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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Marine_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Marine_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United States Marine Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Marine_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flying_Tigers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flying_Tigers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flying Tigers</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Author" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Author</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>TV series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Publicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Military awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_of_Honor_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Medal of Honor citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy_Cross_citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy_Cross_citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Navy Cross citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy_Cross_citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport_renaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport_renaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Airport renaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport_renaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Naval Aviation Hall of Honor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NROL-82_Mission_Patch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NROL-82_Mission_Patch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>NROL-82 Mission Patch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NROL-82_Mission_Patch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>National Aviation Hall of Fame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Boyington" title="Gregory Boyington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gregory Boyington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_%22Pappy%22_Boyington" title="Gregory "Pappy" Boyington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gregory "Pappy" Boyington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پاپی بویینگتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپی بویینگتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Boyington" title="Gregory Boyington – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gregory Boyington" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappy_Boyington" title="Pappy Boyington – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pappy Boyington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappy_Boyington" title="Pappy Boyington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pappy Boyington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גרגורי בוינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגורי בוינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="پاپى بوينجتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پاپى بوينجتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="グレゴリー・ボイントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレゴリー・ボイントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Boyington" title="Gregory Boyington – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gregory Boyington" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Boyington" title="Gregory Boyington – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gregory Boyington" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%9B%A0%E9%A1%BF" title="格雷戈里·博因顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格雷戈里·博因顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipient (1912–1988)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Pappy Boyington</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pappy_Boyington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pappy_Boyington.jpg/220px-Pappy_Boyington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pappy_Boyington.jpg/330px-Pappy_Boyington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Pappy_Boyington.jpg/440px-Pappy_Boyington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="930" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington during World War II</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Gregory Boyington</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Gregory Hallenbeck</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Pappy", "Gramps"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-12-04</span>)</span>December 4, 1912<br /><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene, Idaho</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 11, 1988<span style="display:none">(1988-01-11)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>United States</li> <li>China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Republic of China Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1934–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMF-122" class="mw-redirect" title="VMF-122">VMF-122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMF-112" class="mw-redirect" title="VMF-112">VMF-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMF-214" class="mw-redirect" title="VMF-214">VMF-214</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/35px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/53px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/70px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/35px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/53px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/70px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/35px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/53px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/70px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> – <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">draftsman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gregory</b> "<b>Pappy</b>" <b>Boyington</b> (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">combat pilot</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">ace</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>. A Marine aviator with the Pacific fleet in 1941, Boyington joined the "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a>" (1st <a href="/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group" title="American Volunteer Group">American Volunteer Group</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Republic of China Air Force</a> and saw combat in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a> in late 1941 and 1942 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. </p><p>In September 1942, Boyington rejoined the Marine Corps. In early 1943, he deployed to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Area" title="South Pacific Area">South Pacific</a> and began flying combat missions in the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">F4U Corsair</a> fighter. On August 14, 1943, he took command of Marine fighter squadron <a href="/wiki/VMA-214" class="mw-redirect" title="VMA-214">VMF-214</a> ("Black Sheep"). </p><p>In January 1944, Boyington, outnumbered by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">"Zero"</a> planes, was shot down into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> after downing one of the enemy planes. He was captured by a Japanese submarine crew and was held as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> for more than a year and a half. He was released shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>. </p><p>The television series <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa_Black_Sheep_(TV_series)" title="Baa Baa Black Sheep (TV series)">Baa Baa Black Sheep</a></i> was inspired by Boyington and his men in the "Black Sheep" squadron. It ran for two seasons in the late 1970s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born on December 4, 1912, in <a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene,_Idaho" title="Coeur d'Alene, Idaho">Coeur d'Alene, Idaho</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbisillde_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbisillde-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he moved with his family to the logging town of <a href="/wiki/St._Maries,_Idaho" title="St. Maries, Idaho">St. Maries</a> at age three and lived there until age 12.<sup id="cite_ref-mmamffwo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmamffwo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is of part <a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé Sioux</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then lived in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, where he was a wrestler at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_High_School_(Tacoma,_Washington)" title="Lincoln High School (Tacoma, Washington)">Lincoln High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took his first flight at St. Maries when he was six years old, with <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Pangborn" title="Clyde Pangborn">Clyde Pangborn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-jinx26_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jinx26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later became the first pilot to fly over the Pacific Ocean non-stop.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduation from high school in 1930, Boyington attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Army ROTC</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">Lambda Chi Alpha</a> fraternity.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was on the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Huskies" title="Washington Huskies">Husky</a> wrestling and swimming teams, and for a time he held the Pacific Northwest Intercollegiate middleweight wrestling title. He spent his summers working in Washington in a mining camp and at a <a href="/wiki/Logging_camp" title="Logging camp">logging camp</a> and with the Coeur d'Alene Fire Protective Association in road construction. He graduated in 1934 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aeronautical engineering</a>. Boyington married shortly after graduation and worked as a draftsman and engineer for <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> in Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington began his military training in college as a member of Army ROTC and became a cadet captain. He was <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned</a> a <a href="/wiki/US_Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="US Second Lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coast Artillery</a> Reserve in June 1934, and then served two months of active duty with the 630th Coast Artillery at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worden" title="Fort Worden">Fort Worden</a>, Washington.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the spring of 1935, he applied for flight training under the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Cadet_Training_Program_(USN)#Naval_Aviation_Cadet_Act_(1935)" title="Aviation Cadet Training Program (USN)">Aviation Cadet Act</a>, but he discovered that it excluded married men.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington had grown up as Gregory Hallenbeck, and assumed his stepfather, Ellsworth J. Hallenbeck, was his father.<sup id="cite_ref-pbisillde_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbisillde-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmvicty_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmvicty-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apbda75_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apbda75-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he obtained a copy of his birth certificate, he learned that his father was actually Charles Boyington, a dentist, and that his parents had divorced when he was an infant.<sup id="cite_ref-mmamffwo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmamffwo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As there was no record of any Gregory Boyington ever being married, he enrolled as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Cadet_Training_Program_(USN)" title="Aviation Cadet Training Program (USN)">aviation cadet</a> using that name.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Marine_Corps">United States Marine Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States Marine Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 13, 1935, he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">U.S. Marine Corps Reserve</a>. He returned to inactive duty on July 16.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 18, 1936, Boyington accepted an appointment as an aviation cadet in the Marine Corps Reserve. He was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola">Naval Air Station Pensacola</a> for flight training. Boyington was designated a <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">Naval Aviator</a> on March 11, 1937, then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a> for duty with Aircraft One, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a>. He was discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve on July 1, 1937, in order to accept a second lieutenant's commission in the Marine Corps the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington attended <a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> from July 1938 to January 1939. On completion of the course, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Group at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_North_Island" title="Naval Air Station North Island">San Diego Naval Air Station</a>. He took part in <a href="/wiki/Fleet_problem" title="Fleet problem">fleet problems</a> off the aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS <i>Lexington</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)">USS <i>Yorktown</i></a>. Promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant#United_States" title="Lieutenant">first lieutenant</a> on November 4, 1940, Boyington returned to Pensacola as an instructor in December.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flying_Tigers">Flying Tigers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flying Tigers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While serving as an instructor at Pensacola, Boyington punched another officer during a disagreement and was informed by his superiors that he likely faced a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>. At this time, representatives looking for volunteer fighter pilots to fight in China visited Pensacola. Boyington quickly resigned his commission in the Marine Corps on August 26, 1941, to accept a position with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Aircraft_Manufacturing_Company" title="Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company">Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company</a>, which was a civilian firm that contracted to staff a Special Air Unit to defend China and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a>. This later became known as the American Volunteer Group, the famed <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a> in Burma. During his time with the Tigers, Boyington became a flight leader. He was frequently in trouble with the commander of the outfit, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Lee_Chennault" title="Claire Lee Chennault">Claire Chennault</a> and reportedly was disliked and distrusted by the other pilots in the organization, who considered Boyington a "liar and a drunk." Boyington was officially credited with two Japanese aircraft destroyed in the air and one and a half on the ground. Boyington always claimed that he shot down six in the air, a claim accepted by the Marine Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1942, he broke his contract with the American Volunteer Group and returned on his own to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80-G-54303_(27355602484).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/80-G-54303_%2827355602484%29.jpg/220px-80-G-54303_%2827355602484%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/80-G-54303_%2827355602484%29.jpg/330px-80-G-54303_%2827355602484%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/80-G-54303_%2827355602484%29.jpg/440px-80-G-54303_%2827355602484%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption>(Lower left) Boyington with pilots of VMF-122 (Not VMF-214;see designation of life vest in center)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg/220px-Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg/330px-Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg/440px-Boyingtons_Corsair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Vought F4U-1A Corsair, BuNo 17883, of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, the commander of VMF-214, Vella Lavella, end of 1943</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_Marine_Corps">Return to the Marine Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to the Marine Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 29, 1942, he rejoined the Marine Corps and took a <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a>'s commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marine Corps needed experienced combat pilots, and in early 1943 he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_11" title="Marine Aircraft Group 11">Marine Aircraft Group 11</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Aircraft_Wing" title="1st Marine Aircraft Wing">1st Marine Aircraft Wing</a> and deployed to the South Pacific as <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">executive officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/VMFA-122" title="VMFA-122">Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 122</a> (VMFA-122) operating from <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> until April 1943. While assigned to VMFA-122, Boyington shot down no enemy aircraft. From July to August 1943, he commanded <a href="/wiki/VMFA-112" title="VMFA-112">Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 112</a>. In September 1943, he became <a href="/wiki/Commanding_officer" title="Commanding officer">commanding officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/VMA-214" class="mw-redirect" title="VMA-214">Marine Fighter Squadron 214</a> (VMF-214), better known by its nickname, the "Black Sheep Squadron".<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boyington received the nickname "Gramps", because at age 31, he was a decade older than most of the Marines serving under him. The name "Gramps" was changed to "Pappy" in a variation on "<a href="/wiki/The_Whiffenpoof_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whiffenpoof Song">The Whiffenpoof Song</a>" whose new lyrics had been written by Paul "Moon" Mullen, one of his pilots, and this version was picked up by war correspondents.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington is best known for his exploits in the <a href="/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair" title="Vought F4U Corsair">Vought F4U Corsair</a> in VMF-214. During periods of intense activity in the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Islands" title="Russell Islands">Russell Islands</a>-<a href="/wiki/New_Georgia" title="New Georgia">New Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>-<a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>-<a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a> areas, he shot down 14 enemy fighter planes in 32 days. By December 27, 1943, his record had climbed to 25.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical feat was his attack on Kahili airdrome at the southern tip of Bougainville on October 17, 1943. Boyington and 24 fighters circled the field, where 60 hostile aircraft were based, goading the enemy into sending up a large force. In the fierce battle that followed, 20 enemy aircraft were shot down, while the Black Sheep returned to their base without loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington's squadron, flying from the island of <a href="/wiki/Vella_Lavella" title="Vella Lavella">Vella Lavella</a>, offered to down a <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Japanese Zero</a> for every baseball cap sent to them by major league players in the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a>. They received 20 caps and shot down more than that number of enemy aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On January 3, 1944, he beat <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> ace <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker" title="Eddie Rickenbacker">Eddie Rickenbacker</a>'s record of 26 enemy planes destroyed, before Boyington was shot down, though his last two kills for a total of 28 were confirmed after his return.<sup id="cite_ref-jinx26_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jinx26-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mbmia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbmia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bsalrop_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsalrop-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that mission, 48 American fighters, including four planes from the Black Sheep Squadron (plus planes from VF-33 and VMF-211), were sent on a sweep over <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>. Boyington was tactical commander of the flight and arrived over the target at 8:00 am. He was seen to shoot down his 26th plane, but he then became mixed in the general melee of dogfighting planes and was not seen or heard from during the battle, nor did he return with his squadron. Boyington's wingman, Captain George Ashmun, was killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Masajiro "Mike" Kawato claimed to have been the pilot who shot down Boyington. He described the combat in two books and numerous public appearances (often with Boyington), but this claim was eventually "disproven", though Kawato repeated his story until his death. Kawato was present during the action in which Boyington was shot down, as one of 70 Japanese fighters which engaged about 30 American fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IJN Forces were the 204th Kōkūtai and 253d Kōkūtai (Naval Aviation Group Formations). The 204th Kōkūtai losses are unknown; however the 253d Kōkūtai reported 1 Zero shot down and Pilot slightly injured.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_of_war">Prisoner of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prisoner of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a determined but futile search, Boyington was declared <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a> (MIA).<sup id="cite_ref-bsalrop_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsalrop-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been picked up on 3 January 1944 by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-181" title="Japanese submarine I-181"><i>I-181</i></a> and taken to Rabaul,<sup id="cite_ref-combinedfleetI181_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-combinedfleetI181-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>. (<i>I-181</i> was sunk 13 days after picking him up.<sup id="cite_ref-combinedfleetI181_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-combinedfleetI181-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) According to Boyington's autobiography, he was never accorded official POW status by the Japanese, and his captivity was not reported to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bmaralijp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmaralijp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He spent the rest of the war, some 20 months, in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">prison camps</a>. After being held temporarily at Rabaul and then <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Truk</a>, where he survived the massive U.S. Navy raid known as "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Hailstone" title="Operation Hailstone">Operation Hailstone</a>", he was transported first to <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cfuna_(Prisoner_of_War_Camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōfuna (Prisoner of War Camp)">Ōfuna</a> and finally to <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmori" title="Ōmori">Ōmori Prison Camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. During that time, he was selected for temporary promotion to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>. A fellow American prisoner of war was Medal of Honor recipient submarine Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Kane" title="Richard O'Kane">Richard O'Kane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Ōfuna, Boyington was interned with the former Olympic distance runner and downed aviator Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Louis_Zamperini" title="Louis Zamperini">Louis Zamperini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 29, 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-bmaralijp_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmaralijp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese capitulation</a>, Boyington was liberated from Japanese custody at Omori Prison Camp. Boyington returned to the United States at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Alameda" title="Naval Air Station Alameda">Naval Air Station Alameda</a> on September 12, 1945, where he was met by 21 former squadron members from VMF-214.<sup id="cite_ref-bwbhbsp_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwbhbsp-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbmogohr_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbmogohr-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That night, a party for him was held at the <a href="/wiki/Westin_St._Francis" title="Westin St. Francis">St. Francis Hotel</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> that was covered by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> in its issue October 1, 1945. The coverage of the party marked the first time that the magazine had ever shown people consuming alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his arrival, on September 6, he accepted his temporary lieutenant colonel's commission in the Marine Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyington_MOH.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Boyington_MOH.JPEG/220px-Boyington_MOH.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Boyington_MOH.JPEG/330px-Boyington_MOH.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Boyington_MOH.JPEG/440px-Boyington_MOH.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Boyington shortly after receiving the Medal of Honor</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after his return to the U.S., as a lieutenant colonel,<sup id="cite_ref-bwbhbsp_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwbhbsp-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-okhlslh_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okhlslh-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington was ordered to Washington, DC, to receive the nation's highest military honor—the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>—from the president. The medal had been awarded by the late President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in March 1944 and held in the capital until such time as he could receive it. On October 4, 1945, Boyington received the <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a> for the Rabaul raid. On October 5, "Nimitz Day", some other sailors, marines, and he who were also awarded the Medal of Honor were presented their medals at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the receipt of his Medal of Honor and Navy Cross, Boyington made a <a href="/wiki/Series_E_bond" title="Series E bond">Victory Bond tour</a>. Originally ordered to the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, he was later directed to report to the commanding general, Marine Air West Coast, Marine Corps Air Station, Miramar, San Diego, California. He retired from the Marine Corps on August 1, 1947, and because he was specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat, he was promoted to colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington was a tough, hard-living character known for being unorthodox. He was also a heavy drinker, which plagued him in the years after the war and possibly contributed to his multiple divorces. He freely admitted that during the two years he spent as a POW his health improved because of the enforced sobriety. He worked various civilian jobs, including refereeing and participating in <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a> matches.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author">Author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington wrote his autobiography, <i>Baa Baa, Black Sheep</i>, published in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-birkpbmp_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birkpbmp-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a novel about the American Volunteer Group, <i>Tonya</i>, a spy story with characters based on real individuals. Some of the character names were derived by transposing the syllables of the names of the people who inspired them ("Ross Dicky" for Dick Rossi, for example).<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_series">TV series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TV series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people know of him from the mid-1970s television show <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa_Black_Sheep_(TV_series)" title="Baa Baa Black Sheep (TV series)">Baa Baa Black Sheep</a></i>, a drama about the Black Sheep squadron based very loosely on Boyington's memoir, with Boyington portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conrad" title="Robert Conrad">Robert Conrad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apbhonsr_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apbhonsr-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bshdwb_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bshdwb-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington had a short walk-on role as a visiting general for two episodes in the first season ("The Deadliest Enemy of All: Part 2" and "The Fastest Gun") and one episode in the second season ("Ten'll Get You Five") of the show.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Boyington's men were irate over the show, charging it was mostly fiction and presented a glamorized portrayal of Boyington. On the television show, Boyington was depicted as owning a <a href="/wiki/Bull_Terrier" title="Bull Terrier">Bull Terrier</a> dog, named "Meatball", although Boyington did not own a dog while deployed in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">South Pacific Theater</a>. Boyington frequently told interviewers and audiences that the television series was fiction and only slightly related to fact, calling it "hogwash and Hollywood hokum".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publicity">Publicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pappy_Boyington" title="Special:EditPage/Pappy Boyington">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While paintings and publicity photographs often show Boyington with aircraft number 86 <i>LuluBelle</i> covered in victory flags, he had not flown this in combat. In fact, he rarely flew the same aircraft more than a few times. Reportedly, he would choose the F4U in the worst shape, so that none of his pilots would be afraid to fly their own aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A publicity photo taken of Boyington in F4U-1A Corsair number 86 was taken at <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> (code named BUTTON), in the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> on 26 November 1943. It was taken while VMA-214 was on leave between their first and second combat tours with Boyington as the commanding officer. Though Boyington claimed after the war that the name of the plane was <i>LuluBelle</i>, according to Bruce Gamble's analysis, it was most likely called <i>LucyBelle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whoswho_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boyington was part of the 1981 Black Sheep reunion in Washington, DC, hosted by the Smithsonian Institution's <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>. Reunion planning was initiated by Boyington's namesake Gregory Tucker, son of Black Sheep pilot Burney Tucker. The reunion was scheduled to coincide with the dedication of a restored F4U-1 Corsair exhibit. The dedication program was attended by 18 Black Sheep veterans, museum dignitaries, and astronaut <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Ling-Temco-Vought" title="Ling-Temco-Vought">Ling-Temco-Vought Company</a> (successor to Corsair manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Vought" title="Vought">Vought</a>). The program included a banquet recognizing all of the Black Sheep veterans. At the request of museum personnel, Boyington climbed into the cockpit for pictures, confirmed the accuracy of the cockpit restoration, and answered a question from a young fan: "Yeah, I could fly it today, if it was airworthy." He autographed the Corsair with a marker pen in one of the landing gear wells, saying, in effect, that it was a Corsair in the best condition he had ever seen. The Corsair hangs from the ceiling at the museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Dulles Airport in Chantilly, Virginia. </p><p>In 1957, he appeared as a guest contestant on the television panel show <i><a href="/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth" title="To Tell the Truth">To Tell the Truth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ToTellTruth_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToTellTruth-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, Boyington appeared on NBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">The Today Show</a></i> with actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conrad" title="Robert Conrad">Robert Conrad</a> and was interviewed about the drama <i><a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa_Black_Sheep_(TV_series)" title="Baa Baa Black Sheep (TV series)">Baa Baa Black Sheep</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington had three children with his first wife Helen Clark.<sup id="cite_ref-okhlslh_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okhlslh-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married after his graduation from the University of Washington in 1934. She was 17 years old. One daughter (Janet Boyington) took her own life;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one son (Gregory Boyington, Jr.) graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">U.S. Air Force Academy</a> in 1960 and retired from the U.S. Air Force as a lieutenant colonel. His youngest child was Gloria Boyington.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, his three children were placed in the charge of their aunt and grandmother after Boyington divorced Helen when he returned to America in 1941 after serving with the Flying Tigers. He charged his ex-wife with neglecting the children. Boyington married Frances Baker, 32, of Los Angeles on January 8, 1946.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His third marriage was to Delores Tatum, 33, on October 28, 1959. It was the second marriage for Tatum, and the third for the 46-year-old Boyington.<sup id="cite_ref-acesofww2.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acesofww2.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington and Delores had one adopted child.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Josephine Wilson Moseman of Fresno in 1978. This marriage was his fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A heavy smoker throughout his adult life, Boyington died of lung cancer on January 11, 1988, at age 75, in <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boyington is buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His January 15 interment included <a href="/wiki/Military_funeral" title="Military funeral">full military honors</a> accorded to a Medal of Honor recipient, including a <a href="/wiki/Missing_man_formation" title="Missing man formation">missing man fly-by</a> conducted by the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">F-4 Phantom IIs</a> of VMFA-321 "Hells Angels" of the Marine Air Reserve Training Detachment based at the Naval Air Facility located on <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his flight from Fresno, VMA-214 (the current incarnation of the Black Sheep Squadron) did a flyby. They intended to perform a missing man formation, but one of the four aircraft suffered a mechanical problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamble_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamble-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the burial service for Boyington, one of his friends, Fred Losch, looked down at the headstone next to which he was standing, that of boxing legend <a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a>, and remarked that "Ol' Pappy wouldn't have to go far to find a good fight."<sup id="cite_ref-Gamble_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamble-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_awards">Military awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington's military decorations and awards include: </p> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg/200px-Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg/300px-Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg/400px-Naval_Aviator_Badge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="469" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A light blue ribbon with five white five pointed stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/106px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/159px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg/212px-Medal_of_Honor_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/106px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/159px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg/212px-Navy_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/106px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/159px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/212px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg/106px-United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg/159px-United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg/212px-United_States_Navy_Presidential_Unit_Citation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg/106px-Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg/159px-Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg/212px-Prisoner_of_War_Medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver service star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/18px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/27px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/36px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviator_insignia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Aviator insignia">Naval Aviator insignia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple Heart Medal">Purple Heart Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a> w/ <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000056-QINU`"'</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" bronze star</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War_Medal" title="Prisoner of War Medal">Prisoner of War Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a> w/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" bronze star </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a> w/ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" silver star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Victory Medal (United States)">World War II Victory Medal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_of_Honor_citation">Medal of Honor citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington's Medal of Honor citation reads: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moh_right.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A light blue neck ribbon with a gold star shaped medallion hanging from it. The ribbon is similar in shape to a bowtie with 13 white stars in the center of the ribbon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Moh_right.gif/106px-Moh_right.gif" decoding="async" width="106" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Moh_right.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <blockquote> <p>"The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in the name of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">The Congress</a> takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>MAJOR GREGORY BOYINGTON</b><br />UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE</div> <p>for service as set forth in the following </p><p>CITATION: </p><p>For extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO FOURTEEN in action against enemy Japanese forces in Central Solomons Area from September 12, 1943, to January 3, 1944. Consistently outnumbered throughout successive hazardous flights over heavily defended hostile territory, Major Boyington struck at the enemy with daring and courageous persistence, leading his squadron into combat with devastating results to Japanese shipping, shore installations and aerial forces. Resolute in his efforts to inflict crippling damage on the enemy, Major BOYINGTON led a formation of twenty-four fighters over Kahili on October 17, and persistently circling the airdrome where sixty hostile aircraft were grounded, boldly challenged the Japanese to send up planes. Under his brilliant command, our fighters shot down twenty enemy craft in the ensuing action without the loss of a single ship. A superb airman and determined fighter against overwhelming odds, Major BOYINGTON personally destroyed 26 of the many Japanese planes shot down by his squadron and by his forceful leadership developed the combat readiness in his command which was a distinctive factor in the Allied aerial achievements in this vitally strategic area. </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT</a></div></blockquote> <p><small>Source:</small><sup id="cite_ref-AMOHW_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMOHW-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy_Cross_citation">Navy Cross citation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Navy Cross citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citation:</b> </p> <dl><dd>The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (MCSN: 0-5254), United States Marine Corps Reserve, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer and a Pilot of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO HUNDRED FOURTEEN (VMF-214), Marine Air Group ELEVEN (MAG-11), FIRST Marine Aircraft Wing, during action against enemy aerial forces in the New Britain Island Area on 3 January 1944. Climaxing a period of duty conspicuous for exceptional combat achievement, Major Boyington led a formation of Allied planes on a fighter sweep over Rabaul against a vastly superior number of hostile fighters. Diving in a steep run into the climbing Zeros, he made a daring attack, sending one Japanese fighter to destruction in flames. A tenacious and fearless airman under extremely hazardous conditions, Major Boyington succeeded in communicating to those who served with him, the brilliant and effective tactics developed through a careful study of enemy techniques, and led his men into combat with inspiring and courageous determination. His intrepid leadership and gallant fighting spirit reflect the highest credit upon the United States Naval Service.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington's honors include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport_renaming">Airport renaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Airport renaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg/220px-Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg/330px-Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg/440px-Pappy_Boyington_Field_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Sign on the perimeter fence of the Coeur D'Alene (Idaho) Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 2007, the Coeur d'Alene airport was renamed the "<a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_Airport" title="Coeur d'Alene Airport">Coeur d'Alene Airport–Pappy Boyington Field</a>" in his honor and dedicated the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-psbbtag_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psbbtag-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curless_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curless-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iplipbf_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iplipbf-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpoapnm_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpoapnm-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent documentary film called <i>Pappy Boyington Field</i> was produced by filmmaker Kevin Gonzalez in 2008, chronicling the grassroots campaign to add the commemorative name.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film showcases many of the local veterans who were involved with the campaign, as well as the personal insights into Boyington's life provided by his son, Gregory Boyington, Jr., and the actor Robert Conrad, who portrayed him in the television series.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial">University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg/220px-University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg/330px-University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg/440px-University_of_Washington_Medal_of_Honor_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_brewbooks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Medal of Honor memorial at the University of Washington</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2006, a resolution recommending a memorial be erected to honor Boyington for his service during World War II was raised and defeated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Boyington's alma mater).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people did not believe the resolution's sponsor had fully addressed the financial and logistical problems of installing a memorial and questioned the widely held assumption that all warriors and acts of war are automatically worthy of memorialization. The story was picked up by some blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements made by student senators during the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the university already had many monuments to "rich, white men" (Boyington claimed partial <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-gsnmohrp_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsnmohrp-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was not rich);<sup id="cite_ref-pbisillde_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbisillde-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another questioned whether the university should memorialize a person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as saying "she didn't believe a member of the Marine Corps was an example of the sort of person UW wanted to produce."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its defeat, a new version of the original resolution was submitted that called for a memorial to all eight UW alumni who received the Medal of Honor.<sup id="cite_ref-bmfuwrevs_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmfuwrevs-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 4, 2006, the resolution passed. Privately funded, it was completed in time for a <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Day (United States)">Veterans Day</a> dedication in November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Boyington, it honors <a href="/wiki/Deming_Bronson" title="Deming Bronson">Deming Bronson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_P._Crandall" title="Bruce P. Crandall">Bruce Crandall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Galer" title="Robert E. Galer">Robert Galer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawk" title="John D. Hawk">John Hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ronald_Leisy" title="Robert Ronald Leisy">Robert Leisy</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_K._Nakamura" title="William K. Nakamura">William Nakamura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archie_Van_Winkle" title="Archie Van Winkle">Archie Van Winkle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nmhmohuw_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmhmohuw-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jkbrmst09_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkbrmst09-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-militfrm_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militfrm-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor">Naval Aviation Hall of Honor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Naval Aviation Hall of Honor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Hall_of_Honor" title="Naval Aviation Hall of Honor">Naval Aviation Hall of Honor</a> in 1994, located at the <a href="/wiki/National_Naval_Aviation_Museum" title="National Naval Aviation Museum">National Naval Aviation Museum</a> in Pensacola, Florida.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NROL-82_Mission_Patch">NROL-82 Mission Patch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: NROL-82 Mission Patch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyington was the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_launches" title="List of NRO launches">NROL-82 mission</a> patch that launched in April 2021. ("GPB" on the shoulder patch and an F4U Corsair in the background)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National Aviation Hall of Fame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, Boyington was inducted into <a href="/wiki/The_National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Aviation Hall of Fame">The National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_United_States_Marines" title="List of historic United States Marines">List of historic United States Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients">List of Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II#B" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_figures_by_nickname" title="List of military figures by nickname">List of military figures by nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously_at_sea" title="List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea">List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>. </p><p><b>Specific</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Whoswho-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whoswho_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615072415/http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Boyington_G.htm">"Colonel Gregory Boyington, USMCR"</a>. <i>Who's Who in Marine Corps History</i>. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who/Boyington_G.htm">the original</a> on 2011-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Marine+Corps+History&rft.atitle=Colonel+Gregory+Boyington%2C+USMCR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tecom.usmc.mil%2FHD%2FWhos_Who%2FBoyington_G.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbisillde-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbisillde_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbisillde_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbisillde_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir1967" class="citation news cs1">Muir, Florabel (July 16, 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jL5YAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DukDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7097%2C386850">"Pappy Boiyngton is ill, destitute"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. (New York News). p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Pappy+Boiyngton+is+ill%2C+destitute&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1967-07-16&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Florabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DjL5YAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DDukDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7097%252C386850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmamffwo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmamffwo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmamffwo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeissler1944" class="citation news cs1">Geissler, Jessie (January 10, 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413003430/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-LQWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3979%2C3486773">"Missing Marine ace made first flight when only 8"</a>. <i>Milwaukee Journal</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-LQWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3979%2C3486773">the original</a> on April 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Missing+Marine+ace+made+first+flight+when+only+8&rft.date=1944-01-10&rft.aulast=Geissler&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D-LQWAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DAyMEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3979%252C3486773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/a-native-american-war-memorial-is-coming-to-washington-here-are-six-native-veterans-youve-never-heard-about/2019/03/27/aae6d23e-4fe6-11e9-8d28-f5149e5a2fda_story.html">"A Native American war memorial is coming to Washington. Here are six Native veterans you've never heard about"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 2019-03-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Native+American+war+memorial+is+coming+to+Washington.+Here+are+six+Native+veterans+you%27ve+never+heard+about.&rft.date=2019-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fa-native-american-war-memorial-is-coming-to-washington-here-are-six-native-veterans-youve-never-heard-about%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Faae6d23e-4fe6-11e9-8d28-f5149e5a2fda_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jinx26-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jinx26_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jinx26_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1944" class="citation news cs1">Price, Bem (February 22, 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412190729/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mBwaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3265%2C2266189">"Who'll break the 26 jinx, shoot down more planes?"</a>. <i>Milwaukee Journal</i>. (U.S. Marine Corps). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=mBwaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DyMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3265%2C2266189">the original</a> on April 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Who%27ll+break+the+26+jinx%2C+shoot+down+more+planes%3F&rft.date=1944-02-22&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Bem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DmBwaAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DDyMEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3265%252C2266189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble,_Bruce" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Bruce. <i>Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington</i>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sheep+One%3A+The+Life+of+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft.pages=49&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmvicty-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmvicty_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1tpXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kPUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6304%2C3359432">"Pappy's mother visitor in city"</a>. <i>Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>. Washington. November 17, 1945. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Pappy%27s+mother+visitor+in+city&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1945-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D1tpXAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DkPUDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6304%252C3359432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apbda75-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apbda75_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WoROAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5voDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6885%2C1220377">"Ace 'Pappy' Boyington dies at 75"</a>. <i>Spokane Chronicle</i>. Washington. January 11, 1988. p. C5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Ace+%27Pappy%27+Boyington+dies+at+75&rft.pages=C5&rft.date=1988-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWoROAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D5voDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6885%252C1220377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble,_Bruce" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Bruce. <i>Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington</i>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sheep+One%3A+The+Life+of+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft.pages=51&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greggoy Boyington, <i>Baa Baa Black Sheep.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wokuvits,_John_F._2011_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wokuvits, John F. (2011). <i>Black Sheep: The Life of Pappy Boyington. Annapolis</i>, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-977-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Ted, <i>Seven at Santa Cruz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>, 2018, pp. 180-181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mbmia-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mbmia_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OKcLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6415%2C1070757">"Major Boyington, Marine air hero, missing in action"</a>. <i>The Evening Independent</i>. St. Petersburg, Florida. Associated Press. January 7, 1944. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Major+Boyington%2C+Marine+air+hero%2C+missing+in+action&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1944-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DOKcLAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DFVUDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6415%252C1070757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsalrop-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsalrop_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsalrop_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson1944" class="citation news cs1">Hampson, Fred (May 23, 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=66YkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uGkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2147%2C826249">"Boyington still alive, rumor over Pacific"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. Associated Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Boyington+still+alive%2C+rumor+over+Pacific&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1944-05-23&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D66YkAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DuGkDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2147%252C826249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katie Lange, Medal of Honor Monday: Marine Corps Col. Gregory Boyington Oct. 18, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/2808842/medal-of-honor-monday-marine-corps-col-gregory-boyington/">https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/2808842/medal-of-honor-monday-marine-corps-col-gregory-boyington/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirdforum.com/kawato.htm">"Kawato Masajiro: The man who didn't shoot down Pappy Boyington"</a>, warbirdforum.com; retrieved April 11, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks2018" class="citation news cs1">Jenks, Jayson (February 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattletimes.com/pacific-nw-magazine/enemy-world-war-ii-fighter-pilots-told-a-gripping-tale-of-peril-and-reconciliation-and-then-there-was-the-truth/">"Enemy World War II fighter pilots told a tale of peril and reconciliation. Then there was the truth"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Enemy+World+War+II+fighter+pilots+told+a+tale+of+peril+and+reconciliation.+Then+there+was+the+truth.&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Jayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fpacific-nw-magazine%2Fenemy-world-war-ii-fighter-pilots-told-a-gripping-tale-of-peril-and-reconciliation-and-then-there-was-the-truth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=65&p=2496091#p2496091">Axis Forum 3 January 1944</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-combinedfleetI181-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-combinedfleetI181_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-combinedfleetI181_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackettKingsepp2016" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-181.htm">"IJN Submarine I-181: Tabular Record of Movement"</a>. <i>combinedfleet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=combinedfleet.com&rft.atitle=IJN+Submarine+I-181%3A+Tabular+Record+of+Movement&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Kingsepp%2C+Sander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2FI-181.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmaralijp-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bmaralijp_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bmaralijp_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DhwKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rUoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4203%2C4464174">"Boyington, Marine ace, reported alive in Japan"</a>. <i>Ellensburg Daily Record</i>. Associated Press. August 29, 1945. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ellensburg+Daily+Record&rft.atitle=Boyington%2C+Marine+ace%2C+reported+alive+in+Japan&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1945-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DDhwKAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DrUoDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4203%252C4464174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As recounted by Boyington in his book <i>Baa baa, black sheep</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bwbhbsp-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bwbhbsp_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bwbhbsp_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5tZYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jvUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4938%2C2071347">"Boyington welcomed by his "Black Sheep"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>. Spokane, Washington. United Press. September 12, 1945. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokane+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Boyington+welcomed+by+his+%22Black+Sheep%22&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1945-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D5tZYAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DjvUDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4938%252C2071347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbmogohr-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbmogohr_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wSVSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qXcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6975%2C1122902">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pappy' Boyington meets old gang on his return"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. Salt Lake City, Utah. Associated Press. September 12, 1945. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=%27Pappy%27+Boyington+meets+old+gang+on+his+return&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1945-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DwSVSAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DqXcDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6975%252C1122902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reed, <i>Lost Black Sheep</i>, p.86-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-okhlslh-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-okhlslh_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-okhlslh_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarmont1945" class="citation news cs1">Starmont, Leon (September 24, 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wipWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=o-QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6156%2C5857309">"Okanogan crowd hails Boyington"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Okanogan+crowd+hails+Boyington&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1945-09-24&rft.aulast=Starmont&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DwipWAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Do-QDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6156%252C5857309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birkpbmp-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birkpbmp_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannel1958" class="citation news cs1">Cannel, Ward (October 2, 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NvdPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VVUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7564%2C139701">"Brass irk Pappy Boyington, famed Marine pilot of war"</a>. <i>Evening Independent</i>. St. Petersburg, Florida. NEA. p. 3A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Independent&rft.atitle=Brass+irk+Pappy+Boyington%2C+famed+Marine+pilot+of+war&rft.pages=3A&rft.date=1958-10-02&rft.aulast=Cannel&rft.aufirst=Ward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DNvdPAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DVVUDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7564%252C139701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyington1990" class="citation book cs1">Boyington, Gregory (1990) [1958]. <i>Baa baa, black sheep</i>. New York: Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0686111092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0686111092"><bdi>978-0686111092</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2124961">2124961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baa+baa%2C+black+sheep&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2124961&rft.isbn=978-0686111092&rft.aulast=Boyington&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyington,_Colonel_Gregory1960" class="citation book cs1">Boyington, Colonel Gregory (1960). <i>Tonya: A Novel</i> (First ed.). The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00225DQ20">B00225DQ20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonya%3A+A+Novel&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=The+Bobbs-Merrill+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00225DQ20%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Boyington%2C+Colonel+Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apbhonsr-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apbhonsr_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oBwiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MGcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6845%2C3617103">"Ace 'Pappy' Boyington hero of new series"</a>. <i>Sarasota Herald-Tribune</i>. Sarasota, Florida. UPI. April 25, 1976. p. 5B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Ace+%27Pappy%27+Boyington+hero+of+new+series&rft.pages=5B&rft.date=1976-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DoBwiAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DMGcEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6845%252C3617103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bshdwb-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bshdwb_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=f8swAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nQUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6939%2C3647492">"Black Sheep doing well: Boyington"</a>. <i>Ocala Star-Banner</i>. Ocala, Florida. Associated Press. December 15, 1976. p. 8B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ocala+Star-Banner&rft.atitle=Black+Sheep+doing+well%3A+Boyington&rft.pages=8B&rft.date=1976-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Df8swAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DnQUEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6939%252C3647492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080722/http://www.orgsites.com/ny/port-jefferson-station-marines/MCVNewsletter2015_05.pdf">"Heroes of the Marine Corps"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Corps Veterans Newsletter</i>. May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orgsites.com/ny/port-jefferson-station-marines/MCVNewsletter2015_05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Corps+Veterans+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Heroes+of+the+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orgsites.com%2Fny%2Fport-jefferson-station-marines%2FMCVNewsletter2015_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates,_Tom1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Bates, Tom (December 1986). "Black Sheep of the South Pacific". <i><a href="/wiki/Soldier_of_Fortune_(magazine)" title="Soldier of Fortune (magazine)">SOF's Action Series</a></i>. Vol. II, no. 6: Valor. Omega Group, Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">56–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SOF%27s+Action+Series&rft.atitle=Black+Sheep+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=6%3A+Valor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1986-12&rft.au=Bates%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToTellTruth-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ToTellTruth_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oV3SAAtb3XY"><span class="plainlinks">Greg "Pappy" Boyington on "To Tell The Truth"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrdsneighborhood.com/2011/01/03/this-day-in-history-13-pappy-boyington-is-shot-down-over-the-pacific">"This Day in History"</a>. <i>mrdsneighborhood.com</i>. January 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mrdsneighborhood.com&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+History&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrdsneighborhood.com%2F2011%2F01%2F03%2Fthis-day-in-history-13-pappy-boyington-is-shot-down-over-the-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble,_Bruce" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Bruce. <i>Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington</i>. p. 423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sheep+One%3A+The+Life+of+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft.pages=423&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZKgpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=p-8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7088%2C6064408">"Marine ace 'Pappy' Boyington, North Idaho native, dies at 75"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. 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January 12, 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=%27Pappy%27+Boyington+Is+Dead+at+75%3B+Hero+of+the+Black+Sheep+Squadron&rft.date=1988-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F01%2F12%2Fobituaries%2Fpappy-boyington-is-dead-at-75-hero-of-the-black-sheep-squadron.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkart1988" class="citation news cs1">Folkart, Burt A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Flying+Ace+Pappy+Boyington%2C+Who+Shot+Down+28+Zeros%2C+Dies+at+75&rft.date=1988-01-12&rft.aulast=Folkart&rft.aufirst=Burt+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-01-12-mn-35105-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancexplorer.army.mil/publicwmv/#/arlington-national/search/results/1/Cglib3lpbmd0b24SBGdyZWc-/">"Burial Detail: Boyington, Gregory P. (Section 7A, Grave 150)"</a>. <i>ANC Explorer</i>. Arlington National Cemetery. 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June 8, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-a-f.html">the original</a> on August 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+%28A%E2%80%93F%29&rft.atitle=Medal+of+Honor+recipients&rft.date=2009-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fmoh%2FwwII-a-f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/1182#16582">"Gregory "Pappy" Boyington"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Times">Military Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Times&rft.atitle=Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalor.militarytimes.com%2Fhero%2F1182%2316582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psbbtag-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psbbtag_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurless2007" class="citation news cs1">Curless, Erica (June 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JLsyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SvMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5082%2C5596452">"Persistent Boyington backers try again"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Persistent+Boyington+backers+try+again&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft.aulast=Curless&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DJLsyAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DSvMDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5082%252C5596452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curless-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curless_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurless2007" class="citation news cs1">Curless, Erica (August 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3A0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dvMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3806%2C5995309">"CdA airport renamed for 'Pappy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. p. B3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=CdA+airport+renamed+for+%27Pappy%27&rft.pages=B3&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft.aulast=Curless&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D3A0zAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DdvMDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3806%252C5995309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iplipbf-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iplipbf_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrager2007" class="citation news cs1">Prager, Mike (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FHYzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c_MDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3397%2C1409665">"In proud landing, it's Pappy Boyington Field"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=In+proud+landing%2C+it%27s+Pappy+Boyington+Field&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Prager&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DFHYzAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dc_MDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3397%252C1409665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mpoapnm-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mpoapnm_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagengruber2007" class="citation news cs1">Hagengruber, James (October 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2ZhXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ePMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3716%2C3141898">"Marines proud of airport's name"</a>. <i>Spokesman-Review</i>. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spokesman-Review&rft.atitle=Marines+proud+of+airport%27s+name&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2007-10-06&rft.aulast=Hagengruber&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D2ZhXAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DePMDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3716%252C3141898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeranios2008" class="citation web cs1">Geranios, Nicholas K. (2008-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-09-boyington_N.htm">"Film tracks effort to honor 'Black Sheep' figure"</a>. 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Gregory 'Pappy' Boyington, USMC", Resolution R-12-18, submitted 11 January 2006"</a>. Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate. 7 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senate.asuw.org/legislation/12/R/R-12-18.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22A+Resolution+to+Calling+for+a+Tribute+for+Col.+Gregory+%27Pappy%27+Boyington%2C+USMC%22%2C+Resolution+R-12-18%2C+submitted+11+January+2006&rft.pub=Associated+Students+of+the+University+of+Washington+Student+Senate&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsenate.asuw.org%2Flegislation%2F12%2FR%2FR-12-18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.thedaily.washington.edu/search.lasso?-database=DailyWebSQL&-table=Articles&-response=searchpage.lasso&-keyField=__Record_ID__&-keyValue=15449&-search">Boyington memorial – A word from the Senate</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>The Daily</i>, February 17, 2006; retrieved February 24, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flickinger, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanevents.com/blog-detail.php?id=12579">"Marines Not Welcome at University of Washington"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217193038/http://www.humanevents.com/blog-detail.php?id=12579">Archived</a> 2012-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Human Events", February 20, 2006.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsnmohrp-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gsnmohrp_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925053931/http://www.lbst.org/newsite/files/MoHGreatSiouxNation.html">"Great Sioux Nation Medal of Honor Recipients"</a>. Lower Brule Sioux Tribe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbst.org/newsite/files/MoHGreatSiouxNation.html">the original</a> on September 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Great+Sioux+Nation+Medal+of+Honor+Recipients&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lbst.org%2Fnewsite%2Ffiles%2FMoHGreatSiouxNation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senate.asuw.org/secretary/minutes/senate/12/02-07-2006.pdf">UW Senate minutes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326044450/http://senate.asuw.org/secretary/minutes/senate/12/02-07-2006.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, asuw.org; accessed March 2, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmfuwrevs-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bmfuwrevs_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey2006" class="citation news cs1">Frey, Christine (February 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Boyington-memorial-for-UW-revisited-1196521.php">"Boyington memorial for UW revisited"</a>. <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Boyington+memorial+for+UW+revisited&rft.date=2006-02-21&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FBoyington-memorial-for-UW-revisited-1196521.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senate.asuw.org/legislation/12/R/R-12-26.html">"A Resolution Calling a Memorial for UW Alumni awarded the Medal of Honor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511145054/http://senate.asuw.org/legislation/12/R/R-12-26.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Resolution R-12-16, Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate, submitted 02/17/2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwnews.org/article.asp?articleID=53378">"Honoring the men behind the Medals of Honor with ceremony, exhibit"</a>, University of Washington News website, November 10, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmhmohuw-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nmhmohuw_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2009" class="citation news cs1">O'Donnell, Catherine (October 21, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington.edu/news/2009/10/21/new-university-of-washington-memorial-honors-alumni-who-hold-the-congressional-medal-of-honor">"New UW memorial honors alumni who hold the Congressional Medal of Honor"</a>. University of Washington. UW News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+UW+memorial+honors+alumni+who+hold+the+Congressional+Medal+of+Honor&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fnews%2F2009%2F10%2F21%2Fnew-university-of-washington-memorial-honors-alumni-who-hold-the-congressional-medal-of-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkbrmst09-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jkbrmst09_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroom2009" class="citation news cs1">Broom, Jack (November 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/uw-to-honor-war-heroes-with-medal-of-honor-memorial">"UW to honor war heroes with Medal of Honor memorial"</a>. <i>Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=UW+to+honor+war+heroes+with+Medal+of+Honor+memorial&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fseattle-news%2Fuw-to-honor-war-heroes-with-medal-of-honor-memorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militfrm-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-militfrm_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmilitariaforum.com/forums/index.php?/topic/111945-university-of-washington-medal-of-honor-memorial-dedication">"University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial Dedication"</a>. U.S. Militaria Forum. 8 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Washington+Medal+of+Honor+Memorial+Dedication&rft.pub=U.S.+Militaria+Forum&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmilitariaforum.com%2Fforums%2Findex.php%3F%2Ftopic%2F111945-university-of-washington-medal-of-honor-memorial-dedication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/news/Press%20Kits/Press%20Kit_Launch_NROL-82_4.20.2021.pdf">"NROL-82 Launch Press Kit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Reconnaissance Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Reconnaissance+Office&rft.atitle=NROL-82+Launch+Press+Kit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.gov%2FPortals%2F65%2Fdocuments%2Fnews%2FPress%2520Kits%2FPress%2520Kit_Launch_NROL-82_4.20.2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/gregory-pappy-boyington/">"Ensrhinee Gregory "Pappy" Boyington"</a>. <i>nationalaviation.org</i>. National Aviation Hall of Fame<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalaviation.org&rft.atitle=Ensrhinee+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalaviation.org%2Fenshrinee%2Fgregory-pappy-boyington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, H.W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc"><i>Don't Tread on me: A 400-year history of America at War, from Indian Fighting to Terrorist Hunting</i></a>. Crown Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-5363-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-5363-3"><bdi>1-4000-5363-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+me%3A+A+400-year+history+of+America+at+War%2C+from+Indian+Fighting+to+Terrorist+Hunting&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4000-5363-3&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gamble_BS1" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Bruce (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blacksheeponelif00gamb"><i>Black Sheep One, The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington</i></a> (Hardcover ed.). California: Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-716-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-716-8"><bdi>0-89141-716-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sheep+One%2C+The+Life+of+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft.place=California&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89141-716-8&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblacksheeponelif00gamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-801-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-801-6">0-89141-801-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gamble_VMF214" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Bruce (1998). <i>The Black Sheep, The Definitive Account of Marine Fighting Squadron 214 in World War II</i> (Paperback ed.). New York: Presidio Press/Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-825-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-825-3"><bdi>0-89141-825-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sheep%2C+The+Definitive+Account+of+Marine+Fighting+Squadron+214+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Presidio+Press%2FRandom+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-89141-825-3&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-644-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-644-7">0-89141-644-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2001" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Robert T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostblacksheep00robe"><i>Lost Black Sheep: The Search for WWII Ace Chris Magee</i></a>. Central Point, Oregon: Hellgate Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55571-549-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55571-549-4"><bdi>1-55571-549-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Black+Sheep%3A+The+Search+for+WWII+Ace+Chris+Magee&rft.place=Central+Point%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Hellgate+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55571-549-4&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostblacksheep00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2010" class="citation journal cs1">Allison, Dr. Fred H. (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030945/http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/Documents/Fortitudine/Fortitudine%20Vol%2035%20No%201.pdf">"Boyington and Combat Leadership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fortitudine</i>. <b>35</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Quantico</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">United States Marine Corps History Division</a>: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/Documents/Fortitudine/Fortitudine%20Vol%2035%20No%201.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortitudine&rft.atitle=Boyington+and+Combat+Leadership&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Fred+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcu.usmc.mil%2Fhistorydivision%2FDocuments%2FFortitudine%2FFortitudine%2520Vol%252035%2520No%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Web</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acesofww2.com/USA/aces/boyington">Pappy Boyington at acesofww2.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acepilots.com/usmc_boyington.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington", AcePilots.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Major+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington%22%2C+AcePilots.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acepilots.com%2Fusmc_boyington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acepilots.com/usmc_boyington.html">"Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington at acepilots.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Gregory+%22Pappy%22+Boyington+at+acepilots.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acepilots.com%2Fusmc_boyington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102234746/http://www.usmc.mil/moh.nsf/000003c919889c0385255f980058f5b6/000003c919889c0385255fa2005c5eeb?OpenDocument">"Medal of Honor – Major Gregory Boyington"</a>. <i>Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor</i>. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmc.mil/moh.nsf/000003c919889c0385255f980058f5b6/000003c919889c0385255fa2005c5eeb?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 2007-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines+Awarded+the+Medal+of+Honor&rft.atitle=Medal+of+Honor+%E2%80%93+Major+Gregory+Boyington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmc.mil%2Fmoh.nsf%2F000003c919889c0385255f980058f5b6%2F000003c919889c0385255fa2005c5eeb%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618001836/http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/citations_1940_wwii/boyington_gregory.html">"MOH Citation for Gregory Boyington"</a>. HomeOfHeroes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/citations_1940_wwii/boyington_gregory.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOH+Citation+for+Gregory+Boyington&rft.pub=HomeOfHeroes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeofheroes.com%2Fmoh%2Fcitations_1940_wwii%2Fboyington_gregory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirdforum.com/roster.htm">"Complete Roster of the American Volunteer Group"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+Roster+of+the+American+Volunteer+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warbirdforum.com%2Froster.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/camco.htm">"Roster of the American Volunteer Group showing Boyington's status as flight leader"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roster+of+the+American+Volunteer+Group+showing+Boyington%27s+status+as+flight+leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingtigersavg.22web.org%2Fcamco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirdforum.com/gregboy.htm">"Greg Boyington, Flying Tiger (including AVG citation crediting him with 2 air-to-air and 2.5 ground victories)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greg+Boyington%2C+Flying+Tiger+%28including+AVG+citation+crediting+him+with+2+air-to-air+and+2.5+ground+victories%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warbirdforum.com%2Fgregboy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heaton, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129134724/http://www.historynet.com/historical_conflicts/3031276.html">Boyington's final interview</a>, originally published in <i>Aviation History</i>, May 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ford" title="Daniel Ford">Ford, Daniel</a> (2007). <i>Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942</i> (Updated and rev. ed.). New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-124655-5"><bdi>978-0-06-124655-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76481585">76481585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Tigers%3A+Claire+Chennault+and+His+American+Volunteers%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Updated+and+rev.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books%2FCollins&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76481585&rft.isbn=978-0-06-124655-5&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Colonel R. Bruce Porter and <a href="/wiki/Eric_M._Hammel" title="Eric M. Hammel">Eric M. Hammel</a> <i>ACE!: A Marine Night-Fighter Pilot in World War II</i> Pacifica Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935553-31-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-935553-31-2">0-935553-31-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pappy_Boyington&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pappy_Boyington" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pappy Boyington">Pappy Boyington</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://navylog.navymemorial.org/boyington-gregory">United States Navy Memorial</a> – Gregory 'Pappy' Boyington</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=10798">History Link</a> – Gregory 'Pappy' Boyington</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pappyboyingtonfield.com">"Pappy Boyington Field" documentary film"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pappy+Boyington+Field%22+documentary+film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pappyboyingtonfield.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nKTRodbxcY">"Video showing two interviews with Pappy Boyington"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 24 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Video+showing+two+interviews+with+Pappy+Boyington&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D8nKTRodbxcY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/August291945Newsreel-MajorBoyingtonIsFoundAlive">of an August 29, 1945 Newsreel – "Major Boyington Is Found Alive"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airnav.com/airport/KCOE">AirNav.com</a> – airport information – Pappy Boyington Field – Coeur d'Alene, Idaho</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arlingtoncemetery.net/ghboying.htm">"Gregory H. "Pappy" Boyington"</a>. at ArlingtonCemetery.net. 11 July 2022. (Unofficial website).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gregory+H.+%22Pappy%22+Boyington&rft.pub=at+ArlingtonCemetery.net&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farlingtoncemetery.net%2Fghboying.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APappy+Boyington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oV3SAAtb3XY">Boyington's appearance</a> on the July 2, 1957 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/To_Tell_the_Truth#1956–1968,_CBS" title="To Tell the Truth">To Tell the Truth</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template talk:US Marine Corps navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Marine Corps navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Marine_Corps7280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Under Secretary of the Navy">Under Secretary of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps">Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps">Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Secretary_to_the_Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps">Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_four-star_generals" title="List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals">Marine Corps four-star generals</a></li> <li>Marine Corps three-star generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_lieutenant_generals_on_active_duty_before_1960" title="List of United States Marine Corps lieutenant generals on active duty before 1960">1942–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_lieutenant_generals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Marine Corps lieutenant generals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_lieutenant_generals_since_2010" title="List of United States Marine Corps lieutenant generals since 2010">2010–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Congress602" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower_and_Projection_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces">Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower">Seapower subcommittee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the United States Marine Corps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <br /> commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">Organization of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_Marine_Corps" title="Headquarters Marine Corps">Headquarters Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Command" title="United States Marine Corps Forces Command">Marine Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/II_Marine_Expeditionary_Force" title="II Marine Expeditionary Force">II Marine Expeditionary Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces,_Pacific" title="United States Marine Corps Forces, Pacific">Marine Forces Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Marine_Expeditionary_Force" title="I Marine Expeditionary Force">I Marine Expeditionary Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Marine_Expeditionary_Force" title="III Marine Expeditionary Force">III Marine Expeditionary Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">Marine Forces Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force" title="Fleet Marine Force">Fleet Marine Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force,_Atlantic" title="Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force,_Pacific" title="Fleet Marine Force, Pacific">Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Training_and_Education_Command" title="United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command">Training & Education Command</a> (TECOM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Systems_Command" title="Marine Corps Systems Command">Marine Corps Systems Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Cyber_Auxiliary" title="Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary">Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_air%E2%80%93ground_task_force" title="Marine air–ground task force">Marine air–ground task force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_installations" title="List of United States Marine Corps installations">Bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_battalions" title="List of United States Marine Corps battalions">Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_regiments" title="List of United States Marine Corps regiments">Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_brigades" title="List of United States Marine Corps brigades">Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_divisions" title="List of United States Marine Corps divisions">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MEF/Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation" title="United States Marine Corps Aviation">Marine aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_expeditionary_unit" title="Marine expeditionary unit">Marine expeditionary unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Security_Guard" title="Marine Security Guard">Marine Security Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Forces_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raiders" title="Marine Raiders">Marine Raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Air-Ground_Task_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Air-Ground Task Force Reconnaissance">Recon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">Division</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel<br />and training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">Rank insignia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_MOS" title="List of United States Marine Corps MOS">MOS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marines" title="List of United States Marines">Notable Marines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_United_States_Marines" title="List of historic United States Marines">Historical Marines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts" title="List of United States Marine Corps astronauts">Marine Astronauts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division">Criminal Investigation Division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Judge_Advocate_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division">Judge Advocate Division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">Chaplain of the Marine Corps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_associated_with_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:Organizations associated with the United States Marine Corps">Associated organizations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">Recruit Training</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_School_of_Infantry" title="United States Marine Corps School of Infantry">School of Infantry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">Officer Candidates School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Basic_School" title="The Basic School">The Basic School</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Martial Arts Program</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms<br />and equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Navy">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">Vehicles and aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">Individual equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History<br />and traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Culture of the United States Marine Corps">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_acronyms_and_expressions" title="List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions">Acronyms and terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_birthday" title="United States Marine Corps birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Sergeant_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps">Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle,_Globe,_and_Anchor" title="Eagle, Globe, and Anchor">Eagle, Globe, and Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">Marine Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps">Drum and Bugle Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Marines" title="Horse Marines">Horse Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Color_Guard" title="United States Marine Corps Color Guard">Color Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Silent_Drill_Platoon" title="United States Marine Corps Silent Drill Platoon">Silent Drill Platoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Military_Office" title="White House Military Office">White House Sentries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">Service Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Detachment" title="Marine Detachment">Marine Detachments</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorah" title="Oorah">Oorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">History Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="National Museum of the Marine Corps">National Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">Rifleman's Creed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semper_fidelis" title="Semper fidelis">Semper Fidelis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">march</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps">History of Hispanics in the USMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Women in the United States Marine Corps">History of women in the USMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Women%27s_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve">Women's Reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Marine" title="Honorary Marine">Honorary Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_for_Tots" title="Toys for Tots">Toys for Tots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gung_ho" title="Gung ho">Gung ho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Native_Americans_and_World_War_II2529" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Template:Native Americans and World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Native Americans and World War 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Barfoot">Van T. Barfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_C._Begay" title="Jerry C. Begay">Jerry C. Begay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nathan_Blatchford" title="Samuel Nathan Blatchford">Samuel Nathan Blatchford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pappy Boyington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Jr._(Navajo)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown Jr. (Navajo)">John Brown Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chibitty" title="Charles Chibitty">Charles Chibitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Childers" title="Ernest Childers">Ernest Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Claw" title="Thomas Claw">Thomas Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_E._Evans" title="Ernest E. Evans">Ernest E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Harjo" title="Edmond Harjo">Edmond Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_W._Harmon" title="Roy W. Harmon">Roy W. Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Hayes" title="Ira Hayes">Ira Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Horn_Sr." title="Gilbert Horn Sr.">Gilbert Horn Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnston_(code_talker)" title="Philip Johnston (code talker)">Philip Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dale_June" title="Allen Dale June">Allen Dale June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hosteen_Kellwood" title="Joe Hosteen Kellwood">Joe Hosteen Kellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kieyoomia" title="Joe Kieyoomia">Joe Kieyoomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_King_(Navajo)" title="Jeff King (Navajo)">Jeff King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(Navajo_leader)" title="Peter MacDonald (Navajo leader)">Peter MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_C._Montgomery" title="Jack C. Montgomery">Jack C. Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Morris_Sr." title="Joe Morris Sr.">Joe Morris Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_K._Newman" title="Alfred K. Newman">Alfred K. Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Nez" title="Chester Nez">Chester Nez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Oliver" title="Lloyd Oliver">Lloyd Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Varnell_Oliver" title="Willard Varnell Oliver">Willard Varnell Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Reese_Jr." title="John N. Reese Jr.">John N. Reese Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merril_Sandoval" title="Merril Sandoval">Merril Sandoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tsosie_Thompson" title="Frank Tsosie Thompson">Frank Tsosie Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chee_Willeto" title="Frank Chee Willeto">Frank Chee Willeto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag,_New_Guinea,_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag%2C_New_Guinea%2C_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg/125px-Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag%2C_New_Guinea%2C_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag%2C_New_Guinea%2C_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg/188px-Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag%2C_New_Guinea%2C_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag%2C_New_Guinea%2C_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg/250px-Lt._Woody_J._Cochran_holding_a_Japanese_flag%2C_New_Guinea%2C_04-01-1943_-_NARA_-_519155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfeet Indian Reservation">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha" title="Chitimacha">Chitimacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_Reservation" title="Hopi Reservation">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham people">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1941-1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1941-1942)">1st Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944-1945)">2nd Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">The Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kieyoomia" title="Joe Kieyoomia">Nagasaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Scouts" title="Apache Scouts">Apache Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner%27s_Cutthroats" title="Castner's Cutthroats">Castner's Cutthroats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_code_talkers" title="Choctaw code talkers">Choctaw code talkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_talkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Code talkers">Code talkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Territorial_Guard" title="Alaska Territorial Guard">Eskimo Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Papago_Escape" title="Great Papago Escape">Great Papago Escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machita_incident" title="Machita incident">Machita incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_World_War_II_flying_aces_with_15+_aerial_victories3922" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Top_US_World_War_II_Aces" title="Template:Top US World War II Aces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Top_US_World_War_II_Aces" title="Template talk:Top US World War II Aces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Top_US_World_War_II_Aces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Top US World War II Aces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_World_War_II_flying_aces_with_15+_aerial_victories3922" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> United States World War II <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying aces</a> with 15+ aerial victories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">30+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bong" title="Richard Bong">Richard Bong</a> <small>(40)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGuire" title="Thomas McGuire">Thomas McGuire</a> <small>(38)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCampbell" title="David McCampbell">David McCampbell</a> <small>(34)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">25–29</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabby_Gabreski" title="Gabby Gabreski">Gabby Gabreski</a> <small>(28)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory Boyington</a> <small>(28)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Johnson" title="Robert S. Johnson">Robert S. Johnson</a> <small>(27)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._MacDonald" title="Charles H. MacDonald">Charles H. MacDonald</a> <small>(27)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Preddy" title="George Preddy">George Preddy</a> <small>(26.83)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Foss" title="Joe Foss">Joe Foss</a> <small>(26)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Hanson" title="Robert M. Hanson">Robert M. Hanson</a> <small>(25)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">20–24</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Meyer" title="John C. Meyer">John C. Meyer</a> <small>(24)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_E._Harris" title="Cecil E. Harris">Cecil E. Harris</a> <small>(24)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_A._Valencia_Jr." title="Eugene A. Valencia Jr.">Eugene A. Valencia</a> <small>(23)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_C._Wade" title="Lance C. Wade">Lance C. Wade</a> <small>(23)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Schilling" title="David C. Schilling">David C. Schilling</a> <small>(22.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Johnson" title="Gerald R. Johnson">Gerald R. Johnson</a> <small>(22)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neel_E._Kearby" title="Neel E. Kearby">Neel E. Kearby</a> <small>(22)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_T._Robbins" title="Jay T. Robbins">Jay T. Robbins</a> <small>(22)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Salvatore_Gentile" title="Dominic Salvatore Gentile">Dominic Salvatore Gentile</a> <small>(21.83)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_J._Christensen" title="Fred J. Christensen">Fred J. Christensen</a> <small>(21.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Shuey_Wetmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray Shuey Wetmore">Ray Shuey Wetmore</a> <small>(21.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Voll" title="John J. Voll">John J. Voll</a> <small>(21)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Walsh" title="Kenneth A. Walsh">Kenneth A. Walsh</a> <small>(21)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Mahurin" title="Bud Mahurin">Walker Mahurin</a> <small>(20.75)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Aldrich" title="Donald N. Aldrich">Donald N. Aldrich</a> <small>(20)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lynch_(aviator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Lynch (aviator)">Thomas J. Lynch</a> <small>(20)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Westbrook_(pilot)" title="Robert B. Westbrook (pilot)"> Robert B. Westbrook</a> <small>(20)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">15–19</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Duncan" title="Glenn E. Duncan">Glenn E. Duncan</a> <small>(19)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Fleming" title="Patrick D. Fleming">Patrick D. Fleming</a> <small>(19)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_N._Nooy" title="Cornelius N. Nooy">Cornelius N. Nooy</a> <small>(19)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(flying_ace)" title="John Smith (flying ace)">John Lucian Smith</a> <small>(19)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vraciu" title="Alexander Vraciu">Alexander Vraciu</a> <small>(19)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Benko" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur J. Benko">Arthur J. Benko</a> <small>(18.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Eugene_Carl" title="Marion Eugene Carl">Marion E. Carl</a> <small>(18.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_K._Carson" title="Leonard K. Carson">Leonard K. Carson</a> <small>(18.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Eagleston" title="Glenn T. Eagleston">Glenn T. Eagleston</a> <small>(18.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Thomas" title="Wilbur J. Thomas">Wilbur J. Thomas</a> <small>(18.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_C._Beckham" title="Walter C. Beckham">Walter C. Beckham</a> <small>(18)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Green" title="Herschel Green">Herschel Green</a> <small>(18)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._%22Pappy%22_Herbst" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. "Pappy" Herbst">John C. "Pappy" Herbst</a> <small>(18)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Older" title="Charles Older">Charles Older</a> <small>(18)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Zemke" title="Hubert Zemke">Hubert Zemke</a> <small>(17.75)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._England" title="John B. England">John B. England</a> <small>(17.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Blakeslee" title="Donald Blakeslee">Donald Blakeslee</a> <small>(17.5)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Beeson" title="Duane Beeson">Duane Beeson</a> <small>(17.33)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Thornell_Jr." title="John F. Thornell Jr.">John F. Thornell Jr.</a> <small>(17.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_W._Johnson_(military_officer)" title="Gerald W. Johnson (military officer)">Gerald W. Johnson</a> <small>(17)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Varnell_Jr." title="James S. Varnell Jr.">James S. Varnell Jr.</a> <small>(17)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Godfrey" title="John T. Godfrey">John T. Godfrey</a> <small>(16.33)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Anderson" title="Bud Anderson">Bud Anderson</a> <small>(16.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Whisner_Jr." title="William T. Whisner Jr.">William T. Whisner Jr. </a> <small>(16.4)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Baker_(aviator)" title="Douglas Baker (aviator)">Douglas Baker</a> <small>(16)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Harris_(aviator)" title="Bill Harris (aviator)">Bill Harris</a> <small>(16)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_C._Kepford" title="Ira C. Kepford">Ira C. Kepford</a> <small>(16)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Stimpson" title="Charles R. Stimpson">Charles R. Stimpson</a> <small>(16)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="George S. Welch">George S. Welch</a> <small>(16)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Dunham" title="William D. Dunham">William D. Dunham</a> <small>(16)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_M._Beerbower" title="Don M. Beerbower">Don M. Beerbower</a> <small>(15.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Peterson_(aviator)" title="Richard A. Peterson (aviator)">Richard A. Peterson</a> <small>(15.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Swett" title="James E. Swett">James E. Swett</a> <small>(15.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Hill" title="Tex Hill">David Lee "Tex" Hill</a> <small>(15.25)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_T._Bradley" title="Jack T. Bradley">Jack T. Bradley</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Brown" title="Samuel J. Brown">Samuel J. Brown</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_%22Porky%22_Cragg" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward "Porky" Cragg">Edward "Porky" Cragg</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Dahlberg" title="Kenneth H. Dahlberg">Kenneth H. Dahlberg</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Goodson" title="James A. Goodson">James A. Goodson</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Foy" title="Robert W. Foy">Robert W. Foy</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_K._Hofer" title="Ralph K. Hofer">Ralph K. Hofer</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_F._Homer" title="Cyril F. Homer">Cyril F. Homer</a> <small>(15)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Spears" title="Harold L. Spears">Harold L. Spears</a> <small>(15)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_the_United_States" title="List of World War II aces from the United States">List of United States World War II aces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_flying_aces" title="Lists of World War II flying aces">List of top World War II aces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1906" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1906" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q684140#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000077801587">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/85330799">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/242393/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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