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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specialized written media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialized_written_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialized written media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialized_written_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business,_finance_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business,_finance_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Business, finance and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business,_finance_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Freedom of the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:15em;border-width:22.0em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Colombia" title="Category:Culture of Colombia">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Culture of Colombia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg/130px-Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg/195px-Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg/260px-Sombrero_vueltiao_stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003893;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Colombia" title="Public holidays in Colombia">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003893;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_art" title="Colombian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia" title="Architecture of Colombia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_(Colombia)" title="Cumbia (Colombia)">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Colombia" title="List of festivals in Colombia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_handicrafts" title="Colombian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_monuments_of_Colombia" title="National monuments of Colombia">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_art#Painting" title="Colombian art">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Colombia" title="Video games in Colombia">Video gaming</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003893;color: white;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Colombia" title="National Anthem of Colombia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #CE1126;border-bottom:1px solid #CE1126;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombian_culture" title="Template:Colombian culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombian_culture" title="Template talk:Colombian culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombian_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombian culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mass media in Colombia</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a> available in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> consisting of several different types of communications media: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Colombia" title="Television in Colombia">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Colombia" title="List of newspapers in Colombia">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Web_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Web site">Web sites</a>. Colombia also has a national <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> industry. </p><p>Many of the media are controlled by large for-profit corporations who reap revenue from <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscriptions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sale</a> of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> material, largely affected by piracy. </p><p>Media in Colombia is regulated by the Ministry of Communications and the National Television Commission. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convergence_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergence (telecommunications)">convergence</a> have occurred in an attempt by the government to turn the mass media industry in Colombia more competitive, leading to mega-mergers, further <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a>, and the emergence of multinational media conglomerates. Critics allege that <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a>, local news and other content at the community level, media spending and coverage of news, and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">diversity</a> of ownership and views have suffered as a result of these processes of media concentration. </p><p>In 2015, Colombia ranked 128th place on the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> press freedom scale, making it one of the most dangerous places to be a mass media journalist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Colombia" title="List of newspapers in Colombia">List of newspapers in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Narino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Antonio_Narino.jpg/220px-Antonio_Narino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Antonio_Narino.jpg/330px-Antonio_Narino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Antonio_Narino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The first newspaper published in Colombia was La Bagatela, edited by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a> in 1811.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newspaper media in Colombia date back to the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The first newspaper published in Colombia was <i>La Bagatela</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o" title="Antonio Nariño">Antonio Nariño</a> in 1811. In Colombia the most read and influential newspaper is <i><a href="/wiki/El_Tiempo_(Colombia)" title="El Tiempo (Colombia)">El Tiempo</a></i>, which also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">newspaper circulation</a> in the country. It was founded in 1911 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Villegas_Restrepo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Villegas Restrepo (page does not exist)">Alfonso Villegas Restrepo</a> and currently owned by <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Sarmiento_Angulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo">Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo</a>. </p><p>Another influential newspaper is <i><a href="/wiki/El_Espectador" title="El Espectador">El Espectador</a></i>, founded in 1887 by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Cano_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Fidel Cano Gutiérrez">Fidel Cano Gutiérrez</a>, was for many years one of the most important dailies in Colombia but due to a financial crisis its circulation was restricted to one edition weekly between 2001 and 2008, when it returned as a daily. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Nuevo_Siglo" title="El Nuevo Siglo">El Nuevo Siglo</a></i>, a conservative newspaper, focuses on political news. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Espacio" title="El Espacio">El Espacio</a></i>, founded in 1965 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciro_G%C3%B3mez_Mej%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciro Gómez Mejía (page does not exist)">Ciro Gómez Mejía</a>, was the main <a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a> newspaper in the country until 2013 when it was sold to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Esper_Espaje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Esper Espaje (page does not exist)">Roberto Esper Espaje</a> after it could not cope with the competence of fledgling tabloids <i>Q'Hubo</i> and <i>Extra</i>. <i>El Tiempo</i> and <i>El Espectador</i> are the only newspapers of national distribution. </p><p>Free newspapers include <i><a href="/wiki/Publimetro" class="mw-redirect" title="Publimetro">Publimetro</a></i> (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ADN_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADN Colombia (page does not exist)">ADN</a></i>, published by El Tiempo in the same cities mentioned plus Bucaramanga. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/El_Pais_(Cali)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Pais (Cali)">El País</a></i> newspaper is the main source of written information in the south-western region of the country, specially in the <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Cauca">Valle del Cauca</a> department. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Colombiano" title="El Colombiano">El Colombiano</a></i> newspaper, based in <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>, is the most influential newspaper in the <a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa Region</a>. Other regional newspapers include <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cr%C3%B3nica_del_Quind%C3%ADo" title="La Crónica del Quindío">La Crónica del Quindío</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/El_Heraldo_(Colombia)" title="El Heraldo (Colombia)">El Heraldo</a></i>, which covers the area of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region of Colombia">Caribbean Region of Colombia</a>. <i>MIRA</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> format newspaper with circulation of some 150,000 per week. It is edited by <a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Independiente_de_Renovaci%C3%B3n_Absoluta" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimiento Independiente de Renovación Absoluta">MIRA</a> political party. </p><p><a href="/wiki/El_Bogotano" title="El Bogotano">El Bogotano</a> is a virtual news platform with a tradition en newsprint since 1973. It is an open ended virtual newspaper that allows for independent journalists to publish in its multiple content platforms. </p><p>The main current issues <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> published in Colombia are <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Semana" class="mw-redirect" title="Revista Semana">Semana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Cromos" class="mw-redirect" title="Revista Cromos">Cromos</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Cambio" class="mw-redirect" title="Revista Cambio">Cambio</a></i> folded in 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialized_written_media">Specialized written media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specialized written media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business,_finance_and_economics"><span id="Business.2C_finance_and_economics"></span>Business, finance and economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Business, finance and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portafolio.com.co">Portafolio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dinero.com">Dinero Magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larepublica.com.co">La Republica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Colombia" title="Radio in Colombia">Radio in Colombia</a></div> <p>The country has three major national radio networks: Radiodifusora Nacional de Colombia, a state-run national radio; <a href="/wiki/Caracol_Radio" title="Caracol Radio">Caracol Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCN_Radio" title="RCN Radio">RCN Radio</a>, privately owned networks with hundreds of affiliates. There are other national networks, including <a href="/wiki/Cadena_Super" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadena Super">Cadena Super</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todelar" title="Todelar">Todelar</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colmundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colmundo (page does not exist)">Colmundo</a>, among others. Many hundreds of radio stations are registered with the Ministry of Communications.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracol_Radio" title="Caracol Radio">Caracol Radio</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a> in 1948. It was owned by <a href="/wiki/Julio_Mario_Santo_Domingo" title="Julio Mario Santo Domingo">Julio Mario Santo Domingo</a> until 2004, when the network was rescinded of <a href="/wiki/Caracol_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracol TV">Caracol TV</a> and sold to <a href="/wiki/PRISA" title="PRISA">PRISA</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_40_Principales" class="mw-redirect" title="Los 40 Principales">Los 40 Principales</a> Colombia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HJCK" title="HJCK">HJCK</a>. Cultural station. Founded in 1950. Since 2005 it is broadcast by Internet only.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioacktiva" title="Radioacktiva">Radioacktiva</a> - Planeta Rock. Founded in 1989. <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a> programming.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCN_Radio" title="RCN Radio">RCN Radio</a>. Founded in 1948 by Enrique and Roberto Ramírez. Its main secondary networks are: La Mega (<a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a>), Rumba Stereo (<a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a>), Amor Stereo, Antena 2 (sport broadcasting to 20 cities countrywide), La Cariñosa, El Sol, La FM and Radio Uno (<a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Colombia" title="Television in Colombia">Television in Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombian_television_series" title="List of Colombian television series">List of Colombian television series</a></div> <p>Colombia has five national and many local and regional television channels. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Television_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Television Authority (page does not exist)">National Television Authority</a> oversees television programming. National Radio and Television of Colombia (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia">Radio Televisión Nacional de Colombia</a> —RTVC), Colombia's <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Public broadcaster">public broadcaster</a>, oversees three national television stations (one public-commercial, one institutional, and one educational). Television stations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracol_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Caracol TV">Caracol TV</a>: General programming. Founded in 1956 by Fernando Londoño Henao, Cayetano Betancourt, Carlos Sanz de Santamaría and Pedro Navas as a production company. It's a national network since 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCN_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="RCN TV">RCN TV</a>: General programming. Founded in 1967 as a production company. It's a national network since 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1al_Colombia" title="Señal Colombia">Señal Colombia</a>: Cultural and educational broadcasting. Founded in 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Institucional" title="Canal Institucional">Canal Institucional</a>: Institutional programming. Created in 2004 to replace public-commercial channel <a href="/wiki/Canal_A" title="Canal A">Canal A</a> (founded 1972 as Segunda Cadena).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Uno" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Uno">Canal Uno</a>, state-owned national television network, whose programming is provided by private companies. It is the first television station in Colombia, founded in 1954.</li></ul> <p>Regional and local stations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Capital" title="Canal Capital">Canal Capital</a>: Local state-run channel to <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citytv_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Citytv Bogotá">Citytv</a>: Local private channel to <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleantioquia" title="Teleantioquia">Teleantioquia</a>: Regional channel based in <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a> and covers the <a href="/wiki/Antioquia_Department" title="Antioquia Department">Antioquia Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepac%C3%ADfico" title="Telepacífico">Telepacífico</a>: Regional channel based in <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a>. Covers the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Region of Colombia">Pacific region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecaf%C3%A9" title="Telecafé">Telecafé</a>: Regional channel based in <a href="/wiki/Manizales" title="Manizales">Manizales</a>, coverage in the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Coffee-Growers_Axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis">Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecaribe" title="Telecaribe">Telecaribe</a>: Regional channel based in <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a>, covers the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region of Colombia">Caribbean Region of Colombia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Regional_del_Oriente" title="Televisión Regional del Oriente">Televisión Regional del Oriente</a>: Regional channel based in <a href="/wiki/Bucaramanga" title="Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, covers the departments of <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norte_de_Santander" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte de Santander">Norte de Santander</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleislas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleislas (page does not exist)">Teleislas</a>: Regional channel for the <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_y_Providencia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés y Providencia">San Andrés y Providencia</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_13_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal 13 (Colombia)">Canal 13</a>: Regional channel based in Bogotá, covers <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolima_Department" title="Tolima Department">Tolima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huila_Department" title="Huila Department">Huila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casanare_Department" title="Casanare Department">Casanare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta_Department" title="Meta Department">Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichada_Department" title="Vichada Department">Vichada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arauca_Department" title="Arauca Department">Arauca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%A1_Department" title="Caquetá Department">Caquetá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaviare_Department" title="Guaviare Department">Guaviare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_Department" title="Vaupés Department">Vaupés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Colombian_department)" title="Amazonas (Colombian department)">Amazonas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo</a>. Most programming is youth oriented.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internet">Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Colombia" title="Internet in Colombia">Internet in Colombia</a></div> <p>Internet access in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> shows a marked increase during the last few years. As September 2009, the web connections surpasses two million,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as compared with an estimated total of 900,000 Internet subscribers by the end of 2005. The current figure equated to 17 million Internet users, plus 3.8 million mobile internet users, or 38.5 percent of the 2009 population, as compared with 4,739,000 Internet users in 2005, or 11.5 percent of the 2005 population (10.9 per 100 inhabitants).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_ownership">Media ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_ownership_in_Colombia" title="Media ownership in Colombia">Media ownership in Colombia</a></div> <p>Media ownership remains concentrated in the hands of wealthy families, large national conglomerates, or groups associated with one or the other of the two dominant political parties. The first foreign media owner in the country is the Spanish media conglomerate Prisa, which acquired majority ownership of the country's largest radio network. There are public television and radio networks and two news agencies (Ciep–El País and Colprensa).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_press">Freedom of the press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Freedom of the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights in Colombia</a></div> <p>The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally has respected these rights in practice. Although security forces generally have not subjected journalists to harassment, intimidation, or violence, there have been exceptions, as well as reports of threats and violence against journalists by corrupt officials. Colombian journalists practice self-censorship to avoid reprisals by corrupt officials, criminals, and members of illegal armed groups. In the fifth annual Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index published in October 2006, Colombia ranked 131 of a total of 168 countries, a decline from its 2005 ranking of 128. More than 80 journalists have been murdered in the past decade for doing their jobs. Major international wire services, newspapers, and television networks have a presence in the country and generally operate free of government interference.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Colombia" title="Communications in Colombia">Communications in Colombia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Colombia.pdf">Colombia country profile</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (February 2007). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729062042/http://www.eltiempo.com/enter/internet/usuarios-de-internet-en-colombia-llegan-a-17-millones_4875240-1">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eltiempo.com/enter/internet/usuarios-de-internet-en-colombia-llegan-a-17-millones_4875240-1">the original</a> on 2012-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Fenter%2Finternet%2Fusuarios-de-internet-en-colombia-llegan-a-17-millones_4875240-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/colombia">"Colombia"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press</a></i>, US: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, 2016, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57509361">57509361</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+the+Press&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57509361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-press%2F2016%2Fcolombia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+media+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_media_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980121143326/http://www.mincomunicaciones.gov.co/">Colombian Ministry of Communications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mediosmedios.com.ar/A.%20Colombia.htm">http://www.mediosmedios.com.ar/A.%20Colombia.htm</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609163108/http://colombiya.com/">Quick access to Colombian media</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombiareports.com">News on Colombia in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semana.com/internacional/Seccion/96.aspx">Colombian weekly Semana's English news section</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colombia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombia_topics" title="Template:Colombia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_topics" title="Template talk:Colombia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_history" title="Timeline of Colombian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Kingdom of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolish_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Foolish Fatherland">Foolish Fatherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Military career of Simón Bolívar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Wars of independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_of_1895" title="Colombian Civil War of 1895">Colombian Civil War of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Current internal armed conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Colombian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Colombia" title="Biodiversity of Colombia">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Colombia" title="Fauna of Colombia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Colombia" title="Flora of Colombia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Colombia" title="Climate of Colombia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Colombia" title="Geology of Colombia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Colombia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Colombia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Colombia" title="Category:Islands of Colombia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Colombia" title="List of rivers of Colombia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valleys_and_Plateaus_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia (page does not exist)">Valleys and Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Colombia" title="List of national parks of Colombia">National parks <span style="font-size:85%;">(Protected Areas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Colombia" title="List of cities and towns in Colombia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards_in_Colombia" title="Natural hazards in Colombia">Natural hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Colombia" title="Environmental issues in Colombia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_Colombia" title="List of invasive species in Colombia">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia" title="Natural regions of Colombia">Natural regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_natural_region" title="Andean natural region">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_natural_region" title="Caribbean natural region">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_region_of_Colombia" title="Insular region of Colombia">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Orinoquía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region" title="Pacific/Chocó natural region">Pacific/Chocó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Colombia" title="Administrative divisions of Colombia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Colombia" title="Metropolitan areas of Colombia">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Capital District</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">Corregimientos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Colombia)" title="Indigenous territory (Colombia)">Indigenous territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Colombia" title="List of political parties in Colombia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colombia" title="Elections in Colombia">Elections</a></li> <li>Ideologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Communism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Constitution</a></li> <li>Control <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Auditor_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Auditor General of Colombia">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Comptroller General of Colombia">Comptroller General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Inspector General of Colombia">Inspector General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman%27s_Office_of_Colombia" title="Ombudsman's Office of Colombia">Ombudsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Branch_of_Colombia" title="Executive Branch of Colombia">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Colombia" title="Council of Ministers of Colombia">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_entities_of_Colombia" title="Government entities of Colombia">Government agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Colombia" title="Foreign relations of Colombia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Colombia" title="Judiciary of Colombia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Colombia">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Colombia" title="List of companies of Colombia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Colombia" title="Industry of Colombia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Colombia" title="Mineral industry of Colombia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombia Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Colombia" title="Science and technology in Colombia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Colombia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Colombia" title="Trade unions in Colombia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Colombia" title="Tourism in Colombia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Colombia" title="Transport in Colombia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Colombia" title="Category:Society of Colombia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombians" title="List of Colombians">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Colombia" title="Health care in Colombia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Colombia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Colombia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia" title="Architecture of Colombia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_art" title="Colombian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Colombia">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Colombia" title="List of festivals in Colombia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_handicrafts" title="Colombian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Colombia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Colombia" title="National symbols of Colombia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Colombia" title="Public holidays in Colombia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Freedom of religion in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Colombia" title="Intersex rights in Colombia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Colombia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Colombia" title="Emigration from Colombia">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colombia" title="Crime in Colombia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Colombia" title="Terrorism in Colombia">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrilla movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Right-wing paramilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_in_popular_culture" title="Colombia in popular culture">Colombia in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colombia" title="Outline of Colombia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colombia" title="Category:Colombia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media of South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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