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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_to_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_to_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages to 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_to_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mayor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mayor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Science and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendly_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendly_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Friendly cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendly_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Public service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Honorary citizens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saarbrücken</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9B%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95" title="ዛዕርብሪውክን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዛዕርብሪውክን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%86" title="ساربروكن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساربروكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCkken" title="Saarbrükken – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saarbrükken" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="زاربروکن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زاربروکن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрукен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саарбрукен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Заарбрукен – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заарбрукен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюкен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саарбрюкен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюккен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Саарбрюккен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Σααρμπρύκεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σααρμπρύκεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="زاربروکن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاربروکن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarrebruck" title="Sarrebruck – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sarrebruck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%A4%BC%EC%BC%84" title="자르브뤼켄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자르브뤼켄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Զաարբրյուքեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զաարբրյուքեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सारब्रुकेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सारब्रुकेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюккен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Саарбрюккен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="זארבריקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זארבריקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ზაარბრიუკენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზაარბრიუკენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюккен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саарбрюккен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрүккен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саарбрүккен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravipons" title="Saravipons – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saravipons" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81rbrikene" title="Zārbrikene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zārbrikene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%A9cken" title="Saarbrécken – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saarbrécken" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbriukenas" title="Sarbriukenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sarbriukenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сарбрикен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сарбрикен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB" title="സാർബ്രുക്കൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാർബ്രുക്കൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="जारब्र्युकन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जारब्र्युकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ზაარბრიუკენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზაარბრიუკენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="زاربروكين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زاربروكين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Заарбрюкен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Заарбрюкен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဇာဘရွတ်ကဲန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇာဘရွတ်ကဲန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3" title="ザールブリュッケン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザールブリュッケン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбруьккен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Саарбруьккен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ساربروکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساربروکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarburgo" title="Sarburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sarburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюккен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саарбрюккен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C3%ABbryken" title="Sarëbryken – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sarëbryken" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86" title="زاربروکن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زاربروکن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сарбрикен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сарбрикен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрүккен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саарбрүккен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ซาร์บรึคเคิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาร์บรึคเคิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюккен – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Саарбрюккен" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Саарбрюкен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саарбрюкен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ساربرکن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساربرکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCkken" title="Saarbrükken – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saarbrükken" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E8%82%AF" title="萨尔布吕肯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨尔布吕肯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="זארבריקן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זארבריקן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%A4" title="沙卜勤 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙卜勤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saarbrücken" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E8%82%AF" title="萨尔布吕肯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨尔布吕肯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&params=49_14_N_7_0_E_type:city(181959)_region:DE-SL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°14′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.233°N 7.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.233; 7.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Saarland, Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Saarland, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive 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0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org"><span class="wrap">Saarbrücken </span></div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><i>Sabrigge</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian">Rhenish Franconian</a>)</small> <small><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sarrebruck</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg/278px-Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg/417px-Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg/556px-Saarland_Rathaus_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Rathaus St. Johann (city hall)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berliner_Promenade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Berliner_Promenade.jpg/136px-Berliner_Promenade.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Berliner_Promenade.jpg/204px-Berliner_Promenade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Berliner_Promenade.jpg/272px-Berliner_Promenade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="2589" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Berliner Promenade</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TotaleMuseum2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TotaleMuseum2.jpg/138px-TotaleMuseum2.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TotaleMuseum2.jpg/207px-TotaleMuseum2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/TotaleMuseum2.jpg/276px-TotaleMuseum2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Castle" title="Saarbrücken Castle">Saarbrücken Castle</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg/89px-Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg/134px-Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg/178px-Campus_der_Universitaet_des_Saarlandes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2404" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität des Saarlandes">Universität des Saarlandes</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG/79px-Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG" decoding="async" width="79" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG/119px-Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG/158px-Ludwigskirche_Saarbruecken.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ludwigskirche" title="Ludwigskirche">Louis' Church</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(1814997497).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_%281814997497%29.jpg/101px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_%281814997497%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_%281814997497%29.jpg/152px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_%281814997497%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_%281814997497%29.jpg/202px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_%281814997497%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Saarland_State_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saarland State Theatre">Saarland State Theatre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg/150px-20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg/225px-20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg/300px-20200427_Alte_Br%C3%BCcke_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_620" title="Bundesautobahn 620">A 620</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg/124px-Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg/186px-Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg/248px-Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Saarbahn" title="Saarbahn">Saarbahn</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sankt_Johann,_Saarbr%C3%BCcken,_Germany_-_panoramio_(55).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sankt_Johann%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_Germany_-_panoramio_%2855%29.jpg/278px-Sankt_Johann%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_Germany_-_panoramio_%2855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sankt_Johann%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_Germany_-_panoramio_%2855%29.jpg/417px-Sankt_Johann%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_Germany_-_panoramio_%2855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sankt_Johann%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_Germany_-_panoramio_%2855%29.jpg/556px-Sankt_Johann%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_Germany_-_panoramio_%2855%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5540" data-file-height="1809" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saarbrücken"><img alt="Flag of Saarbrücken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg/100px-Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg/150px-Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg/200px-Flag_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Saarbrücken"><img alt="Coat of arms of Saarbrücken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg/68px-DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="68" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg/103px-DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg/137px-DEU_Saarbruecken_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1976" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:line; margin-top:0.2px"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="height:auto; padding:0.1em; padding-left:0.3em; padding-right:1.5em;">Location of Saarbrücken within <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Saarbrücken (district)">Saarbrücken</a> district</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg/240px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg/360px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg/480px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="3450" usemap="#ImageMap_c98ca80f4ce2fb14" resource="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_in_SB.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_c98ca80f4ce2fb14"><area href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" shape="rect" coords="26,27,56,58" alt="Saarbrücken (district)" title="Saarbrücken (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Saarland" shape="rect" coords="3,2,73,60" alt="Saarland" title="Saarland" /><area href="/wiki/France" shape="poly" coords="0,147,5,146,12,158,4,176,12,190,18,193,39,191,49,196,54,197,65,204,72,199,71,185,79,183,78,177,74,162,68,153,77,144,96,155,106,150,110,141,119,143,129,160,138,156,157,170,167,170,165,182,164,195,174,209,173,229,179,236,181,237,187,236,194,224,200,219,200,216,196,205,198,202,204,200,207,200,208,203,205,205,204,208,206,214,217,211,220,220,235,228,235,221,239,220,240,240,0,240" alt="France" title="France" /><area href="/wiki/Saarlouis_(district)" shape="poly" coords="0,146,7,143,10,141,17,140,27,143,46,128,53,125,56,113,60,109,54,103,56,95,66,95,74,99,73,88,75,78,86,72,81,66,85,61,83,52,85,44,80,34,99,24,107,14,112,14,111,7,51,69,111,7,117,6,117,0,3,0" alt="Saarlouis (district)" title="Saarlouis (district)" /><area href="/wiki/Neunkirchen_(German_district)" shape="poly" coords="118,5,127,8,128,18,133,24,140,18,149,21,156,20,156,28,169,25,173,32,179,34,179,45,184,45,184,30,193,31,200,39,210,38,211,40,207,43,208,51,205,58,210,63,220,70,225,71,227,69,228,69,232,72,237,67,240,67,239,0" alt="Neunkirchen (German district)" title="Neunkirchen (German district)" /><area href="/wiki/Saarpfalz-Kreis" shape="poly" coords="240,218,223,217,220,207,218,206,209,209,208,206,213,203,211,197,210,196,204,196,205,194,211,187,217,187,221,178,206,176,207,167,213,164,213,156,216,147,223,149,222,142,215,140,217,123,215,118,208,113,207,107,201,109,198,117,192,115,193,109,188,106,186,109,182,105,183,96,191,93,194,86,192,76,199,69,210,64,217,69,222,72,226,71,228,69,233,73,237,68,240,67,240,69" alt="Saarpfalz-Kreis" title="Saarpfalz-Kreis" /><area href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Frosseln" shape="poly" coords="39,190,39,184,36,181,35,176,43,170,46,170,48,162,56,150,63,151,73,162,73,168,77,176,77,183,69,185,69,192,72,198,66,203,54,197,49,197,39,190" alt="Großrosseln" title="Großrosseln" /><area href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lklingen" shape="poly" coords="39,190,18,193,10,189,3,175,13,159,6,145,12,142,17,141,28,144,46,129,54,126,57,115,62,110,57,102,57,98,66,97,68,100,75,100,81,97,85,97,85,103,93,104,100,107,103,113,102,120,97,120,93,125,88,136,78,133,75,136,70,133,61,141,59,146,63,150,56,151,48,161,48,170,42,170,42,170,35,175,36,181,39,185" alt="Völklingen" title="Völklingen" /><area href="/wiki/P%C3%BCttlingen" shape="poly" coords="85,53,98,53,103,60,108,59,111,64,107,87,111,91,105,95,99,106,93,104,86,103,85,97,81,97,76,99,76,80,82,81,87,71,82,65,86,60" alt="Püttlingen" title="Püttlingen" /><area href="/wiki/Riegelsberg" shape="poly" coords="112,91,114,85,124,83,125,76,132,67,132,60,138,56,136,52,122,50,114,53,108,48,102,48,97,53,102,60,108,60,111,64,108,76,108,87" alt="Riegelsberg" title="Riegelsberg" /><area href="/wiki/Heusweiler" shape="poly" coords="85,52,97,53,101,47,108,47,114,53,123,51,136,52,138,55,145,55,149,42,153,43,158,37,155,29,155,21,147,22,140,19,130,24,125,8,117,6,112,9,114,15,108,15,102,26,82,34,87,42" alt="Heusweiler" title="Heusweiler" /><area href="/wiki/Quierschied" shape="poly" coords="156,29,157,37,153,43,148,43,144,55,152,63,152,71,156,75,151,84,157,86,160,78,164,76,170,72,166,65,178,58,178,35,171,33,169,26" alt="Quierschied" title="Quierschied" /><area href="/wiki/Friedrichsthal" shape="poly" coords="178,45,178,59,185,60,192,56,194,58,205,59,206,51,205,43,210,39,199,39,192,32,186,32,185,45,180,46" alt="Friedrichsthal" title="Friedrichsthal" /><area href="/wiki/Sulzbach,_Saarland" shape="poly" coords="165,76,170,71,167,65,178,58,184,60,191,55,194,57,203,58,209,64,198,69,192,77,194,87,191,93,182,96,179,95,177,80,172,76,167,76" alt="Sulzbach" title="Sulzbach" /><area href="/wiki/Kleinblittersdorf" shape="poly" coords="181,235,176,208,172,199,168,194,168,180,174,183,180,181,183,188,189,187,189,183,197,175,219,179,216,186,211,186,204,195,203,198,196,200,195,203,195,208,198,218,192,224,186,234" alt="Kleinblittersdorf" title="Kleinblittersdorf" /><area href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" shape="poly" coords="64,150,60,146,62,139,70,134,75,137,77,134,87,136,96,120,103,121,104,113,100,107,105,95,112,91,113,86,124,84,125,75,131,68,132,60,139,55,144,55,153,64,152,71,155,76,151,85,157,87,160,78,167,76,172,77,176,80,177,82,180,96,183,96,182,106,185,108,187,107,193,110,192,115,199,117,203,108,207,108,217,123,215,140,222,143,222,150,217,148,213,157,213,165,206,168,206,176,197,176,188,187,184,189,180,181,174,184,168,180,169,166,158,167,137,152,131,157,120,141,109,140,104,148,96,152,76,143,67,150" alt="Saarbrücken" title="Saarbrücken" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saarbrücken is located in Germany"><img alt="Saarbrücken is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.266%;left:15%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saarbrücken"><img alt="Saarbrücken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Saarbrücken </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarland_location_map_02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saarbrücken is located in Saarland"><img alt="Saarbrücken is located in Saarland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saarland_location_map_02.svg/250px-Saarland_location_map_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saarland_location_map_02.svg/375px-Saarland_location_map_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Saarland_location_map_02.svg/500px-Saarland_location_map_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="540" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.464%;left:63.348%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saarbrücken"><img alt="Saarbrücken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div><span class="wrap">Saarbrücken </span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saarland</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&params=49_14_N_7_0_E_type:city(181959)_region:DE-SL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°14′N</span> <span class="longitude">7°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.233°N 7.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.233; 7.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Saarbrücken (district)">Saarbrücken</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">20</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2019–29) </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Conradt" title="Uwe Conradt">Uwe Conradt</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">167.07 km<sup>2</sup> (64.51 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">230.1 m (754.9 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">181,959</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,100/km<sup>2</sup> (2,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">329,593<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">700,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Germany" title="Time in Germany">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Germany" title="Postal codes in Germany">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">66001–66133</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Germany" title="List of dialling codes in Germany">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0681, 06893, 06897, 06898, 06805</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SB</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/en">saarbruecken.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_(V1.11).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_%28V1.11%29.png/290px-2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_%28V1.11%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_%28V1.11%29.png/435px-2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_%28V1.11%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_%28V1.11%29.png/580px-2018-06-28_Saarland_karte_%28V1.11%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Location of Saarbrücken within the Saarland</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Saarbrücken</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[zaːɐ̯ˈbʁʏkn̩]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/54\/De-Saarbr%C3%BCcken.ogg\/De-Saarbr%C3%BCcken.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Saarbr\u00fccken.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/De-Saarbr%C3%BCcken.ogg/De-Saarbr%C3%BCcken.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Saarbr%C3%BCcken.ogg" title="File:De-Saarbrücken.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian">Rhenish Franconian</a>: <i>Sabrigge</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[zaːˈbʁɪɡə]</a></span>; French: <i lang="fr">Sarrebruck</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[saʁbʁyk]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Saarbrécken</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[zaːˈbʀekən]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/38\/Lb-Saarbr%C3%A9cken.ogg\/Lb-Saarbr%C3%A9cken.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lb-Saarbr\u00e9cken.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Lb-Saarbr%C3%A9cken.ogg/Lb-Saarbr%C3%A9cken.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lb-Saarbr%C3%A9cken.ogg" title="File:Lb-Saarbrécken.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Saravipons</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> Bridges</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the capital and largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">city</a> of the state of <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, Germany. Saarbrücken has 181,959 inhabitants and is Saarland's administrative, commercial and cultural centre. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Saar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar River">Saar River</a> (a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>), directly borders the French department of <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(department)" title="Moselle (department)">Moselle</a>, and is Germany's second-westernmost state capital after <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>. </p><p>The modern city of Saarbrücken was created in 1909 by the merger of the three cities of <b>Saarbrücken</b> (now called <i>Alt-Saarbrücken</i>), <b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_Johann_(Saarbr%C3%BCcken)" title="Sankt Johann (Saarbrücken)">St. Johann a. d. Saar</a></b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Malstatt-Burbach" title="Malstatt-Burbach">Malstatt-Burbach</a></b>. It was the industrial and transport centre of the Saar coal basin. Products included iron and steel, sugar, beer, pottery, optical instruments, machinery, and construction materials. </p><p>Historic landmarks in the city include the stone bridge across the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> (1546), the Gothic church of St. Arnual, the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Castle" title="Saarbrücken Castle">Saarbrücken Castle</a>, and the old part of the town, the <i>Sankt Johanner Markt</i> (Market of St. Johann). </p><p>Saarbrücken has an international airport (<i><a href="/wiki/Flughafen_Saarbr%C3%BCcken" class="mw-redirect" title="Flughafen Saarbrücken">Flughafen Saarbrücken</a></i>) in the borough of Saarbrücken-Ensheim. The main campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Saarland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Saarland">University of the Saarland</a> (<i>Universität des Saarlandes</i>) is located within the city forest of Saarbrücken-St. Johann, while the university hospital (<i>Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes</i>) can be found in <a href="/wiki/Homburg,_Saarland" title="Homburg, Saarland">Homburg</a>. The public broadcaster of the Saarland, <a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">Saarländischer Rundfunk</a> (<i>Saarlandian Broadcasting</i>), has its seat on the Halberg Mountain in Saarbrücken-Brebach-Fechingen, and its transmission mast (<i>Sendemast Halberg</i>) can be seen from afar. </p><p>In the 20th century, Saarbrücken was twice separated from Germany: from 1920 to 1935 as capital of the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (League of Nations)">Territory of the Saar Basin</a> and from 1947 to 1956 as capital of the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (protectorate)">Saar Protectorate</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern German, <i>Saarbrücken</i> literally translates to <i>Saar bridges</i> (<i>Brücken</i> is the plural of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCcke" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Brücke">Brücke</a></i>), and indeed there are about a dozen bridges across the Saar river. However, the name actually predates the oldest bridge in the historic centre of Saarbrücken, the <i>Alte Brücke</i>, by at least 500 years. </p><p>The name <i>Saar</i> stems from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word <i>sara</i> (<i>streaming water</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Roman</a> name of the river, <i>Saravus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-DrNeumann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrNeumann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two hypotheses about the origin of the second part of the name Saar<i>brücken</i>. Most popular states that the historical name of the town, <i>Sarabrucca</i>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/briga" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:briga">briga</a></i> (<i>hill</i>, or <i>rock</i>, <i>big stone</i><sup id="cite_ref-DrNeumann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrNeumann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which became <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Brocken" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Brocken">Brocken</a></i> (which means <i>rock</i> or <i>boulder</i>) in <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a>. The castle of <i>Sarabrucca</i> was located on a large rock by the name of <i>Saarbrocken</i> overlooking the river Saar.<sup id="cite_ref-memotransfront_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memotransfront-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another opinion holds that the historical name of the town, <i>Sarabrucca</i>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> word <i>Brucca</i> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>, meaning <i>bridge</i>, or more precisely a <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">corduroy road</a>, which was also used in fords. Next to the castle, there was a ford allowing land-traffic to cross the Saar.<sup id="cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg/220px-20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg/330px-20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg/440px-20110418Roemerkastell_Saarbruecken10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman camp</a> <i>Römerkastell</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the last centuries BC, the <a href="/wiki/Mediomatrici" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a> settled in the Saarbrücken area.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSSB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in the first century BC, the area was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG/220px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG/330px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG/440px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Halberg_Mithrash%C3%B6hle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithras shrine</a> at <i>Halberg</i> hill</figcaption></figure> <p>From the first century AD to the fifth century,<sup id="cite_ref-kastell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kastell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> settlement called <i>vicus Saravus</i> west of Saarbrücken's <i>Halberg</i> hill,<sup id="cite_ref-Saarlandbilder_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarlandbilder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">roads</a> from <a href="/wiki/Metz#Ancient_history" title="Metz">Metz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Celts_and_Romans" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Trier#Roman_Empire" title="History of Trier">Trier</a> to <a href="/wiki/Argentoratum" title="Argentoratum">Strasbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the first or second century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a wooden bridge, later upgraded to stone,<sup id="cite_ref-memotransfront_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memotransfront-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connected <i>vicus Saravus</i> with the south-western bank of the Saar, today's St Arnual, where at least one <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villa</a> was located.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnual_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnual-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third century AD, a <a href="/wiki/Mithraeum" title="Mithraeum">Mithras shrine</a> was built in a cave in <i>Halberg</i> hill, on the eastern bank of the Saar river, next to today's old "Osthafen" harbor,<sup id="cite_ref-mithras_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mithras-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a small <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman camp</a> was constructed at the foot of Halberg hill<sup id="cite_ref-Saarlandbilder_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saarlandbilder-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> next to the river.<sup id="cite_ref-kastell_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kastell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the end of the fourth century, the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> destroyed the castra and <i>vicus Saravus</i>, removing permanent human presence from the Saarbrücken area for almost a century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_to_18th_century">Middle Ages to 18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages to 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Castle#History" title="Saarbrücken Castle">History of Saarbrücken Castle</a></div> <p>The Saar area came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> towards the end of the fifth century. In the sixth century, the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> gave the village <i>Merkingen</i>, which had formed on the ruins of the villa on the south-western end of the (in those times still usable) Roman bridge, to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Bishopric of Metz</a>. Between 601 and 609, Bishop Arnual founded a community of clerics, a <i><a href="/wiki/Stift#Stift_as_a_collegiate_body_or_building" title="Stift">Stift</a></i>, there. Centuries later the <i>Stift</i>, and in 1046 <i>Merkingen</i>, took on his name, giving birth to <i>St Arnual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest documentary reference to Saarbrücken is a deed of donation from 999, which documents that <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Otto III</a> gave the "castellum Sarabrucca" (Saarbrücken castle) to the Bishops of Metz. The Bishops gave the area to the <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Counts</a> of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Saargau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Saargau (page does not exist)">Saargau</a></i> as a <a href="/wiki/Fee_(feudal_tenure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fee (feudal tenure)">fief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1120, the county of Saarbrücken had been formed and a small settlement around the castle developed. In 1168, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Barbarossa</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighting</a> of Saarbrücken because of a <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feud</a> with Count Simon I. The damage cannot have been grave, as the castle continued to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-GdS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GdS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1321/1322<sup id="cite_ref-memotransfront_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memotransfront-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count Johann I of <a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken-Commercy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Saarbrücken-Commercy (page does not exist)">Saarbrücken-Commercy</a> gave city status to the settlement of Saarbrücken and the fishing village of St Johann on the opposite bank of the Saar, introducing a joint administration and emancipating the inhabitants from <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSSB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1381 to 1793 the counts of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="County of Nassau-Saarbrücken">Nassau-Saarbrücken</a> were the main local rulers. In 1549, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> prompted the construction of the <i>Alte Brücke</i> (old bridge) connecting Saarbrücken and St Johann. At the beginning of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg">Count Ludwig II</a> ordered the construction of a new Renaissance-style castle on the site of the old castle, and founded Saarbrücken's oldest <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">secondary school</a>, the <i>Ludwigsgymnasium</i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the population of Saarbrücken was reduced to just 70 by 1637, down from 4500 in 1628. During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">King Louis XIV's</a> troops burned down Saarbrücken in 1677, almost completely destroying the city such that just 8 houses remained standing.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSSB_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was incorporated into France for the first time in the 1680s. In 1697 France was forced to relinquish the Saar province, but from 1793 to 1815 regained control of the region. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_Henry,_Prince_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="William Henry, Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken">Prince William Henry</a> from 1741 to 1768, the coal mines were nationalized and his policies created a <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialized</a> economy, laying the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Saarland#Economy" title="Saarland">Saarland's</a> later highly industrialized economy. Saarbrücken was booming, and Prince William Henry spent on building and on infrastructure like the <i>Saarkran</i> river <a href="/wiki/Treadwheel_crane" title="Treadwheel crane">crane</a> (1761), far beyond his financial means. However, the famous <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Joachim_Stengel" title="Friedrich Joachim Stengel">Friedrich Joachim Stengel</a> created not only the <i>Saarkran</i>, but many iconic buildings that still shape Saarbrücken's face today, like the <i>Friedenskirche</i> (Peace Church), which was finished in 1745, the <i>Old City Hall</i> (1750), the catholic <i>St. John's</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">Basilica</a></i> (1754), and the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Ludwigskirche" title="Ludwigskirche">Ludwigskirche</a></i> (1775), Saarbrücken's landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSSB_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1871)_b_753.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Die_Gartenlaube_%281871%29_b_753.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281871%29_b_753.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Die_Gartenlaube_%281871%29_b_753.jpg/330px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281871%29_b_753.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Die_Gartenlaube_%281871%29_b_753.jpg/440px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281871%29_b_753.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption><i>Lulustein</i> in 1871, commemorating <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Prince Louis Bonaparte</a>'s first cannon shot</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1793, Saarbrücken was captured by <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolutionary</a> troops and in the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a>, the county of Saarbrücken was ceded to France.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSSB_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1815 Saarbrücken became part of the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>. The office of the mayor of Saarbrücken administered the urban municipalities Saarbrücken and St Johann, and the rural municipalities <a href="/wiki/Malstatt-Burbach" title="Malstatt-Burbach"><i>Malstatt</i>, <i>Burbach</i></a>, <i>Brebach</i>, and <i>Rußhütte</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Saar-Warndt_coal_mining_basin" title="Saar-Warndt coal mining basin">coal and iron resources of the region</a> were developed: in 1852, a railway connecting the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Ludwig_Railway_Company" title="Palatine Ludwig Railway Company">Palatine Ludwig Railway</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_de_l%27Est" title="Chemins de fer de l'Est">French Eastern Railway</a> was constructed, the Burbach ironworks started production in 1856, beginning in 1860 the Saar up to <a href="/wiki/Ensdorf,_Saarland" title="Ensdorf, Saarland">Ensdorf</a> was channeled, and Saarbrücken was connected to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_France" title="List of canals in France">French canal network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LHSSB_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War#Occupation_of_Saarbrücken" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, Saarbrücken was the first target of the French invasion force which drove off the Prussian vanguard and occupied Alt-Saarbrücken on 2 August 1870. Oral tradition has it that 14-year-old French Prince <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Napoléon Eugène Louis Bonaparte</a> fired his first cannon in this battle, an event commemorated by the <i>Lulustein</i> memorial in Alt-Saarbrücken. On 4 August 1870 the French left Saarbrücken, driven away towards Metz in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spicheren" title="Battle of Spicheren">Battle of Spicheren</a> on 6 August 1870. Saarbrücken would remain the only German territory by French forces during the conflict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909 the cities of Saarbrücken, St Johann and Malstatt-Burbach merged and formed the major city of Saarbrücken with a population of over 100,000. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, factories and railways in Saarbrücken were bombed by British forces. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> raided Saarbrücken with 11 <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.4" title="Airco DH.4">DH4s</a> on 17 October 1917, and a week later with 9 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Type_O" title="Handley Page Type O">HP11s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> raided Saarbrücken's railway station with 5 <a href="/wiki/Airco_DH.9" title="Airco DH.9">DH9s</a> on 31 July 1918, on which occasion one DH9 crashed near the town centre.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saarbrücken became capital of the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(League_of_Nations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (League of Nations)">Saar territory</a> established in 1920. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919), the Saar coal mines were made the exclusive property of France for a period of 15 years as compensation for the destruction of French mines during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. The treaty also provided for a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a>, at the end of the 15-year period, to determine the territory's future status, and in 1935 more than 90% of the electorate voted for reunification with Germany, while only 0.8% voted for unification with France. The remainder wanted to rejoin Germany but not while the Nazis were in power. This "status quo" group voted for maintenance of the League of Nations' administration. In 1935, the Saar territory rejoined Germany and formed a district under the name Saarland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saarbrücken was heavily <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">bombed</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-luftangriffe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luftangriffe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total 1,234 people (1.1 percent of the population) in Saarbrücken were killed in bombing raids from 1942 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11,000 homes were destroyed and 75 percent of the city left in ruins. Today more than a third of the city consists of buildings from before 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) raided Saarbrücken at least 10 times. Often employing <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">area bombing</a>, the RAF used a total of at least 1,495 planes to attack Saarbrücken, killing a minimum of 635 people and heavily damaging more than 8,400 buildings, of which more than 7,700 were completely destroyed, thus <a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">dehousing</a> more than 50,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-luftangriffe_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luftangriffe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major raid on Saarbrücken was undertaken by 291 aircraft of the RAF on 29 July 1942, targeting industrial facilities. Losing nine aircraft, the bombers destroyed almost 400 buildings, damaging more than 300 others, and killed more than 150 people.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 August 1942, 113 RAF planes raided Saarbrücken doing comparatively little damage due to widely scattered bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the RAF mistakenly bombed <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a> instead of Saarbrücken on 1 September 1942, it raided Saarbrücken with 118 planes on 19 September 1942, causing comparatively little damage as the bombing scattered to the west of Saarbrücken due to ground haze.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were small raids with 28 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquitos</a><sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 30 April 1944, with 33 Mosquitos<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 29 June 1944, and with just 2 Mosquitos<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 26 July 1944. At the request of the American Third Army, the RAF massively raided Saarbrücken on 5 October 1944, to destroy supply lines, especially the railway. The 531 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancasters</a> and 20 Mosquitos achieved these goals, but lost 3 Lancasters and destroyed large parts of Malstatt and nearly all of Alt-Saarbrücken.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 13 to 14 January, the RAF raided Saarbrücken three times, targeting the railway yard. The attacks with 158, 274, and 134 planes, respectively, were very effective.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">8th US Air Force</a> raided Saarbrücken at least 16 times, from 4 October 1943, to 9 November 1944. Targeting mostly the marshalling yards, a total of at least 2,387 planes of the 8th USAF killed a minimum of 543 people and heavily damaged more than 4,400 buildings, of which more than 700 were completely destroyed, thus depriving more than 2,300 people of shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-luftangriffe_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luftangriffe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Gott" title="Donald J. Gott">Donald J. Gott</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_E._Metzger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Metzger, Jr.">William E. Metzger, Jr.</a> were posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for their actions during the bombing run on 9 November 1944. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24,_Westwall,_eingebautes_MG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24%2C_Westwall%2C_eingebautes_MG.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24%2C_Westwall%2C_eingebautes_MG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24%2C_Westwall%2C_eingebautes_MG.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24%2C_Westwall%2C_eingebautes_MG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24%2C_Westwall%2C_eingebautes_MG.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-020-24%2C_Westwall%2C_eingebautes_MG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Machine-gun emplacement of a bunker. Saarbrücken, 1940.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG/220px-M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG/330px-M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG/440px-M24_Chaffee_at_Spicheren_pic01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24</a>, donated by veterans of the 70th US Infantry, facing ruins of fortifications at Spicheren Heights</figcaption></figure> <p>On the ground, Saarbrücken was defended by the <a href="/wiki/347th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="347th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">347th Infantry Division</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Wolf-G%C3%BCnther_Trierenberg" title="Wolf-Günther Trierenberg">Wolf-Günther Trierenberg</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/70th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="70th Infantry Division (United States)">US 70th Infantry Division</a> was tasked with punching through the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a> and taking Saarbrücken. As the fortifications were unusually strong, it first had to take the Siegfried Line fortifications on the French heights near <a href="/wiki/Spicheren" title="Spicheren">Spicheren</a> overlooking Saarbrücken. This <i>Spichern-Stellung</i> had been constructed in 1940 after the French had fallen back on the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>. The 276th Infantry Regiment attacked <a href="/wiki/Forbach" title="Forbach">Forbach</a> on 19 February 1945, and a fierce battle ensued, halting the American advance at the rail-road tracks cutting through Forbach on 22 February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-70th_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70th-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 274th and 275th Infantry Regiments took Spicheren on 20 February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-70th_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70th-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the 274th Infantry Regiment captured the Spicheren Heights<sup id="cite_ref-70th_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70th-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 23 February 1945, after a heavy battle on the previous day, the Germans counter-attacked for days, but by 27 February 1945, the heights were fully under American control.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A renewed attack on 3 March 1945, allowed units of the 70th Infantry Division to enter <a href="/wiki/Stiring-Wendel" title="Stiring-Wendel">Stiring-Wendel</a> and the remainder of Forbach. By 5 March 1945, all of Forbach and major parts of Stiring-Wendel had been taken. However, fighting for Stiring-Wendel, especially for the <i>Simon</i> mine, continued for days.<sup id="cite_ref-70th_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70th-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the German defenders of Stiring-Wendel fell back to Saarbrücken on 12 and 13 March 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-274th_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274th-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 70th Infantry Division still faced a strong segment of the Siegfried Line, which had been reinforced<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around Saarbrücken as late as 1940. After having the German troops south of the Saar fall back across the Saar at night, the German defenders of Saarbrücken retreated early on 20 March 1945. The 70th Infantry Division flanked Saarbrücken by crossing the Saar north-west of Saarbrücken. The 274th Infantry Regiment entered Saarbrücken on 20 March 1945, fully occupying it the following day, thus ending the war for Saarbrücken.<sup id="cite_ref-274th_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274th-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, Saarbrücken temporarily became part of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Occupation_Zones_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Occupation Zones in Germany">French Zone of Occupation</a>. In 1947, France created the nominally politically independent <a href="/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar (protectorate)">Saar Protectorate</a> and merged it economically with France to exploit the area's vast coal reserves. Saarbrücken became capital of the new Saar state. A <a href="/wiki/Saar_Statute_referendum,_1955" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar Statute referendum, 1955">referendum in 1955</a> came out with over two-thirds of the voters rejecting an independent Saar state. The area rejoined the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> on 1 January 1957, sometimes called <i>Kleine Wiedervereinigung</i> (little reunification). Economic reintegration would, however, take many more years. Saarbrücken became capital of the <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesland</a></i> (federal state) Saarland. After the administrative reform of 1974, the city had a population of more than 200,000. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg/220px-20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg/330px-20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg/440px-20111230Saarkran_Saarbruecken07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i>Saarkran</i>, reconstructed next to William-Henry-Bridge in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1990 to 1993, students and an arts professor from the town first secretly, then officially, created <a href="/wiki/Platz_des_Unsichtbaren_Mahnmals" title="Platz des Unsichtbaren Mahnmals">an invisible memorial to Jewish cemeteries</a>. It is located on the fore-court of the Saarbrücken Castle. </p><p>On 9 March 1999 at 4:40 am, there was a bomb attack on the controversial <a href="/wiki/Wehrmachtsausstellung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wehrmachtsausstellung">Wehrmachtsausstellung</a> exhibition next to Saarbrücken Castle, resulting in minor damage to the <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school#Germany_and_Austria" title="Folk high school">Volkshochschule</a> building housing the exhibition and the adjoining <i><a href="/wiki/Saarland_Museum#Museum_in_the_Palace_Church" title="Saarland Museum">Schlosskirche</a></i> church; this attack did not cause any injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-BerlinerZeitung_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerlinerZeitung-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> subtype for this climate is "<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Cfb</a>" (Marine West Coast Climate/<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic climate</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Saarbrücken (1991–2020 normals, extremes since 1935) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(88.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.8<br />(−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.9<br />(5.2) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3<br />(27.9) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.7<br />(10.9) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.7<br />(−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.8<br />(−5.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2<br />(3.00) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.0<br />(1.97) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.3<br />(2.89) </td> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5<br />(2.50) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br />(2.96) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.1<br />(2.80) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.5<br />(2.62) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1<br />(2.92) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #6AFF6A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.9<br />(3.93) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">861.0<br />(33.90) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.3 </td> <td style="background: #2A2AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.2 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #1C1CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.8 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.1 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">179.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000AF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000A7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #616161; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">53.5 </td> <td style="background: #A2A2A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.9 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">190.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">214.3 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">230.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225.9 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.0 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.0 </td> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.8 </td> <td style="background: #4C4C4C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C312; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,748.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Infoclimat<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Region">Region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the closest cities are <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>. Saarbrücken is connected by the city's public transport network to the town of <a href="/wiki/Sarreguemines" title="Sarreguemines">Sarreguemines</a> in France, and to the neighboring town of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lklingen" title="Völklingen">Völklingen</a>, where the old steel works were the first industrial monument to be declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO in 1994 – the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lklinger_H%C3%BCtte" class="mw-redirect" title="Völklinger Hütte">Völklinger Hütte</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1895</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+122.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">105,089</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+515.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">110,623</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1927</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">125,020</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">129,085</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,709</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−30.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">111,450</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">131,732</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">128,251</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">205,366</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+60.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">193,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">186,229</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">191,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">183,257</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−4.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">175,741</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">180,374</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">179,634</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Saarbrücken has a population of about 180,000. In 1957, when <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> and Saarbrücken transformed to <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> and became a part of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, it had a population of about 125,000. In 1960s many <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> guest workers came to Saarbrücken, since then Italians are the largest number of foreigners in Saarbrücken. The 2nd largest foreign groups are the <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> due to its former part of France and the fact that Saarbrücken is located on the French border. Saarbrücken reached its highest number of population in 1975 when it had about 205,000 people. With population of about 180,000 people today Saarbrücken is the 2nd smallest German state capital after <a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>. </p> <table class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Largest groups of foreign residents</b><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Country of birth</th> <th>Population (2022) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>4,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>2,492 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>2,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>2,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>1,755 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>1,524 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>1,346 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>1,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>1,176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>1,083 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayor">Mayor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mayor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_(2nd_round).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/300px-2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/450px-2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg/600px-2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_mayoral_election_%282nd_round%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second round of the 2019 mayoral election</figcaption></figure> <p>The current mayor of Saarbrücken is Uwe Comradt of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) since 2019. The most recent mayoral election was held on 26 May 2019, with a runoff held on 9 June, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Candidate </th> <th rowspan="2">Party </th> <th colspan="2">First round </th> <th colspan="2">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left">Charlotte Britz </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td><b>27,070</b> </td> <td><b>36.8</b> </td> <td>22,429 </td> <td>49.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left">Uwe Conradt </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>21,342 </td> <td>29.0 </td> <td><b>22,703</b> </td> <td><b>50.3</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left">Barbara Meyer-Gluche </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>10,578 </td> <td>14.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left">Markus Lein </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> </td> <td>5,075 </td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left">Lale Hadjimohamadvali </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>3,316 </td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left">Gerald Kallenborn </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>2,975 </td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left">Michael Franke </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> </td> <td>2,715 </td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8B4726"> </td> <td align="left">Otfried Best </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>469 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valid votes </th> <th>73,540 </th> <th>98.7 </th> <th>45,132 </th> <th>98.8 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,001 </th> <th>1.3 </th> <th>570 </th> <th>1.2 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Total </th> <th>74,541 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th>45,702 </th> <th>100.0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>136,949 </th> <th>54.4 </th> <th>137,071 </th> <th>33.3 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: City of Saarbrücken (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/media/download-5cebac54841a7">1st round</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/media/download-5cfe16c2f0f26">2nd round</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg/300px-2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg/450px-2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg/600px-2019_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_City_Council_election.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Winning party by precinct in the 2019 city council election</figcaption></figure> <p>The city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/- </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) </td> <td>19,085 </td> <td>26.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.3 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) </td> <td>18,462 </td> <td>25.2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.2 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> (Grüne) </td> <td>14,616 </td> <td>19.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.1 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#BE3075"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> (Die Linke) </td> <td>7,065 </td> <td>9.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) </td> <td>5,079 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFED00"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) </td> <td>3,855 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#B5152B"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a> (PARTEI) </td> <td>2,550 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>New </td> <td>2 </td> <td>New </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FF820A"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a> (Piraten) </td> <td>1,052 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F7A800"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> (FW) </td> <td>726 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td align="left">Saarland for All (SfA) </td> <td>457 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>±0 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#8B4726"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a> (NPD) </td> <td>369 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Valid votes </th> <th>73,316 </th> <th>98.3 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Invalid votes </th> <th>1,235 </th> <th>1.7 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>74,551 </th> <th>100.0 </th> <th> </th> <th>63 </th> <th>±0 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Electorate/voter turnout </th> <th>136,949 </th> <th>54.4 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.4 </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/media/download-5cebacc33209b">City of Saarbrücken</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Airport" title="Saarbrücken Airport">Saarbrücken Airport</a> (SCN), and since June 2007 <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">ICE</a> high speed train services along the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">LGV Est</a> line provide high speed connections to Paris from <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hauptbahnhof" title="Saarbrücken Hauptbahnhof">Saarbrücken Hauptbahnhof</a>. Saarbrücken's <a href="/wiki/Saarbahn" title="Saarbahn">Saarbahn</a> (modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_model" title="Karlsruhe model">Karlsruhe model</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>) crosses the French–German border, connecting to the French city of <a href="/wiki/Sarreguemines" title="Sarreguemines">Sarreguemines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_education">Science and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Science and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saarbrücken is also the home of the main campus of <a href="/wiki/Saarland_University" title="Saarland University">Saarland University</a> (<i>Universität des Saarlandes</i>). There are several research institutes and centres on or near the campus, including: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Informatics" title="Max Planck Institute for Informatics">Max Planck Institute for Informatics</a>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Software_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Software Systems">Max Planck Institute for Software Systems</a>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz</a> Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer</a> Institute for Non-destructive Testing,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/German_Research_Centre_for_Artificial_Intelligence" title="German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence">German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence</a>,</li> <li>the centre for <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Europa-Institut" title="Europa-Institut">Europa-Institut</a>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology#KIST_Europe" title="Korea Institute of Science and Technology">Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe</a> Research Society,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz_Scientific_Community#D_-_Mathematics,_Natural_Sciences_.26_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community">Leibniz Institute</a> for New Materials (INM), and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> Visual Computing Institute,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the CISPA <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz</a> Centre for Information Security,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the Society for Environmentally Compatible Process Technology,</li> <li>the <i>Institut für Angewandte Informationsforschung</i> for applied linguistics,</li> <li>several institutes focusing on transfer of technology between academia and companies, and the <i>Science Park Saar</i> startup incubator.</li></ul> <p>The Saarland University also has a <i>Centre Juridique Franco-Allemand</i>, offering a French and a German law degree program. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes" title="Botanischer Garten der Universität des Saarlandes">Botanischer Garten der Universität des Saarlandes</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>) was closed in 2016 due to budget cuts. </p><p>The main campus of the Saarland University also houses the office of the <a href="/wiki/Dagstuhl" title="Dagstuhl">Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik</a> computer science research and meeting centre. </p><p>Furthermore, Saarbrücken houses the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-German_University" title="Franco-German University">Franco-German University</a> (<i>Deutsch-Französische Hochschule</i>), a French-German cooperation of 180 institutions of tertiary education mainly from France and Germany but also from Bulgaria, Canada, Spain, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Great Britain, Russia and Switzerland, which offers bi-national French-German degree programs and doctorates as well as tri-national degree programs. </p><p>Saarbrücken houses several other institutions of tertiary education as well: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">University of Applied Sciences</a> <i>Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft des Saarlandes</i>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">University of Arts</a> <i>Hochschule der Bildenden Künste Saar</i>,</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">University of Music</a> <i>Hochschule für Musik Saar</i>, and</li> <li>the private <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a> for <a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">health promotion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> <i>Deutsche Hochschule für Prävention und Gesundheitsmanagement</i></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6here_Berufsfachschule_f%C3%BCr_Wirtschaftsinformatik" title="Höhere Berufsfachschule für Wirtschaftsinformatik">Höhere Berufsfachschule für Wirtschaftsinformatik</a> (HBFS-WI) providing higher vocational education and awarding the degree "Staatlich geprüfte(r) Wirtschaftsinformatiker(in)" (English: "state-examined business business informatics/software engineer")</li></ul> <p>Saarbrücken also houses a <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school#Germany_and_Austria#Germany_and_Austria" title="Folk high school">Volkshochschule</a>. </p><p>With the end of coal mining in the Saar region, Saarbrücken's <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a> for mining, the <i>Fachhochschule für Bergbau Saar</i>, was closed at the beginning of the 21st century. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trier" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier">Roman Catholic Diocese of Trier</a>'s <i>Katholische Hochschule für Soziale Arbeit</i>, a Fachhochschule for social work, was closed in 2008 for cost cutting reasons. The Saarland's Fachhochschule for administrative personnel working for the government, the <i>Fachhochschule für Verwaltung des Saarlandes</i>, was moved from Saarbrücken to <i>Göttelborn</i> in 2012. </p><p>Saarbrücken houses several institutions of primary and secondary education. Notable is the Saarland's oldest <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">grammar school</a>, the <i>Ludwigsgymnasium</i>, which was founded in 1604 as a <a href="/wiki/Latin_school" title="Latin school">latin school</a>. The building of Saarbrücken's bi-lingual French-German <i>Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium</i>, founded in 1961 and operating as a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory school</a> under the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Treaty" title="Élysée Treaty">Élysée Treaty</a>, also houses the <i>École française de Sarrebruck et Dilling</i>, a French primary school which offers bi-lingual German elements. Together with several <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergartens</a> offering bi-lingual French-German education, Saarbrücken thus offers a full bi-lingual French-German formal education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwigsparkstadion,_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_(Juli_2021).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ludwigsparkstadion%2C_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_%28Juli_2021%29.JPG/220px-Ludwigsparkstadion%2C_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_%28Juli_2021%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ludwigsparkstadion%2C_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_%28Juli_2021%29.JPG/330px-Ludwigsparkstadion%2C_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_%28Juli_2021%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ludwigsparkstadion%2C_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_%28Juli_2021%29.JPG/440px-Ludwigsparkstadion%2C_Blick_von_der_Osttrib%C3%BCne_%28Juli_2021%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwigsparkstadion" title="Ludwigsparkstadion">Ludwigsparkstadion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to several different teams, most notable of which is association football team based at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsparkstadion" title="Ludwigsparkstadion">Ludwigsparkstadion</a>, <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="1. FC Saarbrücken">1. FC Saarbrücken</a>, which also has a <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_II" title="1. FC Saarbrücken II">reserve team</a> and a <a href="/wiki/1._FC_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(women)" title="1. FC Saarbrücken (women)">women's section</a>. In the past a <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">top-flight</a> team, twice the country's vice-champions,5-time DFB Pokal Semi-finalists and was a participant in <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a>, the club draws supporters from across the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">region</a>. </p><p>Lower league <a href="/wiki/SV_Saar_05_Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken">SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken</a> is the other football team in the city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saarland_Hurricanes" title="Saarland Hurricanes">Saarland Hurricanes</a> are one of the top <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> teams in the country, with its junior team winning the <a href="/wiki/German_Junior_Bowl" title="German Junior Bowl">German Junior Bowl</a> in 2013. </p><p>Various sporting events are held at the <a href="/wiki/Saarlandhalle" title="Saarlandhalle">Saarlandhalle</a>, most notable of which was the <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitburger_Open_Grand_Prix_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold (page does not exist)">Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/BWF_Grand_Prix_Gold_and_Grand_Prix" title="BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix">BWF Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix</a> tournaments, held in <a href="/wiki/2013_Bitburger_Open_Grand_Prix_Gold" title="2013 Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold">2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Bitburger_Open_Grand_Prix_Gold" title="2012 Bitburger Open Grand Prix Gold">2012</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg/255px-Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg/383px-Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg/510px-Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Tbilisser Platz, Saarbrücken named after <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia</figcaption></figure> <p>Saarbrücken is a fellow member of the QuattroPole union of cities, along with <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> (formed by cities from three neighbouring countries: Germany, Luxembourg and France). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germany" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany">List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany</a></div> <p>Saarbrücken is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, France (1965)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia (1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a>, Germany (1987)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kovel" title="Kovel">Kovel</a>, Ukraine (2023)</li></ul> <p>Borough of Altenkessel is twinned with:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coucy-le-Ch%C3%A2teau-Auffrique" title="Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique">Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique</a>, France</li></ul> <p>Borough of Dudweiler is twinned with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Avold" title="Saint-Avold">Saint-Avold</a>, France</li></ul> <p>Borough of Klarenthal is twinned with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sch%C5%93neck" title="Schœneck">Schœneck</a>, France</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendly_cities">Friendly cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Friendly cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saarbrücken has friendly relations with:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Diriamba" title="Diriamba">Diriamba</a>, Nicaragua</li></ul> <p>Borough of Dudweiler has friendly relations with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Duttweiler, a borough of <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neustadt an der Weinstraße">Neustadt an der Weinstraße</a>, Germany</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_%281%29.jpg/140px-Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_%281%29.jpg/210px-Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_%281%29.jpg/280px-Wolfgang_Staudte_907-1747_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Wolfgang Staudte, 1955</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Back" title="Frédéric Back">Frédéric Back</a> (1924–2013), Canadian artist and film director of short animated films <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egbert_Baqu%C3%A9" title="Egbert Baqué">Egbert Baqué</a> (born 1952), gallerist, author and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Benary-Isbert" title="Margot Benary-Isbert">Margot Benary-Isbert</a> (1889–1979), author</li> <li>Andreas Bettinger (born 1980), German <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metalist</a>, also known for his influence on <a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">dungeon synth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Caven" title="Ingrid Caven">Ingrid Caven</a> (born 1938), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cretu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandra Cretu">Sandra Cretu</a> (born 1962), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_(German_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicole (German singer)">Nicole</a> (born 1964), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls" title="Max Ophüls">Max Ophüls</a> (1902–1957), film director <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Pottier" title="Edmond Pottier">Edmond Pottier</a> (1855–1934), French art historian and archaeologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6chling" title="Carl Röchling">Carl Röchling</a> (1855–1920), painter and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Staudte" title="Wolfgang Staudte">Wolfgang Staudte</a> (1906–1984), film director <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Steinert" title="Otto Steinert">Otto Steinert</a> (1915–1978), photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Trenz" title="Manfred Trenz">Manfred Trenz</a> (born 1965), game designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Vester" title="Saskia Vester">Saskia Vester</a> (born 1959), actress and author <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Zahnhausen" title="Markus Zahnhausen">Markus Zahnhausen</a> (born 1965), recorder player</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAS-Altmeier,_Peter-Bild-6902-1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/KAS-Altmeier%2C_Peter-Bild-6902-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-KAS-Altmeier%2C_Peter-Bild-6902-1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/KAS-Altmeier%2C_Peter-Bild-6902-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-KAS-Altmeier%2C_Peter-Bild-6902-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/KAS-Altmeier%2C_Peter-Bild-6902-1_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-KAS-Altmeier%2C_Peter-Bild-6902-1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Peter Altmeier, 1963</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service">Public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Altmeier" title="Peter Altmeier">Peter Altmeier</a> (1899–1977), politician (Centre, CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Antoine" title="Michel Antoine">Michel Antoine</a> (1925–2015), French historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Arthur_Pfeiffer" title="Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer">Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer</a> (1931–2012), German geneticist. He discovered the Pfeiffer syndrome in 1964.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Poppelreuter" title="Walther Poppelreuter">Walther Poppelreuter</a> (1886–1939), neurologist and psychiatrist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sturm" title="Alfred Sturm">Alfred Sturm</a> (1888–1962), lieutenant general in World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Schmeer" title="Rudolf Schmeer">Rudolf Schmeer</a> (1905–1966), politician (NSDAP) and civil servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schellenberg" title="Walter Schellenberg">Walter Schellenberg</a> (1910–1952), senior SS officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der_(CDU)" title="Gerhard Schröder (CDU)">Gerhard Schröder</a> (1910–1989), politician (CDU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Vester" title="Frederic Vester">Frederic Vester</a> (1925–2003), <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wagner_(general)" title="Hans Wagner (general)">Hans Wagner</a> (1896–1967), lieutenant general in World War II</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_%28cropped%29.JPG/140px-Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_%28cropped%29.JPG/210px-Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_%28cropped%29.JPG/280px-Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch_2012-03-16_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="3170" /></a><figcaption>Claudia Kohde-Kilsch, 2012</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hohenadel" title="Christian Hohenadel">Christian Hohenadel</a> (born 1976), racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Hector" title="Jonas Hector">Jonas Hector</a> (born 1990), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Adolf Kertész">Adolf Kertész</a> (1892–1920), Hungarian footballer, settled in Saarbrücken</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Klein" title="Werner Klein">Werner Klein</a> (born 1950), racing driver and entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Kohde-Kilsch" title="Claudia Kohde-Kilsch">Claudia Kohde-Kilsch</a> (born 1963), tennis player and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Klein_(cyclist)" title="Lisa Klein (cyclist)">Lisa Klein</a> (born 1996), cyclist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Peehs" title="Gerd Peehs">Gerd Peehs</a> (born 1942), footballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_citizens">Honorary citizens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honorary citizens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Avni" title="Tzvi Avni">Tzvi Avni</a> (born 1927), Israeli composer<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Braun_(Politiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Max Braun (Politiker)">Max Braun, (German Wiki)</a> (1892–1945), politician and journalist, renown for his fight against <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, especially over the <a href="/wiki/Saar_status_referendum,_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Saar status referendum, 1935">Saar status</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Graf" title="Willi Graf">Willi Graf</a> (1918–1943), member of the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a> <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">resistance</a> group</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stiftskirche St. Arnual"><img alt="Stiftskirche St. Arnual" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg/112px-20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg/168px-20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg/223px-20110818Stiftskirche_St_Arnual02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Stiftskirche St. Arnual</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_(1890058076).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schlosskirche St. Nikolaus"><img alt="Schlosskirche St. Nikolaus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_%281890058076%29.jpg/119px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_%281890058076%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_%281890058076%29.jpg/179px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_%281890058076%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_%281890058076%29.jpg/239px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Schlosskirche_%281890058076%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="3007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Schlosskirche St. Nikolaus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedenskirche03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedenskirche, seen from Ludwigsplatz"><img alt="Friedenskirche, seen from Ludwigsplatz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Friedenskirche03.jpg/156px-Friedenskirche03.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Friedenskirche03.jpg/234px-Friedenskirche03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Friedenskirche03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Friedenskirche</i>, seen from <i><a href="/wiki/Ludwigskirche#Ludwigsplatz" title="Ludwigskirche">Ludwigsplatz</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. John's Basilica"><img alt="St. John's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg/143px-Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg/215px-Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg/286px-Saarbr%C3%BCckenStJohann1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. John's Basilica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alte Brücke (Old Bridge)"><img alt="Alte Brücke (Old Bridge)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg/240px-Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg/360px-Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg/480px-Saarbruecken-alte-brucke2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Alte Brücke</i> (Old Bridge)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staatstheater (State Theatre)"><img alt="Staatstheater (State Theatre)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg/286px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg/428px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg/571px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Staatstheater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3521" data-file-height="2222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Theater_Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Theater Saarbrücken">Staatstheater</a></i> (State Theatre)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe,_Saarbr%C3%BCcken,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Michael"><img alt="St. Michael" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2008.jpg/135px-St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2008.jpg/202px-St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2008.jpg/270px-St._Michael_mit_Rotenbergtreppe%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Michael</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saarbahn tramway"><img alt="Saarbahn tramway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg/223px-Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg/334px-Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg/446px-Saarbahn_johanniskirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Saarbahn</i> tramway</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central station"><img alt="Central station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg/272px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg/408px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg/544px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_HPF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saarbrücken Airport"><img alt="Saarbrücken Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg/244px-Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg/365px-Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg/487px-Flughafen_Saarbruecken_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Airport" title="Saarbrücken Airport">Saarbrücken Airport</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harbour Road"><img alt="Harbour Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/271px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/407px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/542px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken_Hafenstra%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harbour Road</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bürgerpark"><img alt="Bürgerpark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg/120px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg/179px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg/239px-Saarbr%C3%BCcken-B%C3%BCrgerpark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bürgerpark</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes,_Saarbr%C3%BCcken,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campus of Saarland University"><img alt="Campus of Saarland University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2005.jpg/270px-Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2005.jpg/405px-Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2005.jpg/540px-Universit%C3%A4t_des_Saarlandes%2C_Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Campus of <a href="/wiki/Saarland_University" title="Saarland University">Saarland University</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Johanner Markt"><img alt="St. Johanner Markt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg/240px-20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg/360px-20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg/480px-20130829St_Johanner_Markt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St. Johanner Markt</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarland.de/stat/DE/_downloads/aktuelleTabellen/Wahlen/Direktwahlen/Gew%C3%A4hlte_B%C3%BCrgermeister_und_Landr%C3%A4te_im_Saarland.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=11">Gewählte Ober-/Bürgermeister*innen, Landrät*innen und Regionalverbandsdirektor*in im Saarland</a>, Statistisches Amt des Saarlandes, 27 March 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarmoselle.org/rubrique.php?id_rubrique=1709#top">"Euro District Saar-Moselle"</a>. <i>saarmoselle.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saarmoselle.org&rft.atitle=Euro+District+Saar-Moselle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarmoselle.org%2Frubrique.php%3Fid_rubrique%3D1709%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarland.de/dokumente/thema_statistik/FB_300617_nZ.pdf">"Fläche, Bevölkerung in den Gemeinden am 30.06.2017 nach Geschlecht, Einwohner je km 2 und Anteil an der Gesamtbevölkerung (Basis Zensus 2011)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Saarland.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saarland.de&rft.atitle=Fl%C3%A4che%2C+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+den+Gemeinden+am+30.06.2017+nach+Geschlecht%2C+Einwohner+je+km+2+und+Anteil+an+der+Gesamtbev%C3%B6lkerung+%28Basis+Zensus+2011%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarland.de%2Fdokumente%2Fthema_statistik%2FFB_300617_nZ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarland.de/stat/DE/_downloads/aktuelleTabellen/GebieteUndBev%C3%B6lkerung/Tabelle_Fl%C3%A4che_und_Bev%C3%B6lkerung_2022_12.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">"Fläche und Bevölkerung - Stand: 31.12.2022 (Basis Zensus 2011)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Amt_des_Saarlandes" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Amt des Saarlandes">Statistisches Amt des Saarlandes</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fl%C3%A4che+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+-+Stand%3A+31.12.2022+%28Basis+Zensus+2011%29&rft.pub=Statistisches+Amt+des+Saarlandes&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarland.de%2Fstat%2FDE%2F_downloads%2FaktuelleTabellen%2FGebieteUndBev%25C3%25B6lkerung%2FTabelle_Fl%25C3%25A4che_und_Bev%25C3%25B6lkerung_2022_12.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarbruecken.de/fr">"Start | Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken"</a>. <i>Saarbruecken.de</i> (in French and German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saarbruecken.de&rft.atitle=Start+%7C+Landeshauptstadt+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Ffr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DrNeumann-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DrNeumann_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DrNeumann_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Andreas_Neumann" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dr. Andreas Neumann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heimatforschung.rodena.de/index.php5?id=Saarbruecken">"Saarbrücken hat nichts mit Brücken zu tun?"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saarbr%C3%BCcken+hat+nichts+mit+Br%C3%BCcken+zu+tun%3F&rft.au=Dr.+Andreas+Neumann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheimatforschung.rodena.de%2Findex.php5%3Fid%3DSaarbruecken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memotransfront-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memotransfront_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memotransfront_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memotransfront_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsHudemannMarcus_Hahn2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krebs, Gerhild; Hudemann, Rainer; Marcus Hahn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memotransfront.uni-saarland.de/bruecken.shtml">"Brücken an der mittleren Saar und ihren Nebenflüssen [Bridges in the middle Saar and its tributaries]"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memotransfront.uni-saarland.de/"><i>Stätten grenzüberschreitender Erinnerung – Spuren der Vernetzung des Saar-Lor-Lux-Raumes im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert</i></a> [<i>Places of transnational memory – traces of crosslinking of the Saar-Lor-Lux area in the 19th and 20th centuries</i>] (in German) (3rd ed.). Saarbrücken: Johannes Großmann<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Br%C3%BCcken+an+der+mittleren+Saar+und+ihren+Nebenfl%C3%BCssen+%5BBridges+in+the+middle+Saar+and+its+tributaries%5D&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4tten+grenz%C3%BCberschreitender+Erinnerung+%E2%80%93+Spuren+der+Vernetzung+des+Saar-Lor-Lux-Raumes+im+19.+und+20.+Jahrhundert.&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johannes+Gro%C3%9Fmann&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Gerhild&rft.au=Hudemann%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Marcus+Hahn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memotransfront.uni-saarland.de%2Fbruecken.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stadtluft8_9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stadtluft8_9_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSander1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sander, Eckart (1999), "Meine Geburt war das erste meiner Mißgeschicke", <i>Stadtluft macht frei</i> (in German), <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Saarbrücken (district)">Stadtverband Saarbrücken, Pressereferat</a>, pp. 8–9, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-923405-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-923405-10-3"><bdi>3-923405-10-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meine+Geburt+war+das+erste+meiner+Mi%C3%9Fgeschicke&rft.btitle=Stadtluft+macht+frei&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Stadtverband+Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C+Pressereferat&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-923405-10-3&rft.aulast=Sander&rft.aufirst=Eckart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LHSSB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LHSSB_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHSSB_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHSSB_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHSSB_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHSSB_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LHSSB_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206180842/http://www.saarbruecken.de/de/tourismus/infos_und_reiseplanung/sehenswertes/sehenswuerdigkeiten/die_geschichte_saarbrueckens">"Chronik von Saarbrücken"</a> (in German). Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarbruecken.de/de/tourismus/infos_und_reiseplanung/sehenswertes/sehenswuerdigkeiten/die_geschichte_saarbrueckens">the original</a> on 6 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronik+von+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Fde%2Ftourismus%2Finfos_und_reiseplanung%2Fsehenswertes%2Fsehenswuerdigkeiten%2Fdie_geschichte_saarbrueckens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kastell-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kastell_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kastell_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130213055100/http://warndt.freizeit-saar.eu/pop_poi_details.php?id=1258&lang=de">"Das Römerkastell in Saarbrücken"</a> (in German). Interessengemeinschaft Warndt und Rosseltalbahn (IGWRB) e. V. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warndt.freizeit-saar.eu/pop_poi_details.php?id=1258&lang=de">the original</a> on 13 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+R%C3%B6merkastell+in+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pub=Interessengemeinschaft+Warndt+und+Rosseltalbahn+%28IGWRB%29+e.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarndt.freizeit-saar.eu%2Fpop_poi_details.php%3Fid%3D1258%26lang%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saarlandbilder-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saarlandbilder_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saarlandbilder_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarlandbilder.net/orte/saarbruecken/roemerkastell/kastell.html">"Röerkastell in Saarbrücken"</a>. <i>Saarlandbilder</i> (in German). Andreas Rockstein. 20 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saarlandbilder&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6erkastell+in+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarlandbilder.net%2Forte%2Fsaarbruecken%2Froemerkastell%2Fkastell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnual-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnual_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Selmer2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jan Selmer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeitensprung.de/arnpub07.html">"Ausgrabungen im Kreuzgangbereich des ehem. Stiftes St. Arnual, Saarbrücken 1996–2004"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgrabungen+im+Kreuzgangbereich+des+ehem.+Stiftes+St.+Arnual%2C+Saarbr%C3%BCcken+1996%E2%80%932004&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Jan+Selmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeitensprung.de%2Farnpub07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mithras-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mithras_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428183732/http://www.tourismus.saarland.de/de/mithras-heiligtum-saarbruecken-saarland">"Mithras-Heiligtum Saarbrücken"</a> (in German). Tourismus Zentrale Saarland GmbH. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourismus.saarland.de/de/mithras-heiligtum-saarbruecken-saarland">the original</a> on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mithras-Heiligtum+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pub=Tourismus+Zentrale+Saarland+GmbH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismus.saarland.de%2Fde%2Fmithras-heiligtum-saarbruecken-saarland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GdS-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GdS_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehringerClemens2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Behringer, Wolfgang; Clemens, Gabriele (20 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeGD1POy1BkC&pg=PA21">"Hochmittelalterlicher Landesausbau"</a>. <i>Geschichte des Saarlandes</i> [<i>History of the Saarland</i>] (in German). München: C.H.Beck. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-62520-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-62520-6"><bdi>978-3-406-62520-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hochmittelalterlicher+Landesausbau&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Saarlandes&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.isbn=978-3-406-62520-6&rft.aulast=Behringer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Clemens%2C+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeGD1POy1BkC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501105123/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/bc_devel1.html">"Development of the Strategic Bomber"</a>. <i>RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. 13 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/bc_devel1.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+History+%E2%80%93+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=Development+of+the+Strategic+Bomber&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fbc_devel1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301044315/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/h99.html">"No. 99 Squadron"</a>. <i>RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. 13 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/h99.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+History+%E2%80%93+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=No.+99+Squadron&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fh99.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luftangriffe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luftangriffe_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luftangriffe_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luftangriffe_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Zimmer2012" class="citation web cs1">Klaus Zimmer (27 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flugzeugabstuerze-saarland.de/html/luftangriffe.html">"air raids"</a>. <i>The results of the air war 1939–1945 in the Saarland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+results+of+the+air+war+1939%E2%80%931945+in+the+Saarland&rft.atitle=air+raids&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.au=Klaus+Zimmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flugzeugabstuerze-saarland.de%2Fhtml%2Fluftangriffe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the Battle Magazine, Issue 170, November 2015, page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4">https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diary-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610145646/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html">"Campaign Diary"</a>. <i>RAF History – Bomber Command 60th Anniversary</i>. UK Crown. 13 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RAF+History+%E2%80%93+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft.atitle=Campaign+Diary&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fdiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span><br /><b>1942</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611032112/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul42.html">July</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611030306/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug42.html">August</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610105237/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep42.html">September</a>,<br /> <b>1944</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611030447/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr44.html">April</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611023020/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jun44.html">June</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611031257/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html">July</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611024544/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct44.html">October</a>,<br /> <b>1945</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611024304/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan45.html">January</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the Battle Magazine, Issue 170, November 2015, page 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70th-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-70th_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-70th_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-70th_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-70th_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF70th_Regional_Readiness_Command2004" class="citation web cs1">70th Regional Readiness Command (10 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.trailblazersww2.org/Docs/division_history.pdf">"Abbreviated History of the 70th Infantry Division"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>taken from "The 50th Anniversary program book of the 70th Division (Training)"</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taken+from+%22The+50th+Anniversary+program+book+of+the+70th+Division+%28Training%29%22&rft.atitle=Abbreviated+History+of+the+70th+Infantry+Division&rft.date=2004-11-10&rft.au=70th+Regional+Readiness+Command&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.trailblazersww2.org%2FDocs%2Fdivision_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Pence2013" class="citation web cs1">Charlie Pence (1 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.trailblazersww2.org/units_274_spicheren_heights_battle.htm">"The Battle for Spicheren Heights"</a>. <i>taken from "Trailblazer" magazine, Fall 1997, pp. 10–12</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taken+from+%22Trailblazer%22+magazine%2C+Fall+1997%2C+pp.+10%E2%80%9312&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Spicheren+Heights&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.au=Charlie+Pence&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.trailblazersww2.org%2Funits_274_spicheren_heights_battle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274th-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-274th_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-274th_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadquarters_274th_Infantry_–_APO_461_US_Army" class="citation web cs1">Headquarters 274th Infantry – APO 461 US Army. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.trailblazersww2.org/units_274_documents_aarmar45.htm">"Period from 1 Mar 1945 to 31 Mar 1945"</a>. <i>Narrative Report of Operations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Narrative+Report+of+Operations&rft.atitle=Period+from+1+Mar+1945+to+31+Mar+1945&rft.au=Headquarters+274th+Infantry+%E2%80%93+APO+461+US+Army&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.trailblazersww2.org%2Funits_274_documents_aarmar45.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saartanisch.de/Linsenspalter/html/hockerlinie_st__arnual.html">"Die Höckerlinie in St. Arnual"</a>. <i>Operation Linsenspalter- Der Westwall im Saarland</i> (in German). 15 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Operation+Linsenspalter-+Der+Westwall+im+Saarland&rft.atitle=Die+H%C3%B6ckerlinie+in+St.+Arnual&rft.date=2005-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saartanisch.de%2FLinsenspalter%2Fhtml%2Fhockerlinie_st__arnual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerlinerZeitung-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BerlinerZeitung_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl-Otto_Sattler1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karl-Otto Sattler (10 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/polizei-vermutet-rechtsextremistischen-hintergrund---kritik-an-cdu-anzeigenaktion-sprengstoffanschlag-auf-wehrmachtsausstellung,10810590,9607502.html">"Sprengstoffanschlag auf Wehrmachtsausstellung"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Zeitung" title="Berliner Zeitung">Berliner Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Sprengstoffanschlag+auf+Wehrmachtsausstellung&rft.date=1999-03-10&rft.au=Karl-Otto+Sattler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Farchiv%2Fpolizei-vermutet-rechtsextremistischen-hintergrund---kritik-an-cdu-anzeigenaktion-sprengstoffanschlag-auf-wehrmachtsausstellung%2C10810590%2C9607502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=80701&cityname=Saarbrucken%2C+Saarland%2C+Germany&units=">Climate Summary for Saarbrücken from Weatherbase.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231012173513/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Saarbruecken-Ensheim_10708.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. <i>World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)</i>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Saarbruecken-Ensheim_10708.csv">the original</a> on 12 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGermany%2FCSV%2FSaarbruecken-Ensheim_10708.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1991-2020/saarbrucken-ensheim-sarrebruck/valeurs/10708.html">"Normales et records climatologiques 1991-2020 à Saarbrücken/Ensheim (Sarrebruck)"</a> (in French). Infoclimat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normales+et+records+climatologiques+1991-2020+%C3%A0+Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2FEnsheim+%28Sarrebruck%29&rft.pub=Infoclimat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie%2Fnormales-records%2F1991-2020%2Fsaarbrucken-ensheim-sarrebruck%2Fvaleurs%2F10708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaespi-Oeß" class="citation web cs1">Waespi-Oeß, Rainer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarbruecken.de/media/download-532af076063d7">"Die Bevölkerung Saarbrückens im Jahr 2013"</a>. Amt für Entwicklungsplanung, Statistik und Wahlen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+Saarbr%C3%BCckens+im+Jahr+2013&rft.pub=Amt+f%C3%BCr+Entwicklungsplanung%2C+Statistik+und+Wahlen&rft.aulast=Waespi-Oe%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Fmedia%2Fdownload-532af076063d7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/organisation/locations/hips_saarbruecken/">"Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research : About HIPS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helmholtz+Centre+for+Infection+Research+%3A+About+HIPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helmholtz-hzi.de%2Fen%2Forganisation%2Flocations%2Fhips_saarbruecken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel-vci.uni-saarland.de/en.html">"Intel Visual Computing Institute: Bridging Real and Virtual Worlds"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+Visual+Computing+Institute%3A+Bridging+Real+and+Virtual+Worlds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel-vci.uni-saarland.de%2Fen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cispa.saarland/about/">"About CISPA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+CISPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcispa.saarland%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helmholtz.de/en/about_us/helmholtz_centers/centers_a_z/zentrum/detailansicht/helmholtz-center-for-information-security-cispa/">"Helmholtz Centers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helmholtz+Centers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helmholtz.de%2Fen%2Fabout_us%2Fhelmholtz_centers%2Fcenters_a_z%2Fzentrum%2Fdetailansicht%2Fhelmholtz-center-for-information-security-cispa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/rathaus/saarbrueckens_staedtepartnerschaften">"Saarbrückens Städtepartnerschaften"</a>. <i>saarbruecken.de</i> (in German). Saarbrücken<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saarbruecken.de&rft.atitle=Saarbr%C3%BCckens+St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Frathaus%2Fsaarbrueckens_staedtepartnerschaften&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aisnenouvelle.fr/id118875/article/2020-08-03/le-comite-de-jumelage-de-coucy-le-chateau-reprend-du-service">"Le comité de jumelage de Coucy-le-Château reprend du service"</a>. <i>aisnenouvelle.fr</i> (in French). L'Aisne Nouvelle. 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aisnenouvelle.fr&rft.atitle=Le+comit%C3%A9+de+jumelage+de+Coucy-le-Ch%C3%A2teau+reprend+du+service&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisnenouvelle.fr%2Fid118875%2Farticle%2F2020-08-03%2Fle-comite-de-jumelage-de-coucy-le-chateau-reprend-du-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/rathaus/saarbrueckens_staedtepartnerschaften/was_uns_verbindet">"Was uns verbindet"</a>. <i>saarbruecken.de</i> (in German). Saarbrücken<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saarbruecken.de&rft.atitle=Was+uns+verbindet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Frathaus%2Fsaarbrueckens_staedtepartnerschaften%2Fwas_uns_verbindet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/rathaus/saarbrueckens_staedtepartnerschaften/partnerschaft_mit_diriamba_verein">"Partnerschaft mit Diriamba e.V."</a> <i>saarbruecken.de</i> (in German). Saarbrücken<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saarbruecken.de&rft.atitle=Partnerschaft+mit+Diriamba+e.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Frathaus%2Fsaarbrueckens_staedtepartnerschaften%2Fpartnerschaft_mit_diriamba_verein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0045610/">IMDb Database</a> retrieved 19 April 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0649097/">IMDb Database</a> retrieved 19 April 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0823906/">IMDb Database</a> retrieved 19 April 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0895348/">IMDb Database</a> retrieved 19 April 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarbruecken.de/de/rathaus/stadtverwaltung/preise_und_ehrungen/tzvi_avni_saarbruecker_ehrenbuerger">"Tzvi Avni Saarbrücker Ehrenbürger"</a> (in German). Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tzvi+Avni+Saarbr%C3%BCcker+Ehrenb%C3%BCrger&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Fde%2Frathaus%2Fstadtverwaltung%2Fpreise_und_ehrungen%2Ftzvi_avni_saarbruecker_ehrenbuerger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarbruecken.de/de/rathaus/stadtverwaltung/preise_und_ehrungen/neuer_ehrenbuerger_max_braun">"Neuer Ehrenbürger Max Braun"</a> (in German). Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neuer+Ehrenb%C3%BCrger+Max+Braun&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saarbruecken.de%2Fde%2Frathaus%2Fstadtverwaltung%2Fpreise_und_ehrungen%2Fneuer_ehrenbuerger_max_braun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaarbr%C3%BCcken" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#Q1724" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saarbr%C3%BCcken" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saarbruecken.de/en">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flughafen-saarbruecken.de/index.php?id=1&L=1">Saarbrücken-Ensheim Airport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flughafen-saarbruecken.de/">Saarbrücken-Ensheim Airport</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_the_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_states_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of area states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saarbrücken</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">City of Bremen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">State of Bremen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capitals of former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a>, 1949–1952)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Unlike the mono-city states Berlin and Hamburg, the State of Bremen consists of two cities, thus state and capital are not identical.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Germany_by_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities in Germany by population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhausen" title="Oberhausen">Oberhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–199,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbach" title="Bergisch Gladbach">Bergisch Gladbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottrop" title="Bottrop">Bottrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Bremerhaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Hamm, North Rhine-Westphalia">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herne,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia">Herne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverkusen" title="Leverkusen">Leverkusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim" title="Mülheim">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remscheid" title="Remscheid">Remscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzgitter" title="Salzgitter">Salzgitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">Metropolitan regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Saarbrücken_(district)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Template:Cities and towns in Saarbrücken (district)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_and_towns_in_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Template talk:Cities and towns in Saarbrücken (district)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities and towns in Saarbrücken (district)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Towns_and_municipalities_in_Saarbrücken_(district)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Towns and municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken_(district)" title="Saarbrücken (district)">Saarbrücken (district)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichsthal" title="Friedrichsthal">Friedrichsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Frosseln" title="Großrosseln">Großrosseln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heusweiler" title="Heusweiler">Heusweiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleinblittersdorf" title="Kleinblittersdorf">Kleinblittersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BCttlingen" title="Püttlingen">Püttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quierschied" title="Quierschied">Quierschied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegelsberg" title="Riegelsberg">Riegelsberg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulzbach,_Saarland" title="Sulzbach, Saarland">Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lklingen" title="Völklingen">Völklingen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms"><img alt="Coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg/30px-Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg/45px-Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg/60px-Wappen_Stadtverband_Saarbruecken.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="1483" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1724#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143062944">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208403/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq6YYdcTpbkj3qCQ8VQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4076912-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80046474">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939331r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939331r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Saarbrücken (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134465&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564318305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/40475c77-63ee-4296-95c6-ed2a1c84e311">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027326926">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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