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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passage_of_the_Kinkaid_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passage_of_the_Kinkaid_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Passage of the Kinkaid Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passage_of_the_Kinkaid_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_results_in_the_Sandhills_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_results_in_the_Sandhills_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mixed results in the Sandhills region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_results_in_the_Sandhills_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1904 U.S. legislative statute</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinkaid_Act_counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kinkaid_Act_counties.png/220px-Kinkaid_Act_counties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kinkaid_Act_counties.png/330px-Kinkaid_Act_counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kinkaid_Act_counties.png/440px-Kinkaid_Act_counties.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Western Nebraska counties to which the Kinkaid Act applied.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kinkaid Act of 1904</b> (ch. 1801, 33 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-33-547">547</a>, Apr. 28, 1904, <a href="/wiki/Title_43_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 43 of the United States Code">43 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/43/224">§ 224</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a> that amended the 1862 <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a> so that one <a href="/wiki/Section_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section (land)">section</a> (1 mi<sup>2</sup>, 2.6 km<sup>2</sup>, 640 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>) of public domain land could be acquired free of charge, apart from a modest filing fee. It applied specifically to 37 counties in northwest Nebraska, in the general area of the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Hills_(Nebraska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Hills (Nebraska)">Nebraska Sandhills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Kinkaid" title="Moses Kinkaid">Moses Kinkaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives,_Nebraska_District_6" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives, Nebraska District 6">Nebraska's 6th congressional district representative</a>, was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> on April 28, 1904 and went into effect on June 28 of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legal provisions of the Kinkaid Act were very similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a>. A claimant had to be at least 21 years of age (or 18 if the head of a household), a current U.S. citizen, or had to have started the process of becoming a citizen. Five years of residency was required to gain title to a claim, with exceptions made to account for years of military service.<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_1916_99_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_1916_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912 the residency requirement was shortened to three years, in order to attract more settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A claimant also had to prove that improvements equivalent to $1.25 per acre had been made to the property.<sup id="cite_ref-Starrs_1998_23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starrs_1998_23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only non-irrigable lands were eligible to be claimed under the provisions of the Kinkaid Act; those that were deemed to be practicably <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigable</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> were excluded. A 640-acre claim was required to be as compact as possible, and less than two miles in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_1916_99_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_1916_99-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A homesteader who already held land in the area at the time of enactment could accumulate additional surrounding available territory in order to acquire a total homestead unit of 640 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-Starrs_1998_23_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starrs_1998_23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commutation (paying cash instead of occupying a claim for the full five years, which had been permitted under the 1862 Homestead Act) was not allowed under the Kinkaid Act.<sup id="cite_ref-landlaws_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landlaws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claimants of land under the provisions of the Kinkaid Act were generally referred to as "Kinkaiders."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kinkaid Act was repealed on October 21, 1976 (Pub. L. 94–579, title VII, § 702, Oct. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 2787). The final patent was issued in 1941 on 40 acres (16 ha) of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_26_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_26-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandspade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Silhouette of cow with brand marked on it: triangle pointing upward with rounded sides and a vertical projection from lower edge, like a spade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Brandspade.jpg/220px-Brandspade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Brandspade.jpg/330px-Brandspade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Brandspade.jpg/440px-Brandspade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Spade Ranch brand</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy of the Nebraska Sandhills region in the late 19th century was dominated by the cattle ranching industry. Large ranches dotted the landscape, utilizing largely-unclaimed lands in the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranchers would file claims on lands with water access, and use the surrounding public pastures for grazing. Large stockmen sometimes used fraudulent homestead filings from employees and other individuals in order to gain title to surrounding land. A shack would be erected on these fraudulent claims and the claimant would stay there once every six months in order to claim residency. A common tactic was to gain title to a thin strip of land surrounding a large pasture in the public domain; the pasture would then be used for grazing purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prevented anyone else from grazing their cattle in the enclosed area and discouraged homesteaders from claiming the land. <a href="/wiki/Bartlett_Richards" title="Bartlett Richards">Bartlett Richards</a> and William Comstock, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Spade_Ranch_(Nebraska)" title="Spade Ranch (Nebraska)">Spade Ranch</a>, were famous for tactics such as these.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the immense land holdings required for large cattle operations, the population of the Sandhills region decreased by 10% between 1890 and 1900, and millions of acres remained in the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To address this issue, <a href="/wiki/William_Neville_(representative)" title="William Neville (representative)">William Neville</a>, a populist congressman from <a href="/wiki/North_Platte,_Nebraska" title="North Platte, Nebraska">North Platte, Nebraska</a>, introduced legislation in 1902 that would amend the Homestead Law to allow an individual to take a homestead of 1,280 acres in the arid and nonirrigable lands west of the <a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_west" title="100th meridian west">100th meridian</a>. The bill never made it to the floor for debate. </p><p>In his 1902 address to congress, President Theodore Roosevelt made it a priority to settle the "public land problem." He appointed a Public Lands Commission in 1903 to look into the issue and recommend solutions. The commission concluded that current land laws had been framed to accommodate humid regions, while the remaining public lands were arid in character.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_21_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New land laws would be needed to settle the arid lands west of the 100th meridian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passage_of_the_Kinkaid_Act">Passage of the Kinkaid Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Passage of the Kinkaid Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_P._Kinkaid_from_LOC_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of man in hat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Moses_P._Kinkaid_from_LOC_2.jpg/220px-Moses_P._Kinkaid_from_LOC_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Moses_P._Kinkaid_from_LOC_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moses_Kinkaid" title="Moses Kinkaid">Moses Kinkaid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Moses Kinkaid, a congressman from the sixth district of Nebraska, introduced a bill "to amend the homestead laws as to certain unappropriated and unreserved lands in Nebraska" on April 6, 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_21_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_21-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original bill provided for 1,280 acre homesteads, but the Committee on the Public Lands limited the size to 640 acres. The committee felt that 640 acres would be a good initial experiment size for dry-land farming, and the act could be amended in the future if more land were needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kinkaid stated that the bill had three primary purposes: to get the lands into the hands of individuals and thus make the land taxable; to end the fencing and claim fraud controversies over the land; and to build up the communities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_22_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a bill meant for "the disposition of sandy and arid lands in western Nebraska," which were too difficult to irrigate.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_22_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It specifically applied to the Sandhills region of Nebraska, which is approximately the northwestern two-thirds of the state. All of the land was west of the 98th meridian. Only non-irrigable lands were open for entry; those that were deemed irrigable were not eligible.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_23_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_23-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill passed on April 28, 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 11,000,000 acres (4,500,000 ha) of land was made available within the area of the Kinkaid Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_28_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_28-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) of land was withdrawn due to potential irrigability.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixed_results_in_the_Sandhills_region">Mixed results in the Sandhills region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixed results in the Sandhills region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An immediate land rush followed the passage of the act. One of the land offices in the region was at <a href="/wiki/Alliance,_Nebraska" title="Alliance, Nebraska">Alliance</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Box_Butte_County,_Nebraska" title="Box Butte County, Nebraska">Box Butte County</a>. The first day to claim an entry was June 28, 1904. There were reportedly 400 people in line at the Alliance office on the initial day, and the original line was not completely processed until 3:00 pm on June 30.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_23_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_23-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1905, the <i>Western Nebraska Observer</i> of <a href="/wiki/Kimball,_Nebraska" title="Kimball, Nebraska">Kimball</a> reported that there was a construction boom in <a href="/wiki/Kimball_County,_Nebraska" title="Kimball County, Nebraska">Kimball County</a>, which was within the territory of the Kinkaid Act.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/North_Platte,_Nebraska" title="North Platte, Nebraska">North Platte</a> Telegraph</i> reported in 1906 that merchants had been having their most profitable months ever due to the influx of new residents.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her book <i>Old Jules</i>, a memoir about living in the Sandhills region at the turn of the century, <a href="/wiki/Mari_Sandoz" title="Mari Sandoz">Mari Sandoz</a> describes the scene as land was initially opened for settlement: </p> <blockquote><p>Two weeks before opening, covered wagons, horsebackers, men afoot, toiled into Alliance, got information at the land office, and vanished eastward over the level prairie. Many turned back at the first soft yellow chophills, pockmarked by blowouts and warted with soapweeds. Others kept on, through this protective border, into the broad valley region, with high hills reaching towards the whitish sky.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dune-like hills covered with brown grass; highway running through foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG/220px-Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG/330px-Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG/440px-Nebraska_Sandhills_NE97_Hooker_County_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>Nebraska Sandhills in October</figcaption></figure> <p>Population rapidly increased in the 37 counties where the law was applicable:<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_28_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_28-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1890: 124,508</li> <li>1900: 107,434</li> <li>1904: Passage of Kinkaid Act</li> <li>1910: 162,217</li></ul> <p>Nearly all of the public lands in the region were claimed by 1912. All that remained were extremely isolated or undesirable sections. Between November 1910 and 1917, a total of 18,919 land patents were issued for 8,933,257 acres (3,615,161 ha) of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_1949_26_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_1949_26-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers question the success of the Kinkaid Act in bringing new settlers into the region. There were widespread reports by 1914 that 90% of Kinkaid patents had been taken over by large stockmen (ranchers). Some argued that it was impossible to maintain a successful ranching operation in the region with only 640 acres of land. But, many of these statements were made by established cattle ranchers and industry representatives who were originally opposed to the Kinkaid Act.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In congressional testimony from 1914, Moses Kinkaid reported that the sentiment of settlers in the region was that most of the claims remained in the hands of individual families.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reported that the region's communities held many small festivals each year, where Kinkaid homesteaders would meet and display their agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He described the average Kinkaid homesteader as a small family farmer: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They get cows, so far as they are able, and they go into dairying – those that are able to buy cattle enough to go into the stock business do so. They plow what we call the valleys ... They raise cane a good deal for feeding, and in some places alfalfa.</p></blockquote> <p>He estimated that the average Kinkaid homesteader had 15 to 40 head of cattle on 640 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kinkaid's observations were supported by a 1915 report compiled by the Agricultural Experiment Station at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska-Lincoln">University of Nebraska</a>. It found that only 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) were remaining in the public domain within the boundaries of the Kinkaid Act, and no sites that had 640 contiguous acres available.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1917 report from the Department of Interior reviewed the results from the first ten years after the Kinkaid Act, from 1904 to 1914. It found the following results:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Areas in the hands of small holders: 6,422,963 acres (2,599,281 ha)</li> <li>Areas in the hands of large holders: 303,553 acres (122,844 ha)</li> <li>Areas in the hands of original entrymen: 4,589,871 acres (1,857,455 ha)</li> <li>Total area proved up: 9,726,516 acres (3,936,181 ha)</li></ul> <p>The report showed that a majority of the land was in the hands of small holders, and approximately half the acreage was still owned by the original claimants. The report also showed evidence of a general increase of economic activity for the region:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Increase in value of cattle: 34 percent</li> <li>Increase in acres planted to rye: 92 percent</li> <li>Increase in acres planted to oats: 80 percent</li> <li>Increase in acres planted to corn: 102 percent</li> <li>Increase in acres planted to wheat: 142 percent</li> <li>Increase in voting population: 55 percent</li> <li>Total property valuations increased by 108 percent between 1904 and 1914, compared with 17 percent from 1892 to 1904</li></ul> <p>While the Kinkaid Act stimulated an immediate burst in economic activity for the region, this was mostly temporary. Because of the difficulties in dry-land farming on such small plots, many Kinkaid homesteaders eventually failed in their attempts to raise crops, and usually sold out to large ranchers. For example, there were 377 farms in <a href="/wiki/Holt_County,_Nebraska" title="Holt County, Nebraska">Holt County</a> in 1913, but only 144 in 1914. This pattern repeated itself throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kinkaid Act did convert land to private ownership from the public domain, but its goal of populating the region with small family farms had mixed results. Government officials were apparently pleased with the outcome of the Kinkaid Act, as it served as the blueprint for multiple other western land acts, most notably the Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 and the <a href="/wiki/Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act" title="Stock-Raising Homestead Act">Stock-Raising Homestead Act</a> of 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that time, increasingly only large-scale industrial ranching and farming has been successful on the Great Plains. The area has become depopulated with the decline of small farms, and some towns have become defunct. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_homesteaders" title="Black homesteaders">Black homesteaders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nebraska.gov/blog/noble-moses-p-kinkaid">The Kinkaider's Song</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nebraska.gov/sites/history.nebraska.gov/files/doc/7.%20U.S.%20Government%20Land%20Laws%20in%20Nebraska%2C%201854-1904_0.pdf">U.S. Government Land Laws in Nebraska 1854-1904</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030040715"><i>Grazing Homesteads and the Regulation of Grazing on the Public Lands: Hearing Before the Committee on the Public Lands</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1915. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030040715/page/n66">1</a>. <q>kinkaid act grazing homesteads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grazing+Homesteads+and+the+Regulation+of+Grazing+on+the+Public+Lands%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Committee+on+the+Public+Lands&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030040715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker_County_Historical_Society1989" class="citation book cs1">Hooker County Historical Society (1989). <i>Hooker County, Nebraska: The First 100 Years</i>. Curtis Media Corp. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooker+County%2C+Nebraska%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Curtis+Media+Corp&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Hooker+County+Historical+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay" class="citation web cs1">Kay, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116012001/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/reports/logan_county.pdf#page=67">"Renaissance Survey Final Report of Logan County, Nebraska"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nebraska State Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Survey+Final+Report+of+Logan+County%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=Nebraska+State+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskahistory.org%2Fhistpres%2Freports%2Flogan_county.pdf%23page%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener1916" class="citation book cs1">Keener, John (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclandstatu00keengoog"><i>Public Land Statutes of the United States</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. <q>kinkaid act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Land+Statutes+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclandstatu00keengoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpie1987" class="citation book cs1">Opie, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKjHUAJC_J8C&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PR4"><i>The Law of the Land: Two Hundred Years of American Farmland Policy</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+Land%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+American+Farmland+Policy&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKjHUAJC_J8C%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoson1979" class="citation book cs1">Ottoson, Howard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JN6XzcQtbUQC&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PA58"><i>Land and People in the Northern Plains Transition Area</i></a>. Ayer Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+People+in+the+Northern+Plains+Transition+Area&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ottoson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJN6XzcQtbUQC%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeffer1951" class="citation book cs1">Peffer, Louise (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uISaAAAAIAAJ&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PA139"><i>The Closing of the Public Domain: Disposal and Reservation Policies, 1900-1950</i></a>. Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Closing+of+the+Public+Domain%3A+Disposal+and+Reservation+Policies%2C+1900-1950&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Peffer&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuISaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVoPAAAAYAAJ&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PR1"><i>Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1916</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1917. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Department+of+the+Interior+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30%2C+1916&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVoPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1949" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Arthur (1949). "Land Frauds and Illegal Fencing in Western Nebraska". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 173–179. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3740079">3740079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Land+Frauds+and+Illegal+Fencing+in+Western+Nebraska&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=173-179&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3740079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1949" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Arthur (1949). "The Kinkaid Act and Its Effects on Western Nebraska". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 20–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739379">3739379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=The+Kinkaid+Act+and+Its+Effects+on+Western+Nebraska&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-29&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3739379%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandoz1935" class="citation book cs1">Sandoz, Mari (1935). <i>Old Jules</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Jules&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Sandoz&rft.aufirst=Mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrs1998" class="citation book cs1">Starrs, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfnaQLGIx4C&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PP4"><i>Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+the+Cowboy+Ride%3A+Cattle+Ranching+in+the+American+West&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Starrs&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHfnaQLGIx4C%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Nebraska1915" class="citation book cs1">University of Nebraska (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletinagricul00goog"><i>Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, no. 147</i></a>. Lincoln: The Station. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletinagricul00goog/page/n15">11</a>. <q>kinkaid act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Agricultural+Experiment+Station+of+Nebraska%2C+no.+147&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+Station&rft.date=1915&rft.au=University+of+Nebraska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulletinagricul00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay" class="citation web cs1">Kay, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116012001/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/reports/logan_county.pdf#page=67">"Renaissance Survey Final Report of Logan County, Nebraska"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nebraska State Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Survey+Final+Report+of+Logan+County%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=Nebraska+State+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskahistory.org%2Fhistpres%2Freports%2Flogan_county.pdf%23page%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener1916" class="citation book cs1">Keener, John (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclandstatu00keengoog"><i>Public Land Statutes of the United States</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. <q>kinkaid act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Land+Statutes+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclandstatu00keengoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keener_1916_99-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keener_1916_99_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keener_1916_99_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener1916" class="citation book cs1">Keener, John (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclandstatu00keengoog"><i>Public Land Statutes of the United States</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclandstatu00keengoog/page/n137">99</a>. <q>kinkaid act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Land+Statutes+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclandstatu00keengoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrs1998" class="citation book cs1">Starrs, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfnaQLGIx4C&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PP4"><i>Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+the+Cowboy+Ride%3A+Cattle+Ranching+in+the+American+West&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Starrs&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHfnaQLGIx4C%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starrs_1998_23-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starrs_1998_23_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starrs_1998_23_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrs1998" class="citation book cs1">Starrs, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHfnaQLGIx4C&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PP4"><i>Let the Cowboy Ride: Cattle Ranching in the American West</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+the+Cowboy+Ride%3A+Cattle+Ranching+in+the+American+West&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Starrs&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHfnaQLGIx4C%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landlaws-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landlaws_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981205205029/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/services/refrence/la_pubs/landlaw7.htm">"U.S. Government Land Laws in Nebraska, 1854-1904".</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307215553/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/index.shtml">Nebraska State Historical Society.</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> Retrieved 2012-11-26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandoz1935" class="citation book cs1">Sandoz, Mari (1935). <i>Old Jules</i>. 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"The Kinkaid Act and Its Effects on Western Nebraska". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 26. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739379">3739379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=The+Kinkaid+Act+and+Its+Effects+on+Western+Nebraska&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3739379%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker_County_Historical_Society1989" class="citation book cs1">Hooker County Historical Society (1989). <i>Hooker County, Nebraska: The First 100 Years</i>. 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Washington: Government Printing Office. 1915. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030040715/page/n344">339</a>. <q>kinkaid act grazing homesteads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grazing+Homesteads+and+the+Regulation+of+Grazing+on+the+Public+Lands%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Committee+on+the+Public+Lands&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030040715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Nebraska1915" class="citation book cs1">University of Nebraska (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletinagricul00goog"><i>Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, no. 147</i></a>. Lincoln: The Station. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletinagricul00goog/page/n15">11</a>. <q>kinkaid act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Agricultural+Experiment+Station+of+Nebraska%2C+no.+147&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+Station&rft.date=1915&rft.au=University+of+Nebraska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulletinagricul00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVoPAAAAYAAJ&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PR1"><i>Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1916</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1917. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Department+of+the+Interior+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30%2C+1916&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVoPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVoPAAAAYAAJ&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PR1"><i>Reports of the Department of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1916</i></a>. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1917. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+the+Department+of+the+Interior+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30%2C+1916&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVoPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoson1979" class="citation book cs1">Ottoson, Howard (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JN6XzcQtbUQC&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PA58"><i>Land and People in the Northern Plains Transition Area</i></a>. Ayer Publishing. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+People+in+the+Northern+Plains+Transition+Area&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Ottoson&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJN6XzcQtbUQC%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpie1987" class="citation book cs1">Opie, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKjHUAJC_J8C&q=kinkaid%20act&pg=PR4"><i>The Law of the Land: Two Hundred Years of American Farmland Policy</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+the+Land%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+American+Farmland+Policy&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Opie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKjHUAJC_J8C%26q%3Dkinkaid%2520act%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKinkaid+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theodore_Roosevelt" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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Roosevelt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theodore_Roosevelt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">26th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1901–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1899–1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioner</a> (1895–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">First inauguration</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site">historic site</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">Second inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_dinner_at_the_White_House" title="Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House">Booker T. Washington dinner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Conservation" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Conservation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Act_of_1905" title="Transfer Act of 1905">Transfer Act of 1905</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">United States Reclamation Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Wildlife_Refuge_System" title="History of the National Wildlife Refuge System">National Wildlife Refuge System</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Arch" title="Roosevelt Arch">Roosevelt Arch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Governors" title="Conference of Governors">Conference of Governors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company breakup</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Co._v._United_States" title="Northern Securities Co. v. United States">court case</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Coal strike of 1902</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#History" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expediting_Act" title="Expediting Act">Expediting Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkins_Act" title="Elkins Act">Elkins Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Act" title="Hepburn Act">Hepburn Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tillman_Act_of_1907" title="Tillman Act of 1907">Tillman Act of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Employers_Liability_Act" title="Federal Employers Liability Act">Federal Employers Liability Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kinkaid Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Big stick ideology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal#United_States_acquisition" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuelan crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Occupation of Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War#Peace_and_aftermath" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">1906 Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a> </span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hall_(National_War_College)" title="Roosevelt Hall (National War College)">Roosevelt Hall</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association#History" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">College football meetings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#History" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Bureau of Investigation</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Department of Commerce and Labor</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Department_Methods" title="Committee on Department Methods">Keep Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Commission" title="Inland Waterways Commission">Inland Waterways Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Bureau of the Census</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perdicaris_affair" title="Perdicaris affair">Perdicaris affair</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Cabinet" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">White House West Wing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1901 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1906 State of the Union Address">1906</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1908 State of the Union Address">1908</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_desk" title="Theodore Roosevelt desk">White House desk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">Federal judiciary appointments</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">"Bull Moose" Progressive Party</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt">Assassination attempt</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian%E2%80%93Roosevelt_African_expedition" title="Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition">Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Rondon_Scientific_Expedition" title="Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition">"River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">Birthplace, boyhood home replica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill" title="Sagamore Hill">Sagamore Hill Home and Museum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Maltese_Cross_Cabin" title="Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin">Maltese Cross Cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch" title="Elkhorn Ranch">Elkhorn Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pine_Knot_(cabin)" title="Pine Knot (cabin)">Pine Knot cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youngs_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Youngs Memorial Cemetery">Gravesite</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings<br />and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_bibliography" title="Theodore Roosevelt bibliography">Theodore Roosevelt bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Naval_War_of_1812" title="The Naval War of 1812"><i>The Naval War of 1812</i> (1882 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" title="The Strenuous Life">"The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_a_Republic" title="Citizenship in a Republic">"Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Progressive_Cause_Greater_Than_Any_Individual" class="extiw" title="s:Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual">"Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt:_An_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography</i> (1913 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(American_magazine)#Contributions_from_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="The Forum (American magazine)"><i>The Forum</i> magazine articles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Cyclopedia" title="Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia">Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association#Theodore_Roosevelt_Collection" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Archival collections</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">1898 New York state election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Republican National Convention: <a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United States presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Digital_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library">Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness">Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_National_Forest" title="Roosevelt National Forest">Roosevelt National Forest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Park_(San_Antonio)" title="Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)">Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Study Center</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Statues</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">New York City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Rough_Rider" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider">Portland, Oregon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument_Assemblage" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage">Monument Assemblage</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library">Proposed presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_United_States_Courthouse" title="Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse">Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_River" title="Roosevelt River">Roosevelt River</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Theodore Roosevelt Award">Theodore Roosevelt Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(ID-1478)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (ID-1478)">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(SSBN-600)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">1984</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Road" title="Roosevelt Road">Roosevelt Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Books about Theodore Roosevelt">Books</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Films about Theodore Roosevelt">Films</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrible_Teddy,_the_Grizzly_King" title="Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King"><i>Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King</i>, 1901 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_in_Africa" title="Roosevelt in Africa"><i>Roosevelt in Africa</i>, 1910 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)"><i>The Rough Riders</i>, 1927 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy,_the_Rough_Rider" title="Teddy, the Rough Rider"><i>Teddy, the Rough Rider</i>, 1940 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(miniseries)" title="Rough Riders (miniseries)"><i>Rough Riders</i>, 1997 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i>, 2014 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i>, 2022 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_(TV_series)" title="Elkhorn (TV series)"><i>Elkhorn</i>, 2024 series</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt">Political positions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">Bully pulpit</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ananias_Club" title="Ananias Club">Ananias Club</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Nature_fakers_controversy#Roosevelt's_involvement" title="Nature fakers controversy">Nature fakers</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guest_of_Honor_(opera)" title="A Guest of Honor (opera)">A Guest of Honor</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Muckraker#Origin_of_the_term,_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Muckraker">Muckraker</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republican" title="Roosevelt Republican">Roosevelt Republican</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barnes_vs._Roosevelt_libel_trial" title="Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial">Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Hathaway Lee</a> (first wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Kermit Carow</a> (second wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Lee Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt III</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby" title="Ethel Roosevelt Derby">Ethel Carow Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt" title="Archibald Roosevelt">Archibald Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt" title="Quentin Roosevelt">Quentin Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_III" title="Theodore Roosevelt III">Theodore Roosevelt IV</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_V._S._Roosevelt" title="Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt">Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt_II" title="Quentin Roosevelt II">Quentin Roosevelt II</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard_Roosevelt" title="Joseph Willard Roosevelt">Joseph Willard Roosevelt</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Derby_Williams" title="Edith Derby Williams">Edith Roosevelt Derby</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Keogh" title="Theodora Keogh">Theodora Roosevelt</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Roosevelt_Robinson" title="Corinne Roosevelt Robinson">Corinne Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Roosevelt" title="Cornelius Roosevelt">Cornelius Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_Bulloch" title="James Stephens Bulloch">James Stephens Bulloch</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Roosevelt" title="James A. Roosevelt">James Alfred Roosevelt</a> (uncle)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roosevelt" title="Robert Roosevelt">Robert Barnhill Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Anna Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (niece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hall_Roosevelt" title="Hall Roosevelt">Gracie Hall Roosevelt</a> (nephew)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_(Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Pete (Theodore Roosevelt's dog)">Pete</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">← William McKinley</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">← Garret Hobart</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Theodore Roosevelt">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&oldid=1256789066">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinkaid_Act&oldid=1256789066</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nebraska" title="Category:History of Nebraska">History of Nebraska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1904_in_American_law" title="Category:1904 in American law">1904 in American law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_public_land_legislation" title="Category:United States federal public land legislation">United States federal public land legislation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1904_in_Nebraska" title="Category:1904 in Nebraska">1904 in Nebraska</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 15:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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