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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2/18th Battalion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men wearing military uniforms on board a ferry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg/220px-2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg/330px-2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg/440px-2-18th_on_Ferry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Members of the 2/18th Battalion on board a ferry at Sydney, New South Wales, bound for the ship assigned to transport them to Malaya</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1940–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">~700–900 personnel<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/22nd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="22nd Brigade (Australia)">22nd Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Legionis lampada tradamus</i><br />(Hand on the Torch of the Legion)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Varley" title="Arthur Varley">Arthur Varley</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Unit_colour_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit colour patch">Unit colour patch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_18th_Battalion_AIF_Unit_Colour_Patch.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A two toned diamond shape on a drab oval backing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2_18th_Battalion_AIF_Unit_Colour_Patch.PNG/100px-2_18th_Battalion_AIF_Unit_Colour_Patch.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2_18th_Battalion_AIF_Unit_Colour_Patch.PNG/150px-2_18th_Battalion_AIF_Unit_Colour_Patch.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/2_18th_Battalion_AIF_Unit_Colour_Patch.PNG 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>2/18th Battalion</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> unit that served during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Formed in June 1940, the battalion was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="22nd Brigade (Australia)">22nd Brigade</a>, which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">Australian 8th Division</a>. After completing basic training, the 2/18th was sent to Singapore and <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> to strengthen the defences of the British colonies in February 1941 against a possible <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> attack. The 2/18th Battalion subsequently undertook garrison duties throughout the year at various locations in Malaya, where it conducted jungle training and constructed defences along the eastern coast. </p><p>Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific in December 1941, the 2/18th saw action against Japanese forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malayan campaign</a>, during which they took part in a large-scale ambush of a Japanese force on the Malay Peninsula before joining the withdrawal to Singapore in early 1942. Assigned to defend part of the north-west coast of the island, the battalion participated in the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">defence of Singapore</a> in early February 1942. Following the fall of Singapore the majority of the battalion's personnel were taken as <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. Many of these men died in captivity; the survivors were liberated in 1945 and returned to Australia where the battalion was disbanded. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2/18th Battalion<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was raised around Sydney, in June 1940, with its first subunits being formed on 13 July at <a href="/wiki/Wallgrove_Army_Base" title="Wallgrove Army Base">Wallgrove Camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Second Australian Imperial Force</a> (2nd AIF) from volunteers for overseas service, the battalion's first <a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">commanding officer</a> was Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Varley" title="Arthur Varley">Arthur Varley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">grazier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Inverell,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverell, New South Wales">Inverell, New South Wales</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> veteran who had previously commanded the <a href="/wiki/35th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="35th Battalion (Australia)">35th Battalion</a> while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">Militia</a> during the interwar years.<sup id="cite_ref-Uhr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uhr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion concentrated at Wallgrove on 15 July, and a cadre of <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned</a> and senior <a href="/wiki/Non_commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Non commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> (NCOs) who were selected from the Militia<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore30_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore30-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—in many cases personally by Varley—was established, while the remainder of the battalion's NCOs were appointed from recruits following their arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore30_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore30-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Varley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A military officer in a dress uniform with helmet standing on a quayside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arthur_Varley.jpg/200px-Arthur_Varley.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arthur_Varley.jpg/300px-Arthur_Varley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arthur_Varley.jpg/400px-Arthur_Varley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The 2/18th's first commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Varley, awaiting transport to Malaya with the battalion, February 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the battalion's personnel arrived on 27 and 28 July. Coming from across the state of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, the men were drawn from places such as <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_New_South_Wales" title="Tamworth, New South Wales">Tamworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagga_Wagga" title="Wagga Wagga">Wagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goulburn,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulburn, New South Wales">Goulburn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_New_South_Wales" title="Liverpool, New South Wales">Liverpool</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roughly 60 percent coming from rural backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an authorised strength of around 900 men,<sup id="cite_ref-Palazzo88_94_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palazzo88_94-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the battalion was organised around a battalion headquarters, with a regimental aid post, four rifle <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> and a headquarters company consisting of various support <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Section_(military_unit)" title="Section (military unit)">sections</a> including <a href="/wiki/Signaller" title="Signaller">signals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>, transport (later <a href="/wiki/Universal_Carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Carriers">carriers</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assault_pioneer" title="Assault pioneer">pioneers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft</a> and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/2/19th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/19th Battalion (Australia)">2/19th</a> and <a href="/wiki/2/20th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/20th Battalion (Australia)">2/20th Battalions</a>, it was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="22nd Brigade (Australia)">22nd Brigade</a>, which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colours chosen for the battalion's <a href="/wiki/Unit_colour_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit colour patch">unit colour patch</a> (UCP) were the same as those of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="18th Battalion (Australia)">18th Battalion</a>, a unit which had served during World War I before being raised as a Militia formation in 1921. These colours were purple over green, in a diamond shape, although a border of gray in an oval shape was added to the UCP to distinguish the battalion from its Militia counterpart; the oval shape designated the battalion as part of the 8th Division.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basic training began at Wallgrove on 1 August, and was provided by experienced regular soldiers and personnel who had previously served in the Militia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-August the battalion moved to <a href="/wiki/Ingleburn,_New_South_Wales" title="Ingleburn, New South Wales">Ingleburn</a>, and by the end of the month individual training had been completed. Collective training followed, and on 5 October the battalion took part in a divisional march through Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt22_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further move came in November when the 2/18th was transported to <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_South_Wales" title="Bathurst, New South Wales">Bathurst</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where more complex exercises were undertaken, including at brigade and divisional levels.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the fighting had not yet spread to the Pacific, by late 1940 there were growing concerns among the Allies about the possibility of a war with Japan. After a review of the defences around Singapore and <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, the British government requested Australian troops be sent to garrison the region. In October, the Australian government committed the 22nd Brigade and supporting elements.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the 2/18th—with a strength of 793 men—subsequently embarked upon the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Queen_Mary" title="RMS Queen Mary">RMS <i>Queen Mary</i></a> and left Sydney on 4 February 1941, bound for Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian government wished to send the brigade to the Middle East to join the <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th</a> and <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Divisions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the deployment was only intended to be short, as the British government pledged to release an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian division</a> to replace the Australians in May. Consequently, the Australian forces were deployed having only been partially trained and equipped and while they were still in the process of being brought up to full strength.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayan_campaign">Malayan campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Malayan campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a></div> <p>The men arrived in Singapore on 18 February 1941 and moved into barracks at <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dickson">Port Dickson</a>, in the north of Malaya.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, the battalion undertook further training to prepare it for jungle warfare, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a> in March.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further drafts of reinforcements arrived during this time as the battalion was brought up to its wartime establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rigours of jungle training and the tropical heat affected the men, and a number of personnel were hospitalised during this time with illnesses such as malaria, measles, mumps and serious tropical skin diseases. Some of these were repatriated back to Australia, and by the end of March, the 2/18th was still below its authorised establishment, with an actual strength of 898.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst growing concerns among Australian military commanders about Japanese intentions, the scheduled replacement of the 22nd Brigade was cancelled,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2/18th remained in Seremban until they were transported east to <a href="/wiki/Jemaluang" title="Jemaluang">Jemaluang</a> in August. The following month they were sent north to <a href="/wiki/Mersing" title="Mersing">Mersing</a>, which, situated on the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, was considered a likely place for a Japanese landing as it offered a short route of advance towards Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Mersing, the battalion was set to work digging defensive positions and constructing wire obstacles, punctuated by familiarisation patrols and anti-aircraft, anti-gas and mortar training.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battalion was placed on a war footing on 6 December as tensions in the region escalated.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a> commenced; while the fighting raged elsewhere, the 2/18th remained unengaged around Mersing. On 26 December, a small group of 2/18th men were detached to an ad hoc British raiding force known as "Roseforce" to take part in a raid behind Japanese lines, ambushing a Japanese convoy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 3 January however that the battalion came into contact with the Japanese for the first time, with a patrol from the 2/18th capturing two Japanese airmen who had been shot down near the mouth of the Sekakap River.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fortnight later, Japanese advances along the peninsula to the west led to concerns about the coastal defences being outflanked and cut off. As result, on 17 January, the 2/18th was ordered to withdraw south 10 miles (16 km) to Jemaluang without having met the Japanese in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a landing around Mersing, the Japanese began to advance south towards Jemaluang in large numbers. In response, on 26 January the 2/18th Battalion, supported by two <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> of artillery from the <a href="/wiki/2/10th_Field_Regiment_(Australia)" title="2/10th Field Regiment (Australia)">2/10th Field Regiment</a>, was tasked with establishing an ambush near the Nithsdale Estate and the rubber plantation at Joo Lye.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulthard200_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulthard200-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-18th_Nithsdale_estatei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rural setting showing a cleared flat area in front of densely vegetated high ground in the distance. A plantation house is visible in the middle ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2-18th_Nithsdale_estatei.jpg/250px-2-18th_Nithsdale_estatei.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2-18th_Nithsdale_estatei.jpg/375px-2-18th_Nithsdale_estatei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/2-18th_Nithsdale_estatei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Nithsdale Estate where the 2/18th made contact with the advancing Japanese forces in January 1942. (As seen in 1945.)</figcaption></figure> <p>Establishing themselves along the Mersing–Jemaluang road, 'D' Company was deployed to the north on the western side of the road as the lookout force, while 'B' Company was positioned further to the south on the opposite side of the road. South of them, 'A' Company formed the blocking force, with their position stretched across the road oriented to the north. Behind them, 'C' Company was positioned in reserve, further south.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan had been for the ambush to be sprung during the day, but the Japanese advance had proceeded more slowly than thought, and it was not until after dark that they entered the ambush site.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith62_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith62-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To inflict as many casualties as possible, the Japanese force, which was estimated to be battalion-sized,<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore267_268_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore267_268-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was allowed to pass through 'D' and 'B' Companies. By 3:00 am they came up against 'A' Company's blocking position and the ambush was finally initiated. Devastating indirect fire from artillery and mortars inflicted heavy casualties on the Japanese; however, as the northernmost company—'D'—turned south to attack the Japanese from the rear, they came up against determined resistance from a force of Japanese that had managed to infiltrate the ambush site and dig in on a small feature to the east of the estate's pig farm, north of 'B' Company.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effectively cut them off from the rest of the battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-Coulthard200_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coulthard200-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting raged throughout the early morning as 'B' Company vainly attempted to assist the cut-off 'D' Company. Varley decided to launch a counterattack with 'A' Company, but at 8:00 am the order to withdraw came from brigade headquarters, cancelling the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covered by the reserve company, 'A' and some of 'B' Company were able to break contact and fall back. 'D' Company, along with those of 'B' Company that were still isolated and in contact, had to be left to fight their way back to the battalion's lines. By the time they arrived, there were only enough men left to form one platoon.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2/18th's losses in this action amounted to about 90 men killed, wounded or missing. Japanese losses are unknown, but are thought to be significant<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were unable to take Jemaluang for two more days.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_in_Singapore">Fighting in Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fighting in Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></div> <p>After the withdrawal from Nithsdale, the battalion fell back along the Jemaluang–Kota Tinggi Road, before helping to cover the Allied withdrawal over the <a href="/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway" title="Johor–Singapore Causeway">Johor–Singapore Causeway</a> to Singapore Island. No engagements were fought during this phase, but the 2/18th patrolled constantly and provided rearguard detachments.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the battalion was briefly commanded by Major William Fraser, when Varley temporarily took over Eastforce, which consisted of the 22nd Brigade and a number of Indian and Malay formations,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filling in for Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Harold_Burfield_Taylor" title="Harold Burfield Taylor">Harold Burfield Taylor</a>, who was temporarily detached to organise a force to cover the withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore269_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore269-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following its arrival on the island, Varley returned to the battalion,<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore298_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore298-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which received a small number of reinforcements—about 90 men<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and was allocated to the defence of the Western Area along with the rest of the 8th Division.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forming part of the 22nd Brigade's defensive line in the north-west sector, stretching from the Causeway to the Sungei Berih,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the battalion was responsible for defending a frontage of 3 miles (4.8 km). With a strength of 37 officers and 826 other ranks,<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt74_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt74-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the battalion occupied a position in the centre of the brigade that stretched from the 2/20th's position around <a href="/wiki/Kranji_Reservoir" title="Kranji Reservoir">Kranji</a> to the 2/19th's around <a href="/wiki/Sarimbun_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarimbun Reservoir">Sungei Sarimbun</a>, north-east of the village of Ama Keng and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Tengah">Tengah Airfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consisting of "tidal mud flats and mangrove swamps intersected with streams and inlets",<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson237_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson237-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there had been no work done to prepare the area that the battalion was allocated to defend prior to its arrival due to political concerns about alarming the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wide frontage stretched the 2/18th thin on the ground, with no depth and large gaps between positions that were separated in places by tidal waterways. Due to the thick vegetation along the shoreline, the battalion's positions had the added handicap of poor visibility of the water and limited fields of fire that, combined with their isolation, meant that they were unable to support each other.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After occupying their positions on 1 February, the battalion worked to improve them as best they could, working under the cover of darkness so as to avoid Japanese artillery and air attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese attack on the north-west coast came on the night of 8/9 February, beginning with a heavy artillery and aerial bombardment of the 22nd Brigade's positions throughout the day, followed by a waterborne assault across the <a href="/wiki/Johore_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore Strait">Johore Strait</a>, which began around 10:30 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confronted by 16 battalions from the <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">Japanese 5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">18th Divisions</a>, which concentrated upon the 2/18th's and 2/20th's positions,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2/18th's two forward companies—'A' and 'C'—strongly resisted two frontal assaults during the day. Heavy casualties were inflicted on the Japanese over the course of several hours, but the defenders were eventually forced back by heavy indirect fire and overwhelming numbers. Exploiting the holes in the battalion's perimeter to avoid resistance, by 1:30 am on 9 February the Japanese had penetrated towards battalion headquarters near the Lim Chau Kang road, threatening to roll up the battalion's rear.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varley then ordered the forward companies to make a fighting withdrawal and fall back on battalion headquarters. Heavy fighting followed, during which the Australians suffered grave losses as groups became lost in the darkness in the thick country, before the battalion was able to re-establish itself around Ama Keng.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt_Iven_John_Mackay_1941_005054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of a soldier in military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lt_Iven_John_Mackay_1941_005054.jpg/200px-Lt_Iven_John_Mackay_1941_005054.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lt_Iven_John_Mackay_1941_005054.jpg/300px-Lt_Iven_John_Mackay_1941_005054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Lt_Iven_John_Mackay_1941_005054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Iven John Mackay, who led a section from the 2/18th's carrier platoon in a counterattack up Reformatory Road during the fighting in Singapore on 11 February 1942. </figcaption></figure> <p>The 2/18th attempted to defend the Tengah Airfield, but by 1:00 pm on 9 February they had been reduced to only 330 men and were withdrawn back to the south-east of the airfield, occupying a position around Bulim along the Chu Kang Road, with the <a href="/wiki/2/29th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/29th Battalion (Australia)">2/29th Battalion</a> on their left.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the night of 9/10 February, minor clashes occurred as patrols were sent out to fend off Japanese probes. The battalion continued to hold the line until 6:00 am when, following receipt of orders to withdraw, it moved back to Keat Hong village to take up the role of brigade reserve. The carrier platoon covered the battalion's withdrawal, and amidst heavy artillery shelling, they ambushed two Japanese columns, each roughly company-sized, inflicting heavy casualties upon them with their Vickers machine-guns before breaking contact.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of a misinterpretation of orders, the 22nd Brigade fell back towards Reformatory Road where the 2/18th took up positions to the west between the junctions of the Ulu Pandan and Bukit Timah Roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore337_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore337-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the brigade launched a counterattack later that day, the majority of the battalion was held back in reserve, after suffering many casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single company, though, was detached at this time to an ad hoc formation dubbed "X Battalion", tasked with launching a counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the rest of the battalion moved back into the reserve position along the Bukit Panjang Road.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That evening the 2/18th occupied a position north of a feature dubbed "127", but early on the morning of 11 February they were moved back south of there to gain better fields of fire. Shortly after this, the 2/18th came under attack from front and rear after the Japanese managed to infiltrate behind their position, forcing the 2/18th to fall back further under the cover of the fire from the carriers once again.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later during 11 February, the 22nd Brigade headquarters, situated around Wai Soon Gardens, came under attack from a Japanese force moving south from Bukit Timah. In response, the 2/18th launched a counterattack across Reformatory Road with bayonets.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, a section from the battalion's carrier platoon,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the command of Lieutenant Iven John Mackay, son of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Iven_Giffard_Mackay" class="mw-redirect" title="Iven Giffard Mackay">Iven Giffard Mackay</a>, conducted a daring attack that stopped the Japanese advance. Rolling up the axis of the road, firing machine-guns and hurling grenades, they advanced to the Bukit Timah Road before heading south to Holland Road and then returning to battalion headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this, the 22nd Brigade moved back towards the junction of Holland and Ulu Padan Roads. Moving while under heavy fire, the battalion established itself in its new position before 9:00 am, but in the confusion of the move, some men found themselves separated from the main body and cut off. In the afternoon, after the brigade position was reoriented to the west, the battalion was placed in reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion's positions in the north, situated on the high ground, experienced heavy attack from Japanese aircraft and artillery, as the brigade—supported by Australian and British artillery—fought off two regiments from the Japanese 18th Division during the course of the night of 11/12 February.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore359_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore359-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early the following morning, Varley was promoted to brigadier and took over as commander of the 22nd Brigade from Taylor, who was taken ill. In Varley's place, Major Charles O'Brien, who had previously been the battalion second-in-command, took over command of the battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a brief lull in the fighting in the 22nd Brigade's sector,<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore362_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore362-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Japanese 18th Division attacked again, attempting to take the brigade on its left flank. In response, the 2/18th was sent to retake some of the high ground south-east of the Ulu Pandan and Reformatory Roads late in the afternoon. Attacking with about 60 men, supported by three British armoured cars and artillery fire, they were unable to retake the position after the light failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore363_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore363-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese then pressed heavily against the 22nd Brigade's position, and they were forced to give ground, falling back to the junction of Buona Vista and Holland Roads, by which time the 2/18th was down to only 250 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore363_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore363-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 February, in an attempt to gain room for a possible counterattack, the Allied commander, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Percival" title="Arthur Percival">Arthur Percival</a>, ordered a shortening of the Allied lines towards the south-east and the formation of a 25-mile (40 km) perimeter around Singapore city.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of this, the Australian forces were concentrated into a 7-mile (11 km) perimeter centred around Farrer and Holland Roads, about 2 miles (3.2 km) west of the city, tasked with defending the north-east sector of the defensive line.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore370_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore370-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2/18th was positioned among the gravestones of Cemetery Hill, and apart from a few minor skirmishes and overflights by Japanese aircraft spotting for artillery,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a period of respite followed in the Australian sector. The Japanese skirted the position, moving in an easterly direction towards the city, by way of gaps in the line which opened to the north and south of the Australians through positions held by British, Indian and Malay units.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese continued to advance into the outskirts of Singapore throughout 14 February. Threatened with being isolated, the Australians made plans to make a last stand.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Japanese closing in, the island's civilian population began to suffer heavily as they were subjected to heavy artillery bombardment and aerial attacks from Japanese aircraft that were increasingly unopposed as anti-aircraft guns ran out of ammunition. Supplies of water and food also dwindled, and the water shortage was made worse by the loss of the island's reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in the morning of 15 February, after the Japanese had succeeded in infiltrating towards Mount Pleasant Ridge, Percival determined that a counterattack was not viable and instead decided to surrender the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion's final involvement in the fighting came that afternoon when 'A' and 'D' Companies were heavily shelled. A short time later, at 8:30 pm, the surrender came into effect and the men of the 2/18th received orders not to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt88_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt88-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-18th_Changi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shirtless and malnourished men smiling in a in the doorway of a hut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2-18th_Changi.jpg/200px-2-18th_Changi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2-18th_Changi.jpg/300px-2-18th_Changi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2-18th_Changi.jpg/400px-2-18th_Changi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption> Members of the 2/18th in a hut at Changi at the end of the war </figcaption></figure> <p>While the majority of the 2/18th obeyed the order not to escape following the surrender, a small number of men attempted to evade capture.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt91_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt91-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with other members of the battalion who had found themselves cut off from the rest of the battalion earlier in the fighting, they attempted to make their way back to Allied lines via Sumatra. There, some were eventually captured, while others managed to get away to <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith88_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith88-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 24 eventually managed to return to Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of whom were transferred to other units and later took part in further fighting in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt213_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt213-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Japanese arrived to effect the capture of the 2/18th, six men from the carrier platoon, which had earlier inflicted heavy casualties upon the Japanese during the fighting,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were ordered to move the battalion's carriers, before being tied up and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith88_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith88-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four other 2/18th soldiers were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Alexandra_Hospital_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">massacre at the Alexandra Hospital</a>. The surviving members of the battalion were then marched 25 miles (40 km) to the prisoner of war camp at <a href="/wiki/Changi_Prison" title="Changi Prison">Changi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly afterwards, the men were split up and sent to various locations to serve as forced labourers. The majority of the 2/18th's personnel were sent to <a href="/wiki/Blakang_Mati" class="mw-redirect" title="Blakang Mati">Blakang Mati</a>, but some remained in Changi, while others were sent to Japan or were sent to work on the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Railway" title="Burma Railway">Thai–Burma Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 174 men were sent to Borneo where in 1945 they were subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">Sandakan Death Marches</a>, which only about ten percent of the 2/18th men survived.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being separated, though, wherever possible the 2/18th men sought to stay together in their groups and the battalion structure was maintained even in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion's first commanding officer, Varley, was one of those sent to Burma where, as senior Allied officer, he worked to secure the welfare of over 9,000 men working on the railway, including many from the 2/18th. He was later sent to Thailand before being brought back to Singapore once work was completed. In late 1944 he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>. On 12 September, while en route, <a href="/wiki/SS_Rakuy%C5%8D_Maru" title="SS Rakuyō Maru">SS <i>Rakuyo Maru</i></a>, the transport ship on which he and around 1,250 other prisoners were travelling was torpedoed by a US submarine, <a href="/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-315)" title="USS Sealion (SS-315)">USS <i>Sealion</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varley took charge of several lifeboats of prisoners during the evacuation, attempting to lead them to safety. They were never seen again and are believed to have been machine-gunned several days later by Japanese frigates that were in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Uhr_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uhr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their time in captivity, men from the 2/18th undertook a number of subversive activities including building a radio transmitter, which they used to contact local resistance groups who provided them with assistance in the form of medicine and intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also involved in numerous escape attempts, some of which were successful, alongside Australians from other units. One of these successful escapes involved a group of eight men who escaped from the camp on Berhala Island in two groups. One group escaped while out of camp on a work detail, while the other simply walked out the front gate to use the ablutions and never came back. After meeting up outside the camp, the men split up again.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt165_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt165-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One group included Lieutenant Charles Wagner, who had previously been decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="Distinguished Conduct Medal">Distinguished Conduct Medal</a> for his actions around the Nithsdale Estate and who had been commissioned in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having bribed one of the camp guards, Wagner's group had contacted the local guerillas and arranged to rendezvous with a fishing vessel. After hiding out for three weeks, the vessel eventually arrived offshore and took them on board. The group then met up with the other escapees on <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a> where in mid-1943 they began working with the Filipino guerilla forces, fighting alongside them until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other escapes occurred later in the war, including one in which five men escaped from Ranau over the course of two days in early July 1945 during one of the death marches. After effecting their escape, these men were helped by locals who provided food and information, before the men were able to meet up with some Australians from <a href="/wiki/Z_Special_Unit" title="Z Special Unit">Z Special Unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the war in August 1945, the men that survived as prisoners of war were repatriated to Australia. Returning by aircraft and ship, this was largely completed by October, and later that year the battalion was officially disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 1,323 men served in the battalion throughout its existence, including reinforcements and personnel that were transferred.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt12_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt12-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion's battle casualties amounted to 80 killed and 10 wounded in Malaya, as well as 175 killed and 238 wounded in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt213_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt213-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of this 225 men from the 2/18th died in captivity as prisoners of war.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their involvement in the war, members of the battalion received the following decorations: one <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a>, two Distinguished Conduct Medals, one <a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Members of the Order of the British Empire</a>, and 11 <a href="/wiki/Mention_in_Despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mention in Despatches">Mentions in Despatches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_honours">Battle honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2/18th Battalion received the following <a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">battle honours</a>: </p> <ul><li>Malaya 1941–1942, Johore, Jemaluang, and Singapore Island.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanding_officers">Commanding officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commanding officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2/18th: </p> <ul><li>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Varley" title="Arthur Varley">Arthur Varley</a>;</li> <li>Major William Fraser;<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore269_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore269-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>Major Charles O'Brien.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the beginning of the war, the authorised strength of an Australian infantry battalion was larger than that of the standard British infantry battalion. Following the dispatch of Australian troops to the Middle East, though, a reorganisation saw the authorised strength drop to 910 men all ranks. A further re-organisation in 1943 saw it fall to 803.<sup id="cite_ref-Palazzo88_94_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palazzo88_94-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, during the war the actual size of an Australian infantry battalion fluctuated between 700 and 900 men, notwithstanding combat losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuring482_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuring482-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The numerical designation of 2nd AIF units was prefixed by "2/", which was used to set them apart from Militia units with corresponding numerical designations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong195251_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong195251-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shortly after being raised, the battalion received a quantity of trucks and sedans,<sup id="cite_ref-Burfitt22_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burfitt22-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these were later replaced or augmented by tracked Bren carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith suggests a figure of up to 1,000 killed,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this seems high considering the probable size of the Japanese force, which was estimated at battalion-strength.<sup id="cite_ref-Wigmore267_268_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wigmore267_268-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These figures vary from those provided by the Australian War Memorial, which states that the battalion had 562 dead and 124 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a discrepancy in these figures compared to those provided by the Australian War Memorial, which provides: one MC, two DCMs, one MM and 13 MIDs.<sup id="cite_ref-AWM_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These battle honours were subsequently entrusted to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_South_Wales_Regiment" title="Royal New South Wales Regiment">Royal New South Wales Regiment</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Palazzo88_94-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palazzo88_94_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palazzo88_94_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalazzo2004">Palazzo 2004</a>, pp. 88 & 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuring482-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuring482_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuring2004">Kuring 2004</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong195251-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong195251_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong1952">Long 1952</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AWM_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403091320/http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11269.asp">"2/18th Battalion"</a>. <i>Second World War, 1939–1945 units</i>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11269.asp">the original</a> on 3 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Second+World+War%2C+1939%26ndash%3B1945+units&rft.atitle=2%2F18th+Battalion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Funits%2Funit_11269.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uhr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uhr_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uhr_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhr2002" class="citation web cs1">Uhr, Janet (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/varley-arthur-leslie-11912">"Varley, Arthur Leslie (1893–1944)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>, Volume 16</i>. Melbourne, Australia: <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne University Press">Melbourne University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography%2C+Volume+16&rft.atitle=Varley%2C+Arthur+Leslie+%281893%E2%80%931944%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Uhr&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fvarley-arthur-leslie-11912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore30-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore30_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore30_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt17_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt22-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt22_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt22_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006063150/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/structure/army_detailed_structure.asp">"Military Organisation and Structure – Army: Detailed Structure"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/structure/army_detailed_structure.asp">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Organisation+and+Structure+%E2%80%93+Army%3A+Detailed+Structure&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fstructure%2Farmy_detailed_structure.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuring2004">Kuring 2004</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong1952">Long 1952</a>, pp. 321–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan2013">Morgan 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeogh1965">Keogh 1965</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeogh1965">Keogh 1965</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, pp. 40 & 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coulthard200-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard200_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coulthard200_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998">Coulthard-Clark 1998</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998">Coulthard-Clark 1998</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith62-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith62_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore267_268-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore267_268_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore267_268_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, pp. 62–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998">Coulthard-Clark 1998</a>, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore269-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore269_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore269_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore298-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore298_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt74-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt74_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 298 & 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2008">Thompson 2008</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson237-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson237_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2008">Thompson 2008</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2008">Thompson 2008</a>, pp. 237–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2008">Thompson 2008</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2008">Thompson 2008</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 335–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore337-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore337_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 358–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore359-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore359_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 362–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore362-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore362_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore363-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore363_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore363_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998">Coulthard-Clark 1998</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigmore370-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wigmore370_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 370 & 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 370–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson2008">Thompson 2008</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt88-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt88_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt91-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt91_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith88-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith88_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith88_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 91 & 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt213-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt213_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt213_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2011">Smith 2011</a>, p. v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 614–615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt165-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt165_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burfitt12-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burfitt12_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurfitt1991">Burfitt 1991</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFestberg1972">Festberg 1972</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurfitt1991" class="citation book cs1">Burfitt, James (1991). <i>Against All Odds: The History of the 2/18th Battalion, AIF</i>. Frenchs Forest, New South Wales: 2/18th Battalion, AIF Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-06462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-06462-8"><bdi>978-0-646-06462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+All+Odds%3A+The+History+of+the+2%2F18th+Battalion%2C+AIF&rft.place=Frenchs+Forest%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=2%2F18th+Battalion%2C+AIF+Association&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-646-06462-8&rft.aulast=Burfitt&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulthard-Clark1998" class="citation book cs1">Coulthard-Clark, Christopher (1998). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles</i> (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-611-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-611-2"><bdi>1-86448-611-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Australia%27s+Battles&rft.place=St+Leonards%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86448-611-2&rft.aulast=Coulthard-Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFestberg1972" class="citation book cs1">Festberg, Alfred (1972). <i>The Lineage of the Australian Army</i>. Melbourne, Victoria: Allara Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85887-024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85887-024-6"><bdi>978-0-85887-024-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lineage+of+the+Australian+Army&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Allara+Publishing&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-85887-024-6&rft.aulast=Festberg&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Grey" title="Jeffrey Grey">Grey, Jeffrey</a> (2008). <i>A Military History of Australia</i> (3rd ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0"><bdi>978-0-521-69791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69791-0&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeogh1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Graham_Keogh" title="Eustace Graham Keogh">Keogh, Eustace</a> (1965). <i>The South West Pacific 1941–45</i>. Melbourne, Victoria: Grayflower Productions. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7185705">7185705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+West+Pacific+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Grayflower+Productions&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7185705&rft.aulast=Keogh&rft.aufirst=Eustace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuring2004" class="citation book cs1">Kuring, Ian (2004). <i>Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001</i>. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8"><bdi>1-876439-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redcoats+to+Cams%3A+A+History+of+Australian+Infantry+1788%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Loftus%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Australian+Military+History+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-876439-99-8&rft.aulast=Kuring&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Long" title="Gavin Long">Long, Gavin</a> (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070200/"><i>To Benghazi</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. I (1st ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18400892">18400892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Benghazi&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18400892&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Joseph (2013). "A Burning Legacy: The Broken 8th Division". <i>Sabretache</i>. <b>LIV</b> (3, September). Military Historical Society of Australia: 4–14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8933">0048-8933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sabretache&rft.atitle=A+Burning+Legacy%3A+The+Broken+8th+Division&rft.volume=LIV&rft.issue=3%2C+September&rft.pages=4-14&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0048-8933&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalazzo2004" class="citation book cs1">Palazzo, Albert (2004). "Organising for Jungle Warfare". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309213301/http://army.gov.au/our-history/army-history-unit/chief-of-army-history-conference/previous-conference-proceedings/~/media/files/our%20history/aahu/conference%20papers%20and%20images/2003/2003-the_pacific_war_1943-1944_part_1.ashx"><i>The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944</i></a>. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Army History Unit. pp. 86–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-43590-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-43590-6"><bdi>0-646-43590-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.gov.au/Our-history/Army-History-Unit/Chief-of-Army-History-Conference/Previous-Conference-Proceedings/~/media/Files/Our%20history/AAHU/Conference%20Papers%20and%20Images/2003/2003-The_Pacific_War_1943-1944_Part_1.ashx">the original</a> on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Organising+for+Jungle+Warfare&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Victory%3A+The+Pacific+War+1943%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.pages=86-101&rft.pub=Army+History+Unit&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-646-43590-6&rft.aulast=Palazzo&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.gov.au%2FOur-history%2FArmy-History-Unit%2FChief-of-Army-History-Conference%2FPrevious-Conference-Proceedings%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FOur%2520history%2FAAHU%2FConference%2520Papers%2520and%2520Images%2F2003%2F2003-The_Pacific_War_1943-1944_Part_1.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Kevin (2011). <i>Stories From Sandakan: 2/18th Bn</i>. Armidale, New South Wales: K R & H Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-54919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-54919-4"><bdi>978-0-646-54919-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+From+Sandakan%3A+2%2F18th+Bn&rft.place=Armidale%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=K+R+%26+H+Smith&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-646-54919-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Peter (2008). <i>Pacific Fury: How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge</i>. North Sydney, New South Wales: William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74166-708-0"><bdi>978-1-74166-708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Fury%3A+How+Australia+and+Her+Allies+Defeated+the+Japanese+Scourge&rft.place=North+Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74166-708-0&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1957" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/"><i>The Japanese Thrust</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1—Army, Vol. IV. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3134219">3134219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Thrust&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1%E2%80%94Army%2C+Vol.+IV&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3134219&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2%2F18th+Battalion+%28Australia%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2/18th_Battalion_(Australia)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.218battalion.org.au">2/18th Battalion Association home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/pow/ww2_japanese.htm">The Australian War Memorial Research Centre – "Australian prisoners of war: Second World War Prisoners of the Japanese"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202121753/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/pow/ww2_japanese.htm">Archived</a> 2 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infantry_formations_of_the_Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Infantry_formations_of_the_Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Infantry formations of the Second Australian Imperial Force</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="16th Brigade (Australia)">16th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/1st_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/1st Battalion (Australia)">2/1st Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/2nd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/2nd Battalion (Australia)">2/2nd Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/3rd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/3rd Battalion (Australia)">2/3rd Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="17th Brigade (Australia)">17th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/5th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/5th Battalion (Australia)">2/5th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/6th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/6th Battalion (Australia)">2/6th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/7th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/7th Battalion (Australia)">2/7th Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="19th Brigade (Australia)">19th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/4th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/4th Battalion (Australia)">2/4th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/8th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/8th Battalion (Australia)">2/8th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/11th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/11th Battalion (Australia)">2/11th Bn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="18th Brigade (Australia)">18th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/9th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/9th Battalion (Australia)">2/9th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/10th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/10th Battalion (Australia)">2/10th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/12th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/12th Battalion (Australia)">2/12th Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="21st Brigade (Australia)">21st Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/14th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/14th Battalion (Australia)">2/14th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/16th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/16th Battalion (Australia)">2/16th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/27th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/27th Battalion (Australia)">2/27th Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="25th Brigade (Australia)">25th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/25th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/25th Battalion (Australia)">2/25th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/31st_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/31st Battalion (Australia)">2/31st Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/33rd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/33rd Battalion (Australia)">2/33rd Bn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/22nd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="22nd Brigade (Australia)">22nd Bde</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2/18th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/19th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/19th Battalion (Australia)">2/19th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/20th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/20th Battalion (Australia)">2/20th Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="23rd Brigade (Australia)">23rd Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/21st_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/21st Battalion (Australia)">2/21st Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/22nd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/22nd Battalion (Australia)">2/22nd Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/40th_Battalion_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="2/40th Battalion (Australia)">2/40th Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="27th Brigade (Australia)">27th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/26th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/26th Battalion (Australia)">2/26th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/29th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/29th Battalion (Australia)">2/29th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/30th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/30th Battalion (Australia)">2/30th Bn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="20th Brigade (Australia)">20th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/13th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/13th Battalion (Australia)">2/13th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/15th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/15th Battalion (Australia)">2/15th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/17th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/17th Battalion (Australia)">2/17th Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="24th Brigade (Australia)">24th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/28th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/28th Battalion (Australia)">2/28th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/32nd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/32nd Battalion (Australia)">2/32nd Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/43rd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/43rd Battalion (Australia)">2/43rd Bn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="26th Brigade (Australia)">26th Bde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/23rd_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/23rd Battalion (Australia)">2/23rd Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/24th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/24th Battalion (Australia)">2/24th Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/48th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/48th Battalion (Australia)">2/48th Bn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Machine Gun Battalions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/1st_Machine_Gun_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)">2/1st Machine Gun Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/2nd_Machine_Gun_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)">2/2nd Machine Gun Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/3rd_Machine_Gun_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)">2/3rd Machine Gun Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/4th_Machine_Gun_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/4th Machine Gun Battalion (Australia)">2/4th Machine Gun Bn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pioneer Battalions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2/1st_Pioneer_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/1st Pioneer Battalion (Australia)">2/1st Pioneer Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/2nd_Pioneer_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/2nd Pioneer Battalion (Australia)">2/2nd Pioneer Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/3rd_Pioneer_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/3rd Pioneer Battalion (Australia)">2/3rd Pioneer Bn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2/4th_Pioneer_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/4th Pioneer 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