predominantly affected southeast <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; however, its effects were felt as far as Arkansas, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> in the form of flash flooding.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-92">[92]</a> Harvey slowly progressed around southeast Texas, where it produced heavy precipitation over the region. This caused heavy flooding in residential areas such as <a href="/wiki/Colorado_City,_Texas" title="Colorado City, Texas">Colorado City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Texas" title="Liberty, Texas">Liberty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Texas" title="Montgomery, Texas">Montgomery, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Harvey was the first of a <a href="/wiki/2017_Atlantic_hurricane_season#Hurricane_Jose" title="2017 Atlantic hurricane season">series of hurricanes</a> and tropical storms to affect the United States between August and September 2017. The effects of these storms included extreme flooding, damage from high speed winds, structural damage, and humanitarian concerns regarding the availability of basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Some recipients were forced to wait up to two months before receiving aid from FEMA, as technical complications held up both their application for it and the processing of said applications. Some residents were denied Federal Aid and have to dispute their denial in efforts to rebuild and repair properties without taking a considerably large financial loss. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronavirus_pandemic_(COVID-19)">Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a></div> In early April 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> was "quietly" seizing medical supplies from states and hospitals, citing hospital and clinic officials catering to seven states. These officials stated that the administration has not informed them how they can otherwise get access to their ordered supplies. A FEMA representative said the agency, working with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>, has developed a system for identifying needed supplies from vendors and distributing them equitably. The federal government also seized an order for thermometers meant for Florida, an order for masks from the Texas Association of Community Health Centers, and an order for testing supplies meant for the <a href="/wiki/PeaceHealth" title="PeaceHealth">PeaceHealth</a> hospital system in Washington, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On April 24, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">London Breed</a> said "We've had situations when things we've ordered that have gone through Customs were confiscated by FEMA to be diverted to other locations. We know everyone is dealing with a serious challenge. Through Customs, we've had situations where those items have been taken and put out on the market for the highest bidder, putting cities against cities and states against states."<a href="#cite_note-SF-PPE-diverted-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> Secretary of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Executive_Office_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services">Health and Human Services</a> Marylou Sudders cited a shipment of 3 million masks that the state had negotiated to buy from <a href="/wiki/BJ%27s_Wholesale_Club" title="BJ's Wholesale Club">BJ's Wholesale Club</a>, until the federal government impounded them from the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port of New York and New Jersey">Port of New York and New Jersey</a> on March 18. A further order from <a href="/wiki/MSC_Industrial_Direct" title="MSC Industrial Direct">MSC Industrial Supply</a> for 400 masks to be delivered on March 20 was also claimed by the federal government using <a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">force majeure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BGlobe-Mar27-98">[98]</a> Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Charlie Baker</a> reached out to the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> professional American football team, who used the team plane "AirKraft" to bring approximately 1.2 million N95 masks from China to Boston.<a href="#cite_note-WWLP-NE-Patriots-99">[99]</a> In late April, reports of the actions taken by FEMA in Massachusetts prompted <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Larry Hogan</a> to deploy the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Army_National_Guard" title="Maryland Army National Guard">Maryland National Guard</a> and task them with guarding a shipment of 500,000 COVID-19 testing kits purchased from <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> company LabGenomics by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maryland" title="Government of Maryland">Government of Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The tests were subsequently held in an "undisclosed location," under the continued supervision of the Maryland National Guard. The state of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> was set to purchase 500 ventilators before Federal Emergency Management Agency swooped in and bought them first. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump</a> announced on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> that the federal government would be sending 100 ventilators to Colorado at the request of <a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Senator Cory Gardner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DP-CO-500-Vent-103">[103]</a> The incident caused Colorado <a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Governor Polis</a> to make future supply purchases in secret.<a href="#cite_note-CBS-Den-Polis-104">[104]</a> In late April, 5,000,000 masks meant for hospitals of the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration" title="Veterans Health Administration">Veterans Health Administration</a> were seized by FEMA and redirected to the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_National_Stockpile" title="Strategic National Stockpile">Strategic National Stockpile</a>, stated Richard Stone, Executive in Charge, Veterans Health Administration.<a href="#cite_note-FEMA-seizure-105">[105]</a> After an appeal from Veterans Affairs Secretary Robert Wilkie to FEMA, the agency provided the VA with 500,000 masks.<a href="#cite_note-FEMA-seizure-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federalism_and_FEMA">Federalism and FEMA</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Federalism and FEMA">edit</a>]</div> The costs of a disaster to states and localities can escalate quickly. Federal assistance becomes fully available with the approval of the President and at the request of the governor. Public help for governments to repair facilities is 75% federally funded with local governments responsible for covering the rest (unless the state grants aid or loans). FEMA does not compensate for buildings that have been improperly maintained by the state or local government nor does it pay to upgrade or improve facilities. FEMA coordinates but does not fund disaster assistance provided by the <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Home_Administration" title="Farmers Home Administration">Farmers Home Administration</a>. FEMA grant-in aid funds come from revenue sharing, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">Department of Housing and Urban Development</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation</a>. Grants for disaster preparedness can be used by flood control districts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Many states have disaster relief agencies of their own. In the event of a disaster outside of a state's operating capacity, the director of said agency will advise the Governor whether or not to proclaim a state of emergency. Declaring a state of emergency, upon Presidential approval, entitles a state to federal assistance. Proclaiming a state of emergency does not guarantee federal assistance. States also rely on mutual aid agreements, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Defense_and_Disaster_Compact&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Defense and Disaster Compact (page does not exist)">Civil Defense and Disaster Compact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Management_Assistance_Compact" title="Emergency Management Assistance Compact">Emergency Management Assistance Compact</a>. A mutual aid agreement can be between neighboring states, cities, counties and cities, states and cities or an entire region. These agreements allow agencies to share resources so they are better prepared for emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Local governments have the most immediate responsibility. Four factors shape local disaster response: <ol><li>The extent of tax base depletion</li> <li>The scope of lost sales tax revenue</li> <li>Access to other forms of revenue</li> <li>Amount of city debt</li></ol> Having a mostly intact tax base allows local governments to maintain steady revenue stream. Business unharmed by a disaster will be able to continue to generate sales tax revenue. Cities with access to large revenue reserves and strong mutual aid agreements will have greater response capacity. While cities with large municipal debt that would be unable to pay back state or federal loans would be in a difficult situation.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._v._Parish_of_Jefferson_et_al">U.S. v. Parish of Jefferson et al</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: U.S. v. Parish of Jefferson et al">edit</a>]</div> This case gave FEMA the right to sue in order to recover funds paid out in flood insurance claims for flood damage as a result of poor decisions by local officials and developers. The case also gave FEMA the power to sue localities who fail to meet flood plain management requirements.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_FEMA_heads">List of FEMA heads</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: List of FEMA heads">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th> <th colspan="2">President </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hafer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hafer (page does not exist)">James Hafer</a> </td> <td>May 1975 </td> <td>April 1, 1979 </td> <td style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Vickery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Vickery (page does not exist)">Gordon Vickery</a> Acting </td> <td>April 1, 1979 </td> <td>July 1979 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Casey_(U.S._government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Casey (U.S. government official) (page does not exist)">Thomas Casey</a> Acting </td> <td>July 1979 </td> <td>August 1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JohnWMacyJr1963.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JohnWMacyJr1963.png/100px-JohnWMacyJr1963.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JohnWMacyJr1963.png/150px-JohnWMacyJr1963.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/JohnWMacyJr1963.png/200px-JohnWMacyJr1963.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="308" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Macy" title="John Macy">John Macy</a> </td> <td>August 1979 </td> <td>January 20, 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Gallagher_(government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Gallagher (government official) (page does not exist)">Bernard Gallagher</a> Acting </td> <td>January 20, 1981 </td> <td>April 1981 </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McConnell_(government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McConnell (government official) (page does not exist)">John McConnell</a> Acting </td> <td>April 1981 </td> <td>May 1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_O._Giuffrida" title="Louis O. Giuffrida">Jeff Giuffrida</a> </td> <td>May 1981 </td> <td>September 1, 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Morris (government official) (page does not exist)">Robert Morris</a> Acting </td> <td>September 1, 1985 </td> <td>November 1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_W._Becton_Jr." title="Julius W. Becton Jr.">Julius Becton</a> </td> <td>November 1985 </td> <td>June 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Morris (government official) (page does not exist)">Robert Morris</a> Acting </td> <td>June 1989 </td> <td>May 1990 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Jennings_(government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Jennings (government official) (page does not exist)">Jerry Jennings</a> Acting </td> <td>May 1990 </td> <td>August 1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stickney" title="Wallace Stickney">Wallace Stickney</a> </td> <td>August 1990 </td> <td>January 20, 1993 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/150px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/200px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Tidball_(government_official)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Tidball (government official) (page does not exist)">William Tidball</a> Acting </td> <td>January 20, 1993 </td> <td>April 5, 1993 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Lee_Witt,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/James_Lee_Witt%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg/100px-James_Lee_Witt%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/James_Lee_Witt%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg/150px-James_Lee_Witt%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/James_Lee_Witt%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-James_Lee_Witt%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1962" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Witt" title="James Lee Witt">James Witt</a> </td> <td>April 5, 1993 </td> <td>January 20, 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_magaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/John_magaw.jpg/100px-John_magaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/John_magaw.jpg/150px-John_magaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/John_magaw.jpg/200px-John_magaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="612" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Magaw" title="John Magaw">John Magaw</a> Acting </td> <td>January 20, 2001 </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg/100px-FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg/150px-FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2953" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a> </td> <td>February 15, 2001 </td> <td>April 15, 2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_D._Brown,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait,_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Michael_D._Brown%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2003.jpg/100px-Michael_D._Brown%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Michael_D._Brown%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2003.jpg/150px-Michael_D._Brown%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Michael_D._Brown%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2003.jpg/200px-Michael_D._Brown%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="2568" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael Brown</a> </td> <td>April 15, 2003 </td> <td>September 12, 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:R._David_Paulison,_official_FEMA_photo_portrait,_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/R._David_Paulison%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg/100px-R._David_Paulison%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/R._David_Paulison%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg/150px-R._David_Paulison%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/R._David_Paulison%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg/200px-R._David_Paulison%2C_official_FEMA_photo_portrait%2C_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R._David_Paulison" title="R. David Paulison">David Paulison</a> </td> <td>September 12, 2005 Acting: September 12, 2005 – June 8, 2006 </td> <td>January 21, 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_t_ward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nancy_t_ward.jpg/100px-Nancy_t_ward.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nancy_t_ward.jpg/150px-Nancy_t_ward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Nancy_t_ward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_L._Ward" title="Nancy L. Ward">Nancy Ward</a> Acting </td> <td>January 21, 2009 </td> <td>May 19, 2009 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg/100px-Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg/150px-Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg/200px-Craig_Fugate_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Craig_Fugate" title="Craig Fugate">Craig Fugate</a> </td> <td>May 19, 2009 </td> <td>January 20, 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1497" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Fenton" title="Robert J. Fenton">Bob Fenton</a> Acting </td> <td>January 20, 2017 </td> <td>June 23, 2017 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #E81B23;"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brock_Long.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brock_Long.jpg/100px-Brock_Long.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brock_Long.jpg/150px-Brock_Long.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brock_Long.jpg/200px-Brock_Long.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3360" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brock_Long" title="Brock Long">Brock Long</a> </td> <td>June 23, 2017 </td> <td>March 8, 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg/100px-Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg/150px-Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg/200px-Pete_Gaynor_DHS_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1361" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Gaynor" title="Pete Gaynor">Pete Gaynor</a> </td> <td>March 8, 2019 Acting: March 8, 2019 – January 14, 2020 </td> <td>January 12, 2021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_45336_-_FEMA%27s_Robert_Fenton_in_the_FEMA_studio_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1497" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Fenton" title="Robert J. Fenton">Bob Fenton</a> Acting </td> <td>January 12, 2021 </td> <td>April 26, 2021 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #3333FF;"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Deanne_Criswell,_FEMA_Administrator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Deanne_Criswell%2C_FEMA_Administrator.jpg/100px-Deanne_Criswell%2C_FEMA_Administrator.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Deanne_Criswell%2C_FEMA_Administrator.jpg/150px-Deanne_Criswell%2C_FEMA_Administrator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Deanne_Criswell%2C_FEMA_Administrator.jpg/200px-Deanne_Criswell%2C_FEMA_Administrator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deanne_Criswell" title="Deanne Criswell">Deanne Criswell</a> </td> <td>April 26, 2021 </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles">Titles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Titles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_and_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization">Office of Emergency Preparedness</a> within the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> (May 1975 – April 1, 1979)</li> <li>Director of Federal Emergency Management Agency as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">independent agency</a> (April 1, 1979 – April 15, 2003) <ul><li>Elevated to <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet-level</a> (February 26, 1996 – January 20, 2001)<a href="#cite_note-rank-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-cqfema-15">[15]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Director of Federal Emergency Management Agency and Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Emergency Preparedness and Response within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (April 15, 2003 – June 8, 2006)</li> <li>Director of Federal Emergency Management Agency and Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Federal Emergency Management within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (June 8, 2006 – March 31, 2007)</li> <li>Administrator of Federal Emergency Management Agency within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> (March 31, 2007 – present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homeland_security_in_the_United_States" title="History of homeland security in the United States">History of homeland security in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_civil_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil defense">United States civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Authority" title="Federal Civil Defense Authority">Federal Civil Defense Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_photo_library" class="mw-redirect" title="FEMA photo library">FEMA photo library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Technology_Guard" title="National Emergency Technology Guard">National Emergency Technology Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDD-62" title="PDD-62">PDD-62</a>, the National Security Directive defining FEMA's counterterrorism jurisdiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">Civil defense by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Contingencies_Secretariat" title="Civil Contingencies Secretariat">Civil Contingencies Secretariat</a>, British counterpart emergency management agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Safety_Canada" title="Public Safety Canada">Emergency Preparedness Canada</a>, Canadian counterpart emergency management agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Disaster_Medical_System" title="National Disaster Medical System">National Disaster Medical System </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medical_assistance_team" title="Disaster medical assistance team">Disaster Medical Assistance Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_Mortuary_Operational_Response_Team" title="Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team">Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Public_Alert_and_Warning_System" title="Integrated Public Alert and Warning System">Integrated Public Alert and Warning System</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ExecOrder-12127-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ExecOrder-12127_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExecOrder-12127_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/eo/eo-12127.htm">"Executive Order 12127—Federal Emergency Management Agency"</a>. 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Newsweek. Retrieved July 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=National+Guard+protecting+Maryland%27s+coronavirus+tests+in+undisclosed+location+so+federal+government+can%27t+seize+them&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.aulast=Czachor&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fnational-guard-protecting-marylands-coronavirus-tests-undisclosed-location-so-federal-government-1501309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://governor.maryland.gov/">"Governor Larry Hogan - Official Website for the Governor of Maryland"</a>. Governor of Maryland. Retrieved July 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Governor+of+Maryland&rft.atitle=Governor+Larry+Hogan+-+Official+Website+for+the+Governor+of+Maryland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovernor.maryland.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP-CO-500-Vent-103"><a href="#cite_ref-DP-CO-500-Vent_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingerter2020" class="citation news cs1">Wingerter, Justin (April 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denverpost.com/2020/04/08/colorado-coronavirus-ventilators-trump-gardner/">"Feds sending 100 ventilators to Colorado, Trump says"</a>. The Denver Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422210957/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/04/08/colorado-coronavirus-ventilators-trump-gardner/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020. <q>FEMA bought 500 ventilators out from under state, governor said last week</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Feds+sending+100+ventilators+to+Colorado%2C+Trump+says&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft.aulast=Wingerter&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2020%2F04%2F08%2Fcolorado-coronavirus-ventilators-trump-gardner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS-Den-Polis-104"><a href="#cite_ref-CBS-Den-Polis_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorfitt2020" class="citation news cs1">Morfitt, Karen (May 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503050452/https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/05/01/colorado-polis-coronavirus-secret-supply-purchases/">"'It's A Global Free For All': Gov. Polis Says He's Making Coronavirus Supply Purchases In Secret"</a>. CBS4 Denver. Denver, Colorado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denver.cbslocal.com/2020/05/01/colorado-polis-coronavirus-secret-supply-purchases/">the original</a> on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. <q>Last month the governor made claims that FEMA swooped in to obtain ventilators he thought were coming to Colorado. He says now they're careful to keep all purchases under wraps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS4+Denver&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+A+Global+Free+For+All%27%3A+Gov.+Polis+Says+He%27s+Making+Coronavirus+Supply+Purchases+In+Secret&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.aulast=Morfitt&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdenver.cbslocal.com%2F2020%2F05%2F01%2Fcolorado-polis-coronavirus-secret-supply-purchases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FEMA-seizure-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FEMA-seizure_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FEMA-seizure_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapenfuss2020" class="citation news cs1">Papenfuss, Mary (April 25, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fema-hijacks-masks-for-veterans-hospitals_n_5ea4c72dc5b6805f9ece2bc3">"FEMA Reportedly Took The 5 Million Masks Ordered For Veterans To Send To Stockpile"</a>. Huffington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505030145/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fema-hijacks-masks-for-veterans-hospitals_n_5ea4c72dc5b6805f9ece2bc3">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020. <q>FEMA instructed vendors with protective equipment ordered by the Veterans Administration to send the shipments instead to the stockpile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=FEMA+Reportedly+Took+The+5+Million+Masks+Ordered+For+Veterans+To+Send+To+Stockpile&rft.date=2020-04-25&rft.aulast=Papenfuss&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Ffema-hijacks-masks-for-veterans-hospitals_n_5ea4c72dc5b6805f9ece2bc3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettle1985" class="citation journal cs1">Settle, Allen (1985). "Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery". Public Administration Review. 45: 101–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3135004">10.2307/3135004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004">3135004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Financing+Disaster+Mitigation%2C+Preparedness%2C+Response%2C+and+Recovery&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=101-106&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3135004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3135004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Settle&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettle1985" class="citation journal cs1">Settle, Allen (1985). "Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery". Public Administration Review. 45: 101–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3135004">10.2307/3135004</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004">3135004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Financing+Disaster+Mitigation%2C+Preparedness%2C+Response%2C+and+Recovery&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=101-106&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3135004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3135004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Settle&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettle1985" class="citation journal cs1">Settle, Allen K. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004">"Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery"</a>. Public Administration Review. 45: 101–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3135004">10.2307/3135004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-3352">0033-3352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3135004">3135004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Financing+Disaster+Mitigation%2C+Preparedness%2C+Response%2C+and+Recovery&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=101-106&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0033-3352&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3135004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3135004&rft.aulast=Settle&rft.aufirst=Allen+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3135004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederal+Emergency+Management+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Garrett, Thomas A., and Russell S. Sobel. "The political economy of FEMA disaster payments." Economic inquiry 41.3 (2003): 496–509. <ul><li>Sobel, Russell S., Christopher J. Coyne, and Peter T. Leeson. "The political economy of FEMA: did reorganization matter?." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 25.2-3 (2007): 151-167 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.citadel.edu/sobel/All%20Pubs%20PDF/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20FEMA%20Disaster%20Payments.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007012558/http://faculty.citadel.edu/sobel/All%20Pubs%20PDF/The%20Political%20Economy%20of%20FEMA%20Disaster%20Payments.pdf">Archived</a> October 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kneeland, Timothy W. Playing Politics with Natural Disaster: Hurricane Agnes, the 1972 Election, and the Origins of FEMA (Cornell University Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56463">online</a></li> <li>Kousky, Carolyn. "Facts about FEMA household disaster aid: examining the 2008 floods and tornadoes in Missouri." Weather, Climate, and Society 5.4 (2013): 332–344. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wcas/5/4/wcas-d-12-00059_1.xml?tab_body=pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lindsay, Bruce R. FEMA Disaster Housing: The Individuals and Households Program--Implementation and Potential Issues for Congress (Congressional Research Service, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sgp.fas.org/crs/homesec/R44619.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Murphree, Vanessa, Bryan H. Reber, and Frederick Blevens. "Superhero, instructor, optimist: FEMA and the frames of disaster in Hurricanes Katrina and Rita." Journal of Public Relations Research 21.3 (2009): 273–294.</li> <li>Sadiq, Abdul-Akeem, Kevin Tharp, and John D. Graham. "FEMA versus local governments: Influence and reliance in disaster preparedness." Natural hazards 82.1 (2016): 123–138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/8364/sadiq-2016-FEMA.pdf;sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Schneider, Saundra K. "FEMA, federalism, Hugo, and'Frisco." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 20.3 (1990): 97–116.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12505146">MSNBC Article Senate panel recommends abolishing FEMA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420043411/https://opencrs.com/document/R42845/">Federal Emergency Management: A Brief Introduction</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503010#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/federal-emergency-management-agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/fema-p-320-taking-shelter-storm-building-safe-room-your-home-or-small-business">"FEMA Taking Shelter From the Storm"</a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jimmy_Carter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">39th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">76th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (1971–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia State Senator</a> (1963–1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)#January_1981" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">January 1981</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Political positions of Jimmy Carter">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of executive actions by Jimmy Carter">Executive Actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12036" title="Executive Order 12036">Executive Order 12036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12086" title="Executive Order 12086">Executive Order 12086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_bonds" title="Carter bonds">Carter bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Diplomatic relations with China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Reform_Act_of_1978" title="Civil Service Reform Act of 1978">Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act" title="Fair Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Regulatory_and_Interest_Rate_Control_Act_of_1978" title="Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978">Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar power at the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/100px-Carter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/150px-Carter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/200px-Carter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crisis_of_Confidence_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="A Crisis of Confidence speech">A Crisis of Confidence</a></li> <li>State of the Union Addresses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1978 State of the Union Address">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1979 State of the Union Address">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1981 State of the Union Address">1981</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Electoral history of Jimmy Carter">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia gubernatorial elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Georgia gubernatorial election">1970</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Post-presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%26_Rosalynn_Carter_Work_Project" title="Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project">Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Agreement,_1999" title="Nairobi Agreement, 1999">Nairobi Agreement, 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Commission" title="Continuity of Government Commission">Continuity of Government Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everything_to_Gain:_Making_the_Most_of_the_Rest_of_Your_Life" title="Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life">Everything to Gain</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hornet%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="The Hornet's Nest (novel)">The Hornet's Nest</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a> (2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">reaction and commentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_White_House" title="Beyond the White House">Beyond the White House</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Can_Have_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land" title="We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land">We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Diary" title="White House Diary">White House Diary</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power" title="A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power">A Call to Action</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life" title="A Full Life">A Full Life</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Awards and honors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Liberty Medal">Philadelphia Liberty Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Menil_Human_Rights_Prize" title="Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize">Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Peanut_Statue" title="Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue">Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter" title="USS Jimmy Carter">USS Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Statue of Jimmy Carter">Georgia State Capitol statue</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Residences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_G._Carter_Nursing_Center" title="Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince_(nanny)" title="Mary Prince (nanny)">Mary Prince</a> (nanny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_(film)" title="Jimmy Carter (film)">Jimmy Carter</a> (2002 television documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_from_Plains" title="Man from Plains">Man from Plains</a> (2007 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(politician)" title="Jack Carter (politician)">Jack Carter</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Carter_(politician)" title="Jason Carter (politician)">Jason Carter</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Sr." title="James Earl Carter Sr.">James Earl Carter Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gordy_Carter" title="Lillian Gordy Carter">Lillian Gordy Carter</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Carter_Spann" title="Gloria Carter Spann">Gloria Carter Spann</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Carter_Stapleton" title="Ruth Carter Stapleton">Ruth Carter Stapleton</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dolvin" title="Emily Dolvin">Emily Dolvin</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carter" title="Hugh Carter">Hugh Carter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">← Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jimmy_Carter" title="Category:Jimmy Carter">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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